Lesson 8 Syntax Exercises December 12, 2018
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I
Name a syntactic function of the following [constituents] : 1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Recently, [finding a job] has become very difficult. Amy sings [very sweetly]. I've left [my keys] in the car. Robert promised [me] that he'd send a postcard. Playing football is [his only pastime].
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II Which type of clause is this? Is it a finite or non-finite clause? Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
While we were crossing the park, we heard a loud explosion. I was late for the interview because the train broke down. To open the window, you have to climb a ladder. Rather than leave the child alone, I brought him to work with me. Being a qualified plumber, Paul had no difficulty in finding the leak. Left to himself, he usually gets the job done quickly. His face being red with rage, John stormed out of the room. If you want tickets for the concert, you have to apply early. 3
III Create relative clauses from the (structures) given below: 1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete) They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby) I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia) The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly) We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The table got broken (the table was my grandmother's) The television was stolen (the television was bought 20 years ago) She loves books (the books have happy endings) The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a blue shirt) The fruit is on the table (the fruit isn't fresh)
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IV Are the following relative clauses defining or non-defining? 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
6.
They’re the people who want to buy our house. Here are some cells which have been affected. Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year. Doctors use the testing kit for regular screening for lung and stomach cancers, which account for 70% of cancers treated in the western world. Alice, who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving Edinburgh, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn. They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most. 6
V Explain the difference in meaning in the following pairs of sentences: 1. a) His brother, who works at the supermarket, is a friend of mine. b) His brother who works at the supermarket is a friend of mine. 2. a) It’s hoped that we will raise £10,000 for local charities, which help the homeless. b) It’s hoped that we will raise £10,000 for local charities which help the homeless. 7
VI Finish the sentence by adding adverbial clauses and say which type of adverbial clause they are: 1. The women took notes ________________________. a. While being taught to cook b. Steadily c. Noisily d. For their children
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2. We will go to the game __________________. a. Friday b. Even if it rains c. Saturday d. Sometime
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3. You can put the package ____________________. a. Outside b. Inside c. Wherever you like d. Somewhere
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4. ___________________, you will not be punished. a. Since you have apologized b. We decided c. He told me d. You are lucky
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5. She was so tired _____________________. a. She left b. She cried c. Today d. That she could not stand
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VII Are the following complex sentences coordinated or subordinated? Explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I am always ready to learn, but I am very moody. I tried hard to make clay pots until the Sun went down. I like to have ice creams during the winter, but I hate chocolates. The food that got spoiled was not cooked properly. She has got a nice birthday gift which is quite unique.
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VIII Identify the nominal clauses functioning as either a subject (S) or an object (O) below: 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.
Whoever is not going to the vacation will definitely miss something. I know he is lying. We didn’t realize she was so ill. That his theory was flawed soon became obvious. To become an opera singer takes years of training What I need is a long holiday. The company has admitted to supplying the tax authorities with false information. Being the chairman is a huge responsibility. 14
IX Explain the ungrammaticality below: 1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
There are a lot of transportations on the road today. My cousin is having four cats. This year’s grammar course is more useful than last year. I always fasten my seat belt before the plane took off. Since I have graduated, I started my postgraduate studies.
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Provide full syntactic analysis for the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
She handed me a letter. I’ll call you a taxi. I paid her the full amount. She considers herself ordinary. They made the evening a success. It left her lame in her right leg. They must keep the aircraft in continuous use. The crisis in ambulance services is putting lives at risk. It’s bringing tears to my cheeks. They call themselves Williams.
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