Green and sustainable mobility for tourists on Fanø, Denmark by Nationalpark Vadehavet

GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY FOR TOURISTS ON FANÃ&#x2DC;, DENMARK SPECIAL REPORT DECEMBER 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INITIATION Initiation

Reading Guide

Strategic Objectives

Enlighten Background

Inclusive Concepts

Other Examples

THE INVESTIGATION

PESTEL

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Suggestions for Implementation

Timeline

Timeline of Suggestions

RECOMMENDATION Recommendation for Community Involvement

Further Recommendation

GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY FOR TOURISTS ON FANØ, DENMARK

INITIATION THE BEGINNING OF THE PROJECT

Tourism industry on Fanø has been growing continuously. Fanø is a well-known summer holiday for domestic and international tourists generally from Denmark, Germany or the Netherlands. Fanø is also part of the Wadden Sea World Heritage Destination. The number of tourists that entry the island during summer is surprisingly increasing. Most of them travel with their own patrol or diesel cars and drive around the island. There are examples of new green tourism development from all over the world that demonstrates different modes of transportation, such as carbon-free mobility that helps to preserve environment in a sustainable and innovative way,

This report is a cooperation between the group of Master students in Tourism program from Aalborg University, Copenhagen campus and the Wadden Sea National Park, Denmark. The report is a pilot project on evaluation and recommendation for green mobility development in tourism on the island of Fanø.

CONTACT PERSON Peter Saabye Simonsen Secretary Manager, The Wadden Sea National Park, Denmark

GROUP MEMBERS Axel Eriksson Eglé Jarašiūnaitė Stefania Dudová Vipada Espensen Master student in Tourism program, Aalborg University, Copenhagen Campus

SUPERVISOR Helene Balslev Clausen Associate Professor (Department of Cultural and Global Studies), Aalborg University

Photo in green box: COLOURBOX_4484646

READING GUIDE The following 3 parts are background for creation of potential innovative ideas to achieve carbon-free tourism mobility on Fanø.

The first segment ‘Enlighten Background’ summarises already existing strategies from the UNESCO Wadden Sea, municipality of Fanø and destination plans, where essential aspects of tourism in reference of sustainability and mobility are stated. The second segment ‘Inclusive Concept’ adds explanation to different tourism related concepts that are important for wider understanding of suggestions. The last segment ‘Other Examples’ highlights how other destinations created innovative solutions.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

1. To present carbon-free mobility for tourists, a new mode of transportation. 2. To give examples of green mobility implementation from other destinations in order to inspire Fanø to become a carbon-free island for tourists. 3. To give recommendations of new technology and sharing economy platforms. 4. To encourage local stakeholders and the community to participate in the development that would have long-term benefits for all involved actors.

Photo: Søren Thomsen_COLOURBOX7218064

ENLIGHTEN BACKGROUND The strategic points are responsibility in protection of the environment, tourism management and product development. The regions must enhance management in ‘joint commitment’ simultaneously with guidance and monitoring as and impact assessment. It is noted that destinations have to include infrastructure development and sustainable transport as an integrated part of the planning and activities. The plan also emphasizes arrivals by car as the most accessible mode due to limitation of public transport. It is claimed that the Wadden Sea destinations still focus on accessibility of islands by cars leaving goals to improve sustainable transport and reduce CO2 emission behind.

Opportunities and challenges of destinations are summarized as: - Inclusion of shared public transport and mobility; Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/John Frikke

- Participation of stakeholders in improvement of communications and reduction of carbon

UNESCO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN THE WADDEN SEA: WORLD HERITAGE DESTINATION,2009 The Wadden Sea plan for tourism development is the most complete strategy which covers how tourism development in Wadden Sea area should

emission by carbon-friendly transportation. - Infrastructure and network of transport will enable people to travel within, and to/from the destinations. - Destinations should focus to become carbon-neutral and create related marketing strategy.

be implemented within policy of UNESCO World Heritage area. The headline for the Wadden Sea area is to create an ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ to preserve nature for future generations. The

Required outcomes of sustainability are:

emphasis is on inclusion of communities in

- Improved partnerships and cooperation

tourism development. Future challenges,

between community and stakeholders;

particularly sufficient resources for

- Efficient and sustainable public transport for

implementation and coordination are highlighted

visitors accessible within destinations;

as it may only be achieved when getting

- Link between existing transport systems and

‘sufficient support from all levels’.

infrastructure as well as promotion of e mobility, establishment of facilities for

The strategic plan defines opportunities and

biking and hiking;

challenges as “Sustainable, inner-regional

- Reduction of energy, water consumption and

transport connections need to be enhanced and

carbon emissions by transport and service

linked, including shared public transport and e-

organizations.

mobility [...] improved communications to tourism stakeholders and their guests about public transport and how it helps to reduce CO2 emissions [...] including cross-border biking, hiking, and kayak routes”

ENLIGHTEN BACKGROUND DESTINATION SYDVESTJYLLAND STRATEGY 2012-2015 The destination plan for Southwest Jutland incorporates five municipalities including Fanø. The strategy focuses on practical, economical and emotional aspects of the community stressing importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The vision of Sydvestjylland is to be the best place in Denmark to start, drive and develop tourism establishments. The strategy underlines innovation and cooperation in creating future plans. It entails all bigger and smaller stakeholders. In relation to local transportation, Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Jan Tandrup

only link between public transport and better opportunities for walking, cycling and riding around the destination to create a supplement to car tourism is mentioned. However it is only seen

THE WADDEN SEA BOARD: 1 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM STRATEGY

as a addition for car touring but not as a change of transport in tourism.

The Wadden Sea Task Group present new priorities in the proposal strategy based on regional discussion and summary. This strategy prioritises implementation that focuses on community inclusion and participation together with stakeholders for adding value, such as training and qualification, enhancing environmentally friendly mobility, and spreading a coherent message throughout the Wadden Sea region. The outline of sustainable tourism and mobility distinguishes these points: - The regional forum should coordinate and promote sustainable transport and improve public traffic infrastructure with the aim to enable access to destinations; - Engaging transport companies (ferries, trains, etc.) in planning and management which should comply with guest satisfaction; - Building up infrastructure to and from the destination as in areas that have pickup/drop off service to accommodation. Enhancing existing communication such as public transport offered by local stakeholders. Ideas may be made in collaboration with other regions; - Cross-border hiking and biking facilities should be promoted, such as improving signs, routes, transport facilities to and within the area; Maritime infrastructure between islands and mainland should be developed.

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Red Star

See more on Waddensea-secretariat.org/sites/default/files/Meeting_Documents/WSB/WSB15/wsb_15-5.1-3-tg-sts-report

ENLIGHTEN BACKGROUND

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Red Star

Kommuneplan 2017: Fanø Kommune The latest municipality plan highlights tourism as ‘joint efforts’ that give specific development opportunities for stakeholders to raise a strategic investment in tourism. According to the plan it should be ideally done in cooperation with the local community according to their preferences. Tourism should be strengthening role of locals in urban development and transformation. The municipality emphasizes transport for tourism as: planning and prioritizing network of cycling routes; examining opportunities to establish suitable runway for smaller flights to local and tourism-driven traffic, investigation of introduction of car-free areas and creation of additional parking.

In summary the municipality will do following for tourism development: Create dialogue and contact with other Wadden Sea areas to contribute to the local businesses on the island. It will build knowledge of how world heritage could be used and create a development with a connection to other areas that will lead to growth and generate more business; Protect nature and cultural heritage, especially local food traditions; Support projects and participation in collaborative actions that promote tourism with a goal to expand tourism season; Create dialogues with local stakeholders, such as ferry company, for continued development of products and ensure higher price-quality relation; Tourism stakeholders and actors should be prioritized in action. Together they should develop a targeted strategy for marketing which focuses on National Park and World Heritage. Collaborate with other municipalities, regional and national actors that can support tourism development; Create specific action-oriented cooperation with other parties concerning tourism efforts of Fanø municipality. Collaboration of tourism industry should include values of islanders.

ENLIGHTEN BACKGROUND

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Red Star

Potentialeplan Fanø 2015-2017 The analysis on Fanø for potential of tourism development in the municipality states that tourism is highly important for inhabitants of the island. The plan notes that capacity of the island has reached limit and focus should be on enhancing quality with help of stakeholders. Interviews and small scale surveys showed that inhabitants embrace tourism with positive aspects because it gives lower price and longer operation hours for ferry. The plan also highlights nature as the center for developing tourism e.g. it states that carbon dioxide emission per tourist must be limited which also will be future consumption practise. The tourism potential plan emphasizes new kind of tourism as more demanding for better quality and attractiveness of activities for tourists. The plan highlights cooperation with other actors to use existing resources more than in the present form. Yearly meetings with other Wadden Sea destinations will provide information and ideas from different stakeholders and include community in future involvement and commitment. Concerning transport and communication, the plan evaluated that e-shuttle service is needed from arrival to the island to accommodation. Both the Municipality Plan and the Potential Plan are further elaborated in ‘Focus area plan 2 for 2018-2021’ but do not go further into details in new ideas about green mobility for tourism or infrastructure.

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Ulrik_Pedersen_TMI 2

fanoe.dk/Files/Files/Dagsordner/committee_189567/agenda_364029/documents/c16af578-8a84-4a32-a82e-bbbfa3135531.pdf

INCLUSIVE CONCEPTS THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS The UN has developed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a strategy for sustainable future which includes 169 targets to achieve until 2030. The SDGs serve as universal blueprint to address global challenges in various areas and are divided into 17 goals that stress importance of economic challenges, poverty, inequality, climate, environmental issues as well as prosperity, peace and justice. The strategy in principle should include each individual on the planet. These goals and challenges related to them pervade all activities on the globe. Inclusion of tourism in SDGs helps to define what sustainability means in tourism and how to achieve it. Taking this into consideration this study outlines 3 of SDGs goals that relate to sustainable tourism and mobility:

THE 9th GOAL: ‘Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation’ The goal aims for durable infrastructure and innovative thinking. Development in tourism depends on infrastructure thus resources need to be found in order to create sustainable and low carbon travelling. New way of thinking may attract tourists as well as potential investors. THE 11th GOAL: ‘Sustainable cities and communities’ The 11th goal addresses inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities. It includes expansion of sustainable and affordable network of public transport.. Communities and cities should adopt policies that are holistic and integrate communities. In context of tourism the goal promotes increase in accessibility of infrastructure and preservation of heritage. It urges to consider future needs of communities such as access to sustainable service, energy, housing and transportation.

Photos: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg9 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg11 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13 3

THE 13th GOAL: ‘Climate Action’ The SDG appeals to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Ignoring climate change causes extreme weather and may disrupt national economies and affect lives of communities. The goal urges to make drastic measures for cleaner and resilient economies and act on implementing renewable energy sources and range of other means to create low-carbon industries and economies. Tourism plays a role for future action as well: World Tourism Organisation addresses shift to renewable energy sources and lower energy consumption. The United Nations Development Programme encourages innovative financing mechanisms in tourism such as public-private partnerships that benefit enterprises, community and 3 public investment.

More at UNDP tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, UNWTO’s Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, and un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainabledevelopment-goals

INCLUSIVE CONCEPTS COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM The ongoing global trend is that communities resist specific tourism development that may disagree with their lives. It is not only mass-tourism but also unfair implementation of tourism that does not benefit local inhabitants. Community-based tourism (CBT) prevents resistance and negative response of local inhabitants against tourism development. It is a method which involves the local inhabitants and stakeholders to become a part of the development. The purpose is to create thoughts in bottom-up approach, where ideas and actions will be done by and together with communities. This tourism approach entails longterm benefit and (ideally) minimize friction between policy-makers, regional governance bodies as well as local stakeholders and inhabitants. In summary community-based tourism focuses on benefiting the local communities and preserving their traditional, cultural, and 4

environmental assets.

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/VisitRibe

4 Read more at cbi.eu/market-information/tourism/community-based-tourism/community-based-tourism-europe

INCLUSIVE CONCEPTS CARRYING CAPACITY Carrying capacity means that a tourism destination has exceeded number of tourists it can handle. At that point, carrying capacity results in local population feeling saturated and/or environment physically degraded. There are different types of saturation: physical factors e.g. overcrowded public transport or motorways, social factors e.g. forms of congestion that affect quality of life negatively and ecological factors that impact natural resources destructively. It is up to local stakeholders and community to decide value and other indicators of growing tourism a destination can manage. Ignoring the issue might result local community to have adverse attitude against development of Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Red Star

tourism.

CARBON-FREE MOBILITY The concept of carbon-free consists of two words that contrast each other. ‘Carbon’ as a term stands as a simplified version of carbon dioxide (CO2) and reflects on a general meaning of negative impact that current petrol run transport has on environment. ‘Free’ is used as opposing and liberating expression for carbon. Various sources use different terms to stress cleanliness of transport that essentially are the same simplification of cleaner transport : low carbon, green and sustainable mobility. Carbon free mobility concept indicates complete purity of energy used in transport such as renewable energy as well as unpolluted human modes of movement like walking and cycling. In this paper the term carbon free

Photos: marusdesign_COLOURBOX6354509

mobility is used as a goal and vision of fully clean transportation.

OTHER EXAMPLES It is a good idea to explore other similar destinations in tourism around the World to get understanding what leads to successful implementation of sustainable and carbon-free mobility for tourists. Here below are some examples from carbon-free islands, community participation, green mobility, and other ideas which could be relevant for implementation of green mobility for tourists on Fanø. These examples will both directly and indirectly transform into suggestions.

ISSUE

Photo: Cloud Mine Amsterdam_COLOURBOX15969354

DUTCH WADDEN SEA 5 ISLANDS The Dutch Wadden Sea islands had increasing tourism in the post-war period which resulted in creation of various modes of tourism restriction. Every island has approached the issue differently. One of methods is to limit arrivals by car to islands by ferry. Terschelling island, populated by less than 5000 inhabitants, introduced fee of 140€ (1044 DKK) and in this way constrained car arrivals by ferry for non-permanent citizens.

For more information see Albert Postma PhD ‘When the tourists flew in’, from 2013.

In Vlieland, tourists are not allowed to come by car to the island in summer. There is inexpensive service of luggage delivery from the mainland to summerhouses in the island. Transport issue has been solved by establishing car parks in the mainland, shuttle buses to/from ferry and good infrastructure of cycling and walking routes. The population of the island is under 1000 thus transport is limited for bus, taxi or bicycle. Ameland (3500 inhabitants) has a similar approach to transport as Terschelling. High cost of arrival by car to Ameland oblige local stakeholders to fulfill needs of tourists by transport rentals and development of parking areas on the mainland. In all three islands tourist guides recommend other forms of transport than car as it is not needed when touring on islands due only about 10 - 14 km of routes in Ameland. In general, dependence on cars was reduced in islands for the purpose of tourism growth regulation rather than reduction of carbon emissions. Tourism growth was negatively affecting environment in relation to growing demand of new accommodation. The policy changed motivation of tourists to visit islands as well as tourist profile.

Photos: © Norddeutscher Rundfunk *

GERMAN EAST FRISIAN ISLANDS

On Baltrum, German East Frisian Island, the strategy was developed to make the island free of motor vehicles except for emergency services and coastal protection. No bicycle sharing system exists on Baltrum and tourist cannot take bicycles to the island as well. The baggage for tourists is transported by two or four-wheeled carts or by horse-drawn carriages. The island Juist contended negative tourism impacts by gathering efforts of the municipality, local stakeholders, community and guests. Long-term strategy was developed which aims to become the first climate-neutral island of Germany by 2030. The solution was agreed to become a car-free island. Coaches transport goods and people, and cars are allowed only by special permission for important services. Tourists who arrive by climate-neutral trains that include climate-neutral tickets are informed about sustainable products and services with specially designed brochures. Returning visitors still make 70% of overall number of tourists despite of changes in the island. Juist calls itself “Climate island Juist” and has won sustainability awards and received environmental certificates. New policy ensured satisfaction of local inhabitants and tourists as well as showed that tourism is able to demonstrate responsible actions towards sustainable development.

6 For more information see baltrum.de and static1.squarespace.com/static/56dacbc6d210b821510cf939/t/5906f320f7e0ab75891c6e65/1493627704590/WTFL_study+2017_full+version.pdf * https://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/reise/inseln/Juist-Tipps-fuer-Urlaub-auf-der-Nordseeinsel,juist120.html

10 8

MACKINAC ISLAND - USA

Mackinac Island is located in Lake Huron as is very similar to Fanø due to tourism dependence. The island has an area of 9,8km2 and 500 residents and from the beginning of car era has banned any motor vehicles. The island is known for unique horse-drawn carriages and no automobile noise. Visitors can enjoy cycling around the island or horse-drawn carriage tours which are very popular among tourists. Horses are also used as a taxi and may be booked. Bicycles, horses and electric wheelchairs for handicapped are available for rent as well.. The island is seen as a great getaway destination from hectic life and belongs to the list of top 10 car-free islands in the world.

VENICE - ITALY The island is naturally car-free due to water surrounding buildings and roads on the island. Vehicles are only allowed to enter a bus station at the entrance of the island in order to bring in tourists. The only way to explore Venice is on foot or by boats offered as public or private transport. However, boats are not carbon-free. The reduction of carbon-free is made by forbidding cars in the destination. Bicycles are allowed on the island only in some parts such as Lindo and the Venetian lagoon. 9

BALD HEAD ISLAND - USA

Photo: PORTUGAL_COLOURBOX22945298

FREIBURG - GERMANY

The innovative city Freiburg created a green city aim for year 2050. Since 1997 the city has been a low carbon city. Politicians have created an ongoing dialogue with citizens to engage active grassroots level to bring forward local issues. Although the project is created by politicians, it has enhanced community self-esteem in creating strategies and policies of the town. The local government encourages local citizens to form their own interest groups that may be formal and informal. Over years NGOs also have joined the initiative. Each group has specific interests e.g. bicycle routes or local transport improvement. The system shifts responsibility of decisions and feeling of empowerment to citizens and local stakeholders.

From Annica Kronsell’s Legitimacy for climate policies: politics and participation in the Green City of Freiburg, 2013

8 9 10

See more on travel-mi.com/Mackinac-Island-Transportation See more at baldheadassociation.com/transportation Based on experience and work within the area

The island is naturally car-free due to water surrounding buildings and roads on the island. Vehicles are only allowed to enter a bus station at the entrance of the island in order to bring in tourists. The only way to explore Venice is by foot or by boats offered as public or private transport.. However, boats are not carbon-free. The reduction of carbon-free is made by forbidding cars in the destination. Bicycles are allowed on the island only in some parts such as Lindo and the Venetian lagoon. 10

ZONING BEACHES - PORTUGAL Portugal has a long coast with sandy beaches which dominate shoreline of the country. Many popular beach areas are divided into zones for various different activities. Each section is named or given a number. Signposts are built on entrance to beach zones that inform what is each zone for. Naturally, the central beach zone is the most crowded and is designed for families and biggers groups. Further zones are for e.g. nudists, kite surfers, pet owners. Behind beach zones, natural and limit free beach with no lifeguards is located. In remote areas, car parks exist and depending on area or season, parking fee is required. Dividing beach to zones provides people with access to comfort such as parking areas and different kind of facilities.

MONTENEGRO

Montenegro has a strong policy for visitors in order to implement clean air quality due to the innovative project ‘Towards Carbon Neutral Tourism in Montenegro’, a collaboration with UNDP. It promotes carbon neutral tourism development through fostering sustainability and encouraging innovation in business and it consists of low-carbon policies, regulations and financial support for the tourism sector, sustainable transport and awareness about carbon footprint and mitigation potential in the tourism sector. It engages partners from the government, industry and the community to identify and prioritize innovation opportunities by explaining the interrelationships of tourism and climate change. They have developed a web based carbon calculator which helps tourists to measure the environmental impact of their usage of transportation and accommodation and recommends how to compensate by slightly changing visitors daily routine such as energy consumption, choosing to travel in a sustainable way and being aware of what to buy. Visitors can see the outcome of their actions, which help them to reduce their carbon footprint while staying there. The ‘Low Carbon Montenegro Movement’ profile the country as a green destination. Collaboration between authorities, stakeholders and the independent third-party generally resulted in higher profitability and lower energy water consumption, waste and overall reduced impact on the environment. Montenegro is a global frontrunner on climate mitigation has awakened citizens and tourists to focus on climate change and participate in the project.

Photos: COLOURBOX20641789

For more information see undpeurasia.exposure.co/montenegro-makes-carbon-neutral-tourism-possible; lowcarbonmne.me; calculateco2.me and me.undp.org/content/montenegro/en/home/operations/projects/economyandenvironment/TCNT

Photo:COLOURBOX4484646

INVESTIGATION NOVEMBER 2018 - FANØ, DENMARK

OBSERVATION Visiting attractions Cycling to the beach Walking around city

INTERVIEW Local stakeholders Local residents The mayor Street Bureaucrats Tourists

SURVEY Hand out on spot Online

The collection of data on Fanø took place on 12th - 14th November, 2018 and aimed to get broad picture of tourism on the island from perspectives of different stakeholders: local politicians, administration, businesses and community. For this purpose, interview guide was created for above mentioned stakeholders except community as well as anonymous questionnaire for local inhabitants. The goal of interviews and questionnaires was to understand problems of tourism and all involved stakeholders experience, note their ideas and possible solutions for future of Fanø tourism. The fieldwork on the island quickly got attention of the municipality and local tourism development organisation as well as local inhabitants.

Icons: COLOURBOX28128113

INTERVIEW Gathering of interviews was done by approaching people in public premises (cafes, bars, hotels, rental agencies, other businesses, pedestrian streets and the council). The total amount of interviews was 17. Interviews were structured by the interview guide and additional questions that came along conversations were asked. In some cases, natural feeling of relaxed conversation was achieved for interviewees to express themselves freely. Ideas and examples from other similar tourism destinations were presented to encourage discussion. Length of dialogues varied from 10 minutes to more than an hour. The attempt to interview all age groups was successful. One of the tools that was used during interviews was presentation of four different images illustrating different types of transportation, circumstances and themes. Interviewees were asked to choose some of images to share their opinion that linked to mobility situation on Fanø. In this way, interviewees were helped to express their mind and, in the meantime, it made atmosphere of conversations more relaxed and comfortable.

QUESTIONNAIRE (SURVEY) The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, mobility issues and potential solutions, and projection of sustainable tourism future and development on Fanø. Based on total inhabitants of the island, the number to respondents was projected to be 1% of the population (of total 3400 inhabitants). To achieve maximum size of survey responses two strategies were foreseen: asking respondents to fill in questionnaire on streets in Fanø and on the social media. The attempt to approach people in public areas during the study visit resulted in fewer answers than expected due to rainy weather (18 responses). The second strategy to approach local inhabitants on Facebook group for Fanø community “Fanø Online Opslagstavle” proved to be more successful where number of responses to the questionnaire was 42. The total amount of answers (60) exceed 1% of the local population. Two approaches to introduce surveys to local community gave wider range of answers. The suggestion for further research is to collect more answers for valid representation of local inhabitants’ opinion.

STATISTIC

Interview 17 responses

Survey on spot 18 responses

Survey online 42 responses

Total amount: Exceed 1% of local population

PESTEL ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE GATHERED DATA FROM PRIMARY DATA AND EXTERNAL SOURCES, PESTEL (POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, LEGAL) ANALYSIS IS MADE FOCUSING ON MACRO-FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE FUTURE SUGGESTIONS.

Political ROLE OF POLITICIANS

According to some stakeholders, municipality is not taking expected leader role and ignoring their needs. The municipality has power of decisionmaking to some extent by law e.g. management of parking, prohibition of car usage but is not willing to take decisions. Although strategies and plans highlight importance of environment friendly and innovative mobility, the council concentrates on short term issues such as solving local public transport problem.

POLITICAL INSTABILITY Politicians of Fanø municipality find it difficult to manage between need to please electorate and need to take decisions which would possibly alter inhabitants’ standards. In previous local election, the new mayor of opposing party has changed longserving mayor. Popularity of previous and new mayor is polarised among different generations and tourism stakeholders.

COMMUNICATION Residents of different generations are not included in political debate. Opening hours of the municipality are short. No other channels of communication are available between locals and the municipality.

ISOLATION Fano municipality feels detached from other municipalities in Destination Sydvestjylland.

TOURISM GROWTH The tourism growth is perceived positively by local politicians. They are actively engaged in monitoring of tourism development and encouraging innovations. Politicians and bureaucrats see changes in mobility as threat to increase of price - quality gap. Observation of tourism development is only done from business perspective e.g. price - quality correlation.

PESTEL ANALYSIS Economical DEPENDENCE ON ROLE OF TOURISM POLITICIANS The local community of Fanø highly regard financial importance of tourism and believes that any changes should be carefully weighted.

PRICE OF GOODS German tourists bring their own food to the island due to the price difference between countries which requires private vehicle and also results in less expenditure on the island.

CARRYING CAPACITY Tourism is seen as positive industry by stakeholders. Although the number of tourists in peak of the season has nearly reached the limit, extension of tourism season is accepted by majority of stakeholders.

INEFFICIENT EXPENDITURES Solving public transport issue by buying overpriced and too big bus was found to be unnecessary and short term solution by local inhabitants.

LACK OF FUNDS The municipality budget is tight and is not always able to cover expenses of tourism and infrastructure development. Reducing incoming number of cars would require to build a new parking area in Esbjerg which would be a big financial investment.

EMPLOYMENT

Tourism industry provides employment on the island. An extension of the season would result in more local shops and restaurants being open during low season as well as keeping skilled labour on the island. The younger generation is able to stay on the island due to financial income from the tourism industry.

PESTEL ANALYSIS Social RN O TL IET Y OF IDE POLITICIANS Locals have strong sense of belonging to the island. There is also a sense of togetherness and cooperation among members of the local community.

INEFFICIENT INCLUSION EXPENDITURES Local business stakeholders are gathered by municipality in tourism development but attempts to include locals in formal political discussions are unsuccessful. Existing informal meeting within the community were never used by the municipality. Locals find tourism development in the island unorganized.

PRICE OF GOODS

CARRYING CAPACITY

Tourism is perceived as still developing on Fanø, yet locals have begun to be annoyed by increasing traffic such as longer queues by ferry during high season. More incoming tourists are C Aduring R R low Y Iseason. NG wanted

CAPACITY

TRANSPORT LACK OF FUNDS Local inhabitants are dissatisfied with current public transport system for personal, tourism and business reasons. Some business owners have innovative solutions about inefficient public transport situation on the island e.g. buying or sharing their own transportation for transfer of customers. A belief among locals that nothing should be done about tourism mobility in the island as all cars will be electric sooner or later.

PESTEL ANALYSIS Technological

Environmental

ROLE OF POLITICIANS CONFIDENCE IN NEW TECHNOLOGY

INEFFICIENT EXPENDITURES UNSUSTAINABLE PRACTISES

Although there are no digital solutions (e.g. sharing economy) for mobility in the island, locals are confident that new technology will solve future problems. It is believed that technology initiatives are self run and self appearing and no new technological initiatives are needed. PRICE OF GOODS

E-TRANSPORT Due to high cost, private e-transport is not popular on the island. The most frequent means of green transport is Cycling. No development for environmental friendly planned C A transport R R Y isI N G such as electric vehicle charging stations.

Driving cars on the beach is perceived as both good and necessary for tourism development. A belief that tourists coming by their own cars do not impact environment. Prioritizing environmental problems such as harbour development, oil leakage, litter, recycling and sewage systems over the (green) mobility issues and a belief that carbon emissions are not a problem of Fanø.

OPINION OF IN L A C K O FM F UO NR D IST Y Minority of local inhabitants are concerned only about global? future environmental problems such as rising sea level and plastic in oceans. Minority of the community would like Denmark to be leading in the World in environmental policy

CAPACITY

PESTEL ANALYSIS Legal UNWILLING TO ROLE OF CHANGE POLITICIANS The municipality is unaware or unwilling to search for possibilities and lobby at the national level to introduce entrance or eco fee for tourists. Danish Statutory Order distinguishes Fanø and Romø beaches on Western side to be used for car passage. Poor management of Fanø as UNESCO World Heritage Site may lead to World Heritage in Danger list or complete PRICE OF GOODS removal of the island from UNESCO World Heritage.

INEFFICIENT WRS E S E XN PE EW N DLI A TU

European Union regulation over reduction of unsustainable transport may come in the future. National strategies to ban petrol cars by 2030.

LACK OF FUNDS

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SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The following segment contains suggestions for implementation regarding carbon-free mobility for tourists based on: research, previous studies and plans, other examples of the World and information from the island which lead to concrete suggestions. Moreover, below described suggestions will represent feasible ideas for implementation on Fanø in relation to acceptance by the community and how the community could be involved in participation in future development.

IMPLEMENTATION IN PHASES Implementation of new mobility modes for tourists on Fanø must be handled with care as tourism is perceived as a significant source of income. It is not an easy task to limit tourist mobility instantly in the first phase. Immediate change could create a huge effect on the local community and tourists. It may generate negative thoughts or agony, especially if variations without agreement with local residents, stakeholders and administration were implemented. Therefore, new development towards greener mobility on Fanø will be done in phases respectively, which would give the community a positive spirit towards the modification. Making implementation in phases is a major step forward and at this stage is visualised as a tree. The first phase is named ‘the ground phase’ where implementation starts, followed with ‘the trunk’, ‘the stem’ and ‘the branches’ where new ideas are developed based on previous implementation stages. The duration is planned to be 25 years. It may be seen as a long prevision which would help to grow the foundation. All suggestions and ideas will be illustrated in timeline. The following structure below is a further clarification. Photo: COLOURBOX3246397

EXPLANATION FOR EACH PHASE

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THE GROUND PHASE

THE STEM PHASE

THE TRUNK & BRANCH PHASES

The ground phase is the first step to help the community and tourists to understand how important they are for being part of the environmental protection. Initially, it is fundamental to make sure that people understand the concept of green mobility and acknowledge consequences of negative impacts if they neglect the issue. Meanwhile, it is time to discover and seek for the best solution that suits the island most, before starting on actions. Given suggestions are examples of tools that help to find the right choice. The action of this phase can be taken immediately in the first three years of implementation.

The continuing phase will include all collaborations from different actors such as the administration (kommune), local community, local stakeholders, external stakeholders, internal and external Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) and tourists. Given suggestions can operate after the first phase is accomplished and run for five years. These will emphasise significance of social responsibility that will benefit community and environment. In the meantime, it is the way to prepare all actors to be ready for the change.

The last two phases are expected to run up to twenty years or more after the second phase. Arranged suggestions and ideas are more innovative, connected with developed technology and they need a financial support in future. By that time, the community will accept the green mobility concept and support the movement that will happen on the island.

TIMELINE

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo:Â Lukeporr

The timeline describes certain ideas in dedicated phases. The most important are first two phases, which are more elaborated, while later two are based on the idea for further implementation. In order to accomplish last two phases it is crucial to focus on phases in the beginning. To have better understanding and to succeed in cocreation of these ideas, it is important for locals and visitors to be involved. Therefore, ideas will be developed and probed by their suggestions.Â

FIRST PHASE: THE GROUND - LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR GREEN MOBILITY Nudging and social marketing - Information signs for those who are driving cars This idea is about suggesting that people should be informed in advance that green mobility is the future goal of the island. At this stage, it represents nudging method that will provide the notion for tourists regarding the change. The idea is to put visible and informative signs along streets around the island or on information boards on the beach. It could also be small boards with picture and short, easily understandable message on walking paths, in the city centre or on ferry. Signposts could suggest green mobility instead of using petrol cars. Negative consequences for environment and nature when using petrol/diesel car should be manifested such as what can happen in the future if they continue to use petrol/diesel cars on the island. This will assist to encourage tourists and visitors to consider other alternative vehicles. In the meantime, it will raise awareness each time they see/read the signboards. The study states that tourists usually will not follow given information in a short time even though the message is understandable. However, the more they read and see signs, the more message would be embedded in their minds. It is necessary to use this social marketing in the early stage in order to promote the new mode of mobility. As FanĂ¸ has many returning tourists and visitors, this idea is the most suitable tool to convey the message to them. It will also encourage new coming tourists to understand the strategic objectives of the island.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS Photo: Martijn van Exel from amsterdam, the Netherlands

Competitions, Fanø museum passport, and complimentary offer To encourage locals and tourists to pay more attention on green mobility, we need to create attractive activities that inspire people and generate values for the environment and for the community. - Arranging a competition with attractive rewards. Students from different levels and different institutions all over Denmark could participate in the competition to design innovative products or share their creative ideas on how to make Fanø a green mobility destination. Participants may represent different educational background: for example, students from design, engineer or marketing development studies. It will support young generations to disclose their talents and skills. Moreover, it would help to inspire them to use green mobility in their daily lives. - The idea of creating Fanø-museums passport and giving it to tourists that use their bicycle, e-bicycle, public transport, e-car or just walk. They will get the passport at the first museum they visit by informing the receptionist that they come in sustainable transport. While visiting each museum, they will hand out their Fanø-museums passport to the reception desk and get a stamp (logo of the museum). Once they get the last stamp to complete their journey, they will receive a special gift from the last museum. The gift could be a discount voucher/coupon at local restaurants or cafés or a small brooch handmade by locals (in this way, local business would be supported). In a way, it is an appreciation gift for tourists for being eco-friendly on the island. - Another idea is to provide a complimentary one night stay or complimentary breakfast/dinner for those who choose to come to the island with green transport. This can be applied at the hotel, camping site, Airbnb and summerhouses. This is the initial tool to share values about environment and sustainability. It will show that we are considering green mobility as a potential issue that needs to be developed on the island.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Casper Tybjerg

SECOND PHASE: THE ROOT - EXTENDING THE SYSTEM Green zones From the start of this pilot project, one of the few measures which will limit the mobility of tourists and people are green zones. It is already a topic that has been brought up among inhabitants of the island. However, it is a ‘toxic’ subject for some islanders because they are not willing to give up space and the ability to use their car but it would give more appreciation of space in the local centre. It might also be implemented on the beach in future, but it is a more delicate topic which has to go along with the opinion of local population. As an initial project it should be a further extension of the main shopping street in Nordby and to some extent in Sønderho. Green zones should be permanent all year round because the season is projected to be extended by the municipality. Therefore, it is necessary to make more measurements to limit the number of cars in the centre. This measure is the most important because the feeling of saturation can come quickly when the season is prolonged and tourist flows may create agony among local inhabitants thus limiting space for cars can create the feeling of ‘free’ space. It may also bring commercial activity to village centres. Green zones are an extension of already existing prohibition of motor vehicles during high season in the main street of Nordby. Taxi, bicycles and public transport should be allowed at slow speed in green zones. There are already existing roads around the centre which would make it possible to end hectic traffic on these streets. It is known that limiting cars on certain streets will not be appreciated by all business owners. Therefore something in return must be given to them. What can they earn by physically giving up their space? This must be discussed with the community and stakeholders. It might not be a question of an exact thing but there are many options. The alternative options could be a combination of solar energy or using other measurement for reducing carbon emission.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Red Star

Creating big annual event under green mobility concept Summer period is the best opportunity to promote green mobility concept for FanĂ¸ as it is the peak season where a lot of tourists visit the island. Our suggestion is to create big annual event for at least one day during summer time in one area/place of the island. The event should consist of different booths of games that give knowledge about green mobility, sustainability and the national park by preparing questions and require answers for the visitors at the booth. A small gift will be handed out for a winner in each round. Another booth can present an electric pedal where people can participate and enjoy human power design without the use of single battery or generator.12There might be a car company that have an eco car and they can cooperate by providing a test drive to those who are interested to get an inspiration in changing their petrol/diesel cars to electric ones. Some booths might provide materials of sustainable items for children to invent their creative models or toys under green mobility and sustainability concept. On the same day, there can be a rewarded bicycle rally for all generations on a provided cycling route. There also can be a stage or platform where representatives from organisations and institutions such as delegates from community, field experts or professors discuss and share their knowledge on climate change, preservation of nature and green mobility issues. Sharing knowledge will help to promote sustainable mobility and it will encourage people to be more concerned of negative outcomes when they neglect their actions in preserving the environment.

This website is an example that run the event as such: www.electricpedals.com

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: Mads Bødker

THIRD PHASE: STEM - CREATING NEW IDEAS WITH THE COMMUNITY Bike exchange application /shared economy platform for bikes While travelling around the island, we have noticed a lot of unused bikes. The idea of bike exchange is that people who do not use their bikes might have a possibility to rent it to people who need it. The idea would be based on the similar platforms of sharing economy such as Bla-Bla-Car or taxi service Uber. In order to implement this idea, there needs to be an application created, which would allow people to see available bikes on the island. Another important factor would be to have the same interactive locker on bikes, which would be part of the concept. Unfortunately, there is no such thing on the market yet thus proposals on the innovation are required. Another possible concept for carbon free island in future is a sharing platform for bikes in cooperation with already existing companies such as Donkey Bikes or Bycyklen. They have different way of working, therefore it is crucial to know which one would be more suitable for tourists. Donkey Bikes provides regular city bicycles on self service basis: one type of bicycles is located in a designed station as a pick up and drop off point. Everything customers need to do is to download already existing application, which would possibly save money compared to creating a new application. Bycyklen is based on the same self service concept but locations of bicycles are shown on digital screen. Furthermore, bicycles are run on electricity for easier cycling around. For a decision to be made which type of bicycles and bicycle service would be more suitable for tourists of Fanø, preferences of tourists are important to be explored beforehand. Providing above mentioned suggestions on the island could be devastating for existing stakeholders who have bicycle rent as their business source of income. A bike exchange application for mobile devices is an option for those local people who would like to rent out their own bikes to tourists. They will do it by receiving payment in different forms: regular monetary payment or compensations to receive anything back that will involve local stakeholders e.g. in form of lower costs for repair. Local corporations would also be able to rent out bicycles which would be most likely maintained by their staff. This is a further step into new and environmental friendly forms of mobility.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: Ragnar1904

CO2 counting app To be able to reduce CO2 emission, an application can be made similar to the one in Montenegro. This will be an extension of social marketing from the previous phase. The purpose of this app is to help tourists to make their own reduction and smart choices. It is a tool to count how much carbon dioxide vacation of a tourist produces. Visitors get informed of an outcome of their choices with help of the app. It may inspire them to change their behaviour to be more sustainable in their actions. We anticipate that the younger generation is more aware of their carbon footprint and are more likely to use carbon counting app.

Rickshaw/Tuk-tuk taxi (summer period) To be able to reduce CO2 emission, an application can be made similar to the one in Montenegro. This will be an extension of social marketing from the previous phase. The purpose of this app is to help tourists to make their own reduction and smart choices. It is a tool to count how much carbon dioxide vacation of a tourist produces. Visitors get informed of an outcome of their choices with help of the app. It may inspire them to change their behaviour to be more sustainable in their actions. We anticipate that the younger generation is more aware of their carbon footprint and are more likely to use carbon counting app. To have a wider range of communication service for tourists during high and middle season, smaller means of transport may be a good initiative. In various cities in the world, Rickshaw, sometimes called Tuk-Tuk, has been offered to tourists. It is fairly cheap to purchase, light and maneuverable on small roads and able to access locations that are unreachable for regular sized cars. Tuk-Tuks give a vibe of vacation and may be used to access the beach which would help to decrease number of vehicles there. These Rickshaws could be booked via an app or to be grabbed on a street in strategic places with alternative locker and go to places of guests’ choice: summerhouses, shops, ferry or the beach. Tuk-Tuk bikes on Fanø would have electric power for easier and quicker mobility. Having spare batteries and chargers in a garage and on the road will help to use them without breaks to charge. Rickshaws can be driven and handled by local people or students in summer months. The municipality has to decide on the infrastructure of new service, for instance, location of Tuk-Tuk stops.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: Bruger:Perhofman, Per Hofman Hansen.

Green bus/taxi/shuttle bus on the island At the moment, the biggest issue is mobility of those local inhabitants and guests who have no access to private car. It limits tourists’ mobility and stakeholders feel they are losing economic interest by not have well working taxi or public transport system. At the present time, no taxi exists and only few buses are available.

For those who are willing to leave their car by accommodation after arriving, a green bus is the first step to introduce. Buses should make a tour around the island with more frequent stops. For the purpose of combination different means of transport, buses should be able to take bicycles as well.

Another alternative can be a shuttle bus as in the Wadden Sea islands of the Netherlands. The main station would be next to the ferry port, where all tourist would get on and off. A shuttle bus would have few stops located all over the island, which would simplify inconvenience of carrying luggage. It can be solved by luggage service: a separate luggage bus or trailer that can deliver all tourists’ belongings to summerhouses. However, as visitors normally come by car, the shuttle bus may also be used for route to and from the beach or city.

Shuttle buses can go through previously mentioned green zones which would motivate tourists to choose bus transport instead of their own car. For example, if the city has limited parking space, the car will not be an option. The purpose is first and foremost that tourists come by car, as it has been, but have a chance to leave a car and switch to different transport. Instead of using a car, they have an option to go by bus to popular beaches and different villages on the island.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: IMBiblio

FOURTH PHASE: BRANCH - SMALL IDEAS FOR THE FUTURE Esbjerg as a starting point One suggestion would be building garage parking in Esbjerg because it is not possible to leave cars near the port at present time. Investing in this type of building would make visitors to leave their car before entering the island. It would encourage tourists to try well-known attraction from Copenhagen, the Christiania bike. This type of bike would be equipped with a digital map of Fanø (possibly Esbjerg as well) and coverage of cargo part in case of bad weather. Tourists would be able to load luggage, children or pets to these specially designed bikes. The pick up point would be situated close to the parking area. If tourists left their cars in Esbjerg before entering the island, fees would be reduced in order to get more people on the island without cars. Showing tourists a Danish style of living as well as making holiday more adventurous could be used as a promotion to attract more foreign visitors as well.

Car sharing Companies such as Drive Now and Green mobility are very well-known in the Copenhagen area. These two companies are very popular among people in Copenhagen and are expanding every year. Having electric cars that can be used by anyone who has a valid driving license is a great opportunity to get from point A to point B. Using these cars is very easy and all a driver needs is Rejsekort or the app to open the car. Providing such service would be a good opportunity for tourists who are in need for car on Fanø and Christiania bikes are not an option for them. However, not only tourists but also local people would benefit by using eco-friendly cars when needed. These cars can also be used on beaches, where diesel cars would be banned.

TIMELINE OF SUGGESTIONS

Photo: IMBiblio

Entrance fee to the island Environmental, ecological fee or tax is widely practised method of contributing to environmental protection of destinations caused by tourism. Island of Malta has avoided the word tax by naming it as “environmental contribution”. Survey in Lošinj island in Croatia has shown that 80% of respondents are willing to pay extra if fees go to conservation of nature. Acceptance of additional tax is based on tangible evidence for local community and tourists e.g. improved garbage or sewage collecting infrastructure and parking areas. Tourism taxes are not easy to implement but they are worth to compensate for community for loss of access to untouched nature and quiet lifestyle.

Interviews in Fanø have shown that stakeholders are sceptic about introduction of entrance fee of any kind due to complicated legal issues (kommune is not allowed to collect any kind of tax; national parks have to be accessible for everyone) and fear of losing tourists which would affect revenue of businesses. Implementation of entrance fee would require gathered effort of politicians which ideally should be protecting common good. Once it is done, options for Fanø are: to introduce high enough fee to motivate tourists to leave cars in Esbjerg, to introduce one time fee based on e.g. type of vehicle, length of stay or amount of incoming people, to introduce voluntary environmental contribution or to cancel government subsidies for ferry tickets. Tax, fee or contribution would require investment to car parking in Esbjerg and management of collecting revenue of tax. The latter one may be arranged easily by collaborating with the ferry company to collect tax together with already existing ferry tickets.

Additional ferry station Another aspect of how to create carbon-less or carbon-free island would be by providing additional port for the ferry on the other side of Fanø. At the moment, Fanø has only one port for the ferry, which is enough since tourists and locals are using their own cars to arrive. However, if implementation of the carbon-free island would progress, distance from the port to another side of the island might be quite long, especially after a long drive. Therefore, the suggestion would be to build another station, which could possibly cover another part and people would have it closer to their holiday summerhouses.

RECOMMENDATION FOR COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT The community is satisfied with current tourism development and is not willing to change the current status. Some local stakeholders take their effort to compensate lack of transportation. They make informal meetings between local businesses to elaborate new ideas, share opinions, discuss their situations and cooperate between businesses. They share their service to the community, express responsibility and are willing to participate in development, but there is no forum to express it. The process could be employed to raise values of local stakeholders.

Photo: Nationalpark Vadehavet/Ditte Hviid

Following segments are recommendations that

3. Involve hotels, camping sites, summerhouse

utilize potential of the community to create new

owners or Airbnb-accommodation hosts into a

ideas.

meeting and discuss possibilities to limit the use of

1. Use community action and their willingness to create and develop ideas. There are existing meetings of different interests groups in the

cars for tourists. The idea is that tourists can come by their cars to the island and park at the place they stay. However, they are not allowed to use car for

community: musicians, artists, local businesses,

other purposes such as driving to the beach or

housewives, seniors or group of other specific

around the city. Only green transport is allowed.

activities. The municipality or administrators can take

Additionally, the municipality should get involved in

these opportunities to engage themselves in each of

this meeting since they are part of the decision-

groups and bring issues that need to be solved into

making.

discussion and ask for their ideas about solutions instead of creating new meeting groups. In a way it gives power to the people and raise their value as being part of the change and part of development.

4. Agitate community and encourage them to take part in all upcoming events regarding making Fanø a greener island. The community is seen as the big

2. Arrange annual meeting between local

influencer,who can change this new mode of

stakeholders to discuss green-mobility and other

transportation.

issues in tourism development.

FURTHER RECOMMENDATION

The future of Fanø as a green mobility island.

Photo:COLOURBOX_4484646

Stated suggestions are provided as reflection to originate pilot project for green mobility on Fanø. A realistic market plan or budget proposal have always been discussed along the way while working on this project. We have been focusing on the community for this project. For in depth research, tourists should be included in the next inquiry which should be done during high season. Detailed information and research needs to be done before business plan can be developed. The following recommendations focus on further research: 1. High season is required for comprehensive exploration. Starting next summer 2019, data collection including interviews, observation and other methods could be used. 2. Tourists must be a core focus as they can give an alternative point of view. The number of tourists should be stated in statistics which will help to estimate the cost practically. 3. There is no preliminary information about the number of cars that have accessed the island as well as local capital budgeting. To create a reliable business plan, an approximate number of tourists’ vehicles and the number of overnight stays must be shown as this information will be used for the analysis, evaluation, and for generating budget calculation. At the present time, the number is unknown. Fanø will become the island of green mobility one way or the other especially when international and national strategies to ban petrol cars will become reality. The island cannot be resistant to change its' mindset. The community and the municipality should consider alterations now before they are forced into change unprepared. We see the only solution - the link between community based tourism initiatives and long-term line of thought of the council for the positive future of green mobility on Fanø.