Intro to ej, lesson 5 (1)

Lesson 8: MORPHOLOGY 1

December 5, 2017

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What is morphology? ď Ž

Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the structure, forms and formation of words in a language.

ď Ž

Words in a language consist of one element or elements of meaning (lexical or grammatical!) which are called morphemes.

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What is a morpheme? ď Ž

Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language with its own meaning or with its own grammatical function.

ď Ž

Also: a minimal unit in which there is an arbitrary union of sound and a meaning (lexical meaning or grammatical function).

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ď Ž

A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. ď ą

She looked unhappier than the day before un+ happy+er (can be analyzed into 3 morphemes)

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 Morphological

structure of words includes roots, bases and affixes.

 Affixes

are subdivided into prefixes, infixes and suffixes.

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ROOTS & STEMS 



Root : is a non-affix lexical morpheme that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts.

Roots may or may not stand alone as a word 



Examples : paint (paint-er); read (re-read)

Stem : is that part of a word to which either grammatical or inflectional affixes (or both!) are added.

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Free and bound morphemes 

According to structural placement morphemes can be  





Free Bound

Free morphemes are morphemes which can be used as a word “on their own” They generally consist of separate English word forms such as nouns, verbs and adjectives. 

girl, system, happy, act, plane, etc .

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ď Ž

Bound morphemes are morphemes which cannot occur on their own as an independent word.

ď Ž

They are generally prefixes and suffixes like re-,ist,-ed,-s in the words re-print, typ-ist, talk-ed and boy-s,for example, and are attached to other forms which are described as stems or -basic word forms.

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For example: un + happy + er prefix + stem + suffix bound + free

+ bound

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Affixes 

  

Affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before (prefix), after (suffix), in the middle of (infix), and around (circumfix) word stems (root morphemes) Prefix: un-, pre-, biSuffix: -ing, -er, -ist, -ly Infix: un-freaking-believable (morphemes that are inserted between other morphemes) 10

 Morphology

is also divided into:

Inflectional morphology, which studies different grammatical forms of one word and  Derivational morphology (word formation), which studies formation of completely new words. 

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INFLECTIONAL VS. DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY

 Derivational

morphemes “make new words from old ones” (Crystal, p. 90.)

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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES GENERALLY:  Change

the part of speech or the basic meaning of a word.

-ment added to a verb forms a noun (judg-ment).

-re when added to the verb means repetition re-activate means "activate again."

 Are

not prominent outside the word.

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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES GENERALLY: Are often not productive -- derivational morphemes can be selective about what they'll combine with, and may also have “erratic “effects on meaning.  Thus the suffix -hood occurs with just a few nouns such as brother, neighbor, and knight, but not with most others. e.g., *friendhood, *daughterhood, or *candlehood.  Furthermore "brotherhood" can mean "the state or relationship of being brothers," but "neighborhood" cannot mean "the state or relationship of being neighbors." 

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DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES GENERALLY: 

Typically occur between the stem and any inflectional affixes.



Thus in governments,-ment, a derivational suffix, precedes -s, which is an inflectional suffix.



In English, they may appear either as prefixes or suffixes: pre-arrange, arrange-ment.

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INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES  Inflectional

morphemes: vary (or "inflect") the form of words in order to express grammatical features, such as singular/plural or past/present tense.

 Thus

boy and boys, for example, are two different forms of the "same" word; the choice between them, singular vs. plural, is a matter of grammar and thus the business of inflectional morphology. (Crystal, p. 90.)

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INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES GENERALLY:  Do

not change basic meaning or part of speech, e.g., big, bigg-er, bigg-est are all adjectives.

 Express

grammatically-required features or indicate relations between different words in the sentence.

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INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES GENERALLY: Are productive.  Inflectional morphemes typically combine freely with all members of some large class of morphemes, with predictable effects on usage/meaning.  Thus the plural morpheme can be combined with nearly any noun, usually in the same form, and usually with the same effect on meaning.  Occur outside any derivational morphemes. Thus in ration-al-iz-ation-s the final -s is inflectional, and appears at the very end of the word, outside the derivational morphemes -al, -iz, -ation. 



In English, are suffixes only!

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EXERCISES I Specify the inflectional paradigms for the following verbs:     

to be, to speak, to clean, to put, to go.

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II

In the following group of words bug, bee, beetle,

can b- be considered a morpheme?

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III Can the "cranberry words" be segmented into more than one morpheme?    

cranberry, boysenberry, raspberry, huckleberry…

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IV Decide whether the given morphemes are lexical or grammatical: -ed, fast,

-ing, boy, -s, in, with 22 22

V Which of these words consist of a root and a affix? Which consist of

two roots?

           

teacher, kingdom, blackbird, sunflower, beautiful, undress, homesick, pickup, rename, restate, outburst, without.

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VI Think of words which could be formed with these affixes:  pre-, re-, sur-, un -er, -al, -ful, -en, -in, -s

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COMPOUNDING Are the following compounds endocentric or exocentric? headache, head master, high-school, sunflower, cowboy, cutpurse, cats' eye, ladybird, waste paper, punchcard, bedroom, hardback, daredevil, pickpocket, scarecrow, longlegs, fast-food, manservant

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CLIPPING What are the clippings made from the following words: 1. telephone 2. omnibus 3. advertisement 4. microphone 5. Influenza 6. Coca-Cola 7. airplane 8. caravan 9. taximeter cab 10. moving picture 11. French fried potatoes 26 26

BLENDING Make new words from the following elements: 1. breakfast + lunch 2. motor + pedal 3. motor + hotel 4. smoke + fog 5. European + television 6. helicopter + airport 7. international + police 8. news + broadcast 9. fantastic + fabulous 10. situational + comedy

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