DR 2015 Nawan Yudhanahas

Baan Krua Silk Weaving School for Generation Z Nawanwaj Yudhanahas Year 4 Unit 22 Tutors: Izaskun Chinchilla, Carlos Jimenez and Pedro Gil

Century-old shop houses, twisting alleyways and temples scented with incense still pulsate with the pursuit of old trades and time-honored rituals of families who have lived in Bangkok’s Chinatown for generations.

But probably not for much longer.

Jackhammers and cranes are closing in on one of the last historic quarters of Thailand’s capital as developers and city authorities pursue plans to build subways and high-rises — with little thought to preserving heritage.1

1

http://bigstory.ap.org/article/asias-old-communities-vanishing-amid-rapid-growth

“Connections between the generations are essential for the mental health and stability of a nation.�

Magaret Mead, a well-known anthropologist in 1960s-70s America.2

2

http://www.grandparents.com/family-and-relationships/family-matters/laurie-david-the-family-dinner

C ONTENT S

S e c ti on

1

Bu i l ding for m , System s,

S e c ti on 40%

2

Bui l ding C on str u c ti on

S e c ti on 30%

3

Bu i l d i ng Per for m anc e

S e c ti on 15%

4

Bu i l d i ng D el i ver y

15%

Pl ann ing an d C ontex t 1.1 Context 1.2 Proposal and Objectives 1.3 Site Analysis 1.4 Programme Analysis 1.5 Site Division and Organisation 1.6 General Arrangement 1.7 Overall Structural Strategy 1.8 Environmental Strategy 1.9 M&E 1.10 Circulation and Accessibility 1.11 Fire Protection and Means of Escape 1.12 Acoustics 1.13 Overall Construction Sequence 1.14 Health and Safety

2.1 Material Selection and Performance 2.2 Structural Aims and Intent 2.3 Structural Development : The Central Learning Space 2.4 Structural Development : The Silk Factory 2.5 Structural Development : The Canopy 2.6 Structural Development : Children’s Silk-drying Walkway 2.7 Key Enclosure Details 2.8 Construction Sequence

3.1 Building Environmental Impact and Life Cycle 3.2 Environmental Conditions and Strategy 3.3 Overall Energy Strategy 3.4 Ventilation and Cooling Strategy 3.5 Lighting Strategy 3.6 Water Supply, Drainage and Treatment 3.7 Waste Treatment

4.1 Local and Financial Context 4.2 Local Planning Policy 4.3 Case studies 4.4 Contract and Procurement 4.5 Key Roles and Relationships 4.6 Risk Management & Health and Safety

S e c ti on

0

Intro du c ti on 0.1 Unit Agenda 0.2 Project Starting Point

0.1 UNIT AGENDA

U N I T 2 2 | E M P OWERI NG T H E LEGACY OF GENER ATION Z This academic year (2014-2015) Unit 22 focuses on Generation Z - children who were born just before the start of the new Millennium (i.e. year 2000).1 An excerpt from the unit brief is as follows: “For years, cities did not recognize any rights for children, giving them little or no space to dream, learn, interact, inform or contribute to society. [...]

Applying empowerment as a socially conscious design methodology can be viewed as a positive force, which will enhance the capacity of Generation Z to production inclusive and livable environments in the future. This bigger presence can constitute a legacy with remarkable material value, which will become valuable custom to pass on to the future. We are especially interested in the fabrication of heritage buildings and urban environments that benefit not only their owners and direct users but also the local community as a whole, impacting upon the ecosystem in the municipal area.

The unit will investigate whether a better understanding of Generation Z and their capacity to empower themselves through design, when considered as first class citizens will produce the capacity to reshape cities with a remarkable legacies and outstanding heritage.�2

1 2

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/11002767/Gen-Z-Gen-Y-baby-boomers-a-guide-to-the-generations.html https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/architecture/programmes/postgraduate/units-and-showcases/march-architecture/unit22/2014-2015

Fig 1. [from left to right] Izaskun Chinchilla. Bus stops for the cycling to school project in Somers Town, London Carlos JimĂŠnez for Casaleganitos, 2014.

0.2 PROJECT STARTING POINT Characteristics of Generation Z

Lack of inter-generational relationship

Importance of inter-generational relationship

Benefits of art activities to children

Characteristics of Gen Z As part of a Generation Y, a generation which are often labelled as being money-motivated, rather selfish and self-centred, I am fascinated by the opposite characters of Generation Z. They are more open-minded than Gen Y and often see opportunities to learn from others.1 Generation Z have a positive outlook and want to play a hands-on role in changing what they do not like about the world around them.2 And it has been said in the media that they might be the generation that will change the world.2 However, there are threats to Gen Z. One of the main concerns are the fact that they are often too dependent on technology- an issue which leads to other problems such as3 a) A lack of interpersonal skills b) Health problem from sedentary lifestyle In order to help them become the generation that will ‘change the world’ as the world hopes, my project aims to address this danger to Gen Z.

A lack of inter-generational relationship Nowadays families spend less time together. In the UK, families spend in total only 8 hours a week together on average. Visiting grandparents has become the last thing on the weekend list. This is all due to the ‘demands of modern life’.4 Fig 2.

Gen Z are keen to learn from others

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/leadership-lab/employers-prepare-to-meet-gen-z/article20280755/ http://issuu.com/thisisomelet/docs/omelet_intelligence_report_genz/7 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-FwCQSK4ceEbBsg-4gc6EikeBdKP_ZiApxNcfqNYMug/edit?pli=1 4 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2363193/No-time-family-You-Parents-children-spend-hour-day-modern-demands.html 1 2 3

0.2 PROJECT STARTING POINT Characteristics of Generation Z

Lack of inter-generational relationship

Importance of inter-generational relationship

Benefits of art activities to children

Why inter-generational relationships important?

“Connections between the generations are essential for the mental health and stability of a nation.”1 Magaret Mead, a well-known anthropologist in 1960s-70s America.

Contact between the young and old is important for the development of a child. It is even more crucial these days where parents are busy at work.

The old can share stories of times past and accumulated wisdom which make the young feel more secure, have higher self-esteem, and even do better at school and stay away from drugs. Contrasting to working parents, the old have unhurried time for the young. They also have a tremendous amount of patience- something hard to find in the fast-moving world these days.

Fig 3.

Works from previous term investigating moments where the old and the young could interact

The young, in turn, bring a feeling of ‘joyful freedom’ to the old.

t id y Learn to

gination ma i d

sp a wi n th o thers

skills, creativi ty tive n an ve

n t io Increase atten a ter L ea n i rn to share &

ct

One of the activities which could bring the old and the young together are arts and crafts activities.

sk

ience

Benefits of art activities3

up

Observation al

r play afte

c or s sf ill

Interestingly, however, intergenerational bonds need not be traditional or biological.

Older adult mentors can make a significant difference in a child’s life. 2

In Ra m ise t tee heir self-es

1 2 3

http://www.grandparents.com/family-and-relationships/family-matters/laurie-david-the-family-dinner http://www.legacyproject.org/guides/intergenbenefits.html http://www.extension.org/pages/25680/creative-art-helps-children-develop-across-many-domains#.VR8f5PnF_Yg

Fig 4.

Some of the benefits of arts and crafts to children

S e c ti on

1

Bui l ding for m , System s , Pl anni ng and C ontex t 1.1 Context 1.2 Proposal and Objectives 1.3 Site Analysis 1.4 Programme Analysis 1.5 Site Division and Organisation 1.6 General Arrangement 1.7 Overall Structural Strategy 1.8 Environmental Strategy 1.9 M&E 1.10 Circulation and Accessibility 1.11 Fire Protection and Means of Escape 1.12 Overall Construction Sequence

1.1 C ONTEXT Generation Z and Bangkok Generation Z and their online world

BANGKOK

Generation Z and their families

Lack of Gen Z’s learning space

Vanishing cultural heritage

Bangkok- capital city of Thailand Area: 1,568.737 square kilometres.1

Top Ten Most Instagrammed Locations of 2013

2013 population statistics2 Total population: 5.6 million Generation Z population (0-14 years old): 951,332

All of the spots that made that Top 10 were all in the United States, except4: The top spotSiam Paragon Shopping Complex in Bangkok and No.9 - Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok

THAILAND

Generation Z and their online world Generation Z children all over the world grow up using mobile phones, tablets, social media and so on. Bangkok Generation Zs are no exception. Data from Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health in 2013 shows that 70% of the country’s population, from as young as 6 years old, owns a mobile phone. Bangkok ranks top with the percentage of 84%.

The Department of Mental Health, along with Thailand’s renowned medical institution- Siriraj Hospital, conducted a survey in 2013.

The study found a shocking number of more than 2.7 million children nationwide, out of 18 million child population, were addicted to online gaming.

Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health is concerned with the fact that children only interact to each other via mobile phones- which could lead to other problems such as aggressiveness, violence and even suicide.3

Owns a mobile phone

70%

84%

Thai population (Age 6 and above)

Thai population (Age 6 and above)

http://www.bangkok.com/bangkok-area-guide.htm#promo http://stat.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/upstat_age_disp.php http://www.manager.co.th/QOL/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9560000106111 http://www.thairath.co.th/content/376180 4 http://blog.instagram.com/post/69877035043/top-locations-2013 1 2 3

Owns a mobile phone

Kids addicted to online gaming nationwide

2.7 million

1.1 C ONTEXT Generation Z and Bangkok Generation Z and their online world

Generation Z and their families

Lack of Gen Z’s learning space

Vanishing cultural heritage (Years in Thai Buddhist calendar) 2549, 2551, 2553 equates 2006, 2008, 2010 repectively

Single families

Generation Z and their families

Extended families

Traditionally Thai families are extended families i.e. many generations live together within one household. Nowadays, especially in big city like Bangkok, however, most families are nuclear families- i.e. only father, mother and children.

Living alone

Living in hectic urban environment like Bangkok also means family spends not a great deal of time together as a result of work, study, traffic jams and so on. Our IT-dependent lifestyle also means eventhough family members are spending time together, each of us is checking our phones instead of talking to each other.

Thailand’s Department of Mental Health campaigns the public (18 March 2013) to spend more constructive time with family- not in front of television, mobile phones and tablets only. i.e. Not to let technology ‘weakens’ relationship within the family.1 Fig 1. and 2. show 2010 data from the National Statistical Office. mily - one big d fa ha

Nuclear

Ex te Change in family structure

fam il

Fig 1. Extended families make up less than 35% of families nationwide while single families make up more than half of Thai families.2

y

ly ami yf pp

e nd

Other With oneself Work + Study

T

At di nn n m O obi l

tablehones ep

Bangkok’s notorius traffic jams

lent

er

In front of

si V-

This is how we spend time with family these days.

With other member of family Fig 2. Daily activities of a Thai2 hours is spent with other member of the family while 12 hours is ‘with oneself ’.

Source (see footnote)2

http://www.posttoday.com/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82/210973/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8% 99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B 8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87 2 http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/citizen/news/news_family_ma.jsp 1

1.1 C ONTEXT Generation Z and Bangkok Generation Z and their online world

Generation Z and their families

Lack of Gen Z’s learning space

Vanishing cultural heritage

Visit shopping complexes

A lack of Generation Z’s learning space Bangkok Children Discovery Museum features exhibitions in areas such as science, geology, health education etc. It was opened in 2001 and shut down for renovation in 2010. Due to various reasons from political to financial, the re-opening of the museum was delayed and uncertain. In January 2014, more than 20,000 people signed a petition to the Bangkok Governor requesting the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) to re-open the museum as it is a useful learning centre for children from early ages to teens. The museum was finally re-opened in January 2015.1 Apart from the BMA’s Children Discovery Museum, there is virtually no other learning space for children in Bangkok. Weekend family activities often centred around the city’s many shopping malls.

Shopping barely aids children’s learning and developement and could possibly make them become more and more materialistic.

Parents with plans for children No plans

31.5%

26.9%

793 p arents in Bang kok

73.1%

Bangkok ’s m an

ng malls ppi ho ys

How Bangkok Gen Z spend their weekends

What plans do Bangkok parents have on National Children’s Day 2012?

Data source (see footnote)2

tating adults Imi Materialistic ch i ld

Shopping culture

Fig 3. BMA’s Children Discovery Museum http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/390449/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=by_N6lxSJg0 2 http://www.komchadluek.net/detail/20120114/120252/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B 8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99% E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AF.html 3 http://www.momypedia.com/blog/51158-20098/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87 %E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9 %87%E0%B8%81-2558-%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99!!!/ 1

Image source (see footnote)3

1.1 C ONTEXT Generation Z and Bangkok Generation Z and their online world

Generation Z and their families

Lack of Gen Z’s learning space

Vanishing cultural heritage

Bangkok’s loss of cultural heritage As a local myself, I am often fascinated by the cultural heritage of Bangkok which extends beyond the temples and palaces. There are communities where residents practice the same trade. They possess traditional arts and crafts knowledge being passed down for hundreds of years. Buddhist monks’ bowl makers, silk weavers, wooden flute makers and so on, live alongside the modern Bangkok.

“The idea that you preserve the old wooden house of your grandfather or grand-grandfather is not in the Thai psyche,” said Euayporn Kerdchouay of the Siam Society.1

TE VACA O T ICE

NOT

Mahakarn Fortress Community Traditional bird cages

However, they are quickly disappearing.

Developers buy the land and turn it into shopping centre, high-rise residential, etc. Local authority claims back the possession of land from the community with ‘modernisation policy’ as a justification. Many new generation are moving away from homes, working in modern offices or other industry; they no longer continue the trades or crafts their parents or grandparents practiced.

JECT -PRO Y A G E M RWA UNDE

Mahakarn Fortress

As these nostalgic scenes disappear, so do the valuable culture, lifestyle and knowledge of local crafts.

Baan Bat

Woeng Nakorn Kasem Musical instrument Baan Krua

Baan Lao Woeng Nakorn Kasem

LE PEOP G W E N F I ONLY PRACTIC STILL

Baan Bat Buddhist monks’ bowls

Locations of some of these vanishing communities

1

http://bigstory.ap.org/article/asias-old-communities-vanishing-amid-rapid-growth

LE PEOP G W E N F I ONLY PRACTIC L L I T S

Baan Lao Thai and Laotian flute

1.1 C ONTEXT Baan Krua Silk Weaving Community Location and History

Hi sto ric

Visit to Baan Krua

Ba ng ko k

Bangkok

Baan Krua ‘Siam’ Bangkok’s main shopping venues

0m

Baan Krua is an old silk weaving community in central Bangkok. The community dates back to the end of the 18th century. Original residents, the ‘Cham Muslims’ were skilled silk weavers from Cambodia and Vietnam who were rewarded this plot of land as a result of their service to the Kingdom of Thailand, or Siam at the time.1

Jim Thompson was an American ex-architect and businessman who revived Thai silk in the 1950s. Nowadays the silk brand Jim Thompson is internationally known. The golden years of Baan Krua were back in the 1950s-60s when the residents weaved silk for Thompson. Unfortunately, after Thompson’s mysterious disappearance during a trip in Malaysia in 1967, the heir of Thompson’s silk business did not continue the trade with Baan Krua residents.

Why the Baan Krua Neighbourhood?

Fig 4. Jim Thompson and a Baan Krua resident2

As a result of its central location, the community is under modernisation threat. Shopping complexes, high rise residential buildings and hotels springs up around the community. The government also had plans to expropriate the land in order to build a freeway.

Fig 5. Baan Krua (my own image) http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/bangkok/sights/neighbourhoods-villages/baan-krua#ixzz3UrmOZWKs 2 http://quality-magazine.ch/bangkok-mitten-drin-und-ganz-entspannt/ 1

As a local, I had never heard of Baan Krua until I started researching for this project. Most of these old communities are in the old town of Bangkok. Baan Krua, however, is a unique one since it is only about 10 minute walk from SiamBangkok’s main shopping area where a large number of Bangkokians spend their weekends. Because of its prime location, the community is definitely among the top of list of communities under modernisation threat. I think it is the best case study to establish a new typology of learning centre- where the new and the old, the elderly and the young, co-exist and learn from each other.

50m

1.1 C ONTEXT Baan Krua Silk Weaving Community Location and History

Visit to Baan Krua

Baan Krua Neighbourhood at present In order to understand the community more, I contacted a Baan Krua resident who owns the silk making business ‘Phamai Baan Krua’ (meaning Baan Krua Silk).

Some of the information gathered are summaried on this current and the following page.

Photographs were taken by my family in Bangkok since I am living in London and was not able to visit the community in person.

Suan Pakkad Palaceone of the best examples of traditional domestic architecture in the city

Jim Thompson House and Museuma complex of various Thai structures

Baan Krua Sra Pathum Palacecolonial building dated back to 1916

Siam arealocals considered it to be the very heart of Bangkok

Visit to Baan Krua 04.03.2015

The community, as described by the Lonely Planet, is ‘old, tightly packed homes threaded by tiny paths barely wide enough for two people to pass’.

‘It has been described as a slum, but the house-proud residents are keen to point out that they might not live in high-rise condos, but that doesn’t make their old community a slum.’1

Baan Krua neighbourhood is in Pathumwan District.

The district is home to the city’s biggest modern shopping venues as well as local heritage.

1

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/bangkok/sights/neighbourhoods-villages/baan-krua#ixzz3UrmOZWKs

1.1 C ONTEXT Baan Krua Silk Weaving Community Location and History

Visit to Baan Krua

Currently there are around 3,000 households in the community: Baan Krua north, south and west.

Most residents who are not silk weavers, are civil servants or work in modern offices and shopping complexes.

“Not sure how long we can survive here.

Bangkok’s shopping centre is just a stone throw away.

None of the new generation are silk weavers.

They all go across the canal to work in air-conditined shopping complexes and offices.

My sons, for example, were educated abroad and are now working in the UK.”

Mr. Niphon His family is the only family left still weaving silk, as opposed to 8 back in the 1960s.

YARN PREPARATION HOUSE Uncle Aood’s House COLOUR DYEING

lk wa in m 5 Mr. Niphon’s House WEAVING

Jim Thompson’s House (currently a museum)

0m

50m

The current Baan Krua silk is made up of three houses which work on different stage of the production.

Those who are still practising are at least in their forties.

1.2 PROPOSAL & OBJECTIV ES Proposal

Overall objectives

Silk Weaving

My proposal is a silk-weaving school located across the canal from the Baan Krua neighbourhood.

Gen Z and their online world

as outlined in Section 1.1

Gen Z and their families

Over exposure to TVs and mobile phones lead to short attention span,

Learning Space for children

Accommodation (for holiday camp)

+

A lack of learning space

Vanishing cultural heritage

Parents are busy.

Gen Z tend to spend time on their own, on their phones.

As a result, they lack inter-personal skills.

xp

Over -e

osure

residents becom e li

ke t

arents ndp g ra

Distra c

t

s clas in

n Lear ing sp ac e

ir he

B

r ua nK aa

Dismis sin

CONTEXT

+

o ca l gl

values

Slo w wor

ity to tun or al values loc

S ee o learn fro pp m

k

ol

PROPOSAL

Slow process work like weaving helps to increase their attention span

n ar

o sch

Le

Do better in

to pla y

with ot ers h

Get them to spend more time with and learn from other generations.

Offers space which empower childrenspace where they learn and develop.

With Gen Z’s open-minded character, the proposal’s long term goal is that Gen Z children will appreciate local values and that they will help preserve these culture values in the future.

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Existing conditions

Sa

Sa

ep

Local development plan

Ca na l

Ban tha

dth ong R

o ad

en

Climatic conditions

eavers ster W a M e h -t House phon’s i N . r to M 200 m

500 m to Ji m

brid ge

Ban gko k

Foo t

stor ic

Google street view of Banthadthong Road

T h ompson House and Museum

wa lk to Si am

an d

Sk yT ra in

sta tio ns

SITE PLAN | Scale 1:500

10 m in s

To h i

To Jim Thompson House and Museum

The proposed site (shaded in yellow) has a total area of 5,000 sqm. It is across the Saen Saep canal from the existing Baan Krua community and around 500 metres from Jim Thompson House and museum. The site maybe accessed via Banthadthong Road or a canal ferry which also serves North Baan Krua pier and Jim Thompson House and Museum. Good public transport (BTS Sky Train) serves the area. National Stadium and Ratchathewi stations are about 10 minutes walk away.

Banthadthong Road is a busy thoroughfare during rush hours. As a local, I may roughly compare the size of traffic and importance of Banthadthong as equivalent to Gower Street in London.

Khlong Saen Saep or Saen Saep Canal is a commuter’s canal linking the residential area of east Bangkok to central Bangkok.

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Climatic conditions

Summer noon (June 21)

Maximum solar angle in winter and summer is 52째 and 78째 respectively.

There is a big grocery store (Tesco) to the south of the site.

Nevertheless, only a small portion of the site is in shade in the winter as a result of this big building.

Site boundary

Winter noon (December 21)

Existing conditions

SITE

78째

52째

Site Shaded area

Key plan

Site boundary

Pathway along the canal

SITE

Charoenphol Bridge

Site

Saen Saep Canal

Existing Baan Krua Neighbourhood

0m

2m

5m

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Existing conditions

Climatic conditions

Existing Baan Krua community Existing buildings on site Supermarket (Tesco) Mixed-use (commercial + residential) Vocational college Jim Thompson House Road bridge (Charoenphol Bridge) Footbridge Pier (Charoenphol Pier) The site (grey shaded area) is currently occupied by some temporary shelters (possibly temporary homes for construction workers for many construction sites of highrise buildings near the area), an old four-storey block of flats and some greenery.

2.5m 0m

Traditional + Contemporary

Traditional Thai house

3m

5m

Mosque

Existing architectural typology Existing architectural typologies at Baan Krua community are 2-3 storey houses.

Prevalent building materails are masonary, concrete and timber.

Some of the houses are in traditional timber Thai houses.

Some of them are a mixture between traditional (timber, pitched roof with decorative details) and contemporary construction method (brick and concrete)

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Existing conditions

Climatic conditions

Prevailing wind (Winter: October-January)

Sun path 21st June

See diagrams below

Existing Ban Krua community

Sun path

21st December Charoenphol Bridge

Noise pollution from canal ferry

Saen Saep canal

Noise and air pollution from traffic

Main road (Bantadthong Road)

Prevailing wind (rest of the year)

See the diagrams below

YEAR

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Existing conditions

Average temperature (째C) graph for Bangkok

The rainy season starts in mid-May thanks to the wet monsoon (seasonal prevailing wind in South East Asia) from the south-west, and lasts until October. Rains in Bangkok are heavy and sometimes the city is flooded. (pictured above) The annual precipitation level for Bangkok is 1,648.2 mm, compared to 601.7 mm in London.

The wettest month is September with precipitation level of 334.3 mm.

DEC

NOV

OCT

SEP

AUG

JUL

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

DEC

NOV

OCT

SEP

AUG

JUL

JUN

MAY

APR

MAR

FEB

JAN

Precipitation (mm)

Average rainfall days

Rainy season

Average rainfall (mm) graph for Bangkok

Climatic conditions

Bangkok has a tropical climate. It is generally hot year-round. The average temperature range is 22 째C in December to 35.4 째C in April. The hottest months of the year, March and April, temperature could reach 40 째C. Pictured above is the annual water festival from 13-15 April, traditionally considered the hottest days of the year.

The hot season is dry but there are also summer storms occasionally. Cool days in winter usually lasts only for a few weeks in December to January.

1.3 SITE ANALYSIS Site Plan & Section

Existing conditions

Climatic conditions

FLO ODING IN BANGKOK Bangkok is prone to flooding for a number of reasons: 1. Its location | The city was built on swampland and is only 18 miles from the Gulf of Thailand.

2. Sinking | As a result of groundwater extraction in the past, the city was sinking at a rate of 10 cm a year in the late 1970s, though the rate has now greatly dropped to 1 cm a year as a result of government’s control over the extraction.

The World Bank predicts that “Bangkok’s flood risk will increase four-fold from now by 2050.”

3. Global warming | Sea level is rising and Bangkok is one of top 10 world cities which could suffer the most from flooding by 2070.

4. Rain | The rainy season lasts from May to October. Months with heaviest rainfall are May, September and October, with monthly precipitation level 247, 334, and 292 mm respectively.

Current flood prevention measures consist of a system of canals, locks, pumping station as well as large (5 metres in diameter) underground drain tunnel. The Bangkok Governor is pictured above along with his administrative team with the drain tunnel.

SEVERE FLOODING IN 2011 The most recent severe flooding occurred during the second half of 2011 following the tropical storm ‘Nock-Ten’ which brought weeks of unusual heavy rains. It affected the North, Northeastern and Central provinces as well as Bangkok. It is the worst in the country for decades. Economic damages accounted to US$45.7 Bn as estimated by the World Bank in December 2011. In Bangkok itself, the inundation lasted for several weeks. Thousands of Bangkok residents fled the capital.

The site is in central Bangkok, at a border between Patumwan and Ratchathewi district. (dotted area on the image on the right) According to the model above, published in the country’s major newspaper The Bangkok Post during the 2011 floods, the site is in a medium-risk area i.e. the water level can go up to 21-50 cm when it floods.

1.4 PRO GR AMME ANALYSIS Overall

The Programmes

Silk weaving

Children and learning space

Procurement

Children at Baan Krua Silk Weaving School are divided into 5 teams according to the silk fabrics making process.

They join activities in each team and also has opportunities to learn together in the Central Learning Space PRO G R A M M E 1 D ay ac t iv it ie s

Primary School Group

TEAM

Group of 5 x2 groups

TOTAL 10 per day

2 Colour Masters

2 [1 per group]

YA RN

NUMBER OF STAFF

Team Yarn Learn the silk preparation process prior to weaving. Fascinating spinning machines involved!

Group of 5 x2 groups

TOTAL 10 per day

2 Yarn Master

2 [1 per group]

WE AV E

NUMBER OF MASTERS

Team Weave Learn to weave!

Group of 4 max. x2 groups

TOTAL 10 per day

3 Master Weavers

3 [1 per group]

PAT T ER N

Team Colour Learn silk dyeing process, how to make natural pigment from plant etc.

Express creativity in colours!

NUMBER OF STUDENTS Join either kindergarten (3-5 years) or primary school group (6-11 years)

Team Pattern Meet the pattern artist and learn how to design one!

Group of 5 x2 groups

TOTAL 10 per day

2 Pattern Master

2 [1 per group]

PRODUC T

C OLOUR

Kindergarten Group

Team Product Turn woven silk fabric into products e.g. cushions, scarves, chairs etc.

Group of 5 x2 groups

TOTAL 10 per day

2 Master Makers

2 [1 per group]

1.4 PRO GR AMME ANALYSIS Overall

The Programmes

Silk weaving

Children and learning space

Procurement

PRO G R A M M E 2 S cho ol Holid ay C amp During the school vacation (December, May-August), Programme 2 is also introduced. During the day, children will participate in all 5 sub-programmes of Programme 1 (Colour, Yarn, Wewave, Pattern, Product) They spend one day for each sub-programme. They will also get to spend more time with the elderly and learn more about the old community.

Children stay overnight in the accommodation provided on site.

SCHEDULE DAY 1

DAY 2

C OLOUR

NUMBER OF STUDENTS

PRO G R A M M E 3

YA RN

TOTAL 20 per week

DAY 3

WE AV E

DAY 4

PAT T ER N

DAY 5

PRODU CT

DAY 6

DAY 7

GROU P ART S & CR AF T S ACT I VI T I ES

Group a c t iv it i e s and home t i me

PR I VAT E LI F E OF T H E M AST ER S L ear n more about B aan Kr ua community : the hi stor y, the food and hear fa s c inating stor ies f rom the Ma ste rs

Group of 5 students | 4 groups | Mixed-age 9-14 years old (Minimum age required as the programme includes overnight stay) | Total 20 students

Tour ist Visit

Tourist or or other interested public (e.g. school day trip, institutions etc.) may also visit the building to learn about silk making process.

1.4 PRO GR AMME ANALYSIS Overall

The Programmes

Silk weaving

Children and learning space

Procurement

Silk fabrics production process Silk fabrics production starts with the raising of the silkworms in order to obtain the silk fibre- the so called Sericulture. This, however, is carried out in rural areas since the environment has to be extremely clean and free from pollution both where the silkworms are kept, and where the mulberry trees (food for the worms) are grown. Farmers need to take a shower and change to clean new clothings before entering the boundary of mulberry plantation. Breeds of silkworms are also researched and controlled in Thailand by a govenmental department.1 For silk production in urban area like Bangkok, the process starts from delivery of raw silk from outside the city. The raw silk then undergo the following processes:

Degumming; water 95 째C

Washing

Drying

1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSS4dizzfFc

Washing

Spin dry

Warp yarn preparation

Spin dry

Fig 6. Mulberry tree plantation and the raising of worms must be done in non-polluted area of rural Thailand

Drying

Drying

Weft yarn preparation

Bleaching; water 95 째C

Colour dyeing

Yarn length measruing

Weaving

1.4 PRO GR AMME ANALYSIS Overall

The Programmes

Silk weaving

Children and learning space

Procurement

Spatial requirements for silk fabrics production This is my research into requirements of a silk factory from a visit to Matchada Thai Silk Company in Nakornratchasima province. The factory is a similar scale to the production at Baan Krua neighbourhood. The total number of staff required is 10. There are 4 weavers and the production rate is around 1200 metres of fabrics/ month (fabric width 40 inches). The walls and roof of the factory are made of corrugated metals. Openings in the wall let in the natural light.

Raw thread storage Dark room to preserve the silk

Spin dry machine

Drying area

Colour mixing area

Washing

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Good ventilation and indirect natural light to help dry the silk

Dye pigment storage Degumming & Dyeing

Nakornratchasima

Finished fabrics storage

Warp yarn preparation Bobbin storage

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Weft yarn preparation

Water treatment tanks

Yarn length measuring prior to installing onto the loom

Fig 7. Diagrammatic layout of the factory [Not to scale]

1.5 SI T E DIV ISION & ORGANISATION

Baan Krua Silk Weaving School consists of four main sections: 1. The Silk Factory divided into 5 sections according to silk fabrics making process: Colour dyeing, Yarn preparation, Weaving, Pattern designing and product making (turn fabrics into other items such as pillowcases, dolls, clothings etc.

When children visit the school, they are also divided into five teams to learn about different stage of the whole process.

2. Central Learning Space where all the five teams gather at the end of the day to exchange what they have learnt/ made. The space also houses the kitchen, administration office and a souvenir shop. Workshops are also held here. Sometimes from masters of other crafts apart from silk weaving.

3. Accommodation where children can stay overnight and learn more about Baan Krua Neighbourhood. Summer will be busy as children have breaks from school and would come to Baan Krua as a holiday camp. The rest of the year, this accommodation can be rented out to tourists who would get an opporrtunity to learn about Thai culture.

4

Area adjacent to the canal is prone to flooding. Therefore, it is left for landscape and recreational activities.

June 21

North-east wind in winter

1 ion t c Se

December 21

3

South-west prevailing wind for most of the year Silk Factory and Children Learning space Located closest to the street to aid the daily delivery of goods

Accommodation Accommodation for 20 children during the holiday camp. Located furthest away from the main road so that there is the least or no traffic noise

4. Landscape/ recreation area This area by the canals is left for recreation- picnic, enjoying the scenery, etc.- something extremely hard to find along Bangkok canals these days.

1

Landscaping/ Recreational area

2

Central learning space

1.6 GENER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Roof plan

Section 1

Section 2 N

Plan : Level 0 | Scale 1 : 250

6 ,0

1 Team Colour outdoor learning terrace 2 Raw thread storage 3 Team Colour learning space 4 Disabled WC 5 Children’s work storage 6 Team Yarn learning space: making

furniture out of defect yarn 7 Team Yarn outdoor learning terrace 8 Children outdoor assembly point 9 Pattern Design studio 10 Team Weave outdoor learning terrace 11 Reception & entrance foyer 12 Souvenir shop and office 13 Product storage 14 EE room 15 Finance office 16 Product team outdoor workshop 17 Female WCs 18 Male WCs 19 Disabled WC 20 Cleaner’s storage 21 Cooking area 22 Cooking gas storage 23 Ramp to recreation area 24 Shower & WCs 25 EE room 26 Storage 27 Canal recreation area 28 Delivery and collection 29 Children’s work display wall 30 Children’s work display rail 31 Gardens growing plants for natural dye

5,0 00

00

5,0 00

5,0

00

28

27 10

16

31

5,000

9

23 21

7,000

13

14 8

18 20

15

4,000

12 19

00 2,0

31

00 6,0

22

UP

UP

UP

25

6 24

5,0 00 7

00

1

29

30 29

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

22,500

5,0

6,000

2,000

UP

5,0 00

5

5,000

3

00

26

11

5,0

3,000

4

2

2,5

00

17

1.6 GE NER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Roof plan

Section 1

Section 2 N

Plan : Level 1 | +2.70 | Scale 1 : 250

6 ,0

1 Team Colour indoor classroom 2 Silk drying area 3 Colour Dyeing Process: working area 4 Yarn Preparation Process:

working area 5 Yarn Preparation Process:

bobbin storage 6 WCs 7 Walkway linking different sections of

the building 8 Team Pattern: Giant collage terrace 9 Children’s silk drying area 10 Team Pattern and Team Weave

Collaboration space 11 Central Workshop 12 Group workshop 1 13 Group workshop 2 14 Group workshop 3 15 Disabled platform lift 16 Seatings 17 Accommodation 18 Staff and

disabled person accommodation 19 Ramp access to accommodation 20 ‘Loom Playground’

Weave a carpet for our picnic by the canal 21 Master Weavers’ work space

5,0 00

5,0

00

5,0 00

00

21

20

5,000

8

10

7,000

12

13

00 6,0

9 7

14

4,000

19

3,000

4

5

5,0 00

3

17

00

5,0 00

18

1

5,000

5,0

6,000

2,000

5,000

5,0

00

16

2

1

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

22,500

2,5

00

15

9

6

00 2,0

11

1.6 GE NER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Roof plan

Section 1

Section 2 N

Plan : Level 2 | +5.40 | Scale 1 : 250

6 ,0

1

2 3

4 5 6

00 6,0

7,000

5,000

5,0 00

5,0

00

5,0 00

00 00 2,0

2,5

5,0

00

6,000

5,0 00

2,000

5,0 00

5,000

5,0

00

3,000

4,000

00

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

22,500

Team Colour: Documenting natural dye plants terrace Team Yarn: Yarn measuring terrace Special dye pigment storage open only on special occasions!

Bobbin archive Fabric roof of WCs below Making pattern with digital tools open only on special occasions!

1.6 GE NER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Roof plan

Section 1

Section 2 N

Roof plan | Scale 1 : 250

6 ,0

1 Canopies

(Polyamide with UV and fire resistance

+ waterproof silk strands in certain area) 2 Local clay tiles 3 Cedar shingles 4 Clear polycarbonate panels 5 Fabric roof (100% Polyamide)

5,0 00

5,0

00

5,0 00

00

5,000

3

00 6,0

7,000

2

1

4

00 2,0

2,5

3,000

4,000

00

5,0

00

5

5,0

00

6,000

5,0 00

2,000

5,0 00

5,000

2

5

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

22,500

1.6 GE NER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

J

Level 2

Roof plan

22,500

Section 1

Section 2

I

5,000

H

5,000

G

5,000

F

5,000

E

5,000

D

5,000

C

5,000

B

5,000

A

1 4

5

2

10,000

25째

3

Section A-A | Scale 1 : 200 1 Central Learning Space 2 Accommodation 3 Outdoor area under the silk canopies 4 The Silk Factory: Yarn preparation process 5 The Silk Factory: Colour dyeing process

1.6 GE NER AL ARR ANGEMENT Level 0

Level 1

Level 2

Roof plan

Section 1

Section 2

1

5,000

2

7,000

3

7,000

5

5,000

6

2,000

7

8

6,000

9

8

10

3

7

6

2

1

4

5

Section B-B | Scale 1 : 200 1 Pattern Design studeio 2 Team Pattern: Giant collage terrace 3 ‘Making patterns with digital tools’ 4 The silk canopies: Children assembly area 5 Raw thread storage 6 Colour Dyeing process 7 Team Colour: Documenting natural dye plants terrace 8 Special dye pigment storage 9 The Central Learning Space 10 Accommodation area 11 Team Colour classrooms

11

1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL STR ATEGY This topic will be discussed further in Section 3 of the report Essential requirements for building envelopes in Bangkok

Sun shade

Rain protection

Good natural ventilation

Southeast Prevailing wind (October-January)

N

Insect screens

Design of roof where heat can escape

4

2

Deep roof projection for sunshading and rain protection

Breathable envelope Lightweight material

3 1

Deep roof overhang of a Thai house

3

1

KEY

Permeable woven wall typical of the Tropics

Open permeable structure and no solid mass obstructing wind movement

Ventilation Heat

Design strategy which informed by the vernacular architecture The design will keep to the language of openness, lightness and permeable of the vernacular architecture.

This will not only convey the message of cultural heritage preservation of the brief, but will also make the most of local climates- reducing the reliance on mechanical means such as air-conditioning.

1. Make the most of natural ventilation - no air-conditioning. Electirc fans to help ventilate the space where needed 2. Make the most of natural lighting 3. Rainwater collection- make use of the abundant tropical rainfalls

Southwest Prevailing wind (February-September)

Plan of a Thai house

Thai houseraised and permeable structure

Opening in roof for heat to escape

1.8 MAT ERIAL & STRUCTURE STR ATEGY As a silk weaving school, the structural strategy is to take inspirations from aesthetic language of weaving looms as well as types of wood, joint detailings and so on.

This topic will be discussed further in Section 2 of the report Learning from weaving looms The type of wood used to construct weaving looms in western countries are ash. The chosen type of wood has to be strong enough to withstand the pulling presssure of up to strings as many as thousands. In tropical countries like Thailand, weaving looms are made from local hardwood such as teak. As teak is rarer to find these days in Thailand, Selangan Batu, or as called Mai Teng in Thai, is a common choice of wood.

8

1

2

7

4

5

3

1.83 m

Left | 3D model showing a weaving loom with a Dobby attached. The dobby is a computer machine attached to a weaving loom which allows more complex pattern to be woven than traditional handloom.

This 3D drawing is a re-construction of a loom at the RCA, pictured to the left.

Above | Moving mechanisms of the loom. The harness frames, controlled by the foot treadles, lift some of the warp yarn up, creating gaps through which weft yarn can be inserted.

9

Top | A weaving loom at Baan Krua Neighbourhood in Bangkok Bottom | A weaving loom at the Royal College of Arts, London

0m

1.7

Key 1 Pulley systems 2 Harness cables 3 Harness frames 4 Cloth beam 5 Beater 6 Warp yarn 7 Weft yarn 8 Dobby 9 Foot treadles

1.8 MAT ERIAL & STRUCTURE STR ATEGY

Context

Traditional timber hoses

Local crafts

Selected materials

Central Learning Space Concrete foundation Laminated timber structure Large span tensile roof

Timber columns- smaller pieces joined together Wood shingle for roofing materials

Silk + Fabric

The Silk Factory - The timber ‘Crown’ Concrete foundation Combination of reinforced concrete and timber frame structure Vernacular architecture

Terracotta tiles as roofing materials

The Classrooms

Language of frame + tensile elements evokes image of hand loom

Steel frame structure painted in various colours

Concrete foundation Steel frame structure Glazing Canvas roof

1.9 M&E

Southeast Prevailing wind (October-January)

N

4

Roof where hot air can escape

7

Electric fans added for extremely hot summer days Accoommodation

2

2

Lightweight and permeable structures

5

7

Silk Factory and Children’s learning space

1

Timber as primary material for living and learning spaces

3

Breathable envelopes

Central learning space

7

Cooling from canal

6

Silk Factory and Children’s learning space

7

Cooling from vegetation

evaporation

evaporation

Overall ventilation and cooling strategy The site receives good natural ventilation from the south-west and south-east prevailing winds. The building is designed to take advantage of natural ventilation. Because of the chosen materials, site locations and so on, air-conditioning will not be needed. Nevertheless, electric fans may be installed as a supplement since Bangkok can get extremely hot (temperature reaching 40 °C) and humid in Summer days. Fans help with cooling while consume less energy than air-conditioning.

This topic will be discussed further in Section 3 of the report

Southwest Prevailing wind (February-September)

1.9 M&E Rainwater collection

Specific Requirement for Silk Dyeing Process The wet processes prior to the weaving process involves boiling water, adding chemicals and pigment and drying. The processs can be divided into 4 stages: 1) Degumming 2) Washing 3) Bleaching (if after 1) and 2) the silk is still not to the desired whiteness) 4) Colour-dyeing Degumming

Roof C

Amount of water 30 l / raw thread 1 kg Roof B Roof D Washing Amount of water 90 l / raw thread 1 kg

Roof A

Bleaching Amount of water 120 l / raw thread 1 kg

Colour-dyeing Amount of water 80 l / raw thread 1 kg

Estimated amount of water required for silk making (Monthly) The factory expects to process 200 kg of silk per month.

Therefore, amount of water required = (30+90+120+80) x 200 = 64,000 l / month

Rainwater Collection Area Roof A = 186 m2 | Roof B = 81 m2 | Roof C = 314 m2 | Roof D = 43 m2 Total Area = 624 m2

1.9 WASTE TREATMENT Waste from the Silk Making Process Strategy

Irrigation Landscaping and plants grown for natural dye

The process of Silk preparation prior to weaving involves the use of chemicals and generate both physical and chemical waste.

Treatment tank Adjust the pH value Liquid soap + Soda ash (Na2Co3)

Shaded area shows the location of this process in the whole scheme.

Degumming 95 °C , pH 10-11 Liquid soap + Hydrogenperoxide (H2O2) Washing

Lavelling Agent + Salt + Pigment (Organic) Bleaching 95 °C, 45-60 min

Chemical Waste i.e. contaminated water

Physical Waste e.g. Dyed silk with wrong colour

Colour-dyeing 95 °C, 45-60 min

Children’s activities Arts and crafts activities for children using defect silk Faded silk/ Incorrect colour silk etc.

1.10 CI RCUL ATION & AC CESSIBILIT Y

+2.70

+2.55

+2.40 +2.25

Compliant general access stairs Ramp (compliant wheeelchair access)

Platform lift for wheelchair users Timber ramps to aid small change in levels Vehicular access for delivery e.g. goods for silk factory and kitchen, product collection from silk factory etc.

1.13 OVER ALL C ONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

1

2

3

Construction starts with the Central Learning Space as it is a large construction and open area around it is needed to connect the tensilecomponents (sequence 2).

Assemble timber compression rings which will tie the 12 posts together.

Pre-assembled central core is then connected to pre-stressed steel cables and tensioned into the correct position.

Install the roof structure (rafters, battens and counter battens) and the roof claddings which consists of thermal insulation (between the rafters), 10mm OSB board, waterproofing layer and cedar roof shingles. This is to protect the structures from the weather as the construction progresses in other areas.

See Section 2 for more details

See Section 2 for more details

To construct this after other sections of the building, other structures will obstruct the construction, or the construction of the Central space could damage other structures.

Reinforced concrete foundation casted and the pre-assembled 12 support posts are connected to the metal plates.

(See Section 2 for more details)

4

5

6

Start wet process construction i.e. the reinfoced concrete and masonary (contemporary construction in Bangkok of brick and mortar for walls) which consists of the ground floor of the Silk factory and bathrooms of accommodation area.

Start timber construction of upper floors of the Silk Factory

Start the steel construction of children learning space.

In the meantime, clay tiles can be installed for the roofs of Silk factory to protect timber from exposing the weather for too long.

7

8

Steel and timber construction of accommodation area

Construction of fabric roof canopies which spans an open area between two sections of the Silk Factory. This should be the last thing in the construction because the roof is delicate (fabric and waterproof silk strands). Leaving it to last so that dust from construction will not damage it.

Meanwhile, landscape works in the canal recreation area can be carried out.

S e c ti on

2

Bu i l d i ng C onstr u c ti on 2.1 Material Selection and Performance 2.2 Structural Aims and Intent 2.3 Structural Development : The Central Learning Space 2.4 Structural Development : The Silk Factory 2.5 Structural Development : The Canopy 2.6 Structural Development : Children’s Silk-drying Walkway and Classrooms 2.7 Key Enclosure Details 2.8 Construction Sequence

2.1 MAT ERIAL SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE Material palette

Thai vernacular architecturestructure and roof shingles

Hardwood

Overall construction strategy and material sources

Thai vernacular architectureroof tiles

Wood shingle

Weaving loom

Silk of varying opacity

Colourful terracotta tiles

Lightness of fabric

Silk thread

Thai silk

Children’s playground

Brightly painted steel

2.1 MAT ERIAL SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE Material palette

Overall construction strategy and material sources

LAOS Lampang

Primary construction materials and the material sources Construction materials are sourced locally as much as possible. This is so that: 1. Environmental impact is reduced as the travel distance - i.e. fuels and energy needed in transportation of materials to site is minimised.

2. The building conveys the message of preservation of cultural heritage as the aim of the programme

THAILAND

Bangkok

Saraburi and Nakorn Ratchasima

Prachuap Khiri Khan

N

5

1

Selangan Batu or Shorea Obtusa Tropical hardwood from Northern Thailand or Laos

2

Concrete Saraburi province- 200 km east of Bangkok

3

Steel Bang Saphan District, Prachuap Khiri Khan province- 300 km

4

Clay tiles Lamphang province, 600 km

5

Wood shingles Cedar shingles as roofing material has become more popular in Thailand because of its natural look and durability against insects. Cedar is not native to southeast asia.

Nevertheless, there are many cedar shingles suppliers based in Bangkok.

6

Silk and other fabrics Silk- produced on site at Baan Krua Other fabrics- Northern Thailand or Nakorn Ratchasima province 300 km from Bangkok.

1 6 4 3 4 1

1

1 2

Timber

Concrete

Steel

Clay tiles

Wood shingles

Silk and other fabrics

1

2

3

4

5

6

3

Myanmar

Laos

Vietnam

Selangan Batu1 [in Thai ‘Mai Teng’] [Botanical name: Shorea Obtusa] Habitat: It is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam In Thailand it is prevalent in the mountainous area of northern Thailand

THAILAND

Use: Very hard timber. It is used to make columns, bridges, sleepers and in various other construction purposes.

[3] Exposed in the open it may last 10–15 years, though if indoors it may last 50–60 years.

Malaysia Indonesia

Description: Deciduous tropical tree, some 10-30m tall. It flowers from January to July; the distinctive yellow flowers droop in clusters, with long narrow petals.

Timber construction in Thailand Vernacular construction in Thailand is timber construction because of the abundance of timber resources and its breathable quality appropriate to tropical climate.

Fig 2. Selangan Batu tree and solid-sawn timbers

Teak has long been the choice of wood for timber construction in Thailand whether as the structure or as a furniture piece. Teak is strong and durable against weather and even termites. It also has beautiful colour and grain.

However, due to its popularity, high demands as the economy grows and deforestation, teak forests in Thailand have in the last decades depleted.

Myanmar and Laos, on the other hand, still have more teak forests left than Thailand.

Nowadays alternative wood which often replace teak for new timber structures in Thailand is Selangan Batu, known locally as Mai Teng.

Fig 1. Teak is a traditional choice of wood for timber construction

Design constraint: No glulam in Thailand?

Glued laminated timber or Glulam is a result of smaller pieces of timber laminated together to form a single, large, strong, structural member. Glulam can be used for vertical columns, horizontal beams, as well as curved and arched shapes.

However, glulam is not widely used in Thailand. The closest glulam supplier to Thailand is China. The reason why glulam has not been used in any construction in Thailand, is because the lack of technology- both in terms of production and expertise.

It is not common to find local structural engineers who are familiar with glued laminated timber.2 Timber construction has, after all, in the last few decades, been neglected by the Thais for concrete construction for cheaper cost and a more modern, non-vernacular look.

1 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_obtusa http://www.mongkhalaarch.com/glulam.html

2.2 ST RUCTUR AL AIMS AND INTENT Weaving loom study

Existing typology study

Learning from weaving looms The type of wood used to construct weaving looms in western countries are ash. The chosen type of wood has to be strong enough to withstand the pulling presssure of up to strings as many as thousands. In tropical countries like Thailand, weaving looms are made from local hardwood such as teak. As teak is rarer to find these days in Thailand, Selangan Batu, or as called Mai Teng in Thai, is a common choice of wood.

8

1

2

7

4

5

3

1.83 m

Left | 3D model showing a weaving loom with a Dobby attached. The dobby is a computer machine attached to a weaving loom which allows more complex pattern to be woven than traditional handloom.

This 3D drawing is a re-construction of a loom at the RCA, pictured to the left.

Above | Moving mechanisms of the loom. The harness frames, controlled by the foot treadles, lift some of the warp yarn up, creating gaps through which weft yarn can be inserted.

9

Top | A weaving loom at Baan Krua Neighbourhood in Bangkok Bottom | A weaving loom at the Royal College of Arts, London

0m

1.7

Key 1 Pulley systems 2 Harness cables 3 Harness frames 4 Cloth beam 5 Beater 6 Warp yarn 7 Weft yarn 8 Dobby 9 Foot treadles

2

3

7

Beater

Harness cables

1

5

8

Foot treadles

6

9

4

How frames are fitted together

1

Shuttle track

7

Fig 3. Exploded diagram of the weaving loom showing principal components Key 1 Mainframes: Ash 40mm x 135 mm| 2 Pulley system and frames: Ash 40mm x 100mm | 3 Dobby- an electronic machine control the lifting of harness frames | 4 Mechanisms for lifting the harness frames- consists of timber, chains, cables and springs 5 Harness frames | 6 Beater | 7 Track for beater | 8 Finished product 9 Foot treadles will be installed on the floor between the main frames

Harness frames

Learning from weaving loom joints After further investigation into the weaving loom, I found that not only there are three main frames (the main side frames, the pulley frames and the harness mechanism frames), but there are many other intricate pieces. Metal pieces and bolts are used to join timber together. Other intricate pieces include a number of steel cables, hooks and springs.

The detailings are also beautiful. For example, a cut in timber A is made so that timber axle B can flush against the face of A.

Steel cable - hooks - and timber frame

a slot is cut in a timber piece to insert another piece of quite a unique shape of steel connections.

A cut in timber piece so that the cloth axle flush against the timber

A piece of metal brackets bent to desired shape

A thick chunk of timber on steel plates

Intricate metal piece connecting two strands of steel cables

A slot in timber is cut for a metal hook

Two pieces of timber in different planes joined via bolts

How can weaving loom inform the design language?

As a silk weaving school, the design uses weaving looms as a design influence. The building will evoke an image of weaving looms through: 1. Choice of materials- hardwood and breathable membrane of silk and other fabrics

Timber frames Steel cables support load Timber frames

2. Structural language of timber frames and steel cables 3. Elaborate timber detailing Two main structural language 1. Timber frames 2. Steel cables (tensile/ masted structures

Loom as a space

Silk fabrics and silk strands as permeable membrane

Intricate timber and steel connection details

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Learning about similar structure principal from a workshop in Costa Rica (field trip)

A S S E M B L I N G T H E T E N S I L E E L E M E N T S

The tensile elements hold the hexagon ring up that it was floating off the supports.

The whole thing was supportedoonly in the centre.

ASSEMBLING THE TRIPOD LEGS

The assembling method was that most of us lifted the hexagon ring up to the height which was high enough for the rest of us to slot the tripod legs underneath.

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Roof C

Peripheral roof rafters

Roof D

Roof B Beam C Roof A Lower roof rafters Upper roof rafters Central Core Ring 4

Central Core Ring 3 Central Core Ring 2 Central Core Ring 1

Compression Ring 2

Compression Ring 1

The design consists of 12 columns supporting two tension rings in the centre.

The space spans 20 metres. The roof can be divided into 4 sections as shown in the diagram above.

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

11,600

25°

2,400

4,545

Aims and precedents

5,000

Support

5,900

Support

2,500

10,000

10,000

2,500

1m

2m

5m

Load diagram

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

The Columns Due to the size of the structure, required timber sections are large. However, these are not so easy to find in Thailand. Glue-laminated timber is also a construction method which is not common in Thailand. To solve this design requirement, each column is therefore, made out of 4 pieces of 3”x6” (75mm x 150 mm) Selangan Batu wood joined together via galvanised steel plates and steel nuts and bolts. The round space is broken up into 12 straight segments to make it more suitable to the available material and construction method.

Component E and F Beam C

Post B

Post A

The elevation to the left shows positions of connection plates. Below is a catalogue of all the pieces which make up one of the 12 columns.

Com pon ent

D

Post A 75x150 Selangan Batu 8m in length Two of them had a joint cut ready for Beam C

Post B 75x150 Selangan Batu 8m in length Two of them had a joint cut ready for Beam C

Detail 01

Detail 02

See following page

Detail 03

See following page

See following page

Component E and F 0

1m

2.5 m

Component D

Beam C

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

1

2 Key 1 75 mm x 150 mm Selangan Batu 2 Steel plates welded together to form a cross shape (see below) 3 Steel nuts and bolts 3

75 mm x 150 mm Selangan Batu Cross-shaped steel plates A

Steel nuts and bolts

A

Horizontal Section A-A

Joi n

tes pla g in

3 1 welding line

2

Weld 3 pieces of steel plates (10 mm thickness) to form a croos shape

0

1m

2.5 m

UC Berkeley College of Environment Design in Hokkaido by Kengo Kuma

To achieve a neat detailingCut the shaded area of the timber out so that the timber edges flush against the edge of the plates.

This could be done with a wood router machine.

The construction concept is the heavy timber construction technique common in the USA. However, due to factors such as availability of materials in Japan and local construction method, this was translated into smaller pieces of timber joined together.

My project employs the similar concept.

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

5

4

3

2

Detail 01

Key details

5

5

4

4

3

0.00

1

Development

3

2

2

1

Detail 02 Bangkok is prone to heavy rain and flood. The columns therefore sit on reinforced-concrete base to avoid damage from water.

1 Reinforced concrete post base and foundation 2 Bolts connecting steel plates and concrete 3 Steel plates 12 mm thickness 4 Steel nuts and bolts joining the steel plates to wood 5 The composite of 4 pieces of Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint

1

Detail 03

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Base of posts details

st D Po

The posts sit on another concrete base. This is so that the timber is kept away from damp and water in case of floodings.

25mm x 150mm Selangan Batu floorboards supported by 50mm x 50mm RHS

st B Po

Exploded axonometric Scale 1:20 showing connections between timber - steel plates - and concrete foundation.

In-situ concrete floor slab

n datio n u Fo +0.00

Ground beams

+0.05

Pile Foundation

Ground beam

Bangkok is situated on soft clay. The site itself is situated by a canal. As a result, pile foundation is suitable to the site.

Reinforced concrete footing Reinforced concrete pile foundation

0

0.5

1m

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Top of Post B detail

Development

Key details

Top of Post A detail

Detail 04 | Scale 1:10

Detail 05 | Scale 1:10

4

3

4 12 steel rods from 12 Post As support the central core in the middle and the roof. The force is then taken to Post B via the steel rods and down to the ground.

For more details see Load diagram on page...

2

1

Key 1 75 mm x 150 mm Selangan Batu wood coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Galvanisded steel plates welded together to form a cross shape 3 Steel nuts and bolts fastening the 4 pieces of timber to the steel plates 4 Steel rod diameter 35 mm

3

2

1

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Construction process of the columns

These processes may be assembled off-site Cut groove for fitting with steel plate of Post B on site

1. Assemble Post A from 3”x6” Selangan Batu, steel connectors and steel dowels

2. Assemble Post B from 3”x6” Selangan Batu, steel connectors and steel dowels

3. Assemble (half of) Beam C from 3”x6” Selangan Batu, steel connectors and steel dowels

4. Assemble Component D from 3”x8” Selangan Batu, steel connectors and steel dowels

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

On site

Post A

See Foundation details on page...

A steel plate is left hanging to connect with Component D later

5. Connect Post A and B to reinforced concrete bases.

7. Assemble the beam

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

On site

Post A

Post B and the steel plate Pre-assembled Beam C

The rest of Beam C joined on site

Post B

8. Assemble Component D to Post B via the steel plate

9. Assemble Component E and F with nail plates

2.3 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Central Learning Space’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Rafters of Roof D

Ring 4 Vertical elements connecting ring 3 and 4

The Central Core

Rafters of Roof C

The central core consists of 4 tension rings made of 100mm x 100mm Selangan batu with steel plate connections. Steel rods connect the rings to the supporting columns on the peripheral which allows the structure to spans a large distance- a structure principal similar to the bicycle wheel roof.

Ring 3 Ring 3 is at the same level as ring 2, however with smaller diameter.

See following page

Ring 2 12 sections of 100mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu with steel plates connections

See following page

Vertical elements connecting ring 1 and 2

The design of the 4 rings allow for the double roof design- like a timber lantern structure.

Detail 06

Ring 1 12 sections of 100mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu with steel plates connections

Exploded axonometric | Scale 1:150

Axonometric | Scale 1:75

Detail 06 2

1 100mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 50mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 3 Galvanised steel plate connections 10 mm thickness Each connection consists of 3 steel plates welded together. It joins each two pieces of Selangan Batu together as well as linking the central core to the peripheral columns.

4 Steel cable bracing to stabilise the central core 5 Steel rod diameter 35 mm connecting the central core to the peripheral columns

4

1

2

3

1 5

1

1 2

4

Detail 07

1

6

1 100mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 50mm x 100 mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 3 Galvanised steel plate connections 10 mm thickness The connection consists of 3 steel plates welded together. It joins each two pieces of Selangan Batu together as well as linking the central core to the peripheral columns.

4 Steel cable bracing 5 50mm x 50mm RHS coated with rustproofing paint This element, together witht the steel connections, support the roof rafters 6 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu roof rafters coated with clear fire retardant paint

2

3

5

Exploded detail 09

2

1

2

3 6 Exploded detail 08 6

See following page

See following page

Exploded detail 08

Exploded detail 09

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Pigment storage

Special storage

Children’s Colour Team working area

Colour-dyeing area

The Silk Factory

Children’s Pattern Team working area

This section of the building has to serve the functional requirement of a small silk factory. (See research on silk factory on page... for more details) At the same time, it has to provide learning space for Generation Z children.

Taking inspiration from existing typology of hybrid of concrete and timber construction in Baan Krua Neighbourhood, the ground floor reinforced concrete columns are crowned with a timber structure with a distinct shape. The timber structure is also colour-coded according to the children working team. (See Section1 on Building programmes for more details)

Silk factory- Pattern design office

Storage for Team Colour and Team Yarn

Sectional perspective | Scale 1:75

Sectional perspective | Scale 1:75

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Roof claddingTerracotta tiles Minimum roof angle for this type of roof tiles is 25 degrees.

Timber structureSelangan Batu

See following page

See following page

Detail 04 Detail 06

See following page

See following page

Detail 04

Detail 06

See following page

See following page

r be e m i et T cr n Co

See following page

Detail 02

See following page

Detail 05 ER N

Detail 03 PA TT

Detail 05

TE AM

See following page

TE A

M

CO LO UR

Detail 01

r be e m et Ti cr n Co

Axonometric view of the structure | Scale 1:150

Reinforced concrete structure

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Detail 01 | Scale 1:10 Timber structure (straight column) Reinforced concrete column

Detail 02 | Scale 1:10 Timber structure (angled section) Reinforced concrete column

1

Key 1 200mm x 200mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Bolt anchored into the reinforced concrete column 4 Reinforced concrete column

Key 1 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Bolt anchored into the reinforced concrete column 4 Reinforced concrete column 1

2 2 3

3

Cut slot into the wood knife plate

4

Bolt 4

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Detail 03 | Scale 1:10 Timber structure (angled column) Timber column

5

1

Detail 04 | Scale 1:10 Terrace area of timber structure

Key 1 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Bolt connecting to the timber column 4 200mm x 200mm Selangan Batu column 5 50mm x 100mm timber spacer

Key 1 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Steel nuts and bolts 4 50mm x 200mm Selangan Batu beam 5 50mm x 125mm floor joists

1 4

2

1

5

2

3 3

4

1

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Detail 05| Scale 1:10 Timber structure - storage room

5

Material selection and construction system

Key 1 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Steel nuts and bolts 4 Steel rod 12 mm diameter 5 50mm x 200mm Selangan Batu beams 6 50mm x 100mm timber spacer

Development

Key details

Key 1 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu coated with clear fire retardant paint 2 Steel plate 9 mm thickness 3 Steel nuts and bolts 4 Steel rod 12 mm diameter 5 50mm x 200mm Selangan Batu beams 6 50mm x 100mm timber spacer

Detail 06 | Scale 1:10 Timber structure - storage room

4 6

5

1 2 3 2 3

1 4

6

1

1

1

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

Explode diagram | Scale 1:20

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Key details

2,300

a b

Development

Detail 08

3,450

25°

2,300

Material selection and construction system

See page...

Heat

Open areaRoof but no permanent walls

a Diagram showing gap between roof and structure

b Diagram showing connection between the roof rafters [More details on the following page]

Rain curtain Temporary curtain to protect from rain See Section 3 for more details

2,700

Enclosed area

Example of rain curtain

Precedent_Aesthetic Bodegas Protos Winery by Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners

Roof development The top floor of this section of the Silk Weaving School is an outdoor learning space for children. In order to accommodate the activity, the roof has a large overhang in order to provide good sunshading.

To also shelter from seasonal heavy rain (monsoon), canvas rain curtains are employed. However, this means there is less or little ventilation in the learning space when the curtain is drawn. And the interior can get quite hot and stuffy when populated.

2,700

The roof is lifted to create a gap where heat can escape.

This also serves aesthetic purpose as the roof would appear to be floating above the structure.

5,000

Section | Scale 1:75

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu wood 2 pieces joined to form one rafter 50mm x 100mm Timber spacer [painted green to match colour code of Team Colour]

100mm x 200mm Selangan Batu wood beam

50mm x 50mm RHS truss supporting the lifted roof

Steel rod diameter 25mm connecting the long span rafter to the beam

Roof structure Axonometric | Scale 1:50

Roof structure- previous iteration Axonometric | Scale 1:150 Long overhang of rafter extends beyond the support.

The roof structure might topple on its own weight [pink arrow]

Roof structure-latest iteration Axonometric | Scale 1:150 Steel rods take the weight of the roof, connecting it back to the beam and columns.

4

2

3

1

Detail 07 | Scale 1:10 Key 1 Roof rafters: 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu 2 Steel plate connections 9 mm thickness 3 50mm x 100mm timber spacer 4 100mm x 200mm Selangan Batu beam 5 Steel rods diameter 25mm 6 RHS 50mm x 50mm supporting the ‘floating’ roof structure 6

5

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Assembling process of roof structure Axonometric | Scale 1:75

1

2

3

Join 2 pieces of 50mmx100mm Selangan Batu to form one rafter.

Steel plates + nuts and bolts

Attaching steel plates to the beams

Attaching the rafters to the beams

Zoom detail Scale 1:25 of the ‘floating’ roof support The support is formed from welding 4 pieces of steel plates to a RHS 50mm x 50mm. The angled plate provides the correct angle on which the rafter sits.

Zoom detail Scale 1:25 of the beam

4 Assembling the steel rods which tie the long span of rafters back to the beams

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Terracotta tiles Battens and anti-battens Water-proofing layer OSB board 10mm thickness

Rafters and purlins- 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu

Axonometric of roof cladding and structure Scale 1:100

Axonometric of roof structure Scale 1:100

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Silk Factory’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

1

2

3

6

11 5

10

9 7 EDOCTSE

ESTCODE

ESTCODE

25°

700

4

EDOCTSE

8

Detail 08 - Roof Section | Scale 1:10 1 Terracotta tiles 2 25mm x 50mm Selangan Batu battens 3 Waterproofing layer and OSB board 10mm thickness 4 Roof purlins: 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu 5 Gutter: Aluminium sheet folded to shape 6 Roof rafters: 50mm x 100mm Selangan Batu 7 Steel plate connections 9 mm thickness 8 Roof beam: 100mm x 200mm Selangan Batu beam 3,450 9 Steel rods diameter 25mm 10 RHS 50mm x 50mm supporting the ‘floating’ roof structure 11 Steel plate connections 9 mm thickness

Key details

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

The canopy The canopy spans an outdoor area between two buildings of the silk factory. The main aim is to create a light fabric roof which provides sunshading. Some part of the roof will be coverred with waterproof canvas roof, while some area will be waterproof yarn.

The canopy provides sunshading an outdoor area where children can get into groups to work

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

PRECEDENT | STRUCTURE Ricolais

PRECEDENT } AESTHETIC An installation in Marrakech

by Barkow Leibinger

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Support- steel rods

Fabric and thread

Reference

Previous iteration The structure will not be able to achive a totally flat canopy

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Detail 01

Key details

See page...

Detail 02

See page...

0

1m Section A-A

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

Detail 02

See page...

0

1m Section B-B

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

Material selection and construction system

8

4

1

2

3

Development

4

Key details

2

5 7

7

6

Detail 01 | Scale 1:5 Key 1 Steel ‘cap’- steel plates thickness 6 mm, screwed to the ‘steel component’ 2 Plastic screw cap to prevent water leakage through connection gaps 3 Rubber sheet 5mm thickness to prevent water leakage through connection gaps 4 Fabric envelope (PVC) Note that the seam between two pieces of fabric overlap in order to prevent leakage through gaps 5 Steel components consist of RHS diameter 100mm, steel plates of 6mm thickness and RHS 25mm diameter welded together to form such shape 6 Steel components consist of RHS diameter 50mm and steel plates of 6mm thickness welded together to form such shape 7 Steel rods diameter 25mm 8 Steel cable diameter 6mm

8

3

4

2.4 ST RU CTUR AL DEV ELOPMENT The ‘Canopy’ Aims and precedents

1

Material selection and construction system

Development

Key details

2

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

ESTCODE

ESTCODE

ESTCODE

ESTCODE

3

Detail 02 | Scale 1:5 Key 1 Steel ‘cap’- steel plates thickness 6 mm, screwed to the ‘steel component’ 2 Plastic screw cap to prevent water leakage through connection gaps 3 Steel components consist of RHS diameter 100mm, steel plates of 6mm thickness and RHS 25mm diameter welded together to form such shape 4 Steel rods diameter 25mm 5 Steel cable diameter 6mm 6 Connection to reinforced concrete structure of the silk factorysteel plates 10mm thickness bolted to reinfoced concrete beam

Detail 03 | Scale 1:5 Key 1 Steel components consist of RHS diameter 50mm, steel plates of 6mm thickness welded together to form such shape 2 Steel rods diameter 25mm 3 Steel cable diameter 6mm 4 Connection to reinforced concrete structure of the silk factorysteel plates 10mm thickness bolted to reinfoced concrete beam

S e c ti on

3

Bu i l d i ng Per for m anc e 3.1 Building Environmental Impact and Life Cycle 3.2 Environmental Conditions and Strategy 3.3 Overall Energy Strategy 3.4 Ventilation and Cooling Strategy 3.5 Lighting Strategy 3.6 Water Supply, Drainage and Treatment 3.7 Waste Treatment

3.1 BUI LDI NG ENVI RONMENTAL IMPACT AND LIFE CYCLE LAOS Lampang

Primary construction materials and the material sources Construction materials are sourced locally as much as possible. This is so that: 1. Environmental impact is reduced as the travel distance - i.e. fuels and energy needed in transportation of materials to site is minimised.

2. The building conveys the message of preservation of cultural heritage as the aim of the programme

THAILAND

Bangkok

Saraburi and Nakorn Ratchasima

Prachuap Khiri Khan

N

5

1

Selangan Batu or Shorea Obtusa Tropical hardwood from Northern Thailand or Laos

2

Concrete Saraburi province- 200 km east of Bangkok

3

Steel Bang Saphan District, Prachuap Khiri Khan province- 300 km

4

Clay tiles Lamphang province, 600 km

5

Wood shingles Cedar shingles as roofing material has become more popular in Thailand because of its natural look and durability against insects. Cedar is not native to southeast asia.

Nevertheless, there are many cedar shingles suppliers based in Bangkok.

6

Silk and other fabrics Silk- produced on site at Baan Krua Other fabrics- Northern Thailand or Nakorn Ratchasima province 300 km from Bangkok.

1 6 4 3 4 1

1

1 2

Timber

Concrete

Steel

Clay tiles

Wood shingles

Silk and other fabrics

1

2

3

4

5

6

3

3.2 ENVI RONMEN TAL C ONDTIONS AND STR ATEGY Local climate

Vernacular architecture

Overall strategy

Bangkok Climate- hot and heavy rain The weather in Bangkok is dominated by a tropical monsoon climate which means there are three main seasons: hot season from March to June, rainy season from July to October and cool season between November and February. Daytime temperature could reach higher than 30 degrees centigrade throughout the year (with the possible exception of late December and early January).

Bangkok doesn’t cool significantly at night either. April-May and September-October are the two periods with the highest humidity. The southwest monsoons arrive between May and October.4

Cool season

Hot Season

Rainy season

Cool season

(°C) JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Monsoon from Southwest

“Building in the Tropics means a confrontation in terms of construction and function with extreme climatic conditions.

The architect and builder in moderate climatic zones combats cold and damp by using insulated external walls, avoiding cold bridges and through the development of technologically sophisticated heating systems.

The architect in the Tropics must, by contrast, battle against heat, strong solar radiation, high levels of air humidity and torrential rainfall and, in addition, develop methods of building that offer users comfortable spaces without requiring mechanical cooling systems, which from an ecological viewpoint are anyhow senseless as they use six times as much energy as space heating that today is still generally produced from primary energy sources.”3

https://www.flickr.com/photos/27438998@N02/2843098872/ http://bangkokforvisitors.com/general/weather.html Tropical architecture : sustainable and humane building in Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia / Wolfgang Lauber ; with contributions by Peter Cheret, Klaus Ferstl and Eckhart 4 http://www.bangkok.com/weather.htm 1 2 3

Fig 1. [Top] Monsoon season in Bangkok is characterised by heavy rain1 Fig 2. [Bottom] Average low and average high temperature in Bangkok2

3.2 ENVI RONMEN TAL C ONDTIONS AND STR ATEGY Local climate

Vernacular architecture

Overall strategy

Learning from vernacular architecture “The traditional vernacular architecture of the Tropics has, over a long period of time, developed intelligent building forms, sequences of spaces and construction methods for living and working, as well as for the cultural and religious ceremonies of societies that are principally agrarian in nature.�1

Ayuthaya Bangkok

Lake Toba, Indonesia

3

Nowadays people in Bangkok live in masonary and concrete houses or high rise apartments. Traditional Thai houses, [as image above], however, are made of timber and have certain features which responds well to the local climate.

3

2

Deep roof protect living space from the heat

Climate - High level of humidity - Constant high temperatureday and night - Heavy rainfall

1

Responds

Case study 1 | Houses in Nias, on Lake Tobe, Indonesia

- Open permeable structure - Raised building (to avoid water and humidity) - Dense vegetation helps with cooling

Stronger winds at higher level 2

2. Living spaces above on 1st and 2nd floor for better ventilation as coastal winds blow more strongly above ground level.

3. Open verandas in front protect the living spaces from the sun

3

1

Open, permeable structure 3

1. Elevated structures protect the living spaces from flooding, from soaking during the rainy season, and from tsunami waves.

- Deep roof projection -Lightweight material

1

Tropical architecture : sustainable and humane building in Africa, Latin America and South-East Asia / Wolfgang Lauber ; with contributions by Peter Cheret, Klaus Ferstl and Eckhart, p. 57.

Case study 2 | Houses in Ayuthaya, Thailand 1. Raised on struts for flood protection in rainy season 2. Outdoor but sheltered communal space

2

3. Arrangements of individual buildings not to impede the wind movement

3.2 ENVI RONMEN TAL C ONDTIONS AND STR ATEGY Local climate

Vernacular architecture

Overall strategy

Essential requirements for building envelopes in Bangkok

Sun shade

Rain protection

Good natural ventilation

Southeast Prevailing wind (October-January)

N

Insect screens

Design of roof where heat can escape

4

2

Deep roof projection for sunshading and rain protection

Breathable envelope Lightweight material

3 1

Deep roof overhang of a Thai house

3

1

Permeable woven wall typical of the Tropics

Open permeable structure and no solid mass obstructing wind movement

KEY Ventilation Heat

Design strategy which informed by the vernacular architecture The design will keep to the language of openness, lightness and permeable of the vernacular architecture.

This will not only convey the message of cultural heritage preservation of the brief, but will also make the most of local climates- reducing the reliance on mechanical means such as air-conditioning.

Southwest Prevailing wind (February-September)

Plan of a Thai house

Thai houseraised and permeable structure

Opening in roof for heat to escape

3.3 OVER AL ENERGY STR ATEGY 2 Maximum solar angle Summer 21st June - 78째 Southeast Prevailing wind (October-January)

N

Natural lighting See Section 3.6 Lighting Strategy Maximum solar angle Winter 21st December - 52째

1

Natural ventilation See Section 3.4 Ventilation and Cooling Strategy

4

Solar water heater See Section 3.7 Water supply, Drainage and Treatment

3

Rainwater collection See Section 3.7 Water supply, Drainage and Treatment

4

Solar water heater See Section 3.7 Water supply, Drainage and Treatment

6

Kitchen waste as fertilizer for the plants See Section 3.8 Waste Treatment

5

Greywater from silk dyeing process See Section 3.7 Water supply, Drainage and Treatment

1

Natural ventilation See Section 3.4 Ventilation and Cooling Strategy

Rainwater storage tank

Gardens- growing plants for natural dye Water treatment tanks Rainwater storage tank

Energy strategy of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School

Southwest Prevailing wind (February-September)

1. Make the most of natural ventilation - no air-conditioning. Electirc fans to help ventilate the space where needed 2. Make the most of natural lighting 3. Rainwater collection- make use of the abundant tropical rainfalls 4. Make use of the abundant sun - install solar water heater for use in colour-dyeing process, washing up in the kitchen, and as a supplement to hot water from the mains for the accommodation 5. Greywater from the making process of silk fabrics are treated and then used for irrigation 6. Turn kitchen waste into compost for the gardens

3.4 VENT I L ATION AND C O OLING STR ATEGY Overall

The ‘Central Learning Space’

The ‘Silk Factory’

The Accommodation

Southeast Prevailing wind (October-January)

N

4

Roof where hot air can escape

7

Electric fans added for extremely hot summer days Accoommodation

2

2

Lightweight and permeable structures

5

7

Silk Factory and Children’s learning space

1

Timber as primary material for living and learning spaces

3

Breathable envelopes

Central learning space

7

Cooling from canal

6

Silk Factory and Children’s learning space

7

Cooling from vegetation

evaporation

evaporation

Overall ventilation and cooling strategy The site receives good natural ventilation from the south-west and south-east prevailing winds. In addition to this, other strategies to aid ventilation and cooling are: 1. Timber as a primary material for learning and living spaces. Timber has low thermal mass. It absorbs heat less than concrete, resulting in a cool and comfortable space.

2. Lightweight and permeable structure 3. Breathable envelope- silk, perforated fabric, louvres and ventilation tiles 4. Pitched roof allowing hot air to rise and escape via an opening 5. Trees grown for natural dyes can reduce air temperature. In addition to provide shading from the sun, when water evaporates from the surface of the leaves, heat energy is removed from the air.

6. With the location of the site by the canal, evaporation of canal water also cools down the space around it.

7. The building is designed to take advantage of natural ventilation. Because of the chosen materials, site locations and so on, air-conditioning will not be needed. Nevertheless, electric fans may be installed as a supplement since Bangkok can get extremely hot (temperature reaching 40 °C) and humid in Summer days. Fans help with cooling while consume less energy than air-conditioning.

Southwest Prevailing wind (February-September)

3.4 VENT I L ATION AND C O OLING STR ATEGY Overall

The ‘Central Learning Space’

The ‘Silk Factory’

The Accommodation

N A A

Insect screens fitted

Detail of roof- See Section 2 Clear polycarbonate panels absorb heat from the sun

1

Roof overhang to shelter from rain

1 Cool air from prevailing wind enters the Central Learning Space through permeable envelopes

2

Hot air rises and escapes through opening

3

Cool air is pulled upwards- creating a draft of air through ‘suction effect’natural ventilation occurs

Section A-A | Scale 1:100 KEYS

Ventilation and cooling- Central Learning Space The design of the roof learns from vernacular architecture of the Tropics where heat can escape through an opening at the top of the roof. This, combined with the choice of material at the top of the roof which absorbs more heat (polycarbonate panels instead of wood shingles), and permeable membranes which allow prevailing winds to go through, create natural ventilation through the suction effect.

Roof in Bali, Indonesia

Clear polycarbonate panels Wood shingles (cedar) Hot air

Cool air

3.4 VENT I L ATION AND C O OLING STR ATEGY Overall

The ‘Central Learning Space’

The ‘Silk Factory’

The Accommodation

PRECEDENTS The aesthetic aim of the building is that it appears light and delicate to convey the language of delicate silk and local crafts.

This breathe-able membrane would also aid natural ventilation through space- a crucial environmental strategy to a tropical climate like Bangkok.

Kineforum Misbar by Melissa Liando and Laszlo Csutoras | Jakarta, Indonesia

METI – Handmade School by Anna Heringer | Radrapur, Bangladesh

Translucent curtain, made from a perforated fabric more commonly used in agriculture

Local textile in various colours flowing in the winds

Casa da Musica by OMA | Porto, Portugal Layers of curtains vary the amount of light, the view and the acousitcs.

This picture is one of the layers- a view-blocking “viel” made of knotted strips of voile.

3.4 VENT I L ATION AND C O OLING STR ATEGY Overall

The ‘Central Learning Space’

The ‘Silk Factory’

The Accommodation

N A A

1

2

3

4

3

3

Section A-| Scale 1:100 Conceptual collage of difference ways to divide the space

The central learning space consists of three qualities.

c c

b

a

b

c

b

a

1

Indoor - Roof and walls This is where the shared learning happen. There are also an office and storage space.

The area must be able to closed off completely when not in operation to prevent burgalarly/ trespassing

2

Semi-outdoor - Sheltered under the roof but no walls on one side.

This area houses the staircases, food preparation area, dining terrace etc. No solid wall panels. Only insect screen.

3

Outdoor- but still under roof overhang

Key to conceptual collage on previous page OUTDOOR

INDOOR

Weatherproof

1

Outdoor curtain hung from roof overhangallows for completely outdoor habitation while acts as sunshading.

Delicate

2

3

4

5

Stylised insect screen-

Louvre screens

Silk curtains and silk paper on panels

Delicate insect screen

Allows Area 2 to be inhabited while maintaining the flow of natural ventilation.

Inspired by traditional Thai wooden screen. This allows Area 1 to be closed off completely when 1. There is a heavy monsoon rain but still maintains airflow to the interior 2. When the building is not in operation- protect property from theft.

Interior partitions to sub-divide spaces. This allows smaller different work- Traditionally used in shops to take place in one central space. bedrooms, this is hung from the central core of the space. The platform underneath serves as gathering space at night for children and adults- while protecting them from mosquitoes.

3.4 VENT I L ATION AND C O OLING STR ATEGY Overall

The ‘Central Learning Space’

The ‘Silk Factory’

The Accommodation

N

Long roof overhang provide sunshading

The roof is lifted so that there is a gap between the main structure and the roof structure for hot air to escape. This helps with ventilation when the open terrace has to be sealed off from the rain.

See Section 2 for structure details

Ventilation and cooling- The Silk Factory The silk factory consists of required spaces for silk fabrics making process and activity spaces for children. Inspired by the existing typology at Baan Krua neighbourhood where the ground floor is constructed out of more flood resistant material- concrete, and the living space on the upper floors are constructed out of timber.

Natural ventilation

Timber has low thermal massused for learning and working space on upper floors

Temporary rainscreen protects the open terrace when it rains

There are two Silk Factory buildings- one with three storeys and one with two storeys.

The top floors are outdoor terrace where children’s learning activities take place. However, this is protected from the sun by the large roof overhang and rainscreens can be drawn to protect it from rain.

Open terrace Heat from silk dyeing process Selangan Batu 25mm x 150mm floorboards with 3mm gap between each board aid ventilation and cooling in the silk factory- especially where there are the boiling of water for silk dyeing.

The rainscreen makes it HOT AND STUFFY!

Concrete- higher thermal mass, less breathable and absorbs heat more than timber. Fortunately, this floor is used for WCs and storage rather than working and learning.

This will also protect the timber structure from damp and water in case of flood.

Silk FactoryColour Team and Yarn Team

Silk FactoryPattern Team and Weave Team Perspectival section | Scale 1:75

3.6 LIGHTING STR ATEGY Overall strategy

Permeable envelope Maximum solar angle Summer 21st June - 78° Maximum solar angle Winter 21st December - 52°

N

Skylight at Central Learning Space

Accommodation space is in shade for most of the day as a result of shades from the Central Learning Space

Diffused sunlight for Pattern Team, Weave Team and Product Team- the three teams of the silk fabrics making

Permeable envelope to let natural light into the space

which need the most light.

Permeable envelope to let natural light into the space

Gardens is the area where there is the most direct sunlight

Direct sun throughout the year Shaded area in winter

Bangkok sun chart

Lighting strategy of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School Make the most of natural lighting.

Children are divided into teams according to the silk fabrics making process: Team Colour, Team Yarn, Team Weave, Team Pattern and Team Product. Locations on site of each team is arranged according to parameters such as delivery of goods (for Team Product and Team Colour), as well as environmental parameters. Of all the five teams, good natural lighting, but not direct sunlight, are most essential for Team Weave, Team Pattern and Team Product, in order to carry out the tasks.

Learning outdoor will aid child’s development. Bangkok climate is also favourable for this (no snow, no freezing weather), provided that good ventilation is achieved. The design aims to make the most of this ability to enjoy outdoor and semi-outdoor areas by using permeable envelopes which will not only conform to the design language of light and delicate silk weaving, but will also let in diffused natural lighting suitable for working and learning.

09:00

12:30

16:30

Site boundary

15 April Songkran Festivaltraditonally considered the hottest time of the year in Thailand

Shaded area thanks to the deep roof overhang good for learning space

Shaded area thanks to the deep roof overhang good for learning space

Accommodation in shaded area. The temperature will be comfortable at night

21 June Summer Gardens is the area where there is the most direct sunlight

Tesco

21 December Winter

The gardens receive sunlight even in the winter.

Shaded area in winter as a result of the big building across the street

Shaded area in winter as a result of the big building across the street

3.6 LIGHTING STR ATEGY Overall strategy

Permeable envelope

Building envelope allows natural lighting to pass through These are examples of three different types of fabric which will be used for sub-dividing spaces in the Central learning space, as well as envelopes of the accommodation.

All of them allows natural light to pass through, though to different degree.

Each allows different visibility through it and has different degree of weather resistance.

Medium weight Silk indoor use only

Outdoor insect screenas used mainly in agriculture

Indoor insect screen Softer touch than outdoor insect screen

3.7 WAT ER SUPPLY, DR AINAGE AND TREATMENT

Specific Requirement for Silk Dyeing Process The wet processes prior to the weaving process involves boiling water, adding chemicals and pigment and drying. The processs can be divided into 4 stages: 1) Degumming 2) Washing 3) Bleaching (if after 1) and 2) the silk is still not to the desired whiteness) 4) Colour-dyeing Degumming

Roof C

Amount of water 30 l / raw thread 1 kg Roof B Roof D Washing Amount of water 90 l / raw thread 1 kg

Roof A

Bleaching Amount of water 120 l / raw thread 1 kg

Colour-dyeing Amount of water 80 l / raw thread 1 kg

Rainwater Collection Area Roof A = 186 m2 | Roof B = 81 m2 | Roof C = 314 m2 | Roof D = 43 m2 Total Area = 624 m2

Estimated amount of water required for silk making (Monthly) The factory expects to process 200 kg of silk per month.

Therefore, amount of water required = (Degumming 30+ Washing 90+Bleaching 120+ Colour dyeing 80) x 200 = 64,000 l / month

Figure above shows rainfall statistics throughout the year of Bangkok1

Rainwater collection as supplement to water from mains supply The site is located in central Bangkok and has good and reliable provision of water from the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA). However, the school shall make use of the abundance rainwater to reduce the reliance on water from the mains. This will help to reduce the utility bill and hence contribute to the greater profit of the school.

The design also incorporates large roof to provide sun shading for outdoor learning space. This should benefit the rainwater collection as there are larger roof area.

Rainwater alone, however, will not be able to supply silk making process throughout the year as the amount of rainfall varies quite considerably according to the season. The strategy would be to use rainwater as much as possible.

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok

3.8 WASTE TREATMENT

Irrigation Landscaping and plants grown for natural dye

The process of Silk preparation prior to weaving involves the use of chemicals and generate both physical and chemical waste.

Treatment tank Adjust the pH value Liquid soap + Soda ash (Na2Co3)

Shaded area shows the location of this process in the whole scheme.

Degumming 95 °C , pH 10-11 Liquid soap + Hydrogenperoxide (H2O2) Washing

Lavelling Agent + Salt + Pigment (Organic) Bleaching 95 °C, 45-60 min

Chemical Waste i.e. contaminated water

Physical Waste e.g. Dyed silk with wrong colour

Colour-dyeing 95 °C, 45-60 min

Children’s activities Arts and crafts activities for children using defect silk Faded silk/ Incorrect colour silk etc.

S e c ti on

4

Bu i l d i ng D eli ver y 4.1 Local and Financial Context 4.2 Local Planning Policy 4.3 Case studies 4.4 Contract and Procurement 4.5 Key Roles and Relationships 4.6 Risk Management & Health and Safety

4.2 LO CAL AND FINANCIAL C ONTEXT Who’s going to manage?

Who’s going to fund?

Who’s going to sustain?

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Board of Advisor to the Governor of Bangkok

Governor of Bangkok The Governor of Bangkok Secretariat

Permanent Secretary for the BMA The BMA Civil Service Commission

The Bangkok Metropolitan Council The Bangkok Metropolitan Council Secretariat

Office of the BMA Civil Service Commission

Office of the Permanent Secretary for the BMA

Strategy and Evaluation Department

Environment Department

City Law Enforcement Department

Medical Service Department

Public Works Department

Culture, Sports and Tourism Department

Social Development Department

Heatlh Department

Drainage and Sweage Department

Finance Department

Traffic and Transportation Department

Education Department

Fire and Resuce Department

The BMA Budget Department

City Planning Department

District Office (50 District offices and 438 Schools)

50 District Councils

Fig 1. Organizaiton Chart of The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration2 Departments of the BMA which are directly responsible for BaanKrua Silk Weaving School are highlighted in blue borders.

The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) is the local government of Bangkok responsible for the well-being of Bangok residents. It receives some financial support from the central government. Election for the Bangkok Governor takes place every 4 years. According to Article 89 of the Bangkok Metropolitan Act 1985, general responsibilities of the BMA include:

- Mainting cleanliness and orderliness of the city - City planning - Environmental development and conservation - Provison of utilities and facilities - Provision of education - Provision of infrastructure - Provision of social welfare and improvement of quality of life for youth, women, elderly and disadvantaged groups - Promote sports as well as local cultural heritage - Occupational training and employment promotion - Tourism promotion - Preservation and maintenance of art, tradition, local intelligence, and culture of the communities.

- Promote public participation in local development - Establish museums and public archives.

- Any activities that will be beneficial to the public in the local communities as specified by the committees.

The proposal of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School complies with many of BMA’s responsibilities as highlighted above.

Specific departments of the BMA relevant to the proposal Some of the departments which will be directly responsible for managing Baan Krua Silk Weaving School include:

1. Culture, Sports and Tourism Department (in Thai: กองวัฒนธรรม) Responsibilities of the department include: Preservation of cultural heritage, local tradition and knowledge Provision of cultural and educational centres such as local museums, children museums, art galleries Support and develop cultural networks with an emphasis on co-operation from the wider community3

2. Social Development Department (in Thai: สำ�นักพัฒนาสังคม) Responsibilities of the department include: Trainig of jobs, development in pre-school kids, local brand and product development4

http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?329 http://www.bangkok.go.th/main/page.php?328 http://www.bangkok.go.th/cstd 4 http://www.bangkok.go.th/social/page/sub/3608/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0 %B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3 1 2 3

3. Bangkok Youth Council (in Thai: สภาเยาวชนกรุงเทพมหานคร ) Bangkok Youth Council is a council established by the BMA in 2006. The Council comprise elected youth representatives from 50 districts of Bangkok. It provides platform to express and exchange youth-related issues.

The Council also organises activities such as volunteering , talks, workshops, holiday camps and other educational activities which aid learning and development.1

Proposal initiated and managed by the BMA Baan Krua Silk Weaving School is a proposal which comprises children’s development, education and preservation of local culture and heritage. The BMA has in recent years initiated and manages similar proposals.

1. The Children’s Discovery Museum, Chatuchak The musuem is located in the north of Bangkok. It comprises 4 exhibition galleries which encourage “learning by doing”. Children learn about food, dinosaurs, science, invention, future career etc. There are also a library and an outdoor playground.

2. Rattanakosin Exhibition Hall Rattanakosin Kingdom is the fourth traditional centre of power in the History of Thailand (or Siam). It was founded in 1782 with the establishment of Bangkok as the capital city.2

The Crown Property Bureau collaborated with the BMA and opened this attraction in a historic building in 2010.

It invites the public to learn, appreciate and take pride in Thailand’s artistic and cultural legacies of the Rattanakosin Era.3

Fig 2.

[Top row] Activities by Bangkok Youth Council [Middle row] Children’s Discovery Museum [Bottom row from left to right] Architectural model of historic Bangkok at the Rattanakosin Exhibition Hall; Bangkok Art & Culture Centre

3. Bangkok Art & Culture Centre The proposal was initiated by previous Bangkok Governor Mr. Bhichit Rattakul around year 2000, but was not real- ised until 2008. The BMA does not fully own and manage the Centre. However, certain officials from the BMA such as the Bangkok Governor, the Deputy Governor, Head of the BMA Culture Sports and Tourism Department, Head of the BMA Budget Department and so on, are part of board of advisors.4

4. Cruise on the Chao Phraya River Chao Phraya River is the main River of Thailand. The historic Bangkok is centred around the River. However, nowa days Bangkok residents rarely appreaciate the history of the capital. The BMA campaigns the public to learn more about history of Bangkok by taking cruise along the Chao Phraya.5

Why would Baan Krua Silk Weaving School be on the agenda of the BMA?

The nature of the proposal of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School (to preserve and promote cultural heritage, to provide education etc.) falls into the BMA’s responsibilities. The Silk Weaving School will also reinforce and compliment other BMA’s existing cultural and educational attractions as outlined above.

http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2549/00181763.PDF http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom http://www.nitasrattanakosin.com/aboutus.php?content_id=10&lang=en&page_view=3#page_select 4 http://www.bacc.or.th/content/board.html 5 http://office.bangkok.go.th/cstd/home/chao-phraya-river.html 1 2 3

4.2 LO CAL AND FINANCIAL C ONTEXT Who’s going to manage?

Who’s going to fund?

Who’s going to sustain?

Local government body

Central government bodies Thailand Textile Institue [Ministry of Industry]

Government Sector

ilk Weavi r ua S ng K Sc n aa

ol ho

B

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; BMA

Private Sector

Jim Thompson The Thai Silk Company Limited

Fine Arts Department [Ministry of Culture]

Office of Contemporary Art And Culture [Ministry of Culture]

Fig 3.

Diagram showing possible fund sources for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School

Funding Baan Krua Silk Weaving School

Ministry of Education

Baan Krua Silk Weaving School would be a collaboration between government bodies and private company like Jim Thompson The Thai Silk Company Limited [More about Jim Thompson Company on the following page]. Both the government and the private sector could provide financial support as well as their expertise in silk weaving, management and so on.

Since the Silk Weaving School is not only about preserving local crafts, but also about raising awareness of cultural heritage to younger generations- to contemporary culture, Office of Contemporary Art and Culture could be one of the collaborators.

Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture [Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives]

Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.1 Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture is responsibile for scientific research, preservation, quality control and so on of sericulture.

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture

Jim Thompson- The Founder Jim Thompson was an American architect and art collector born in 1906 and educated at Princeton University.

After serving as a military officer in World War II, he settled in Bangkok. Jim Thompson was captivated by Thailand and its culture, particularly the art of hand-woven Thai silk, with its remarkable range of colours and textures. At that time, however, the craft of silk weaving was in steep decline, threatened by machine-made fabrics and the advent of synthetic yarns.

Yet Jim Thompson believed Thai silk would appeal to textile lovers in America and Europe, whose patronage could support local weavers and silk farmers, in an era when economic opportunities were limited in a developing country such as Thailand.

Baan Krua Community

Jim Thompson House and Museum A famous tourist attraction

Proposed site for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School

By 1950 he had founded The Thai Silk Company, majority-owned by Thais, aimed in part at sustaining the traditional livelihoods, culture and dignity of local weavers and silk farmers.

In 1967 Jim Thompson disappeared mysteriously while vacationing in Malaysia, yet the firm carried on his vision of quality, innovation and benefits to society, growing from 100 employees at that time to more than 3,000 today.1

Jim Thompson The Thai Silk Company Limited The Thai Silk Company (Jim Thompson) is the world’s largest producer of hand-woven fabrics with last year’s revenue over 2,500 million baht.1 Their various retail shops can be found in many of Thailand’s leading department stores and airports.

International retail shops include locations such as Malaysia, Singapore, Munich and New York City.2 Recently the company expands into other related industry: Jim Thompson House and Museum in Central Bangkok (opposite Baan Krua neighbourhood, Thai restaurants in Bangkok, Singapore and Tokyo, Catering business at Jim Thompson House as well as Jim Thompson Farm and Isan Village in Northeastern Thailand.

Jim Thompson Company as supporter of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School The history of Jim Thompson is closely interlinked with the history of Baan Krua Neighbourhood. The residents of Baan Krua Silk Weaving community supplied the Company back in the 1950s-60s. The famous Jim Thompson House and Museum is just across the canal within walking distance from Baan Krua.

Supporting Baan Krua Silk Weaving School would be a way to advertise the Company as well as gaining income from profits of the School. In addition, how children play, interact and produce fabrics, products or new patterns could be a valuable source of inspirations for the Company.

Fig 4. [Top] Locations of proposed site, Baan Krua Community and the famous Jim Thompson House Fig 5. [Bottom] Jim Thompson and a Baan Krua silk weaver

1 2

http://www.jimthompsonfabrics.com/about-us/our-heritage http://jimthompson.com/event_calendar/Invisible_Hands.asp

4.2 LO CAL AND FINANCIAL C ONTEXT Who’s going to manage?

Who’s going to fund?

Who’s going to sustain?

Who’s going to sustain Baan Krua Silk Weaving School?

Growing interest in cultural heritage The long term success of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School would depend on the public who would visit the School. Growing up in Bangkok, I have seen the lack of appreciation in Thai cultural heritage among the Bangkokians. The old is often labelled as completely out of date. However, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in preserving cultural heritage and the co-existence between the old and the new. Some of the key events are:

May 2015 The theme for this year’s Association of Siamese Architects (ASA) Annual Fair is “ASA NEXT | ตัวตนคนไทย” which poses discussions on Thai identity and its implications to the future at the time where there are a lot of debates going on about reforming Thailand.

From 2014

From 2012

From 2007

Opening of Ratchadamnoen Contemporary Art Center in a historic building right in the old town of Bangkok

Opening of Bangkok Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA). The museum, owned by a private collector, possesses a collection of extremely valuable works by Thai masters and has raised the appreciation in Thai art.

ASA Vernadoc is a university student camp held annually by ASA. The purpose of the camp is to document cultural heritage of the chosen community. Final product of the week-long camp are elaborate measure drawings.

The poster above show people wearing traditional Thai clothes mixed with those who wear contemporary outfits.

ASEAN (The Associations of Southeast Asian Nations) comprises ten Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and so on). It was established in 1967. However, a crucial point in the history of ASEAN is about to happen at the end of 2015 when the region establishes a single market- The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). This means greater influx of workforce from other nations. The change has been widely covered in the media to prepare the Thais- especially the younger generations for the change. Apart from influence from western culture, the young Thais are encouraged to learn more about culture and languages from countries closer to home.

As a local, I also believe that this will lead to greater awareness in national identity and re-appreciation in our cultural heritage.

The fair is the biggest fair for Thai architects. Activities include seminars on design and urban issues, talks by top architects and suppliers showcasing materials and technologies.

Who’s going to sustain Baan Krua Silk Weaving School?

Silk Industry and Tourism Tourism is a big contribution to the Thai economy. In 2013, Bangkok was the most visited city in the world.1 Apart from more than $US14 million worth of export (in 2006)2, silk is also a popular choice of souvenir for tourists. Baan Krua Silk Weaving School could be another tourist attraction - especially that Jim Thompson House & Museum is already an established attraction. One travel website wrote that “If you miss the Baan Krua Nua silk-weaving community, you’re missing half of the Jim Thompson story and a compelling attraction in its own right”.3

1 2 3

http://www.forbes.com/pictures/efik45iifi/most-visited-cities-in-the-world-2013-21/ http://www.geospace.co.uk/silk/thailand_silk_exports.html http://www.travelfish.org/sight_profile/thailand/bangkok_and_surrounds/bangkok/bangkok/1994

4.3 LO CAL PL ANNING POLICY Bangkok Comprehensive Plan

Building regulations

Bangkok Comprehensive Plan The following information is from the Department of City Planning, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration http://cpd.bangkok.go.th/eng-map2.html Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has planned and made The Bangkok Comprehensive Plan (1st Revised Edition) in 1999 completely and been effective by the Ministry Enactment Volume 414 (in 1999), which was released under the City Planning Act 1975 and announced in the government gazette the royal decree edition 116 section 57 on 5th July 1999.

The Bangkok Comprehensive Plan consists of 3 plans, which are 1. The land use plan divides the land use in the Bangkok Comprehensive Plan into categories by using color as a legend and having a regulation control in each area, and each color in the area shows how to use land.

2. The transportation system plan is set to solve the traffic problems in order to promote Bangkok towards the new economic development center. The three new infrastructure developments are the expressway system, public mass transportation and public medium transportation. It also shows main roads and sub routes, which helps to stimulate the potential of systematic new development and lead beyond the development trends.

3. The open space plan is for recreation and environment conservation. This plan was announced after the land use plan and the transportation plan by having a policy to promote, renovate, restore and conserve the urban environment along with the cultural identities. The open space plan has 2 categories as follows: 3.1 The open space for recreation and the environmental conservation 3.2 The open space for the flood prevention Fig 7. Bangkok Comprehensive Plan- latest edition 2006 Key to Fig.7 Area for low density housing Area for medium density housing Area for high density housing Area for commercial use Area for industrial use Area for trade cargo Rural and agriculture land conservation Area for agriculture Area for preservation of Thai cultural heritage Area for governmental institutions

65

เขตดุสสิติต เขตดุ

SITE

โล โลงง ๑.๒๖ ๑.๒๖

สัสัญ ญลัลักกษณ ษณ ที่ดินประเภทที่อยูอาศัยหนาแนนนอย

ใหม เพชรบุบุรรีตีตัดัดใหม ถนน ถนนเพชร

ที่ดินประเภทที่อยูอาศัยหนาแนนปานกลาง ที่ดินประเภทที่อยูอาศัยหนาแนนมาก

ถน ถนนนวิวิททยุยุ

ถน ถน ถนนช นช นช นชิดิดิดิดิดิดลม ถน ถน ถน ลม ลม ลม นช นช ลม ลม

ที่ดินประเภทอุตสาหกรรมและคลังสินคา ที่ดินประเภทคลังสินคา

เขตปทุ เขตปทุมมวัวันน

ถน ถน ถน นจ นจ ถน ถน ถนนจ ารุ ารุ นจ นจ นจารุ ารุ ารุ ารุเเเเเมืเมืมืมืมืมือออออองงงงงง

๑๓.๓๔

๙.๒๖ ๙.๒๖

ที่ดินประเภทสถาบันการศึกษา ที่ดินประเภทอนุรักษชนบทและเกษตรกรรม

ถถนนนนสสุขุข ุมุมววิทิท

ที่ดินประเภทอนุรักษเพื่อสงเสริมเอกลักษณ ศิลปวัฒนธรรมไทย ที่ดินประเภทสถาบันศาสนา

แขวงปทุ แขวงปทุมมวัวันน

โลง ๑.๓๐

ถน ถนนนรา ราชด ชดําําริริ

โลง ๑.๒๙ ๑.๒๙ ถถนนนนออังังรีรีดดูนูน ังังคค 

ราม ราม ฒา ฒา พฤ พฤ ราม ราม ราม ฒา ฒาราม มหา มหา พฤ พฤ พฤฒา ถนน ถนน ถนน มหา มหา มหาพฤ ถนน ถนน ถนนมหา

ถถนนนน พพรระะรร าามมทที่ ี่ 44

ที่ดินประเภทชนบทและเกษตรกรรม 20

ถถนนนนเพ เพลลินินจจิต ิต

เขตปทุ เขตปทุมมวัวันน

โลง ๑.๓๑ ๑.๓๑

ที่ดินประเภทอุตสาหกรรมเฉพาะกิจ

แขวงคลองเตยเหนื แขวงคลองเตยเหนืออ

คล คลอง คล องตตตตตนนนนนสน อง อง อง อง สน สน สน สน

แขวงวั แขวงวังงใหม ใหม

ถน ถนนเ นเจร นเ ถน ถน จร จริญ ิญ นเ เม จร ิญิญเม เมือือือืองงงง เม

ที่ดินประเภทพาณิชยกรรม

เขตวั เขตวัฒฒนา นา

ถนนนพพญญาไ ถน าไทท

๔.๒๙ ถน ถนนบ ถน นบรร นบ นบ ถน รรทัทัทัทัทัทัดดดดดดทอ รรรร รรรร นบ นบ ทองงงง ทอ ทอ ทอ ทอ

ทางพ ทา งพิเิเศษ ศษศร ศรีรีรัชัช

แผนที่ผังเมืองรวมเขตปทุมวัน

ที่โลงเพื่อนันทนาการและการรักษาคุณภาพ สิ่งแวดลอม

แขวงคลองเตย แขวงคลองเตย

๓.๓๐ ๓.๓๐

ที่โลงพักน้ําเพื่อปองกันน้ําทวม

เขตคลองเตย เขตคลองเตย

19

ถนนสารสิ รสินน ถนนสา

คลองไผสสสิงิงิงโต คลองไผ คลองไผ โต โต คลองไผ

แขวงมหาพฤฒาราม แขวงมหาพฤฒาราม

เขตบางรั เขตบางรักก

แขวงลุ แขวงลุมมพิพินนี ี

เขตปทุ เขตปทุมมวัวันน

โล โลงง ๑.๓๒ ๑.๓๒

๑๓.๓๗

ถน ถนนนวิวิททยุยุ

๑๓.๓๖

ะะยยาา ถถนนนนสสี่พี่พรร

ที่ดินประเภทสถาบันราชการ การสาธารณูปโภค และสาธารณูปการ

คร คร มหาน านคร เฉลิลิมมมห ศษเฉ ทา ทางพ งพิเิเศษ

๔.๓๖

19

๔.๓๑

ถถนนนนพพรระร ะราม ามทที่ ี่ 11

เขตปทุ เขตปทุมมวัวันน

21

คลองแส คลองแส คลองแส นแสบ นแสบ คลองแสนแสบ คลองแส คลองแส นแสบ นแสบ นแสบ

๔.๓๐

แขวงรองเมื แขวงรองเมือองง

เขตราชเทวี เขตราชเทวี

68

สบ สบ นแ นแ แส แส สบ สบ สบ อง อง นแสบ นแ นแ คล คล คล แสนแ แส แส องแส อง อง คลอง คล คล

ถน ถนนก ถน ถน ถน นกรุรุรุรุรุรุงงงงงงเกเก นก ษม ษม เกเกษม ษม

20

แขวงมั แขวงมักกกะสั กะสันน

ถนนห ถน ถน นหลัลัลัลัลัลังงงงงงสว นห นห ถน ถน ถน นห นห สวนนนนนน สว สว สว สว

ถถนนนนบบ ําํารรุงุงเเมม ือืองง

เขตราชเทวี เขตราชเทวี

ถถนนนน บบรรรร ททัดัดทท อองง

ถถนนนน พพรระะรราา มมทที่ ี่ 66

Pratumwan District is right at the centre of Bangkok. The land use consists of commercial buildings, government institutions (including a university and schools), high density housing and green areas.

เขตราชเทวี เขตราชเทวี

แขวงถนนพญาไท แขวงถนนพญาไท

ททททาง าง าง รถ รถ างรถ าง าง ไฟ รถไฟ รถ รถ ไฟ สา ไฟสา ไฟ สา ยตะว ยต สายต สา ยต ะวันันันันันันออ ะว ยต ะว ะว ออกกกกกก ออ ออ ออ ออ ถน ถน ถน นน นน ถน ถน ถนนน นน นน นนิคิคิคิคิคิคมมมมมมมมมมมมักักักักักักกะ กะ กะ กะ กะ กะสัสัสัสัสัสันนนนนน เกเกาา ถไฟฟสสาายย ททาางงรรถไ

เขตป เขตปออมปราบฯ มปราบฯ

67

ถถนนนนเเ พพชชรรบบ ุรุรี ี

แขวงถนนเพชรบุ แขวงถนนเพชรบุรรี ี

ทททททาาาาางงงงงร รรรถถถถไไไไฟฟฟฟสา สสสาาายยยยเหเหเห เหนนนนือ ือือือ

แขวงคลองมหานาค แขวงคลองมหานาค

66

ถถนนนนรราาชช ปปรราารรภภ

64 คล คล คล อง อง คล คล คลอง มห มห อง อง องมห าน าน มห มห มหาน าค าค าน าน านาค าค าค าค

21

คล คล คล อง อง คล คล คลอง ผด ผด อง อง องผด กร กร ผด ผด ผดุงุงุงุงุงุงกร เกษ เกษ กร กร กรุงุงุงุงุงุงเกษ เกษ เกษ เกษมมมมมม

The site for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School lies in Pratumwan Districtone of the 50 districts of Bangkok.

แขวงสี แขวงสี่พ่พระยา ระยา

64 000 m. E.

15

แขวงสุ แขวงสุรริยิยวงศ วงศ

เขตบางรั เขตบางรักก

๙.๒๘ ๙.๒๘

ีลีลมม ถถนนนนสส

65

 ินินททรร นนคครร รราาชช ิวิวาาสส รราาธธ ถถนนนนนน

6

 สุรุรววงงศศ ถถนนนนส

ทททรรรี​ี ี​ี ี​ี งงนนนนนนนนนนนนทททรรร งงงชชชชชออออองงง คคคคคลลลลลออออองง

กรุงุง นเจร จริญิญกร ถนนเ ถน

18 000 m. N.

เขตบางรั เขตบางรักก

แขวงสี แขวงสีลลมม

18

ถถนนนน พพรระะรร าามมทท ี่ ี่ 44

เขตบางรั เขตบางรักก

าาาทททรรรรรร คคคคคลลลลลออออองงงงงสสสสสสาาาททท

นนอื ือ าาททรรเเหห ถถนนนนสส 66

 าาททรรใใตต ถถนนนนสส

100

แขวงทุ แขวงทุงงมหาเมฆ มหาเมฆ

เขตสาทร เขตสาทร

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 เมตร

สํานักผังเมือง กรุงเทพมหานคร 67

68

//smd1/MAPPING/ATAYA/cityplan/WOR-a3/Final/Prathumwan/PRATHUMWAN-A3-plan

Fig 8. Bangkok Comprehensive PlanPratumwan District1

1

http://cpd.bangkok.go.th/eng-compre-map-download.html

4.3 LO CAL PL ANNING POLICY Bangkok Comprehensive Plan

Building regulations

Planning consent

Relevant building regulations

Other related laws and regulations which may need to comply

Application for planning consent for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School shall be submitted to Pratumwan District Office

The design and construction of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School has to comply witht the following building regulations

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Note: Years in Thai official papers are in Buddhist calendar (B.E.). Subtracting 543 years from this will result in an International calendar year.

For example- 2015 is B.E. 2558 (2558-543 = 2015)

Governor of Bangkok

Bangkok Comprehensive Plan - The land use is not to conflict with the Plan

Ministerial Regulation 55 B.E. 2543 (2000) (under Building Control Act 2522) - This defines ‘type’ of building (and hence other regulations and laws that the design and construction will need to comply with) - Some of the points in the Ministerial Regulations 55:

- Corridors and staircases dimensions

- Set back from site boundary/ river and canals

District office

Pratumwan district office

Bangkok Code on Building Control B.E. 2544 (2001)

<< Planning Section

Fig 9. BMA and Pratumwan District organisation charts

- Some of the points are:

- Requirements for submitting the planning permission

- Fire protection measures

- Numbers of toilets for each type of building

- Lighting requirement for each type of building (in LUX)

- Ventilation rate for each type of building

- Number of car parking spaces

- It is required by law that certain planning applications provide an EIA report to show possible environmental impact. The report is created by a third party (a private company or an institution accredited to carry out the study) - Some of the buildings which are required to produce EIA report include: fertiliser and insecticide factories, breweries of certain production size, residential building with total floor area more than 4,000 sqm. etc.

- The size and function of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School is not required by law to present the EIA report. However, environmental impact should be taken into account in the design.

Factory Act - since there is a production of silk fabrics Building regulations for commercial buildings - admission to Baan Krua Silk Weaving School is free. However, there is the selling of souvenirs, silk products and products produced by children. Therefore, the building may fall into the category of commercial building.

4.4 CASE STUDY

Silk production at Baan Krua Silk Weaving School This is my research into requirements of a silk factory from a visit to Matchada Thai Silk Company in Nakornratchasima province. The factory is a similar scale to the production at Baan Krua neighbourhood. Hence, the design (spatial requirements, size of rooms etc) are grounded in research from an actual silk factory.

The total number of staff required is 10 (including management staff). There are 4 weavers and the production rate is 1200 metres of fabrics/month (fabric width 40 inches). The walls and roof of the factory are made of corrugated metals. Openings in the wall let in the natural light.

More information please see Section 1.4

Raw thread storage Dark room to preserve the silk

Spin dry machine

Drying area

Washing

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom Finished fabrics storage

Warp yarn preparation Bobbin storage

Colour mixing area

Loom

Good ventilation and indirect natural light to help dry the silk

Dye pigment storage Degumming & Dyeing

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Loom

Weft yarn preparation

Water treatment tanks

Yarn length measuring prior to installing onto the loom

Fig 10. Diagrammatic layout of the factory [Not to scale] Management Preparation works

Weavers

Colour dye Technicians

Number of staff required

200 kg

7 yards

1200 m (300 m/ machine)

6,400 litres

Silk processed per month

Production per day per one weaver

Total production per month

Water usage per month

Width of fabrics 40 inches

4.5 C ONTR ACT AND PRO CUREMENT

Which procurement route?1

TR ADITIONAL

COST

C3

5

Main procurement methods are:

Traditional or Conventional

Design and Build Management

4

Q3

1

ITY

T2

T3

Q2

Q1

Fig 11. Weighing up cost, time and quality requirements to choose the procurement route for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School Criteria2 Priority (0 lowest - 5 highest)

1 2 3 4 5 COST

C1 Lowest possible capital expenditure

C2 Certainty over contract price,

no fluctuation

C3 Best value for money overall TIME

T1 Earliest possible start on site

T2 Certainty over contract duration

T3 Shortest possible contract period QUALITY

Q1 Top quality, minimum maintenance

Q2 Sensitive design, control by employer

Q3 Detailed design not critical,

leave to contractor

1 2

http://www.jctltd.co.uk/procurement.aspx Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox and Sarah Lupton. Which Contract?. Fouth Edition

QUALITY

Overall

0

TIME

2

T1

E TIM

Factors to also be taken into account

The client’s policies and resources Organisational structure

COST

QU AL

Factors to consider in relation to design and construction Time Cost Quality

3

C1

C2

To determine the most appropriate procurement method and contractual arrangements; benefits, risks and budget constraints of a project have to be taken into account.

•

The design process is separate from the construction

•

Full documentation (i.e. drawings, work schedules, bills of quanti- ties) must be supplied by the client before the contractor can be invited to tender for carrying out the work.

•

Contractor is usually selected and appointed by competitive tender

•

Contracts can be divided into 1. Lump sum contract 2. Measurement contract 3. Cost reimbursement contract

(+) Advantages +

The client has control over the design through their appointed consultants (e.g. architect). Generally there is no design responsi- bility on the contractor.

+

There is reasonable certainty on the cost of the project because the contract figure is usually known at the outset. Though it is possible to adjust later, if required.

(-) Disadvantages -

Longer time- Full documents are needed for the tendering process including those from specialist or sub-contractors.

Time is needed to adequately prepare this.

DESIGN AND BUILD

MANAGEMENT

COST

Chosen procurement method Chosen procurement method for Baan Krua Silk Weaving School is Traditional procurement method

COST

This is because: TIME

QUALITY

TIME

QUALITY

Overall

Overall

•

Low risk procurement option for the employer, in terms of cost and time.

•

Main contractor manage separate works/ trade contracts All these separate works together become complete project

•

Contractor do the design and construction though the contract varies on to which extent contractor is responsible for design (depends on how much initial design information is already provided to start with)

•

Contractor do the ‘management’ job. Not the physical work

•

Client employ contract administrator and consultants to produce drawings + specifications + cost plan

•

Contractor appointed through negotiation/ tender/interview

•

Management contract is suitable for design of a specialist nature/ earliest start on site possible/ and very specific completion date

•

Can be divided into 1. Management contracts- management contractor manages the works contractor (who do the physical work) 2. Construction contracts- Client hire construction manager. But construction manager does not hire trade contractors. Client hire trade contractors. Construction manager just manages.

•

Contractor’s design input is far greater than Traditional method

•

Once contract is let to contractor, client has no control over detailed design

•

The contractor can carry out the design in a number of ways.

Often they will appoint their own consultants or use their own in- house team.

(+) Advantages +

Reasonable certainty over costs because the contract price is known at the outset (if client does not change design/ specifica tions). If client do, then contractor will advise the effect on cost.

+

Shorter time because design and construction in parallel

(-) Disadvantages - Risk to design and quantity if employer’s requirements were not

properly gathered. Or the contractor’s proposal was not examined properly.

(+) Advantages +

Client has control over design

+

Shorter time as design can proceed in parallel with construction

(-) Disadvantages - No certainty over cost at the outset. The final cost unknown until

the final works package is let (but client’s professional team can

monitor this- therefore, a degree of trust and in-house expertise is required)

1. Of all the three main considerations: time, cost and quality- Cost and quality are the most important for the project.

2. The functional requirement is quite specific. Silk fabrics making needs certain functional requirements to carry out the tasks. The clients- Jim Thompson Silk Company and Baan Krua residents should have total control over what sort of requirements they need throughout the whole design and construction process. Design and Build contract would not be suitable.

3. The Weaving School is partially funded by a government sector- the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, and partially by the private sectore- Jim Thompson Silk company. Known exact cost at the start of the project is very important for a government body like the BMA since the money has to be taken off the Central government’s budget plan of that year. To obtain more finance from the government if extra costs arise during the construction, is a long bureucratic process and not very transparent. (leaving rooms for corruption) Management method would not be suitable.

4. Aesthetic- There are certain delicate construction details to evoke image of weaving looms. These shall be designed by a specialist (i.e. architect) rather than left to the contractor. Design and Build would not be suitable for the project.

5. Government-related construction projects are often seen as opportunities for corruption in Thailand. It is important to have required documents properly prepared and cost nailed down before construction starts as the public can examine the proposals and voice opinions or concerns, making this a more transparent government scheme.

4.6 K EY ROLES AND REL ATIONSHIPS Contractual relationships: Traditional procurement method

Appoints

Client

The client is in direct contractual relationship with the consultants on the ond hand and the contractor on the other. The architect or another consultant may be named in the building contract as the ‘contract administrator’.1

Consultants

Client Collateral agreement/ warranty Building contract

Collateral agreement/ warranty

Jim Thompson Silk Company Contract for services

Collateral agreement/ warranty Contract for services

BMA

Competitive tender

Client selected sub-contractor

Client selected suppliers

Consultants Architect

Client selected suppliers

Landscape sub-contractor

Clay tiles supplier

Building contract

Building services engineer

Contractor

Client selected sub-contractor

quality control

Structural engineer

Wood shingles supplier Silk supplier

Landscape architect Domestic sub-contractors suppliers

Fig 12. Contractual relationships: traditional procurement

2

Fabric roof supplier

Fire safety consultant

Wooden door and windows supplier

Child’s education and learning consultant

Contractor

The chosen procurement method is Traditional procurement method. However, an element of Management procurement (Construction management contract) may be incorporated.

A panel of Management Team (like a Construction or Project Manager) can be set up by the client. The panel consists of business and brand experts from Jim Thompson Silk Company along with residents of BaanKrua neighbourhood. The panel monitors the costs and construction quality to ensure transparent work is carried out, and also give advice on the design.

This is so that 1. The wider community i.e. the Baan Krua is engaged in the project directly. They can voice their opinions and concerns 2. Jim Thompson Silk Company with their business and brand expertise can help boost the quality of the Silk Weaving School 3. Decisions are taken into account from both the government side, the private sector, and the community.

As specific aesthetic is crucial for the project, architect may also be appointed as ‘contract administrator’, and also monitors the construction works done by contractor.

Roles and relationships of the project may be re-written as Fig. 13.

1 2

Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox and Sarah Lupton. Which Contract?. Fouth Edition Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox and Sarah Lupton. Which Contract?. Fouth Edition

Collateral agreement/ warranty

Domestic sub-contractors suppliers Timber sub-contractor Steel sub-contractor Concrete sub-contractor

Advises

Manages/ monitors/ advises

Management and Consultant Team consists of business experts from Jim Thompson Silk Company and silk masters of Baan Krua residents This is so that the wider community (the Baan Krua residents) is engaged in the project directly and that Jim Thompson Company, with their business expertise, can advise on the cost effectiveness

Fig 13. Relationships of all parties involved in the design and construction of Baan Krua Silk Weaving School

Plan of Work stages: Traditional procurement

Pre-design

Design

Pre-construction

1 AB

2 BC

Construction

3 EF

4 G

5 H

6 J

7 K L

Consultants Contractor Fig 14. RIBA Plan of work 2013

Fig 15. Plan of Work stages: traditional procurement1 Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox and Sarah Lupton. Which Contract?. Fouth Edition

Appraisal and strategic briefing work by consultants Outline and detailed proposals by consultants Final proposals and production information by consultants Tender documentation by consultants Tender action - appointment of contractor Mobilisation by contractor Construction to practical completion and after completion