Brief Study in Kampung Joho

Kampung Joho A Case Study on the New ‘Assisted’ Kampung

Urban and Regional Planning Department of Architecture and Planning Faculty of Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada

Arranged by :

ShaďŹ ra Nurul Iman 16/399861/TK/44875

Joyce Dearni Simanjuntak

16/395850/TK/44732

Habib Naufal 17/415097/TK/46386

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Arranged by 1 I. Problem Statement 3 II. Review of Literature 5 Methods of Analysis 6

III. Observation/Findings 9 Observation Gallery 11

IV. Lessons Learned 13 Recommendations 15 Limitations 16

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I

PROBLEM STATEMENT 31

The following case study is focused on the new assisted Joho Kampung situated in the Depok district of Sleman Regency. Joho’s boundaries are largely defined by the Buntung River to the west and Pelang River to the east, with its southern extent at the joining of the two watercourses. Joho consists of 10 sub-districts covering approximately 46 hectares of land, however the main focus of the case study is on the three sub-districts of RT 4, 7 and 8 situated on the west of Joho, as identified by the residents of the Kampung to be most problematic.

Due to a lack of availability of granular data, it is difficult to provide exact figures, however according to community members, the three sub-districts comprise of approximately 997 households, with 500 households residing on the Buntung river, which make up the majority of the population in Joho. Working off a community-provided average of 3 to 4 persons per household, the data suggests a population of between 3000-4000. However, given Depok’s overall population density, statistical analysis would suggest a population closer to 1600, so the true number is likely somewhere between these sources. The income level of the area ranges from low to middle income, with the average monthly income totalling around 1.3 million rupiah. Additionally, almost all of the population have graduated secondary school and approximately 60% of these graduates continued onto tertiary education such as college.

Our group investigated the Kampung Joho in the Sambisari District whereby the community informed us of three main issues in the kampung and they are pollution in the rivers, including season flooding, and the issue of the continued traditional practice of burning.

Traditionally, households have established their own waste disposal methods. It is the preference of some in the community to continue to manage their own household waste, usually by burning, that constitutes unsafe and unsanitary practices, further polluting Joho’s environment. Therefore the complexity of the issue of appropriate waste disposal in Joho is the association of both environmental and health concerns in the community. A lack of education about managing waste and litter among residents has been identified as a barrier to successful implementation of the government waste removal system.

These three main issues which are pollution in the rivers, including season flooding, and the issue of the continued traditional practice of burning, affecting the kampung and the community in a bad way, mostly related to the people’s health and the preservation of the environment. This has a huge link toward a sustainable development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development has continued to evolve as that of protecting the world’s resources while its true agenda is to control the world’s resources. Environmentally sustainable economic growth refers to economic development that meets the needs of all without leaving future generations with fewer natural resources than those we enjoy today. The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.

In which the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), SDG 6: ‘Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’ and SDG 11: ‘Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable’. In SDG 6, Water scarcity, flooding and lack of proper wastewater management also hinder social and economic development.

Increasing water efficiency and improving water management are critical to balancing the competing and growing water demands from various sectors and users. In SDG 11, Many areas around are facing acute challenges in managing rapid urbanization— from ensuring adequate housing and infrastructure to support growing populations, to confronting the environmental impact of urban sprawl, to reducing vulnerability to disasters. These goals are necessary in order to achieve sustainable settlements.

The data analysis indicated that a lack of compliance from the community is the primary barrier to the successful implementation of the government program. The overarching research problem consists of two parts: firstly, how to increase community compliance with and government support of the waste removal program, and secondly, how to provide appropriate infrastructure to relieve flooding risk.

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II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 51

KAMPUNG

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

A kampong or kampung is..a settlement in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia and Singapore. The term applies to traditional villages, especially of indigenous people, and has also been used to refer to urban slum areas and enclosed developments and neighbourhoods within towns and cities in various Asian country, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Christmas Island. Kampung is an example of informal settlements, in which some area are built from scratch by the community itself.. In Indonesia, the term "Kampung" generally refers to "village" which is the opposite of the so-called "city" known in Indonesia as "Kota". Although actually, most of Indonesian cities are initially consists of a collection of kampung settlements.

Community development is often linked with community work or community planning, and may involve stakeholders, foundations, governments, or contracted entities including non-government organisations (NGOs), universities or government agencies to progress the social well-being of local, regional and, sometimes, national communities. More grassroots efforts, called community building or community organizing, seek to empower individuals and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect change in their own communities.

COMMUNITY

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

A community is a small or large social unit (a group of living things) that has something in common, such as norms, religion, values, or identity. Communities often share a sense of place that is situated in a given geographical area.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (or Global Goals for Sustainable Development) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly.The SDGs are part of Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations General Assembly: "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS In order to generate data for this research, a mixed methods approach was used. Qualitative research was undertaken in order to conduct oral histories and a Participatory Research Approach (PAR) was also applied in order to work collaboratively with the community. PAR leads to the co-production of knowledge and is community lead (Bergen and Thomas, 2012). Interviews were conducted in order to compile the oral histories and generate data. The tools of the PAR method that were applied included visualization techniques such as ‘strengths and weaknesses’ and ‘problems/solutions’ matrices and mapping, oral communication techniques, and field observation techniques that included transect walks.

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“For him, the kampung was a place to live and work that was based on steadfast and intimate relationship between man and nature.�

-Isa Kamari

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III OBSERVATION/ FINDINGS

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CONDITION Our group investigated the Kampung Joho in the Sambisari District whereby the community informed us of three main issues in the kampung and they are pollution in the rivers, including season flooding, and the issue of the continued traditional practice of burning. The Joho district receives river flow from two rivers: the Pelang and Bunlu Rivers. Pollution enters Joho from these two river streams and carries pollution from an upstream traditional market and from the neighbouring village, Kentungan. The types of pollution includes meat, vegetable, plastic and other waste. While the pollution originating from Joho is mostly household waste. Conversations with members of the community have informed us that household rubbish and the pollution entering Joho through the river systems is causing health and environmental concerns for the community.

SPATIAL’S CHARACTERISTIC Kampung Joho consists of crowded houses and there are not so many plants around it. There are one level houses and two level houses. The building material mainly uses the permanent material such as brick and cement. The Joho district actually accessible for it has so many alleys and even some alley connect Joho district to another district. But overall, there are only three main roads in Joho district.

COMMUNITY’S CHARACTERISTIC It is a common complaint amongst residents that the smell generated for the polluted river impacts their daily lives and their well-being. This smell is known to impact activities inside the mosque and can impede religious observance such as prayer. The cultural barrier is that some people in the community feel disinclined to criticize their neighbors’ habit (such as throwing rubbish into the river, burning the rubbish, etc) and they feel like it’s a personal matter so they do not want to interfere. The community said they need an influential stakeholder such as the government to reach out because the government’s voices would be heard more effectively by the community.

STAKEHOLDER’S CHARACTERISTIC The stakeholders which are involved in this case study are the community itself, and the government. The main problem here lies in The Multi-Stakeholder Government, because the river in Kampung Joho flows into three regions (Sleman Regency, Bantul Regency, and Yogyakarta City). Also, some programs need to be done from the central government (Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta), especially for the main line of the infrastructure. This includes a lack of transparency form the government, budgeting constraints that includes priorities and waitlists, and a lack of communication between government agencies.

In summary, the data analysis indicated that a lack of compliance from the community is the primary barrier to the successful implementation of the government program. Oral histories revealed that it is a community habit to burn one’s own rubbish and lack of education was also a barrier to appropriate waste removal. The community feels that the money they spend to pay for the rubbish removal system can be allocated to their daily needs. External sources of waste in Joho rivers must be addressed through community collaboration and communication with neighbouring villages and the traditional markets.

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OBSERVATION 11

GALLERY

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IV

LESSONS LEARNED 13 1

1. Required data is not always available in the field, so surveyors must be able to outsmart analysis with limited data or obtain data with certain matrics.

2. There is a tendency for data and facts in different fields. So, the surveyor must be keen to see a truth before analyzing.

3. It is important to determine the methods and approaches taken in analyzing.

4. Listening session to the opinion of each side is important to know the problem from various perspectives.

5. The surveyor must remain neutral, listen from two/more sides.

So that the decisions are taken benefit of all.

6. It is important to make short-term goals to show progress to achieve long-term goals (to gain the confidence of stakeholders and the public).

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RECOMMENDATIONS The overarching research problem consists of two parts: firstly, how to increase community compliance with and government support of the waste removal program, and secondly, how to provide appropriate infrastructure to relieve flooding risk.

Following the identification of key issues, Joho community members generated potential solutions through their participation in the focus group sessions. In response to the lack of awareness and importance of education about waste amongst the local residents, door-to-door socialization conducted by the relevant overseeing government was proposed. This pattern of socialisation from the government was also seen as a solution to address the inability of low-income families to afford the monthly waste management fee, as well as a lack of funding for waste management for the community. In terms of the river pollution, improving communication between the community and neighbouring villages was proposed in the hopes of creating a cooperative effort to clean the river.

The flooding, meanwhile, could potentially be alleviated by increasing the depth of the riverbed and the height of the river embankment. In terms of addressing the odour, the community can collaborate with market operators to reach an agreement in reducing fish and meat run-off waste from market stalls.

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LIMITATIONS PAR (Participatory Action Research) Method A PAR approach was used for Joho, where the community members from RT 4, 7 and 8. The strengths of this approach include giving freedom to the community members to articulate and identify the problems and any potential solutions, strengths and weaknesses with the community’s ability to address the waste management issue.

A limitation of PAR is perhaps it could be said that a limitation is that a solution might be apparent to us but it is not to say, however one might argue that is the strength of a community driven approach.

Ethical Considerations Regarding ethical considerations, best practice according to ethical conduct in human research was adhered to. This consists of informed and voluntary consent, whereby a participant is provided with a written description of the research project. Once this is read and understood, agreement to participate in interviews and group discussion is indicated by the participant signing an informed consent form with the understanding that they may exit the interview at any time. The same ethical procedures were applied to the group discussions in which a representative of the group - in this case the community leader - was provided with both an information sheet for group discussion and a consent form. They signed this on behalf of the group with the individual names of group participants provided.

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