LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS PHONETICS and PHONOLOGY
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Language consists of units, smaller→larger from sound to sentence and meaning Levels: phonetics and phonology morphology syntax semantics
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PHONETICS Language units – pronounced or written production, transmission, reception of sounds speaker ------ ---- ---air ------------ hearer (brain, organs of speech) (brain, ear) production transmission reception
• articulation, transmission and reception of sounds - phonetics
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Division: a) articulatory b) acoustic c) auditory
• ARTICULATORY PHONETICS • Movements of the organs of speech during articulation of sounds;
LEVELS • It describes and classifies speech sounds; • organs of speech, air-stream • while exhaling, in some languages also while inhaling
LEVELS • oral or nasal cavity • vocal cords • palate - hard and soft (nepce – tvrdo i meko) • soft palate also called velum
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oral sounds – soft palate raised nasal sounds – soft palate lowered teeth – upper and lower tongue – tip, front, middle, back lips – upper and lower vocal cords: drawn together (voiced sounds) or spread apart (voiceless sounds)
LEVELS • vowels and consonants VOWELS part of the tongue, level of raising shape of lips part of the tongue: front, central, back vowels
LEVEL • level of raising: close, intermediate, open vowels • e.g. BEAT – front & close, CALM – back & open
LEVELS • lips: spread (razvučene, BEAT), neutral (CALM), open-rounded (zaokružene, HOT), close- rounded (zaokružene i ispupčene, WOOD)
LEVELS • long and short vowels • Monophthong, diphthong, triphthong • e.g. made, lie, boy; fire, our • vowels in an unstressed position (weak), neutral vowel value is Ə (called ‘’schwa’’), e.g. ago
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CONSONANTS place of articulation manner of articulation Place: 1) bilabial b, p 2) labio-dental v, f 3) dental Ɵ, ð
LEVELS • and other groups • • • •
Manner: 1) plosive b, p 2) fricatives z, s 3) laterals l
LEVELS • 5) nasals -n,m and other groups
LEVELS • Phonetic transcription • International Phonetic Alphabet • Latin letters + some other symbols (e.g. Greek alphabet) • diacritic signs, e.g. French word son [sõ] • square brackets for sounds
LEVELS • ACOUSTIC PHONETICS • transfer of sounds from the organs of speech of the speaker to the ear of the hearer, sound waves • different media, air • air-stream disturbs the molecules of air near the mouth, sound waves are transfered as a vibration of air molecules to the ear
LEVELS • characteristics of sound waves: amplitude, cycle, frequency • AUDITORY PHONETICS • reception of sound waves through the outer, middle and inner ear, the passage through the nervous system and how the brain processes these impulses
LEVELS • EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS • using procedures and instruments to study sounds • spectrography (frequency and intensity of speech units) • palatography (place where tongue touches the palate in articulation of sounds) • labiography (movements of lips, articulation)
LEVELS • PHONOLOGY • phonetics: articulation, transfer, reception of sounds, articulatory and acoustic features • phonology: function of sounds in a language system • Smallest unit - phoneme , e.g. bit – beat • slashes for phonemes, e.g. /e/
LEVELS • phone (concrete realization of a phoneme) • allophone (variation of a phoneme), Serbian nov and banka • English allophones, e.g. • /f/ fine (labiodental fricative) – emphasis (bilabial) • /l/ leave (alveolar) – bottle (velarized, ‘’dark’’)
LEVELS • method of minimal pairs • 2 words, different meaning, differing in one sound, e.g. PEAK – BEAK • SIN - SING • allophones of one phoneme are mutually exclusive – in complementary distribution • Free variations – not determined by phonemic context, e.g. AGAIN /Əgen/ / Əgein/ ,
LEVELS • ECONOMICS /i/ /e/ • number of phonemes in languages, usually between 20 and 40, in English 44 (without triphthongs) • English consonant phonemes /p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, Ө, ð, s, z, ƪ, Ʒ, ţ, dƷ, h, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w/ • different articulatory features – distinctive features, binary oppositions
LEVELS • E.g. +/- voiced,
p, b
• Roman Jakobson, 12 distinctive features to describe contrasts between phonemes, e.g. • 1) +/- consonantal • 2) +/- voiced
LEVELS • 3) +/- nasal • 4) +/-lateral • • • •
/p/ +consonantal - voiced + plosive
etc. /b/ +consonantal +voiced + plosive
LEVELS • larger units in speech, e.g, syllable • e.g. Serbian VRT • structure of syllables: VC (AT), CVC (DOG), CCVC (BRIBE) etc. • open (e.g. SEE) and closed (e.g. THIS) syllables
LEVELS • Phonotactics – rules for combination of phonemes within a syllable • e.g. In English /ŋ/ not at the beginning of words
LEVELS • Serbian: /dƷ/ not in the end of words, only in words like bedž, koledž • Possible combinations of consonants: Serbian SKR (SKROZ), but not RKS - easier pronunciation • syllables are combined into words; monosyllabic words – stress: • bisyllabic words – one syllable stressed
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words with more than two syllables stress: primary, secondary, tertiary education //᷂edju’keisn/ phrases ‘motor ˡcar /᷂designer
• some monosyllabic words usually not stressed – clitics (enclitics, proclitics) • e.g. on the ’table
LEVELS • boundaries between words in speech – juncture , e.g. • I scream ice cream • that stuff that’s tough • an aim a name MORPHOPHONOLOGY
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sound changes qualitative changes vowels: nation – national consonants: assimilation of voice, place/manner of articulation • in + legal = illegal (manner) • in + regular = irregular •
LEVELS • iz + pričati = ispričati (voice) • predak – pretka • Elision (omission of phonemes in rapid speech) • postman • last man