ADM6006 - Lives Beyond Bars (Dissertation)

LIVES BEYONDInterior BARS Architecture

BY NATASHA E. MAJALAP (17141748)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Literacture Review

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Project Proposal

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Research

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Site Analysis

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Area Analysis

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Case Studies

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Concept Development

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Final Design

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Reference List

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Design Statement

Dare

to challenge the 21st Century, a correction facility purposed to rehabilitate offenders from re-offending is implemented in Jewellery Quarter of Birmingham with an approach of biophilic design. The interior focuses on reeducating 10 male patients by introducing them to a humane way of punishment. From the inspiration of the body language and psychological needs, the concept focuses on the façade within the interior space of the building. Mental and physical wellbeing of the patients will be the emphasised purpose for the design.

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Literature review

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Introduction

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his research project explores comprehensively on the psychology of prison design and its effects on inmates' wellbeing during their sentence period. The objectives include reviewing current conditions of the space and environment inmates live through; implement interior architecture to bridge a rehabilitation space for prisoners that improves their mentality and highlighting the importance of considering inmates' human rights.

The publications used in this research will include secondary online sources such as books, journals, articles, government documents, popular magazines and media.

The structure of the review will cover three factors of prisons lifestyle and the aftermath of inmates' mental state: - - -

Environment psychology impact Operational and design consideration Reasons to consider inmates' wellbeing

The principle of imprisonment continues to be a vigorous discussion over the years (United Nations Human Rights, 2005). Prison should be served only to incarcerate criminals as some critics debate. In contrast, others claim that prisons serve a purpose to dissuade individuals after their release from committing more crimes as well as to dissuade those who might be prompted to commit misconduct; by all means be reconstituted or rehabilitated as mentioned by the author. However, advocating prisoners' health is not particularly prisons' interest, neither does this draw civic metropolis or public affirmation (Woodall, 2016). Morris and Worrall (2014) argued that prison architecture can play a vital role within the deprivation model and may have candidly manipulate inmate behaviour.

The skeleton structure of the review can be shown on the next page that has been broken down into varies section and focus areas of this specific topic.

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Psychology of Space and Its Effects on Prisoners’ Mentality

Introduction

Objective 1:

Objective 2:

Objective 3:

Reviewing current condition of he space and environment that impacts inmates

Implement interior architecture to bridge a rehabilitation space that improves mentality

Why consider inmates’ wellbeing since they are criminals in the first place

HEADING:

HEADING:

HEADING:

Harsh

Healing

Hope

SUBHEADING 1: Depression, Anxiety & Schizophrenia

SUBHEADING 1: Spatial Attributes

SUBHEADING 1: Basic Human Rights

SUBHEADING 2: Specialised Housing

SUBHEADING 2: Impact Outside Imprisonment

SUBHEADING 2: Gaining Public Attention SUBHEADING 3: General / Early Design

SUBHEADING 3: Biophilic Approach

SUBHEADING 3: Reforming Society

Discussion / Debate

Conclusion

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Harsh

Figure 1: Graph of prison population aged 50+ relative to 2002

Significantly, inmates' health and wellbeing are negatively affected due to the prison surroundings being inherently stressful and permanently pressuring (Karthaus, Block and Hu, 2019). According to Slater (2018), in 2017, self-harm of inmates has increased at an alarming rate of 11% giving it a total of 44,651 recorded cases compared to the previous year (Fig. 1).

Correspondingly, the number of self-harming individuals has risen up to 6%, amounting up to a number of 11,630 individuals. From 2010/11 and 2016/17, a member of Parliament was informed that nearly 1,400 inmates died, including 401 suicides during a post-release custody the public. There are three instrumental factors that Slater (2018) noted which includes: overcrowding of cells, staff shortage and increasing use of spice, new psychoactive substances, ruining the UK system.

“Research suggests that solitary confinement has the potential to lead to devastating, lasting psychological consequences,” Obama stated in The

Washington Post in a Jan. 25 op-ed (McGill, 2016). “It has been linked to depression, alienation, withdrawal, a reduced ability to interact with others and the potential for violent behaviour. Some studies indicate that it can worsen existing mental illnesses and even trigger new ones. Prisoners in solitary are more likely to commit suicide, especially juveniles and people with mental illnesses.”

A BBC documentary was published by Dolce (2016) titled Life in Wandsworth Prison. Ed Thomas, the reporter, was able to interview few inmates and staffs describing their experiences in prison environment. An inmate, who remained anonymous, said that ‘it took the staffs three days to get a wounded man with a broken arm to the hospital’ as violence were happening every day. He quoted: “If I don’t fight, I won’t be a man. If you can’t defend yourself, then you become a victim being trapped in a circle of violence.”

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In other words, Beer (2018) stated that prisoners have the tendency to develop negative, violent behaviours because they have limited accessibility to time, social activities and educational training programmes. UK in particular, prisoners are held in unstable conditions to maim its incumbents and fortify criminal identities and behaviours within an apparent system (Moran and Jewkes, 2015). Ed Thomas asked a member of staff how dangerous is the job in prison, he answered: “It’s getting more dangerous, physically and mentally,”; as another staff member added: “We release prisoners, and they keep coming back.” (Dolce, 2016).

For instance, Morris and Worrall (2014) gave an example of telephone pole design prison units (Fig. 2).

The design may lead to more stress amongst the inmates because of their dull formation, close boundaries and deficiency of open space. Even so, greater chances to

participate in some forms of offence may occur whilst applying additional privacy in telephone designs.

Furthermore, Bentham’s Panopticon was an early influential model (Bentham, 2008), a prison designed where cells are arranged in the centre a rotunda, boosting surveillance from a dominant inspection point (Fig. 3). The Panopticon implicates psychological manipulation, emphasising the connection between control and philosophy, and how these enforce social restraint through societal establishments, noted Foucault (1982). Karthaus, Block and Hu (2019) explained this being important in both the hypothetically more positive sense of architecture’s capability to manipulate psychology through its structure; and a damaging sense via psychological elimination of sovereignty from the inmates.

Figure 2: Two different types of prison layout (Wener, 2012)

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Figure 3: Bentham’s Panopticon, part-plan/elevation/ section by Willey Revely, 1791 (Karthaus, Block and Hu, 2019)

Although these initial design decisions are envisioned to improve behaviour, Fisher (2016) argued that instead, they generate conditions that may provoke psychological problems and lead to negative inmate performance.

In that respect, an officer told BBC (Dolce 2016) that “If you can’t look after vulnerable people in a safe environment, people will get hurt and people will die.”

As they deal with suicidal inmates, officer said he could not forget the victims that has taken their lives, and describes it as ‘The Lives Lost Behind Bars’. As a result, staffs of Wandsworth Prison wish to make a difference within prison environment.

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Healing

Figure 4 & 5: Possible design response: Views to natural element, typical housing standards; dynamic and diffused natural light

There is only so much that could be accomplished when designing a prison suitable for inmates’ physical and mental health. Take prisons in UK for example, it has been constructed by inferences of expenditure, competence and surveillance for over two decades, in which most of the time prison exteriors inhabits a tedious, plain and systematic design with immense extensions of brick, insufficient cramped windows and no redundant decoration (Moran and Jewkes 2015). England and Wales, takes in alarming rates of 30% inmates since 2001, which persist the interrogations of prison design and lived exposure of carceral space notably relevant.

In addition, López and Maiello-Reidy (2017) mentioned that dark and narrow corridors, synthetic acoustics, insufficient natural lighting, climate inconsistency and absence of confidentiality are contrasting to the remedial conditions needed for mental health and rehabilitation at the aspect of physical environment.

Any recovery effort is a challenge due to the uneasy conditions, placing many mentally unstable inmates progressively worse. However, Karthaus, Block and Hu (2019) stated it is arguable that design can encourage

positive alteration and so does affect behaviour from the constructed environment.

Design is able to have unforeseen results or contradictory consequences, as argued by Moran and Jewkes (2015). To begin with, environmental psychologists have focused on the design carceral spaces to reduce inmates’ destructive behaviour while maximising control on the part of the prison authorities (ibid). According to López and Maiello-Reidy (2017), a correctional facility that applies environmental design principles includes safe, supportive, nurturing, calming, comfortable, stimulating, normalised and normative environment; to acknowledge the exclusive needs of the mentally ill will be less vindictive and way more treatmentintended. Henceforth, environmental psychologists have emphasised on design carceral space to diminish inmates’ misconduct while magnifying control on prison authorities (Moran and Jewkes 2015). Nonetheless, prison architecture must be analysed in relation to local circumstances even though it may manifest fundamental penal conception.

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Figure 6: New Health Services Building Concept – Housing Continuum (López and Maiello-Reidy, 2017)

In view of Fairweather and McConville (eds.

2013), categories like gender, adults and adolescent, incarcerated and detained prisoners, the mentally and physically unwell (Fig. 6), others with short and long sentences, the defenceless, severe and less severe offenders, diplomat and criminal, and those necessitating high security – there must be numerous sub-divisions to shelter different groups that cannot accordingly be included simultaneously. Correspondingly, Lenton (2017) states that it is principally vital within the criminal justice policy that a sense of integrity and acceptance is appreciated by unified societies, where diversity is respected and all groups have connection to comparable life opportunities, positive relationships and the likelihood to impact political verdicts.

One prison system example that’s caught the media’s attention is Halden Prison located in Norway (Vox 2019). The prison has no barbed wire, lots of greenery and outstanding contemporary art. Design is part of a plan to make prisons more humanitarian.

Gudrun Molden, the architect of Halden Prison, designed it to be an “anti-authoritarian”; the architecture is never made to intimidate inmates. Material plays a role in influencing humane design, ¬¬Halden uses glass to access natural lighting, cork and wood to muffle noise.

However, humane prison isn’t just about architecture and materials. It’s also about what happens inside the walls, as displayed on Fig. 9. Halden’s design affects the way correctional officers and inmates interact (Gorman 2019).

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Figure 7: Halden Prison top view; Layout of Halden Prison campus design

Indeed, places like Halden are establishing a new example for what futuristic prison possibly look like. It may feel absurd to produce refreshing, well-designed spaces like this for people who have committed misconduct. But following design philosophy like this, being incarcerated is the punishment – the architecture doesn’t have to be (Gorman 2019).

that green rehabilitation projects offer which diminish anxiety (encourage positive self-identity). Moreover, green rehabilitation projects cultivate a humanitarian culture and implement small-scale biophilic mediation on-site, which could also ease the burdens of so many correctional officers today by lessening the work-related stress.

On the other hand, architectural design has the capability to alter individuals’ physiological and psychological states in a development of the biophilic tie to nature. Södurland and Newman (2015) debates that human connection with nature is understood to be historically mirrored in organic building designs and elements, spaces and in patterning that resemble nature, and in classical living with close, but respectful proximity, to the natural environment. Additionally, Fisher (2016) explained that inmates are able to promote their health and wellbeing by being exposed to nature

However, Karthaus, Block and Hu (2019) argued that the perception of rehabilitation is sophisticated and the role that prison plays is limited. Prison signifies only one part of a justice service that comprises sentencing, probation and other forms of non-custodial punishment whilst setting aside broader societal issues like inequality.

It is debatable that decreasing recidivism impose the individual to take responsibility for their actions and the occurring consequences and establish positive decisions.

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Hope

United Nation Human Rights (2005) highlighted that it is undeniably inappropriate to disagree that because a person is in prison, he or she is permitted to a lower standard of health care than implemented in the public. From McGill (2016), quoting Colorado Department of Corrections Executive Director, Rick Raemisch, said: “You can’t take people who have been in segregation for any period of time and put them back in general population and have a good day,”. In order to make steady and constructive transitions from imprisonment to community, individuals in custody need to be catered with a standard of decency, cohesion and aid (Karthaus, Block and Hu, 2019).

Fairweather and McConville (eds. 2013) suggested to modest the convention grinding of politics, administration and public investment priorities, and to obey the rules of public health and safety – all of which our part on responsive of petty maliciousness is not necessary. By an unbiased system, verdicts are taken carefully and we shall never have to face the outrageous question of whether prisons’ goal for a standard of altering beauty or manipulate to be places of unpleasantness and deservedly contentious distress. In spite of this, long-term and more generic enforcements may evade us rather challenging the short-term enforcements of simple, easily segregated catalyst. It becomes unbearable when we are struggling with an experience as diluted as beauty and ugliness in an architecture or environment when added to the depiction all the sophisticated differences in people’s memoirs and aptitude, the partition of cause and effect is extremely tough (Fairweather, L. and McConville S., eds. 2013).

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Figure 8: U.S. Prisoner photograph by IPGGutenbergUKLtd

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Figure 9: Table on impacts of parental incarceration on children within different age groups (Roguski and Chauvel, 2009)

Anyways, Roguski and Chauvel (2009) conducted interviews in multiple correction facilities which resulted inmates being incarcerated can particularly impact on their families as well. Most commonly cited by the participants were financial tension, the additional pressure on their partner due to a loss of parental and childcare support and breakdown of relationships as impacts of their imprisonment on their families. The author also evidently demonstrated statistic of children being affected endure anxiety, a sense of loss and accountability for their parents’ custody (as shown in Fig. 11) in different age range. These responses were assumed to be associated through the visiting procedure, which negatively barred them from displaying tenderness towards their parents.

As a consequence of that, primarily key pressure upsetting prisoners’ partners and other family members were pinpointed as selecting a caregiver role, financial stress, prison visiting, and shame. Impacts of such burdens included anxiety, worry, withdrawal and surrendering one’s own wellbeing for the sake of other family members; as a sense of vital adaptation (Roguski and Chauvel, 2009).

Marc Morjé Howard, PhD, JD, MA, director of Georgetown University’s Prisons and Justice Initiative

told The Nation’s Health: “The research is very clear on solitary confinement,”. He continued: “The public health community has to bring home how damaging it is for people to be held in these conditions when they are all by themselves, when they have mental health problems to begin with that are untreated. When they return to general population directly from solitary, the consequences can be sad and scary.” (McGill, 2016).

A member of staff in Wandsworth Prison commented: “If we treat the most undeserving with care and respect, that says a lot about our society.” (Dolce, 2016).

Lastly, Section IV: Health Rights of Prisoners (United Nation Human Rights, 2005) emphasise that respectable health care is primary right which is for everyone to utilised and that the circumstances of health care in prison alter public health. As soon as they enter a prison or place of confinement, all prisoners should be granted a medical check-up as it is basic requirement.

Most inmates exit prison at certain point as well as staff in prisons entering and leaving, and visitors to the prison; wellbeing issues in prisons can potentially be civic health problems (United Nation Human Rights, 2005).

Thus, sustaining health in prisons involves everyone’s concerns. When prison staff are well, they are able to perform better; when inmates are healthy, they are more capable to work and cope with imprisonment easier.

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Conclusion

Despite all the aspects explored throughout this literature review, prison architecture’s role on impacting inmates’ mental health is still an ongoing discussion within political and societal perspective. The review highlights present conditions of the space and environment inmates endure daily, possible use of interior architecture to bridge a rehabilitation space for prisoners that improves their mentality and highlighting the importance of considering inmates’ human rights. It also reminds the public that inmates are as humane as everyone else, the lives behind bars do not degrade their values as they also need basic human needs; they deserve a second chance to correct their misconduct choices. As architecture evolves rapidly by time, it has the potential to reduce and recreate a space that gives hope to the hopeless, and peace to the unsettled. Breaking the norm of dull and constraint spaces, by implementing a gentler and nature encouraged approach can change the outlook of prison’s impression. As a result, it is crucial to interrogate the outlook of society and politics on inmates’ wellbeing and recognise how impactful it could be towards the public.

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Project Proposal

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Personal View

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t has come to my awareness that the design of space plays a big factor in manipulating psychology in which affects the mentality of people within the interior spaces. Through the conduction of the literature review, I was able to understand in depth of how lighting, materiality, space circulations, colours and acoustics triggers certain emotions on inmates in which they react in inappropriate behaviour according to the condition they live with (Fig. 1 shows a poster I’ve illustrated as my visual understanding of the subject).

Besides that, prisoners faced punitive punishments during their trial in prison, along with their consumption of low-quality food (Dolce, 2016), adapting to the interior space that they are not familiar with and endure constant surveillance in which affects their behaviour towards other occupants and staff members (Moran and Jewkes, 2015).

Inmates are just as humane as we are, unfortunately their voices aren’t heard enough to be taken seriously in political and societal perspective. Most prison proposal would not think twice to invest funding into design, rather the quickest solution to implement same dull-repetitive configuration in low budget proposals.

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Design Objective

Figure 12: Different types of prison design (Source: https://www.slideshare.net/rsgrfn/chapter6-51073946)

The objective of the project to implement a prison cell in which is more humane and to be more considerate to the inmates’ mental health and wellbeing. Numerous of countries have established prisons to be a rehabilitation centre that gives sentenced prisoners a place that provides safety, comfort, security and most importantly a sense of hope for them to change their criminalistic ways.

As a result, prisoners going back to prison decreases overtime and shows how impactful a well-designed space can affect their health and mentality (Stark, 2017). The reason why I want to emphasise on this topic is due to the undeniable connection within prison and the outside world, and how we, as designers, can change and form a better society starting from the last place people would consider looking.

This research topic has provided an opportunity for me to explore in depth on biophilic architecture designs.

Biophilia is humankind’s innate biological connection with nature. Biophilic design can reduce stress, improve cognitive function and creativity, improve our well-being and expedite healing; as the world population continues to urbanise these qualities are ever more important (Terrapin Bright Green LLC, 2014). Our cognitive functions can rest a moment during certain time of habitual

exposure with nature which allows openings for mental restoration by relaxing. This results in our capability to accomplish intensive tasks better than someone with jaded cognitive resources. Besides, nature is able to influence restoration and stress management related to psychological responses as it revolve around our versatility, awareness, attention, absorption, feelings and mood. Moreover, connections with nature activates the physiological responses such as relaxation of muscles, as well as decreasing of diastolic blood pressure and stress hormone (Terrapin Bright Green LLC, 2014).

Take Halden Prison, one of the inspirations for my research proposal, for example. It is a prison located in Norway that has inspired and raised the bar in designing humanitarian prison (Gorman, 2019). Their approach is maintaining the purpose and concept of imprisonment, but excluding the architecture. Inmates freedom are taken away but instead of constant endurance of harsh punishments, they live their lives like ordinary citizens (with views of greenery from their dorms). It challenges the norm of prison design which usually are radical, telephone-pole, courtyard and campus style. These days, prison design prefer to go for campus style as their basic layout as it is the most effective way to be as humane as possible.

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Challenging 21St Century Values

One of the worst forms of injustice is violation of basic human rights (The Occupied Times of London, 2019). Based on their social standing, or unequal imprisonment of opposition, there will be a time human being faces very unfortunate events in life. As we moved into a modern society that practices and demands equal rights to not only within feminism aspect, but also involving the disabled, people of colour and children; it is only fair that inmates are applicable to hold the same rights as any normal citizen have. In my humble opinion, to neglect their health and existence only reflects great hypocrisy in empty statements and promises. It is a matter of questioning ourselves, as the saying goes, should we not “practice what we preach”?

Figure 13 Protest of Human Rights (Source: http://theoccupiedtimes.co.uk/human-rights-sexual-injustices/)

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Summary

The topic explored contributes to the fundamental of understanding prison architecture and the psychology of its’ space that affects inmates’ mental health. The subject has opened a wider perspective of the forgotten world in prison and raised awareness to inmates’ health condition behind bars. Not to mention how evidential it is to see that architecture has the power to contribute both positive and negative behaviour; also affecting anyone who visits prison and transmits within the society. Many of those exposed to incarceration culture wishes to make a difference for lives of these inmates and searches hope from inattentive governors. I believe that we, as interior architects, are capable to provide an alternative solution that could potentially provide a sense of hope by creating a healthier and safer designated environment. Let alone biophilic architecture may be the solution to decrease brutal behaviour, it gives inmates the opportunity to connect themselves with nature – since most prison design takes away regular interaction with nature and confine them with never-ending solitude.

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3 Research

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Inspiration

My inspiration for this major project is based on neglected architecture with a touch of psychology effects within a space. Prison Architecture happens to be an ongoing topic of discussion for many years but has yet to have any change of approach compared to the 18th Century imprisonment techniques. In our modern society, people tend to have a utopian city with highest living quality blinded in their subcons but fail to acknowledge the forgotten or neglected lives.

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General Data

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ritish around the UK has given their votes to the most unsafe city in the country: Birmingham, along the shocking 42% of those living there feeling at risk – even during the day (Olsen, 2018). According to the research, Birmingham ranking first, followed by Leicester, Manchester, London, and Sheffield as the most dangerous cities. The city is a main centre for commerce and an essential transport hub for the UK. Over 40 Organise Crime Gangs (or ’OCG‘s used in Line of Duty) were claimed by West Midlands Police operating in Birmingham at any given moment.

Approximately 400 members comprised in gangs, and that does not include the smaller mobs that are private as ’Urban Street Gang‘s (The Most Dangerous Cities to live in the UK, 2019).

Nearly a quarter of very anxious British have either moved or considered moving to a completely different town or city in order to feel safer. In fact, 60% perceive that town and rural areas are usually safer than larger cities, with nearly half under the impression they have become more worried about their safety as they got older (Olsen, 2018).

Figure 14: Photography of Birmingham City at night (Source: https://www.chrishepburn.co.uk/birmingham-cityscape-photographer)

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So, is Birmingham Safe? Over 1.1 million inhabitants as of 2014, Birmingham’s wider metropolitan areas stretches to a total population of 3.8 million. The city is a main centre for commerce and an essential transport hub for the UK. Birmingham Crime and Statistics Trends

Figure 15: Line graph of Birmingham Crime and Statistics Trends between 2011 and 2016

This graph demonstrates the sum amount of recorded crimes in the city between the year 2011 and 2016. From these crime statistics that although crime has recessed significantly since 2011, there was a rising in 2016 that saw crime higher than at any point in the past four years.

Birmingham Crime Comparison

Figure 16: Bar graph of Birmingham Crime Comparison between other Cities

Furthermore, Birmingham’s total crime rate between January 2015 and December 2016 is 205 crimes per 1,000 people, making the city 72nd highest crime rate in the country. This is particularly much lower than other cities of comparable size.

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Crime Plus ASB Breakdown for West Midlands Police

Violent Crime (88,616)

Crime Breakdown Jan 2019 - Dec 2019

Vehicle Crime (29,114) Bulglary (22,585) Robbery (8,038) Anti-Social Behaviour (33,527) Other Crime (3,892) Public Order (15,832) Possession of Weapons (2,816) Other Theft (18,789) Theft From the Person (2,781) Bike Theft (2,307) Shoplifting (14,730)

Figure 17: Pie chart of Crime Breakdown from January 2019 - December 2019 by West Midlands Police

Criminal Damage and Arson (22,670) Drugs (5,215)

Along the years after, records of the type of crimes committed along with the number between January 2019 and December 2019 are provided by the West Midlands Police. West Midlands Police is the second largest police force in the country, covering an area of 348 square miles and serving a population of almo st 2.6 million.

Comparing the previous diagrams, we‘re able to see the numbers increasing through the years.

The pie chart above displays the crime plus ASB breakdown for the West Midlands Police located in West Midland county from January to December of 2019. Under the copyright of UKCrimeStats.com, we’re able to see that crime has subsequently go by in an inconsistent amount; violent crime has the highest total of 88,616 while bike theft has the lowest total of 2,307.

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Client

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation

Understanding Prison Violence

It appears several British laws are stricter than the public feel they should be. Examples: TV license fee-dodging (96% disagree); Posting offensive comments on social media will be imprisoned (87% feel this level of punishment is inappropriate. It’s clear that many members of the British public do hold negative attitudes towards offenders in general, and have a desire for retribution.

However, if you delve little deeper, many of us are more open to liberal strategies than it initially seems.

Prison conditions that influenced likelihood of assaulting or threatening other prisoners, or alternatively of being a victim of assault, included:

There is majority support for new rehabilitation strategies, and a significant number of people would even be happy for progressive drug policy reforms to be introduced.

Maybe there’s hope for penal reformers, yet.

- Feeling threatened and unsafe - Having been mistreated by staff - Having been wrongfully accused or punished perceiving treatment as unjust (Day, Brauer & Butler, 2015) - Being subject to additional restrictions (Jianh & Fisher-Giorlando, 2002) - Having fewer work assignments, structured routines, or level of programme participation (Pérez, Gover, Tennyson & Santos, 2010; Steiner, 2009; also found by Meade & Steiner, 2013, and Steiner & Wooldredge, 2009) - Perceiving that rules were under-enforced, or that officers had less legitimacy (Wooldredge and Steiner, 2012, 2014)

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Looking into Prison Architecture and how it affects the mentality of inmates incarcerated has made an impactful impression to me. Understanding how this is a sensitive yet hushed topic of discussion, I create another collage to represent a visual demonstrating my understanding of imprisonment by your mental and environmental state. Very prisoners are struggling with a silent battle within themselves and it’s crucial that we realise their condition is just as important as the public‘s.

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Global Perceptions

PUBLIC

»» Inmates demands a sense of community »» Crimes rates has increased & most prison are overcrowded »» Building a rehabilitation centre for the mentally ill; crimes: minor / petty »» Theraputic community treatment »» ”It doesn’t mean that I am incapable of being productive member of society again or to be rehabilitated“ »» Being stigmatised as an ex-offender is often implicated as a major barrier to successful community reintegration »» They agreed that the public stigmatises offenders as a group, linked with poor psychological health and social functioning

APPROACH

»» There are communities that are able to engage with the prison in their midst »» ”I felt unsafe living in the area, but not because of the criminals living within the prison nearby, but because of criminals living outside of prison, even closerby“ »» People are more intimidated by the facility itself »» ” I rather have a prison close by than a busy school -- for less noise & traffic“ »» British people demand harsher punishment for criminals »» Majority prefers to neglect these things & focus more on first world country issues

INMATE

»» Reconnecting with nature as a way of refreshing one‘s complex and difficult mind / life »» Humans are naturally binded to nature, we tend to seek connections with nature and other forms of life »» The appearance of the natural world, with its rich diversity of shapes, colours, and life is universally appreciated »» Implementing biophilia design into prison may be the answer to propagate a sense of hope among the inmates, reduces the stress associated with prison environments, promote work ethic, and develops green-collar job skills (Fisher, 2016) 36

»» If we want prisons to be about changing lives then we want the communities to own that and say that they have a responsibility with what happens to people »» Proposals to build a new facility frequently cause protests »» More than 2,500 prison staff have been subject to disciplinary action in the last five years (including for relationships with inmates, assaulting prisoners and racism) »» Government prepares to launch a unit to tackle corruption in jails »» The lack of experienced prison officers has been blamed in part for the difficulties faced by the service

COUNTRY

»» Difference between jail, prison & correctional facility: »» Jail: county facility -- hold inmates sentenced for misdemeanor crimes; inmates awaiting trial for misdemeanor & felony crimes; serving norm / intense probation violations; deliquent in child support »» Prison: state facility -- several individual prison yards within it; all inmates convicted of felony crimes & sentenced to terms of incarceration »» Correctional Facility: federal prison -- convicted for federal crimes, as well as Mexican Nationals

GOVERNMENT

»» Prison can impact on tourism; unlikely attention »» ”If we want prisons to be about changing lives then we want the communities to own that ... “ »» Concerns were raised over where inmates would be relocated to and whether they could be kept close to their families & support networks »» ”Generally people move to be near one rather than having one place near you.“ »» The public‘s lack of knowledge about crime is not an isolated domain of ignorance »» Prisons are more likely to be profitable for business than rehabilitation (yet staffs are underpaid and resources are limited)

GENERAL 37

SITE CONSIDERATION

Before choosing a suitable site to serve as a rehabilitation place for inmates, I have to take in considerations that not everyone is in favour to be associated with criminals that are living among the public.

It is also important to determine what type of typology can correctional facilities have on site and to which extend am I able to move towards whilst implementing my design on site. Because a prison complex has contained boundaries to preserve security and prevent escape, adequate planning and design must incorporate considerations for its many operational functions to be effective and efficient.

Figure 18: Typical prison layouts

It is important to establish the necessary security level of the prison, commensurate with the risk level of the prisoners to be housed. Using the following table as a guide, we’re going to follow through with open prison since we are implementing a correctional facility with trusting support instead of a prison like approach.

Prison Type

Closed Prison

Closed Prison

Risk Level

Inmates Description

1

Maximum security. Prisoners whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public or national security.

2

Prisoners who do not require maximum security, but who present some level of danger and are a threat to escape.

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Prisoners who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who are unlikely to try to escape.

4

Prisoners who can be reasonably trusted not to try to escape, and are given the privilege of an open prison.

Figure 19: Matrix of typical layouts for prison security levels (Source: Technical Guidance Prison Planning by UNOPS, 2016) 38

Figure 20: Matrix of typical layouts for prison security levels (Source: Technical Guidance Prison Planning by UNOPS, 2016)

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SPATIAL AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS

Figure 21: Illustration of zoning criteria <security level 2> (Source: Technical Guidance Prison Planning by UNOPS, 2016)

From the Technical Guidance Prison Planning (2016), The objective of the schedule is to identify the space and housing requirements for the number and category of inmates. This must meet the health needs of detained individuals, in particular with regard to climate, air, space, lighting, heating and ventilation.

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SPATIAL AND SERVICE REQUIREMENTS

Typical Cell Design

»» Limited personalisation of space »» Does not enable maximum flexibility / use of space »» Typical exercise in cell is not achievable

Possible Deisng Response

»» Cells dimension to be reviewed »» Designed as habitable, personalisable and adaptable as possible »» Optimise extra spaces

Figure 22: Wellbeing in prison design: Design guide (ver. A 12/17) Cells Possible design approach

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Possible Design Integration

»» Wider range of colours »» Personalise - finding an identity »» Temporary environmental adjustment »» Patients are able to customise their cells for them to adapt to the new environment

Figure 23: Wellbeing in prison design: Design guide (ver. A 12/17) Cells Possible design approach

Minimum Requirements

The CPT’s minimum standard for personal living space in prison establishments is: »» - 6sqm of living space for a singleoccupancy cell + sanitary facility »» - 4sqm of living space per prisoner in a multiple-occupancy cell + fully – partitioned sanitary facility »» - At least 2m between the walls of the cells »» - At least 2.5m between the floor and the ceiling of the cell Figure 24: Current state of cell condition in parts of prison in the UK

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Educations

Improving our intelligence capability The importance of education: »» Why prisoners participate »» What they hope to get out of it »» Their experience of education in prison »» What’s on offer? »» How it was decided which classes prisoners would attend »» Education and sentence planning »» The range and limitations of available opportunities »» Whether some groups of prisoners get priority or are left out Facilities, teaching and learning preferences: »» The quality of the learning experience »» Prior learning experience »» What helps or hinders learning Barriers and opportunities: »» Relevance of the curriculum »» Prisoner transfer between prisons »» Competing demands on prisoner time available for education »» Waiting lists

Figure 25: Incarcerated young women graduate from high school in prison, Gainesville, Georgia, July 2015 (Source: https://www. americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12/news/2018/03/02/447321/ education-opportunities-prison-key-reducing-crime/)

On release: »» The extent to which having participated in education might help on release »» Desire to continue education on release and perceived ease with which this might be possible »» Prisoner recommendations for the future of prison education Most prisoners, too, seem unaware of the opportunities available. Those who have succeeded in pursuing education are the ones who feel able to push through layer of bureaucracy, such as applying for funding to study degree courses.

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Diverstiy Appreciation

»» Cells dimension to be reviewed »» Designed as habitable, personalisable and adaptable as possible »» Optimise extra spaces

Figure 26: Wellbeing in prison design: Design guide (ver. A 12/17) Diversity Appreciation

»» Maximum surveillance for security purposes »» Engagement between guards and patients »» Clear perspective of current condition of the space

Figure 27: Halden Prison layout of surveillance

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Design and Wellbeing

Figure 28: Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs (Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html)

Before we get to the design aspect, it is important to take into consideration of basic human needs and how we can implement design to promote wellbeing.

Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory in psychology constitute a five-tier representation of human needs, often illustrated as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualisation.

these biological requirements for human, (e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sleep)

1.

Physiological Needs

The human body cannot function optimally if these needs are not fulfilled. Physiological needs are considered the most crucial as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

Safety Needs

Belongingness, and Love Needs

protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear

social that involves feelings of belongingness – the need for interpersonal relationships motivates behaviour friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love

Esteem Needs

Self-Actualisation

(i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity

realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, striving personal growth and peak experiences As Maslow 1987 (p.64) mentioned: A desire ”to become everything one is capable of becoming“

Once we‘ve achieved the basic needs and psychological needs, we ‘re able to take into the next step where we will strive to ensure our self-fulfillment needs. The motivation for self-actualisation guides people in different directions, which makes each individual unique in their own way.

For some people self-actualisation can be accomplished through producing works of art or literature, for others through sport, in the classroom, or within a communal setting. And for that, we will first provide education for people to explore further.

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4 Site Analysis

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Historical and Architectural Significance

3-5

Legge Lane is a listed building and its original structure is of significant architectural and historical interest. It was designed by the eminent Birmingham architects in the late Victorian period; Essex, Nicol and Goodman who were responsible for the design of a number of outstanding buildings in and around the city centre and within the West Midlands.

Their portfolio of buildings included offices, shops, stores, factories and public sector works. They were noted as being one of the first architects in the city to make extensive use of terracotta in buildings, mainly of late

Gothic or varying types of Renaissance design. Terracotta brick was particularly suited to Birmingham as it made up for the lack of local building stone available in the area and it was also resistant to smoke and soot.

Prominent buildings within the city centre included The Louvre (High St), Cornwall Buildings (Newhall St) and Newton Chambers (New St). The Legge Lane building was designed for A H Woodward for the manufacture of pens, pen holders and pencil cases. It was constructed in 1893 as a purpose-built factory and is heralded for its Dutch gabled terracotta façade and symmetrical detailing.

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Figure 29 & 30: Scanned artefact brochures / flyers of A. H. WoodWard, Birmingham 51

Listed Building Info

The site frontage to Legge Lane contains two very distinct parts: the first comprises a threestorey terracotta brick faced building with distinctively shaped gable and a series of seven close set window bays. The second part is a much more modern frontage of 1960’s design with a three-storey curtain wall, full height glazing and with a flat roof construction.

Details from the National Heritage List are as follows: List entry Description

LEGGE LANE 1. Nos 3, 4 and 5 SP 0687 SW 28/13 II 2. 1895. Architects Essex Nicol and Goodman, a leading partnership in the use of terracotta decoration in late C19 Birmingham. Three storey, former Pen and Pen- holder works, elevation of 7 close set window bays. Principally terracotta faced with red brick to lower part of ground floor and rendered brick bands between storeys and in parapet carried up to tall shaped gable. A taught composition with the terracotta used to emphasise the structural grid of the elevation, Ground and First Floor window set in segment headed terracotta arcades with moulded reveals and sloping sills. Asymmetrical doorways flank ground floor; the works entrance to left has broader elliptical arch with the ground floor cornice stepped in shaped gable over; the righthand office doorway narrow with semi-circular arch and sharply modelled terracotta brackets to steeply swept and curved pediment broken forward from cornice moulding. The second-floor windows have similar details to lower floors but with round headed arcading and rosettes in spandrels. Rich terracotta frieze of vegetable forms flanked by capped console brackets and modillion cornice. Ball finials over parapet kneelers and on piers flanking shaped gable.

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Existing Use of the Building

What was originally a steel pen ‘manufactory’, The Million Pen Building is an architecturally renowned building has been delicately restored and transformed.

Offering 21 striking apartments, each representing an excellent investment opportunity in the historic heart of the city of Birmingham.

The distinctive feature of the building is notable for its Duct-gabled terracotta façade. Each apartment offers trendy accommodation, designed to maximise space and produce interesting and comfortable homes within an iconic building. The understated and neutral decoration provides the freedom to create individual perfect environment.

Under the residential property specialists Centrick, the Million Pen Building is currently being advertised in their website for anyone who is interested in mortgaging the apartments available for letting.

Figure 31 & 32: Site’s Building Logo (The Million Pen Building) under residential agent Centrick

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Figure 33 & 34: Rendered version of 3-5 Legge Lane proposed by Kendrick Architect previously in 2015

The facilities of the building include an intercom system, provided that there is a landscaped communal courtyard which is accessible for residents. There is secured vehicle roller shutter door right at the entrance of the building. As for the interior, it comes with integrated appliances, quarts work surfaces and contemporary kitchens by Kesseler.

On a side note, the toilet areas come with heated ladder towel rail, along with a sanitary ware by vitra S50 range. The floorings are made out of ceramic and walls are on tiles by Porcelanosa.

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Existing zones and Circulations

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Second Floor Plan

LEGENDS

N Pedestrian Entrance

Commercial Area

Vehicular Entrance

Communal Stairs

Residential Plots

Parking Slots 56

Internal Circulation

A perspective view of the site is shown, demonstrating it’s surrounding and accessibility for the public to the building.

LEGENDS

N

Vehicle Path Residential Path

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Referring to the site’s key plan on the right, the following visuals are demonstrating natural lighting and ventilations circulating the building in different elevations. Figures are added in order to understand the proportions and scale of the building.

Reference Key Plan

Elevation A-A

Elevation C-C

Elevation F-F

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Elevation E-E

A perspective view of the site is shown, demonstrating it’s surrounding and accessibility for the public to the building.

LEGENDS

Winter Solstice 30° Sunrise 8:05 AM Sunset 4:38 PM

Vehicle Path Residential Path

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60

5 Area Analysis

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area Surroundings

LEGENDS

N

Surrounding Buildings

Vegetations

Chosen Site Building

Construction Areas / Open Land

Further Buildings

Main Road

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Specific Location: 3-6 Legge Lane, Jewellery Quarter Birmingham B1 3LD 52° 29’ 3.805” N 1° 54’ 49.060” W

Sun Path Chosen Site Building Main Road

Residential Schools & Academics Places of Worships

Wind Directions Vegetation Open Lands 63

Site Demographic

With the chosen site being located in the heart of Birmingham (West Midlands), Jewellery Quarter, a research to conduct the area‘s demographics is needed in order to further relate the design approach to the site. Referencing Birmingham City Council (2018), here are the research obtained:

A

ccording to the Department for Communities and Local Government 2014, (forecasts using Census 2001 & 2011 data and ONS Subnational population projections), Birmingham’s population will grow by 150,000 residents (14%) between 2011-2031.

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Ethnicity of Birmingham Residents, 2001

6%

Ethnicity of Birmingham Residents, 2011

1%

9%

4%

2%

7%

11%

6% 13% 3% 5% 66%

6%

53% 4% 5%

Figure 35 & 36: Birmingham‘s Demographics of Different Ethnicity Between 2001 and 2011, (Source: Birmingham City Council, 2014)

White British

»» Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of White British residents decreased by 13% in Birmingham »» An increase of 3.4% in residents from other Asian / Asian British background over the same time period, along with an increase in Black / Black British residents of 2.9%, and 2.8% increase in Pakistani residents »» Pakistani is the second biggest ethnic group in Birmingham after White British, making up 13% of the resident population

Other British Mixed/Multiple Ethnicity Indian Pakistani Other Asian/Asian British Black/Black British Other Ethnicity Group

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Commuters

Office Workers

Target Activities

Target Activities

Schedule Routine

Schedule Routine

6am

3pm

12am

6am

3pm 12am

Mode of Transportation

Mode of Transportation

Transportation demographics of citizens in the area.

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Children / Students

Families

Target Activities

Target Activities

Schedule Routine

Schedule Routine

6am

3pm

Mode of Transportation

12am

6am

3pm

12am

Mode of Transportation

Transportation demographics of citizens in the area.

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Area’s Community

Pen Museum

Ramgarhia Community Centre

The Old Fire Station Children’s Nursery

Dani Marin Photography

The J Q Coffee Cafe

J. W. Evans Silver Factory 68

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6 Case studies

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Seeds Pods

Acoustics

Karl Lenton of Safe Innovations (U.K. company)

designed a mobile therapy space to give prisoners better and more comfortable access of healthcare.

By composing glass reinforced plastic (GRP), the 2.4 metre diameter Seeds pods can be broken down into eight modular pieces which can be assembled in 30 minutes without screws or clips.

The exterior of the white egg-shaped pod structures is covered by a pattern of tessellating diamonds, having an entranced through a door from one side and can be exited through and emergency route via a panel at the back.

“Seeds has been designed to support healthcare services to deliver healthcare to a greater number of patients,” said Lenton. “Planting Seeds directly onto prison wings means more patients can be seen during the working day. This direct approach also has economic benefits to both healthcare providers and the Prison Service.”

With many prisoners suffering from mental health disorders and other long-term conditions, the pods have been designed as a safe and engaging alternative space for them to receive essential healthcare services (Tucker, 2015).

Lenton’s invention has taught me that every prisoners deserve a space of comfort and privacy. It has sparked an inspirational concept of soft approach, relating to a cocooned posture element within intimidating spaces.

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“

Key features of the prison environment that are likely to lead to personality change include the chronic loss of free choice, lack of privacy, daily stigma, frequent fear, need to wear a constant mask of invulnerability and emotional flatness, and the requirement, day after day, to follow externally imposed stringent rules and routines.

”

- 1 May 2018, BBC

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Shalekhet - Fallen Leaves

Atmosphere

The Jüdisches Museum (Jewish Museum) in Berlin‘s Kreuzberg district is one of the most visited museums in the German capital. Over seven million people from around the world have visited the museum since its opening in late 2001. One sculpture or installation takes up a ”column“ with the height of two floors.

The Memory Void, one of the symbolic spaces on the ground level of the Libeskind building, includes the installation Shalekhet (Fallen Leaves) by Menashe Kadishman. The installation is a gift from Dieter and Si Rosenkranz. Menashe Kadishman’s sculptures stir painful memories of the victims of war (JMBerlin, 2018). More than 10,000 faces with open mouths, cut from heavy round iron plates, cover the floor of the ground floor void.

I’ve chosen this architecture to be one of my case studies because of how the empty and silence of the

void manage to capture a time of lost and agony which has impacted millions of visitors. There is a silent message that is able to manipulate human emotions towards something that is no longer in existence. The concept of the design is encouraging visitors to interact by walking on the exhibit itself: to see the open-mouths in terror, the faces of soundless screams; and to listen to the jarring clanging sounds when thick metal pieces jostle against other pieces.

As quoted by Henry Lee: It’s an eerie atmosphere with the installation all to myself. I also feel what is unmistakably guilt as I tread on the ”screaming“ faces. Am I walking over representations of living breathing people? I think these feelings are in fact necessary, that I need to have these feelings of loss. Something important has been taken away. It’s as if the sculpture asks: ”Germany is presently incomplete – will the country ever heal and be complete again?“ (Fotoeins, 2013).

Figure 37 & 38: Views of the faces covering the floor; installation Shalekhet by Menashe Kadishman

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Halden Prison

System

Figure 39 & 40: Outside and inside of Halden Fengsel, prisoners‘ choice of activity (Source: http://www.thestoryinstitute.com/ halden)

We can agree that Halden Fengsel stands out differently compared to most other prisons, sometimes referred to the world’s most humane prison. The architects wanted to keep nature within the prison walls; including having many trees, uneven topography, blueberries and adders. It would be fairly easy to run and hide since it’s built in the middle of the woods, but nobody does.

Halden Fengsel has an almost like a rhetoric slogran or a mantra within the prison walls that goes: ”Who do we want as our neighbour?“. The slogans are use among prisoners when talking about the humaneness of Halden. Nearly half have committed violent crimes like murder, assault or rape; a third are convicted for selling or smuggling drugs. As a prison, their major ambition

is bringing prisoners back to society as better human beings.

And how exactly did they do it? During the day, guards often engage conversations with the prisoners.

It could be over food and coffee, life, sports or just casual conversations. Surprisingly many areas have no surveillance cameras, and prisoners can to some extend move around freely. However, many have suggested the prison is too comfortable, that being in a prison like this is not a proper punishment. Halden points that rehabilitation is key. Searching proper housing and a steady income even before the prisoners are released is believed to underwrite to lower recidivism rates (Wang, 2009).

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Figure 41: Halden Prison / Erik Moller Arkitekter + HLM arkitektur; 3D Model of Halden

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Biophilic Design in Prison

Quoting Gills, human exposure to the natural world is essential to their wellbeing due to having an innate connection with the natural world.

Acoustics + Atmosphere + System =

Suitable rehabilitation centre

A post question I often bring into the conversation: we live in a world full of distractions and in a culture that prioritises efficiency, quick change and instant gratification. Is it any surprise that the percentage of anxiety and depression are escalating, and our comprehension and awareness of mental health issues and mindfulness are increasingly struggle to this?

This means we need the natural environment now more than ever. To see beyond the concrete jungle that has become our regular life, and find moments to breathe, relax and heal. All along nature has been there, patiently waiting for us to stop, take a breath and recharge.

Referring to Chapter II of the literature review, Striving to create humane environments that allow for rehabilitation.

Key: biophilic design.

With a design focus on rehabilitation and not punishment, part of this rehabilitation is creating therapeutic spaces and calm environments where people can feel safe and secure. Enhancing living quality doesn’t have to be complicated or expensive, it just comes down to prioritising and efficient design, and it that case of our secure facilities, the balance with security requirements.

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7

Concept Development

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Concept Sketches

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This is my way of approach to understand by having abstract sketches - made to interpret mentally imprison is just as torturous as being physically imprisoned.

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For my concept collage, I created at scenario of flowers blooming around the head of a person as butterflies fly around to represent freedom from being mentally imprisoned. Adding a tag quoting “I Acknowledge You” becomes a supporting mantra for prisoners to be aware that they aren’t forgotten; they still are considered as part of society. Using gentle colours such as green and yellow emits out calm and compose atmosphere.

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Diagrams

LEGENDS

Daylight Private Access Direct Access Direct Access 85

Digital sketches of human posture desrcibed into silhouettes, and understanding how different postures emits interesting forms. These are the kind of posture inmates tend to show during their sentence.

Agony

Defenceless

Postural Cycle

Despair

Post Question: Why emphasise their postures?

Inspiration: »» expressing through body language »» physiological needs (ref. Maslow‘s) »» demonstrates vulnerability »» fatigue or consistent low energy levels »» decrease in pain tolerance »» uneasiness / unable to function regularly 86

Another alternative collage of inspiration: From the site analysis, there was a need to emphasise the site’s surrounding buildings and the relationship between the sky. In modern prison design, the inmates are only able to connect with the outside world through looking up towards the sky.

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The sketches drawn from the concept model shows a higher volume of shadow than the model itself. In a metaphorical understanding, inmates‘ shadow echoing against the solid concrete wall of prison can be a very loud form of expression. It is known to be something negative, for this matter I would like to minimise dark figures and spaces that causes inmates‘ mental health to decline further.

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From the site analysis, there was a need to emphasise the site’s surrounding buildings and the relationship between the sky. In modern prison design, the inmates are only able to connect with the outside world through looking up towards the sky.

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Zonal Plannings

Interview Room

Reception Area

Reception Area Classroom

GF

Visiting Area Security Room

Accommodation

Counselling Room

Multipurpose Room

1F Computer Lab Accommodation Religious Space

Gym

Kitchenette

Security Room

Facilities / Services

LEGENDS

2F

Support Accommodation Daylight / Outdoor 90

For workshops and classroom areas, I brainstormed and visualised how the concept can work within a space based on the aesthetics and functionality. I have also taken into consideration about maintenance work when implementing the conceptual forms.

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Experimenting the concept into a plan and elevation view in a large scale.

From the plan view, I was able to see a relation from the concept to the building through the circulation. Since the site‘s building has a couple of voids, it isolates each section in which instead I would like to propose a connection within the circulation of the interior.

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And here are the rough sketches of concept drawing: understanding circulation, accessibility but implementing organic shapes into the space.

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Materiality

Acoustics

Echo Eliminator

Sound Silencer Panels

Fabric Wrapped Fiberglass Panels

Climate Seal Windows

Correctional facilities sometimes can be noisy and causes disturbance to staffs and patients‘ daily routine, with the right acoustic panels there will be more noise control within perimeters Silk Metal

Adjustable Door Seals

Atmosphere

Ceramics

Natural Stones

Leather

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Bringing in forms of nature such as clay and stones compliments the lack of vegetation in the existing site

Structural

Glulam

Timber

Concrete

Metal

Structural elements to be included for installation / flexible material in order to achieve organic facade and buildability

Aesthetics

Cork

Bamboo

Wood

Cork sustainable and practicality; blocking out sound and posting to-dos; while wood is beautifully integrated into a variety of aesthetics while contributing a soothing natural vibe

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Design Research

Passive Design Considerations

Figure 42: Outside and inside of Halden Fengsel, prisoners‘ choice of activity (Source: http://www.thestoryinstitute.com/halden)

Under Technical Manual SD239 (2018), passive design utilises layout, material and form to reduce or eliminate mechanical cooling heating, ventilation and lighting demand. Examples of passive design include optimising spatial planning and positioning to regulate solar gains and maximise daylighting, influencing the building form and fabric to enable natural ventilation strategies and making beneficial use of thermal mass to assist minimise highest internal temperatures.

Passive design makes best use of ‘natural’ sources of heating, cooling and ventilation to generate comfortable conditions inside buildings. It connects environmental conditions such as solar radiation, cool night air and air pressure differences to drive the internal environment. Passive measures do not require mechanical or electrical systems.

However, while passive design should generate buildings that consume minimal energy, they do not always fabricate buildings that might be viewed ‘sustainable’ as sustainability is reliant on an array of criteria, energy usage being only one of which.

By following these sustainable interior design principles, designers reduce the negative environmental impact of our society and build a better, more sustainable future.

Design for: energy efficiency, low environmental impact, waste reduction, longevity and flexibility, and healthy environments.

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Structural Element

I’ve proposed a glulam structure in my design as part of the concept to imitate nature hovering over the atrium with a glass panel as the roof to maximise natural sunlight within the building.

However, the ground floor and first floor won‘t be able to absorp any sunlight due to this structure attached to external floorings in order to meet the minimum requirement of the project.

To install the structure, there are specific constructural work to be researched. According to Brown (2017), The knife plate connector is to be used at the top or bottom of a wood column. One with the stand-alone connector, and one with it attached to the bottom of a glulam column.

Figure 43: Knife plate connector - Configurations (Source: http://dylanbrowndesigns. com/resources/parametric-timber-connections-for-revit/)

The glulam column with integrated knife plate is easier to use, but if you wish to place the knife plate on the top of the column, or use in a different column family, the knife plate family file should be used instead. All parameters are shared, so they can be used in schedules. The detail of the model has to be medium for the plates to appear, and fine for the bolts to appear.

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8 Final Design

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Ground Floor Plan

NOT TO SCALE

Brown Carpet

Pink Carpet

C13

T10

T02

Carpets - used on visiting areas; emits positive atmosphere and isolate noises Glulam - Structural element of exterior facade Wood - sustainable laminated wood as a substitute to implement nature withint envinroment Stone Pavement

Glulam

White Wood

Laminate 100

First Floor Plan

NOT TO SCALE

Polished Concrete

White Carpet

White Carpet

C07

C09

Concrete - light flooring for outdoor daylight patio (supported with the glulam structure) Rubber - high footfall sound absorption, anti-slip, good for heavy usage Ceramic - water resistance, durable, improve air quality Vinyl - easy installation, durable and low maintanence, water resistance (Raised access floor - FFIT)

Rubber

Parquet

Ceramic Tiles

Concrete

Vinyl 101

Second Floor Plan

NOT TO SCALE

C14 Blue Carpet

Epoxy

C11

Epoxy

Epoxy - provide solutions to exceptional, unmatched floor security, ffectively discouraging any manipulation or vandalism Vinyl - free of grout lines or tile edges Laminate - durable and resists scratches, moisture and wear and tear Epoxy

Vinyl

Laminate

Concrete

102

Roof Plan

NOT TO SCALE

Section CC

103 NOT TO SCALE

Section AA

Fibre Cement

Concrete Tile

Concrete

Fibre Glass

Wall Fixing / Coverings: For the walls, neutral colour is best to be implemented so it balances with the various range of colour floorings. Most of the material are in beige, white or grey colour scheme.

Epoxy

Fabric

Wallpaper

Fabric

104 NOT TO SCALE

Rubber Flooring (Ground & First Floor Multipurpose Room & Gym)

Plants (All levels)

Carpet (All levels - Visiting & Reception Area)

Concrete (All levels)

Laminated Wood (All levels)

Epoxy Wall & Flooring (First & Second Floor Accommodation)

Glulam Columns (Exterior Structures)

# B5CBCC

# BECDAB

# DD677B

# F3DBBE

# A7A3BF

Vinyl Flooring (First & Second Floor Computer Lab & Kitchenette)

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Reception Area (First Floor)

Religious Space (Second Floor) 106

Staff Room (Second Floor)

Daylight Patio (Second Floor) 107

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9 Reference List

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1. Berger, D. (2019) Rise in white prisoners doesn’t change innate racism of prisons. Truthout. Available at: https://truthout.org/articles/rise-in-white-prisoners-shows-prison-racism-goes-beyond-disparities/ [4 March 2020].

2. Bernd, C. (2018) Officials literally “blow hot air” to mitigate heat in Texas prisons. Truthout. Available at: https://truthout.org/articles/officials-literally-blow-hot-air-to-mitigate-heat-in-texas-prisons/ [4 March 2020].

3. Black, M. (2019) Almost 3,000 registered sex offenders living among us figures reveal. The Telegraph & Argus. Available at: https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/18009981.almost-3-000registered-sex-offenders-living-among-us-figures-reveal/ [Accessed 5 February 2020].

4. Chun, R. (2019) Modern life has made it easier for serial killers to thrive. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/10/are-serial-killers-more-common-than-wethink/596647/ [Accessed 5 February 2020].

5. Cullen, F. T., Fisher, B. S., and Applegate, B. K. (2000) Public opinion about punishment and corrections. Crime and Justice, vol. 27, pp.1-79. Available at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=crim_facpub [Accessed 30 March 2020].

6. Dalrymple, T. (2006) Real crime, fake justice. City Journal. Available at: https://www.city-journal.org/html/ real-crime-fake-justice-12962.html [Accessed 13 February 2020].

7. Dalrymple, T. (2020) Britain’s criminal-justice frivolity. City Journal. Available at: https://www.city-journal. org/terrorist-stabbing-british-criminal-justice-policy [Accessed 13 February 2020].

8. DiPrinzio, H. (2018) The jail next door: a look at the 14 correctional facilities in New York’s neighbourhoods. City Limits. Available at: https://citylimits.org/2018/07/17/the-jail-next-door-a-look-atthe-14-correctional-facilities-in-new-yorks-neighborhoods/ [Accessed 17 February 2020].

9. ECONYL (2017) 5 principles of sustainable interior design. Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/@ ECONYL/5-principles-of-sustainable-interior-design-b390503a5176 [Accessed 4 May 2020].

10. Folk, J. B., Mashek, D., Tangney, J., Stuewig, J. and Moore, K. E. (2015) Connectedness to the criminal community and the community at large predicts 1-year post-release outcomes among felony offenders. [pdf] Eur J Soc Psychol, vol. 46(3), pp. 341-355. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC4978434/pdf/nihms-766108.pdf [Accessed 17 February 2020].

11. Gonchar, M. (2015) What should be the purpose of prison? The New York Times. Available at: https:// learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/02/27/what-should-be-the-purpose-of-prison/ [Accessed 3 February 2020].

12. Goodier, M. and Rodger, J. (2018) The top ten most dangerous streets in Birmingham have been revealed. Birmingham Live. Available at: https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/topten-most-dangerous-streets-15363750 [Accessed 17 February 2020].

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13. Hercz, R. (n.d.) Psychopaths among us. [pdf] Available at: http://www.harlantaylor.com/ uploads/2/9/3/8/2938217/psychopaths_among_us_by_robert_hercz.pdf [Accessed 13 February 2020].

14. Hur, R. (2020) Biophilic designs in prisons. ArchDaily. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/932530/ biophilic-design-in-prisons?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all [Accessed 25 February 2020].

15. Ibbetson, C. (2019) Brits want harsher punishments for criminals. YouGov. Available at: https://yougov. co.uk/topics/legal/articles-reports/2019/10/01/brits-want-harsher-punishments-criminals [Accessed 13 February 2020].

16. Information book for prisoners with disability (2009) [pdf] The Prison Reform Trust. Available at: http:// www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Disability%20pib.pdf [Accessed 17 February 2020].

17. Interior design trends: materials you should use in your home décor (2017) Delight Full. Available at: https://delightfull.eu/inspirations/2017/03/13/interior-design-trends-materials-use-home-decor/ [Accessed 30 April 2020] 18. James, E. (2011) Give prisoners the chance to help the community. The Guardian. Available at: https:// www.theguardian.com/society/2011/may/15/prisoners-can-help-the-community [Accessed 13 February 2020].

19. Jansson, K. (2015) Public confidence in the criminal justice system – findings from the crime survey for England and Wales (2013/14). [pdf] Ministry of Justice. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449444/public-confidence.pdf [Accessed 10 February 2020].

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