MODALS Third part
MODALS NEED • a modal auxiliary and a lexical verb • 44) a) Laura needs a new dress. • b) He didn’t need that money. • d) He needs to work more. • e) They needed to get up early. • c) Do I need to answer that question?
MODALS • • • • •
lexical verb: transitive, followed by to infinitive or NP inflected meaning ‘require, want’ no NICE properties (operator DO)
MODALS • 45) a) He needn’t visit us. (vs. He doesn’t need to...) • b) Need he visit us? (vs. Does he need to...) • • negative adverbials, implicit negation • 46) a) He need hardly say how much he enjoyed the party. • b) You need never wait for us.
MODALS auxiliary: • followed by bare infinitive • NICE properties • in negative and interrogative clauses only meaning ‘necessity, obligation’ • 47) a) You must get a haircut.
MODALS • b) You need to get a haircut. (lexical NEED, *You need get a haircut) • c) You ought to get a haircut. • speaker expressing his/her authority (a), speaker pointing to the fact, recommendation (b) and necessity (c) • negated auxiliary - absence of necessity
MODALS • 48) a) You needn’t do that. • b) You mustn’t do that. (prohibition) • in questions, sometimes NO is expected as an answer; lexical need is not emotionally coloured (neutral) • 49) a) Need I take the exam in February? • b) Do I need to buy anything for lunch?
MODALS • lexical inflected for past (needed), auxiliary need have Ven • negated past – different implication • 50) a) He didn’t need to pay for that book. • b) She needn’t have filled the glass, then it wouldn’t have spilt.
MODALS • situation did not take place because it was not necessary (lexical) • situation did take place, but it was unnecessary • 51) a) We didn’t need to take an umbrella. • b) We needn’t have taken an umbrella.
MODALS • sometimes difference in the present tense: • 52) a) The hedges needn’t be trimmed this week. (auxiliary, absence of obligation, you don’t have to do it) • b) The hedges don’t need to be trimmed this week. (lexical, absence of necessity, the hedges do not need trimming)
MODALS • 53) a) Need you wake him up? • b) Do you need to wake him up? • reported speech: needed (lexical) and needn’t or didn’t have to/had to • 54) a) You needn’t wait. • b) He said that I needn’t/didn’t need to wait.
MODALS • 55) a) Need I finish my soup? • b) He asked if he had to finish his soup.
• DARE • lexical verb and auxiliary • rare
MODALS • lexical: transitive, to infinitive, meanings: • A) to challenge • 56) a) He dared me to jump. • b) I dare you! • B) to take the risk • 57) Few men dared this experiment. • this meaning also with the auxiliary
MODALS • lexical dare: • in affirmative, interrogative and negative clauses • with to infinitive, but also with bare infinitive: • + bare infinitive: rare, older, literary
MODALS • 58) a) He dares do it. (quite rare) • b) He dared do it. (quite rare) • 59) a) He dares to do it. (more common) • b) He dared to do it. (more common) auxiliary: • 60) a) Dare he do it? • b) He daren’t do it. • c) He hardly dare ask. (implicit negation)
MODALS • in questions and negative clauses, not inflected, NICE properties, bare infinitive • reported speech: dare or dared • 61) a) Cora told me that she daren’t tell the truth. • b) Mary wondered if Tom dare(d) come.
MODALS • • • • •
dare with will/would: 62) a) No one will dare (to) oppose. b) I would almost dare (to) shout. Ving 63) He left the house, not daring to call anybody.
MODALS • CONDITIONALS • speaker’s attitude about possibility • in some conditionals modals are used • Definition and structure • a complex sentence with 2 clauses: the main clause (apodosis) and the subordinate ifclause (protasis)
MODALS • structure; if A, then B • a causal link between 2 situations, the situation in the main clause depending on the realization of the if-clause • Basic division • 2 types: real and unreal • A) Real: the dependency exists, specifying what will happen if something else happens;
MODALS • for the future, not indicating that the condition will be certainly realized; leaving that issue open • for the past, something was (not) realized or it is highly likely that it was realized • B) Unreal
MODALS • speaker’s/writer’s or general doubt about the possibility for the realization of the condition in the if-clause • not just indicating dependency, but also doubt • for the future: highly unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled • for the past, the condition was not fulfilled
MODALS Basic patterns • A)with or without a conjunction • usually a subordinator: if, unless (negative condition), so long as, as long as, suppose/supposing, provided that, on condition that, in case
MODALS • 1) a) You won’t catch the train unless you take a taxi. • b) So/as long as you return the book by Friday, I’ll lend it to you. • c) Suppose/Supposing your friends knew that, what would they think? • d) He’ll accept the post provided that/on condition that the salary is satisfactory.
MODALS • e) You’d better take an umbrella in case it rains. • without a subordinator: were, should, had with inversion • 2) a) Were you in my place, would you do the same? • b) Had she known that, she would have ...
MODALS • c) Should he be late once again, he will be dismissed. • • • •
B) Modals in the if-clause no future modals (shall/will) in the if-clause will/would for willingness, not future 3) a) If you will/would/Ø wait a moment, I’ll ask the doctor to see you.
MODALS • b) If you will/would/Ø help us, we’ll succeed. • other modals possible: can/could, must, should ... • 4) a) If you can get here soon, we’ll have enough time for some tea. • b) If you must act the fool, please go away. • c) If she should arrive, let me know.
Modals • REAL CONDITIONALS • basic combinations of verb forms in the ifclause and the main clause • IF-CLAUSE • • present •
MAIN CLAUSE present
TEMPORAL REFERENCE present/all time /future
MODALS • • • • •
present imperative present/future present future present/future past past past past future future present future future perfect • modal future/imperative future • ?past perfect past perfect before past
MODALS • the last combination: theoretically possible, but unlikely • 5) If Peter had arrived, Helen had left. • (real, before past; context: another past situation which follows) • other examples • 6) a) If the weather is fine, he walks to his office.
MODALS • • • •
b) If you are thirsty, buy some juice. c) If he arrives, they will arrive, too. d) If he said that, he told lies. e) If Vivian left London 2 hours ago, she will (can/must/may) reach Brighton at 3 o’clock. • f) If Dan has repaired the car, we’ll (can) drive to the seaside on Sunday. • g) If Harry will come to the party, Beth will be
MODALS • delighted. • h) If you must go, go. • UNREAL CONDITIONALS • just the following 3 combinations of tense forms • IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE TEMPORAL REF. • past would V present/future
MODALS • past perfect • past perfect • •
would have Ven would V
past IF – past, MAIN – present
(mixed type) • other modals can be used, not just would • the main clause has to contain a modal
MODALS • 7) a) If Kevin left London this morning, he would be here at 2 o’clock. • b) If you had bought the tickets in advance, you would have seen that film. • c) If Mona had gone to college, she would be a doctor now. • d) If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t be in such a mess now.
MODALS • e) If Colin hadn’t been operated on, he would be very ill now. • other modals in the main clause are possible • 8) a) If Ben had arrived, Kate could have left. • b) If he worked hard, he could pass the exam.