Chitwan Mahotsav 2070 by nippon

z'esfdgf ;Gb]z ;DdfggLo /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjHo"n] dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ;lqmo pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L tyf u}x| ;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] k|of;af6 lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] ;fy} dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( cfof]hgf x'g uO{ ;f] cj;/df :dfl/sf ;d]t k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df k|;Ggtf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"n] dxf]T;jn] pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g tyf lhNnfsf] ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs ljsf; / pTyfg ug]{ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu Joj;foL, pBf]uL / pkef]Qmfx?aLr :yflkt cfk;L ;'–;DaGwnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpg / o; If]qsf] s[lif, cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf ;DefJotf tyf Jofkf/sf cj;/x?af/] ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}nfO{ ;';"lrt u/fO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] clej[l4df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, pxfFn] dxf]T;jn] o; lhNnfsf ljljw df}lns ;+:s[ltnfO{ Ps} ynf]df PsLs[t ub}{ lhNnfsf] ;du| klxrfgnfO{ pHHjn / ;'–:yflkt ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug]{ ljZjf; JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltHo"n] dxf]T;j tyf cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nfsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ug'{ x'Fb} o; cj;/df k|sfzg x'g uO/x]sf] :dfl/sfn] o; If]qsf] s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df kof{Kt ;"rgf / hfgsf/L pknAw u/fO{ lrtjg lhNnf / o; If]qs} ;d[l4df of]ubfg ug{ ;sf];\ egL z'esfdgf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . cf1fn], ====================== -xl/s'df/ >]i7_ ;x;lrj ldltM @)^( k'; !^ ut], ;f]daf/

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z'esfdgf

z'esfdgf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] cj;/df ‘:dfl/sf’ k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L kfpFbf dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . lrtjgdf /x]sf pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g tyf lhNnfsf] ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs pTyfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lhNnfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf cu|;/ /xL ;fem]bf/L ?kdf ;a} ;ª\3 tyf gu/kflnsfn] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lrtjg lhNnfdf ePsf ko{6g ultljlw, cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nfnfO{ k|bz{g tyf k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]hgf x'g nfu]sf] Jofkf/ d]nfn] k|ToIf ?kdf ko{6g tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] d}n] cfzf /fv]sf] 5' . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] ;+o'Qm?kdf lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] cj;/df k|sfzg ug{ nfu]sf] ‘:dfl/sf’ n] pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf ko{6g If]qsf ;a} ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6\g] ljZjf; JoQm ub} { of] :dfl/sf ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL aGg] 5 eGg] ck]Iffsf ;fy k|sfzgsf] ;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .

k'; !^, @)^( -8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{_

;du| lrtjg lhNnfsf] uf}/j / ul/dfsf] ?kdf cfof]hgf x'+b} cfPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;j o; jif{ ljz]if sfo{qmdsf ;fy o;sf] gjf}+ ;+:s/0f oxL kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ut];Dd lrtjgdf cfof]hgf x'g uO/x]sf] hfgsf/L kfpFbf dnfO{ cToGt v';L nfu]sf] 5 . o; jif{ lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nfsf] ?kdf ;d]t cfof]hgf ul/+b} 5 . o; dxf;+3 ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgåf/f lh=lj=;= lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ pjf;+3sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df x'g] o; d]nfsf cj;/df cfof]hsx?nfO{ xflb{s awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . dxf]T;js} cj;/df dxf;+3, nufgL af]8{, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf] ;+o'Qm kxndf æOGe]i6 ld8 g]kfn (Invest Mid Nepal)Æ ljifodf /fli6«o:t/sf] uf]i7L cfof]hgf x'Fb}5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( n] nufgL jif{nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO{ o; k6s nufgL ug{ rfxg]x?sf nflu Ps} ynf]df NofO{ lrtjg nufot l;Ëf] dWodf~rn If]qdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] demf}nf / 7"nf kl/of]hgfx?sf af/] kf}if @^ b]lv @* ut];Dd tLg lbg k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, hnljB't, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo / s[lif If]qdf Jofks ljrf/ ljdz{ ul/g] 5 . /fli6«o :t/sf] pQm uf]i7Ln] dxf]T;jnfO{ cem a9L cf]hk"0f{ agfpg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 . Central Nepal: The Land of Opportunities eGg] d"n ljifonfO{ lnP/ cfof]hgf x'g] pQm sfo{qmddf /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o Vofltk|fKt lj1, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?, gLlt lgdf{tfx? tyf nufgLstf{x?sf] ;xeflutf x'g] 5 . ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ kl/of]hgf txdf g} ul/g] o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmdaf6 cfufdL lbgdf cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] dxf;+3sf] ljZjf; 5 . k|To]s jif{ cfof]hgf ul/Fb} cfPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jn] ;du| lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ cfly{s ?kdf ;DkGg agfpg'sf ;fy} o; If]qdf :jb]zL ljb]zL nufgL k|j4{g ug{ lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] xfd|f] cg'ej 5 . ;fy} lhNnfsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; lj:tf/df klg dxf]T;j lgs} ;xof]uL ePsf] xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}+ . o; jif{sf] lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf]n] o;sf] ;kmntfaf6 l;+uf] d'ns ' g} nfeflGjt x'g] x'bF f o;df ;a}sf] ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; dxf;+3n] lnPsf] 5 . dxf]T;js} cj;/df ;du| lrtjg k|:t't ug]{ u/L :dfl/sf k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df dnfO{ cem v';L nfu]sf] 5 . cGTodf, lrtjg dxf]T;j—@)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf / :dfl/sf k|sfzg sfo{sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] nflu xflb{s z'e–sfdgf JoQm ub{5' . - ;'/h a}B _

d"n ;+of]hssf] dGtJo cfheGbf sl/a !^ jif{ klxn] lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf tTsfnLg cWoIf >L b]zL/fd k|wfgHo"sf] kl/sNkgfaf6 ;'¿jft ePsf] ælrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'ltÆ lrtjg dxf]T;j ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cg'kd gd"gf xf] . lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] k|To]s @÷@ jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ul/Fb} cfPsf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; af]s]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j o;k6s k'gM gjf}+ ;+:s/0fsf] ?kdf ælrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^(Æ ldlt @)^( kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ut] -tb\cg';f/ @)!# hgj/L )( b]lv !*_ ;Dd cfof]hgf x'guO/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L g]kfnsf] dWodf~rn If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( klg lj=;+= @)%(, @)^& kZrft\ k'gM t];|f] k6s ;~rfng ul/Fb}5 . o;sf ;fy} k|To]s lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu gofF–gofF ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df, lrtjgdf Vision 20 tof/ eO{ /0fg}lts ljsf; of]hgf ;d]t tof/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf lghL If]qsf] nufgL leœofpg kl/of]hgfx? tof/ u/L 5nkmn ;d]t ul/Fb}5 . "Central Nepal: The Land of Opportunities" (Invest Mid Nepal) eGg] d"ne"t ljifonfO{ lnP/ lrtjg lhNnf / dWodf~rn If]qdf /x]sf ;Defljt gofF, ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf nufgL ePsf kl/of]hgfx?sf -k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, hnljB't, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo / s[lif If]q_ af/]df nufgLstf{x?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg / gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf sfod ug{ tLg lbg] cGt/f{li6«o lj1x?;lxtsf] /fli6«o:t/sf] uf]i7L o; dxf]T;jsf] cjlwdf cfof]hgf ul/Fb}5 . lhNnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cf}Bf]lus, snf / ;flxTosf] hu]gf{ ug]{ / k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] lrtjg lhNnf leq / lhNnf aflx/sf k|a'4 a'l4hLjLx?åf/f ;[lht n]v / /rgfx?nfO{ ;d]6L tof/ kfl/Psf] ljz]if k|sfzg :dfl/sf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}+ . of] lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf–( lrtjgsf] ax'd"No lrgf/L x'g]5 eGg] ljifodf k"0f{ cfzfjfbL 5' . d]xgtsf ;fy dxŒjk"0f{ n]v / /rgfx?sf] dfWodaf6 lrtjg lhNnfsf] df}lns klxrfg ;/n / snfTds cleJolQmx? k:s]/ ;Dk"0f{ kf7sx?sf] lh1f;fnfO{ t[Kt kfg'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ n]vsj[Gbx?, ;Dk"0f{ lj1fkgbftfx?, ;f}hGostf{x?, :dfl/sf ;Dkfbs d08n, :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldlt ;+of]hsnufot ;ldlt ;b:ox?, lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] ;lrjfnosf dxf]T;j Joj:yfkg clws[t nufot ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx? / ;Dk"0f{ b[Zo cb[Zo ;xof]uL xftx?nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb . ========================== 8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ cjnf]sg u/f}+, ;kmn kf/f}+ ∕ d"n ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( ldltM @)^( kf}if % ut], laxLjf/ Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^(

z'esfdgf pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g tyf lhNnfsf] ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs pTyfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( ;'¿ ug{ nfu]sf]df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb JoQm ub{5' . o; dxf]T;jn] lrtjg lhNnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ljlzi6 klxrfgnfO{ phfu/ ub}{ lhNnfdf k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf s[lif tyf u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'x?sf] Joj;foLs/0f ug{nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] tbg';f/sf j:t'x?sf] k|j4{g u/L ahf/Ls/0f / pBdL Joj;foLx?sf] pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( ;kmn x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . dxf]T;jsf] cj;/df s[lif, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;+:s[lt tyf jftfj/0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljljw ;fdu|L ;d]6L :dfl/sf nf]sfk{0f ug{ nfu]sf] ;'Gbf v';L nfu]sf] 5 . ;kmntfsf] nflu xflb{s z'esfdgf . lrtjgnfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ?kdf a]Un} klxrfg lbg lrtjg dxf]T;j ;kmn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; dxf]T;jn] cfly{s ;DefJotfsf gofF kIfx?nfO{ phfu/ ub}{ pBf]u, Joj;fo k|j4{g Pjd\ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf pNn]Vo ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ldltM @)^(.(.% ========================================= - lxdgfy bjf8L _ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L

g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no e/tk'/, lrtjg

z'esfdgf b]zs} dWoefudf cjl:yt lrtjg s[lif, lzIff, ko{6g, :jf:Yo, pBf]u, Jofkf/, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] lx;fjn] b]zs} cu|0fL lhNnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . krxQ/} lhNnfsf ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifL tyf wdf{jnDaLx?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] lrtjg d'n'ssf] &^ cf}+ lhNnfsf ?kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5 . o;f] x'g'df o; lhNnfsf] hftLo, eflifs, ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf cflb d'Vo sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] lhNnfjf;Ldf /x]sf] cfk;L efOrf/f, Pstf, ;lxi0f'tf, ;b\efj / hfu/0f tyf o'ufg's"n ljsf;sf] cg'kd ;ª\ud o;sf yk sf/0fx? x'g\ . ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaLrsf] cg'kd ;xsfo{sf] ?kdf ljut jif{x?b]lv g} pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf sfof{no, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf sfof{no / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf k|To]s b'O{ b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df lrtjg dxf]T;j x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5, h;n] lrtjgnfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd kl/lrt u/fpg ;kmn e}/x]sf] 5 . gjd ;+:s/0fsf] ?kdf x'g u}/x]sf] o; lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( tyf dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf—@)^( sf] cj;/ kf/]/ o; k6s Central Nepal: The Land of opportunities ljifos cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] uf]i7L x'Fb} 5, h;n] o; lrtjgdf nufgLsf] cj;/sf] klxrfg u/L :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x?nfO{ nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{5 . o;af6 o; lhNnfsf] ;du| ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cGtdf, lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf @)^( k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ o; dxf]T;jnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu lbg/ft v6\g' x'g] cfof]hs ;ª\3;+:yf, ;xof]uL lgsfo / kbflwsf/L, z'e]R5's ;a}nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbFb} lrtjg / cf;kf;sf lhNnfjf;Lsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u / ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg x'g] o; dxf]T;jn] o; lhNnfnfO{ cem cu|:yfgdf k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' . -aGw'k|;fb af:tf]nf_ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L Pjd\ ;x—;+of]hs, lrtjg dxf]T;j—@)^( 

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z'esfdgf lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cg'kd gd"gfsf] ?kdf x/]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{df e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;+oQ ' m cfof]hgfdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nfsf] ?kdf x'g uO/x]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( n] lhNnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s If]qsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} Joj;fosf] k|j4{g, pBf]u, lzIff, ko{6g, ;"rgf k|ljlw, :jf:Yo Pjd\ s[lif If]qsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu ljljw sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ug{ dxf]T;j ;kmn /xg] 5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . oxL ldlt @)^( kf}if @% ut]af6 cfof]hgf ug{ nfluPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf cj;/df ;du| lrtjgnfO{ k|:t't ug]{ u/L :dfl/sf k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . o; :dfl/sfsf] dfWodaf6 lrtjgsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ ;flxTonufot ;du| kIfsf] klxrfgnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;kmn /xg] 5 egL cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . cGtdf, lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

====================== e'jgxl/ cof{n k|d'v Pjd\ sfo{sf/L clws[t

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z'esfdgf z'esfdgf lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'ltsf] ?kdf k|To]s @ jif{sf] cGt/fndf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf dWodf~rn :t/Lo cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nfsf] ?kdf x'g uO/x]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] pknIodf :dfl/sf k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf]df v'zL JoQm ub}{ o;n] lrtjgsf] pBf]u, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, snf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt nufot ;du| kIfsf] klxrfgnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;kmn /xg]5 egL cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . :yfgLo lgsfosf ?kdf /x]sf ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] cfk;L ;dGjo, ;+nUgtf / ;dGjodf Pstfa4 k|of;sf] ?kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( ;a}sf] dfof, ddtf / :g]x k|fKt u/L k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;kmn /xf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .

=========================== k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f k|d'v Pjd\ sfo{sf/L clws[t

lj=;+= @)%# ;fnb]lv k|To]s b'O{jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf x'Fb} cfPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] gjf}F ;+:s/0f oxL kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ut];Dd x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( tyf dWodf~rn If]qLo cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( lrtjgjf;Ln] kj{sf] ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] of] dxf]T;j lghL ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf lrtjgjf;Lx?sf] kf}/v / uf}/jsf] ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] cj;/df k|sflzt x'g] :dfl/sfdf ;du| lrtjgsf] k|ltljDa k:sg] ;ª\ufnf]sf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5' . lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo If]q, cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ Jofj;flos ultljlwsf] k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ljz]if :yfg lgdf{0f u/]sf] lrtjgsf] cy{tGq, oxfFsf pBf]u Joj;fo / Jofj;flos ;Defjgfsf] la:tf/sf] lgldQ o; jif{ nufgLsf ;Defjgfx? "Central Nepal: The Land of Opportunities (INVEST Mid Nepal - CHITWAN 2013) ljifos cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7L cfof]hgf x'g] x'gfn] lrtjg lhNnf, dWodf~rn If]q tyf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«sf] cy{tGqnfO{ dha't agfpg o; dxf]T;jn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] 5 / ;du| lrtjgnfO{ /fli6«o?kdf ljz]if klxrfg lbg cfwf/ to ug]{ ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5' . :yfgLo lgsfosf ?kdf /x]sf ;+3;+:yfx?sf] cfk;L ;dGjo, ;+nUgtf / ;dGjodf Pstfa4 k|of;sf] ?kdf cfof]lht lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( ;a}sf] dfof, ddtf / :g]x k|fKt u/L ;kmntfsf] xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' . ldltM @)^(.(.!^ =========================== lbkss'df/ sdf{rfo{ cWoIf

:6]ol/ª\u sld6L

;+of]hssf] efjgf lrtjgjf;Lsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, hft, hflt / k];fut ljljwtf lrtjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljz]iftfnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ p2]Zo / ;du| lrtjgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;df cu|;/ x'g] nIosf ;fy @)%# ;fnb]lv b'O{–b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . @)%# ;fndf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg'x'g] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf tTsfnLg cWoIf >L b]zL/fd k|wfgHo", jxfFsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{?k lbg ;xsfo{ u/L cl3 a9\g] ;+:yfx? lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg / o;sf tTsfnLg lh=lj=;= ;efklt >L s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6fHo", e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf / o;sf tTsfnLg d]o/ >L d'lQmnfn r's]Ho" / jxfFx?sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ gjf}F ;+:s/0f;Dd NofOk'¥ofpg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ k"j{hx? / cfof]hs ;+:yfx?nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub}{ ;Ddfg ub{5' . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ?kdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lh=lj=;= lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ldnL cfof]hgf ul/g] of] dxf]T;j b]zs} cg'kd gd'gfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] xfdLn] dx;'; ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . lrtjg / l5d]sL lhNnfx?sf] å}jflif{s kj{sf] ?kdf :yflkt lrtjg dxf]T;j o; k6s klg oxL kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ut];Dd lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( sf] ?kdf eJo?kn] dgfpFb} 5f}+ . ;du| lrtjg tyf cf;kf;sf lhNnfx?sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;Defjgf ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] vf]hL u/L ltgsf] k|j4{g tyf ;+j4{g ug]{, lrtjgsf ljleGg hfthfltx?sf] e]ife"iff, /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ub}{, snf / ;flxTosf] hu]gf{ ug'{sf ;fy;fy} ;du| lhNnfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo If]q / tT;DaGwL pBf]uwGbf, Joj;fo / ;+:yfx?nfO{ Jofj;flos/0f u/fpFb} ahf/d'vL pTkfbgtkm{ cu|;/ x'g] o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qsf n]v/rgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} snf / ;flxTon] ;'–;lHht ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( sf] cj;/df k|sflzt x'g uO/x]sf] :dfl/sfsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf /xL sfd ug]{ cj;/ lbg'x'g] d"n ;ldlt tyf d"n ;+of]hs, :6]ol/Ë sld6Lsf ;b:oHo"x?sf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ cu|hx?k|lt cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] :dfl/sfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;flxlTos If]qdf sfo{/t ;|i6fx?, ljleGg If]qsf ljifolj1x?sf n]v, /rgfx?, cu|hx?sf cg'ej tyf cg'e"ltx?, ;j{;fwf/0fsf efjgfx? ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . :dfl/sfnfO{ :t/Lo / ;ª\u|x0fLo agfpgsf nflu nflukg'{x'g] k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;Nnfxsf/Ho"x?, ;Dkfbgd08nsf ;fy} pk;ldltsf ;+of]hs tyf ;b:oHo"x?k|lt ;+of]hssf] gftfn] xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;ldlteGbf aflx/ a;]/ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] sfo{ut ;ldltsf cfb/0fLo JolQmTjx?, :dfl/sfnfO{ cf]lhnf] agfpg cfˆgf efjgfx? JoQm ug'{x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf ;+:yfks ;+of]hsHo", k"j{ ;+of]hsHo"x?, cfof]hs ;+:yfsf k|d'vHo"x? tyf cGo JolQmTjx?, :t/Lo n]v/rgfx? pknAw u/fO ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljåfg\ tyf ljifolj1Ho"x?, z'esfdgf dGtJo k7fO{ :dfl/sfnfO{ :t/Lo agfpg ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ cfb/0fLo JolQmTjx?, lj1fkg pknAw u/fO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ lj1fkgbftfx?, :dfl/sfsf nflu d"n ;ldlt, ;ldlt cflbsf] tYof° ;°ng / ljljw k|fljlws ;xof]u ug'{x'g] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, dxf]T;j d"n cfof]hs ;ldlt, cGo cfof]hs ;+:yfx?, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– lrtjgsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs nufot ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx? Pjd\ dxf]T;jsf cGo sd{rf/Lx?, sDKo'6/ sfo{df nflukg'{x'g] lgKkf]g sDKo'6;{ PG8 l8hfOg;{sf gjLg / k|jLg efO, ;kmf, z'4 / :t/Lo 5kfO ug'{x'g] l;4afaf ckm;]6 k|];k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub}{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cGtdf, lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( sf] cj;/df k|sflzt :dfl/sfnfO{ kf7sdfem /fVb} cfufdL jif{x?df cem :t/Lo, k7gLo, ;ª\u|x0fLo Pjd\ ljlzi6 u|Gysf ?kdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / k|ltlqmofsf] ck]Iff;lxt dxf]T;jsf] d'Vo cfsif{s ‘Invest Mid Nepal’ sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf;lxt cfˆgf efjgfx? cGt ug{ rfxG5' . wGojfb ¤ /fdz/0f l;njfn ;+of]hs :dfl/sf k|sfzg tyf ;flxToLs uf]i7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( 14

8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ >L aGw'k|;fb jf:tf]nf >L e"jgx/L cof{n d"n ;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs

>L k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f ;x–;+of]hs

>L bLkss'df/ sdf{rfo{ ;x–;+of]hs

>L sNof0f hf]zL ;b:o–;lrj

>L lxdgfy bjf8L ;b:o

>L /fh]Gb| >]i7 ;b:o

>L b'uf{axfb'/ s'Fj/ >L Hof]ltGb| dxt ;b:o ;b:o

>L rqmaxfb'/ zfx >L bLkss'df/ yfkf ;b:o ;b:o

>L u0f]z yfkf ;b:o

>L afa'/fd kf}8]n ;b:o

>L ;'Gb/ v8\sf ;b:o

>L b]zL/fd k|wfg ;b:o

>L dx]Gb|nfn k|wfg ;b:o

>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 ;b:o

>L k|r08nfn k|wfg ;b:o

>L /d]zs'df/ lkof >L dbgnfn hf]zL >L pbos'df/ >]i7 >L ldq/fh bjf8L >L pQd nfn r's] ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

>L uf]kfn sdf{rfo{ ;b:o

>L s]zjgf/fo0f >]i7 >L gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7 >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L 1fgaxfb'/ lj;'/fn >L ;xgnfn k|wfg ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

>L Clifk|;fb nfld5fg] ;b:o

>L /fh' >]i7 ;b:o

>L hgs cof{n ;b:o

>L kbdaxfb'/ u'?Ë ;b:o

:dfl/sf k|sfzg tyf ;flxTo uf]i7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

ljleGg ;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?

8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ >L lxdgfy bjf8L >L aGw'k|;fb jf:tf]nf :6]ol/ª sld6L

afXo ;'/Iff ;ldlt

>L /d]zs'df/ lkof >L pbos'df/ >]i7 cfly{s ;ldlt

>L e'jgxl/ cof{n

;+:s[lt k|j4{g ;ldlt gu/ ;hfj6 ;ldlt

>L pQd nfn r's]

>L sNof0f hf]zL

>L k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f >L bLkss'df/ sdf{rfo{

>L /fdz/0f l;njfn

jGohGt' tyf kz'k+IfL k|bz{gL ;ldlt ko{6s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

>L ;xgnfn k|wfg

;+of]hs

k|f=8f= gf/fo0f k|= vgfn k|wfg ;Dkfbs

>L Clifk|;fb nfld5fg]

:6n d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt dxf]T;j k|j4{g ;ldlt k|bz{g Joj:yfkg ;ldlt d]nf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;lrjfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

>L k|]dljgf]b gGbg >L s]bf/gfy vgfn >L l;4fy{nfn r's] >L uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL >L ejgfy ;8f}nf ;Nnfxsf/

>L /fh' >]i7

:6n lgdf{0f ;ldlt

>L s]zj/fh kf7s pBfg lgdf{0f ;ldlt

>L vf]dsfGt /]UdL

>L uf]kfn e§/fO{

;+of]hs, ;flxTo uf]i7L Jo= pk;ldlt ;+of]hs, lj1fkg ;°ng pk;ldlt

;Dkfbs

>L lr/~hLjL ;'j]bL >L r'ggf/fo0f >]i7

lrqsnf tyf d"lt{snf Jo= ;ldlt kfls{Ë Joj:yfkg ;ldlt :jfut ;Tsf/ ;ldlt tflnd tyf ;]ldgf/ ;ldlt

>L /fhs[i0f s+8]n >L x]/Das'df/ c;Ld >L 8L=cf/= kf]v/]n >L OGb|k|;fb /]UdL >L b]j]Gb|s'df/ >]i7

>L gjLg s+8]n

>L gf/fo0f k|wfg

>L k'iklglw nf]xgL

;Nnfxsf/

;Dkfbs

>L /fdafa' l3ld/]

>L wg/fh lu/L

;b:o

>L zª\s/ lu/L ;b:o

>LdtL k"l0f{df >]i7 >L k|B'Dg ;fksf]6f

k'm8 km]l:6jn ;ldlt k|ltof]lutfTds s[lif k|bz{gL ;ldlt ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd Jo= ;= d"No tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ;= dlxnf pBdL ljsf; ;ldlt zf]efofqf Jo= ;ldlt

;Nnfxsf/

>L ab|Lk|;fb clwsf/L >L ef]h/fh sf}8]n >L dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n

>L /fh' lkof

ko{6g k|j4{g ;ldlt :6]h tyf d"n u]6 lgdf{0f ;= ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw Jo= ;= :jo+;]js kl/rfng ;ldlt

>L /fh]Gb| cf]nL

afnpBfg Jo= ;ldlt

v]ns'b ;ldlt

>L /fdz/0f l;njfn >L /f]lxts'df/ >]i7 >L ljgf]bk|;fb ltldN;]gf :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldlt

>L ;'dgs'df/ >]i7

l6s6 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt

>L sdn cfrfo{

r]Da/ kfs{ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

>L bLks k|wfg

>L lji0f'k|;fb sF8]n

vfg]kfgL Jo= ;ldlt

>LdtL /hgL df:s]

>L e'lkg Aofs'n >L O{Zj/s'df/ hf]zL >L afns[i0f yklnof ;b:o

;b:o

>L /fh]Gb| s+8]n :jf:Yo ;ldlt

>L s]zj/fh cfdf]bL >L /fhg uf}td

;b:o

>L z+s/k|;fb sF8]n s[lif pBd k|j4{g ;ldlt

>L /l;s k|wfg

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;ldlt hnofqf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt :6]h ;hfj6 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dxf]T;j Joj:yfkg clws[t

;Nnfxsf/

>L v]d/fh e§/fO{ >L wd{/fh ;fksf]6f ;b:o

>L k|efts'df/ hf]zL >L ;/:jtL l/hfn ;Nnfxsf/

;Nnfxsf/

;b:o

>L cfzf >]i7 ;b:o–;lrj

>L ufoqL >]i7 ;Nnfxsf/

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^& sf s]xL emnsx?

dxf]T;j d"n u]6

k~rsGof ;lxtsf] ¥ofln

8'Ëf bf}8 k|ltof]lutf

;lrjnfodf cfof]hsx?

pb\3f6g ;df/f]x

pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf k/]jf p8fpFb}

¥oflˆ6Ë

uf]i7L tyf ;]ldgf/sf] Ps emns

:dfl/sf ljdf]rg

pb\3f6g ;qsf] Ps emns

8'Ëf bf}8 k|ltof]lutfsf] k'/:sf/ ljt/0f

;'/IffsdL{x?sf ;fy d"n ;+of]hs tyf cGo

:6n cjnf]sg

:nf] ;fOsn /];

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] Ps emns

;flxTo tyf slj uf]i7L

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^& sf s]xL emnsx?

uf]i7L tyf ;]ldgf/sf] Ps emns

d"n ;+of]hs책f/f jLr elnan k|ltof]lutfdf elnan k|bfg

k'm8 km]l:6ansf] pb\3f6g

k'm8 km]l:6andf led;]g ef]u

jLr elnansf] Ps b[Zo

b'Uw kl/;/sf] Ps b[Zo

dxf]T;j kl/;/sf] b[Zo

dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL ;j{;fwf/0f

df5f kf]v/L

c6f] kl/;/sf] Ps b[Zo

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg sfo{qmd

;dfkg sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltlynfO{ :jfut

/]i6'/]06 kl/;/sf] b[Zo

UnfO8/ zf]

;dfkg ;df/f]xdf k|d'v cltlynfO{ dfofsf] lrgf] k|bfg

cfof]hsx?sf] ;fd'lxs kmf]6f]

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^(

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf ;xof]uL xftx? -sd{rf/L_

dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ d]nf @)^(

d"n ;ldlt qm=;+= 1 2 3

>L /l;s k|wfg >L kßkf0fL ;'j]bL >L cfzf >]i7 >L lbks/fh lji6 >L O{/f >]i7 sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs jl/i7 clws[t k|zf;sLo clws[t sfo{qmd clws[t Joj;fo ljsf; clws[t

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

>L 8Dd//fh uf}td >L /fds[i0f l;njfn >L ;f]d/fh /fpt >L k|lbk/fh lji6 >L xl/k|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ ;xfos k|zf;g ;xfos n]vf ;xfos k|zf;g ;xfos l/;]K;lgi6

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

>L l8NnL/fd uf}td >L n]vaxfb'/ s]=;L= >L xf]daxfb'/ /fgf >L ;fljqL s'dfn >L /0faxfb'/ u'?Ë l/;]K;lgi6 k|d'v ;xfos ;xfos ;xfos ;'/Iff uf8{ sdf08/

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

>L lji0f'axfb'/ kf08] >L /gaxfb'/ u'?Ë >L /fdhL cfrfo{ >L /fdk|;fb uf}td ;'/Iff uf8{ ;'/Iff uf8{ k|d'v ?d AjfO{ ?d AjfO{

>L cfO{t nfdf ?d AjfO{

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

>L b'uf{k|;fb uf}td dfnL 22

>L afns'df/L nfld5fg] :jLk/

>L l;h{gf lji6 dxf]T;j sd{rf/L

>L a'4 nfdf dxf]T;j sd{rf/L

40 41

gfd 8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ >L aGw'k|;fb af:tf]nf >L e'jgx/L cof{n >L k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f >L lbkss'df/ sdf{rfo{ >L sNof0f hf]zL >L lxdgfy bjf8L >L /fh]Gb| >]i7 >L b'uf{axfb'/ s'+j/ >L Hof]ltGb| dxt >L /fdrGb| s]=;L= >L lbks s'df/ yfkf >L u0f]z yfkf >L afa'/fd kf}8]n >L ;'Gb/ v8\sf >L dx]Gb|nfn k|wfg >L b]zL/fd k|wfg >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 >L k|r08nfn k|wfg >L /d]zs'df/ lkof >L dbgnfn hf]zL >L pbos'df/ >]i7 >L ldq/fh bjf8L >L pQd nfn r's] >L uf]kfn sdf{rfo{ >L s]zjgf/fo0f >]i7 >L gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7 >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L 1fgaxfb'/ la;'/fn >L ;xgnfn k|wfg >L Clifk|;fb nfld5fg] >L /fh' >]i7 >L hgs cof{n >L kbdaxfb'/ u'?ª >L s]zj/fh kf7s >L vf]dsfGt /]UdL >L uf]kfn e§/fO{ >L lr/~hLjL ;'j]bL >L r'ggf/fo0f >]i7 >L b]j]Gb| s'df/ >]i7 >L gjLg s+8]n

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

d"n ;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;b:o ;lrj ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

cWoIf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L sfo{sf/L clws[t sfo{sf/L clws[t /=g=kf=, lrtjg cWoIf jl/i7 pkfWoIf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;dfb]zs jl/i7 k|x/L pk/LIfs u0fklt u0fklt k|x/L pk/LIfs k|x/L pk/LIfs pk–cg';Gwfg lgb]{zs k|x/L pk/LIfs k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf, k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf lgjt{dfg cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf k"j{ cWoIf lgjt{dfg cWoIf jl/i7 pkfWoIf k|yd pkfWoIf låtLo pkfWoIf t[tLo pkfWoIf cWoIf cWoIf sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;=

;+nUg ;+:yf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, lrtjg /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf, lrtjg /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, e/tk'/, lrtjg dWo If]q k|x/L tflnd s]Gb|, e/tk'/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tflnd s]Gb| s'l/g6f/ e/tk'/ Aof/]s s;/f Aof/]s lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no lrtjg ;z:q k|x/L an, e08f/f /fli6«o cg';Gwfg lhNnf sfof{no, lrtjg ;Ldf ;'/Iff sfof{no e/tk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%# p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%% p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%& p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%( p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^! p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^# p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^% p=jf=;+3–lrtjg Pj+ ;+of]hs lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^& /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 lrtjg cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg

qm=;+= 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

gfd >L gf/fo0f k|wfg >L k'iklglw nf]xgL >LdtL k"l0f{df >]i7 >L k|B'Dg ;fksf]6f >L ab|Lk|;fb clwsf/L >L ef]h/fh sf}8]n >L dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n >L /fh' lkof >L /fh]Gb| cf]nL >L /fh]Gb| s+8]n >L /fhg uf}td >L /fdz/0f l;njfn >L /f]lxts'df/ >]i7 >L ljgf]bk|;fb ltldN;]gf >L lji0f'k|;fb s+8]n >L z+s/k|;fb s+8]n >L ;'dgs'df/ >]i7 >L sdn cfrfo{ >L bLks k|wfg >L /hgL df:s] >L ;'bLk j:tL >L /l;s k|wfg >L z+s/ lu/L >L /fhf/fd /]UdL >L b]j]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L ob's[i0f e§ >L k'ik/fh hf]zL >L eLdgf/fo0f >]i7 >L uf]kLs[i0f >]i7 >L ci6axfb'/ e'h' >L slj/fh b'jf8L >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb cof{n >L /fdz/0f g]kfn >L ljgf]b kf]v/]n >L uf]ljGbk|;fb vgfn >L lg/fhg vgfn >L pd]z lu/L >L pk]Gb| zdf{ cfrfo{ >L /3'gfy e§ >L lg/h >]i7 >L efuL/yL k|hfklt >L b|f]0fk|;fb nfld5fg] >L b]jLk|;fb 8Nnfsf]6L >L v]d/fh kf}8]n >L ldngafa' >]i7

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs pkfWoIf pBf]u pkfWoIf jfl0fHo dxf;lrj sf]iffWoIf jl/i7 ;b:o sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= sf=;=;= k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf

;+nUg ;+:yf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sf+u|];

qm=;+= 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131

gfd >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

elQmk|;fb uf}td cf]dk|sfz uf}td b'uf{ ;'j]bL cd/axfb'/ If]qL xl/ e6\6/fO{ lji0f'k|;fb v/fn e/t clwsf/L s[i0fk|;fb e't]{n k/z'/fd nfld5fg] k'iksdn ;'j]bL hf]vfk|;fb rf}w/L xl/k|;fb b'jfn tf]ogfy clwsf/L s[i0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f ?kg/fh l3ld/] k|]dgfy b'jf8L /fdx/L nD;fn O{Gb|k|;fb kf}8]n dfu/ dxtf] uf]s0f{k|;fb clwsf/L ?b|k|;fb 9sfn lji0f' zdf{ xl/k|;fb kf}8]n l6sf/fd s+8]n e/ts'df/ cfrfo{ OZj/Lk|;fb s+8]n la/f6 l3ld/] s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{ vu]Zj/ clwsf/L lnnf/fh v/]n /fds[i0f 9sfn ljho/fh kf}8\ofn s[i0faxfb'/ dNn 7s'/L OZj/s'df/ /fhe08f/L 8Da//fh yklnof dw'/fd b'jf8L t'n;Lk|;fb >]i7 ;"o{k|sfz nfdf d]gsf kl08t rGbf v8\sf b'uf{eQm zdf{ 9sfn ;'bLkk|;fb ltdN;]gf lj;'/fd s'+j/

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, egkf k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, lhlj; k|ltlglw, /gkf gu/ ;efklt, /gkf gu/ cWoIf, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf gu/ cWoIf, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf k|ltlglw, /gkf k|zf;sLo clws[t OlGhlgo/ n]vf clws[t Ol~hlgo/ lhG;L clws[t sfg'g clws[t /fh:j clws[t ;fd'bflos ljsf; clws[t d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ ;dfh sNof0f clws[t /fh:j clws[t cf=n]=k= clws[t OlGhlgo/ ;"rgf clws[t gu/ ;xhstf{ of]=cg'= tyf k|zf;sLo clws[t n]vf clws[t cf=n]=k= clws[t

;+nUg ;+:yf g]skf Pdfn] g]skf dfn] g]skf – dfcf]jfbL /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfn /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ g]kfn PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbL g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]skf Pdfn] g]skf dfn] g]skf – dfcf]jfbL /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ g]kfn dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_ g]dlskf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ Plss[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]skf Pdfn] g]skf dfn] /fli6o hgdf]rf{{ dhkmf] -nf]stflGqs_ /fk|kf g]kfn /fk|kf g]]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ g]skf«« – dfcf]jfbL e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/k'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg

qm=;+=

gfd

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

132

>L dfwjk|;fb pk|]tL >L jn/fd n'O{6]n >L /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL >L s[i0fk|;fb kf}8]n >L /fdxl/ Gof}kfg] >L k|sfzrGb| 9'+ufgf >L l6sf/fd s+8]n >L ;'dg sf]O/fnf >L ljzfn nfld5fg] >L /fh]z sf]O{/fnf >L /fdrGb| b+ufn >L hubLz zdf{ >L k'0o/fd ;'n' >L xl/k|;fb zdf{ >L aneb| kg]? >L /jLGb|k|;fb b]j >L z/brGb| zdf{ >L /fdk|;fb ;fksf]6f >L >LsfGt ;fksf]6f >L a'l4k|;fb uf}td >L kßkfl0f ;'j]bL >LdtL cfzf >]i7 >L lbks/fh lji6 >L O{/f >]i7 >L ;Ltf/fd kf]v|]n >L k|sfzrGb| 9'+ufgf >L zld{nf >]i7 >L dgf]h k|wfg >L c?0fs'df/ lkof >L slknafa' vgfn >L hL gf/fo0f axfb'/ If]qL >L k"0f{rGb| ;fksf]6f >L /fhg lkof >L z/buf]kfn Gof5\of}+ >L Zofds[i0f >]i7 >L 1fg]Gb|dfg zfSo >L ab|Lnfn k|wfg >L cf]dk|sfz bjf8L >L s~rgs'df/ cu|jfn >L lgd{nf kl08t -l3ld/]_ >L /fd/fh kf}8]n >L lji0f's'df/ k|wfg >L efis//fh /fhsl0f{sf/ >L ejfgL /f0ff >L k|bLkh+u kf08]

sfo{qmd clws[t -O{=_ sfo{qmd clws[t -;"rgf_ sfo{qmd clws[t -s[lif, jg_ sfo{qmd clws[t -;fdflhs ljsf;_ sfo{qmd ;+of]hs -lh=P8\; ;=;=_ clws[t 5}7f}+ clws[t 5}7f}+ lhNnf ;xhstf{ -O{=_ OlGhlgo/ -jftfj/0fLo phf{_ OlGhlgo/ k|d'v lhNnf OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ OlGhlgo/ n]vf clws[t zfvf clws[t, uflj; ;lrj, lbJogu/ zfvf clws[t, uflj; ;lrj, lkKn] zfvf clws[t, uflj; ;lrj, d+unk'/ jl/i7 clws[t Joj;fo ljsf; clws[t sfo{qmd clws[t Joj;fo ljsf; clws[t clws[t clws[t sfo{sf/L ;lrj k"j{ k|yd pkfWoIf k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; k"j{ sf;; ;+of]hs, ejg lgdf{0f ;ldlt jl/i7 pkfWoIf pkfWoIf pkfWoIF

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176

;+nUg ;+:yf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf /Tggug/ gu/kflnsf /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3

qm=;+= 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221

gfd

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

>L kz'klt d'/f/sf >L s'z s'df/ hf]zL ;'>L d}ofb]jL >]i7 >L 3gZofd zdf{ kf}8]n >L s]zjnfn >]i7 >L gf/fo0f zdf{ >LdtL ;flaqL af]u6L -kf7s_ >L ledaxfb'/ >]i7 >L Psgfy /fgfef6 >L s[i0fs'df/L >]i7 >L tLy{ e'iffn >L huGgfy kf}8]n >L sfzLgfy clwsf/L >L b]]jL k|;fb 1jfnL >L df]xg vltj8f >L huGgfy s+8]n >L c?0fs'df/ kf}8]n >L dbghLt dx/f >L s[i0fbQ e6\6 >L lbkss'df/ /fo >L huGgfy ltjf/L >L s]x/l;+x uf]bf/ >L OlGb/f >]i7 >L lzjbQ e6\6/fO{ >L k|d'v >L lj/]Gb| dxf;]7 >L pd]zs'df/ emf >L a'4s[i0f dfgGw/ >L xl/s[i0f kf}8]n 8f= t]haxfb'/ l/hfn >L s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L >L k|sfz s'df/ >]i7 8f= OGb| ;fksf]6f >L /dfsfGt zdf{ >L s]zjaxfb'/ yfkf >L lnnfk|;fb ld> >L 3gZofd pkfWofo >L k|d'v >L k"0f{axfb'/ /fgfef6 8f= dx]Gb/fh Gof}kfg] >L z+s/k|;fb bxfn >L gljg b]phf >L clDasf clwsf/L >L hf]u]Gb| dxtf] >L o1k|;fb ;'j]bL

pkfWoIf lgjt{dfg cWoIf k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ dGqL k"j{ /fHo dGqL k"j{ ;xfos dGqL k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ ;f+;b k"j{ pk–d]o/ k"j{ pk–d]o/ ;dfh;]jL k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs k|x/L lg/LIfs k|x/L lg/LIfs k|x/L lg/LIfs jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; clws[t jl/i7 hg:jf:Yo clws[t dlxnf ljsf; clws[t k|d'v pBf]u clws[t k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t l8lehg k|d'v k|d'v k|d'v l8lehg k|d'v k|d'v sfof{no k|d'v jl/i7 x'nfs clws[t lhNnf jg clws[t lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L k|frfo{ sfof{no k|d'v k|d'v dfnkf]t clws[t k|d'v cWoIf d]8Lsn ;'k/L6]08]06 jl/i7 dT:o ljsf; clws[t u'0f:t/ clws[t s]Gb|Lo dxf;lrj cWoIf cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3

e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no lrtjg j8f k|x/L sfof{no, e=g=kf=–$, Go"/f]8 lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no, e=g=kf=–!), lrtjg Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no, u}8fsf]6 lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lrtjg lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, lrtjg dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no, lrtjg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h ;8s ljefu, l8lehg sfof{no, lrtjg g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f g]kfn 6]lnsd vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ l8lehg sfof{no, lrtjg lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{no sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no lhNnf x'nfs sfof{no, lrtjg lhNnf jg sfof{no lrtjg lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, lrtjg lhNnf ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{no zfvf tYof+s sfof{no, lrtjg lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no, lrtjg gfkL zfvf, lrtjg gf/fo0fL lnkm\6 l;rfO{ sfof{no, lrtjg dx]Gb| cfbz{ lrlsT;fno dT:o ljsf; s]Gb|, e08f/f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, e/tk'/, lrtjg df5f Joj;foL dxf;+3 g]kfn dT:o Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg s]/f Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg

qm=;+= 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266

gfd >L k|]d pkfWofo >L nfnk|;fb k+u]gL >L kbd/fh cfrfo{ >L s[i0f k|;fb rfkfufO{+ >L k'?iff]Qd nfld5fg] >L lszg l;+x a:g]t >L e[u'/fh vgfn >L u'0f/fh kf]v/]n >L cf]d gf/fo0f zdf{ >L gjLg s'df/ cof{n >L /fdrGb| ;'j]bL >L v]d e08f/L >L /fdaxfb'/ yfkf ‘afbn’ >L hfu[t k|;fb e]6jfn >L Psgfy /fgfef6 8f=lty{ vlgof >L uf]kfn sdf{rfo{ >L s]zjgf/fo0f >]i7 >L s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7 >L t'n;Lgf/fo0f >]i7 >L gf/fo0f jg 8f= lul//fh lqkf7L >L hLjgfy nfld5fg] >L slknb]j ;'j]bL >L /fdnfn >]i7 >L dw'ks'df/ e§/fO{ >L lzj' If]qL >L ljZjgfy kf}8]n >L lzj/fd s]=;L >L xl/s[i0f kf]v/]n >L k|e's[i0f sf]O/fnf >L s[i0feQm kf]v|]n >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 >L lblnk d}gfnL >L cWoIf >L ljqmd kf08]] >L t]hgf/fo0f v/]n >L v]d/fh ;fksf]6f >L lg/hs'df/ zdf{ >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L elQm k|;fb ltdN;]gf >L lIflth nfld5fg] >L CifL Gof}kfg]

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;+nUg ;+:yf

k|d'v s/ clws[t s/ clws[t s/ clws[t s/ clws[t s/ clws[t s/ clws[t n]vf clws[t n]vf clws[t zfvf clws[t sDKo'6/ clws[t zfvf k|d'v cWoIf ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ k"j{ sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ k"j{ sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, lrtjg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ljsf; k|lti7fg b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldlt /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg lrtjg lhNnf cbfnt af/ Pzf]l;o;g lrtjg ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt l;ghL{ Pkm=k|f=ln= sflnsf Pkm= Pd= k|f= ln= lqj]0fL Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= ljho Pkm=Pd= ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /]l8of] gf/fo0fL /]l8of] lrtjg xfd|f] Pkm= Pd= k|f= ln= /]l8of w'|jtf/f /]l8of] b]j3f6 /]l8of] df8L lqmi6n 6]lnlehg

qm=;+= 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311

gfd >L Clif/fh kf08] >L cWoIF >L s]bf/ dNn >L xl//fh kf}8]n >L Zofd nfld5fg] >L b08kfl0f kf}8]n 8f= xl/zrGb| Gof}kfg] >L OGb|axfb'/ s]=;L= >L s[i0f clwsf/L >L cWoIf >L an/fd cof{n >L uh]Gb| hf]zL >L z+s/ g]kfn >L ;'/]zs'df/ >]i7 >L cWoIf >L rGb|dfg >]i7 >L z+s/ ;fksf]6f >L dxz'/ lkof >L /fh]Gb| cf]nL >L ef]h/fh kf}8]n >L xl/ zdf{ kf}8]n >L v]d/fh e6\6/fO{ >L cWoIf >L k+sh cu|jfn >L gf/fo0fk|;fb uf}td >L /ljGb| s]=;L= >L ljgo vltj8f >L hLjgs'df/ >]i7 >L /fdz/0f kf08] >L uf]kfn e§/fO{ >L nfn axfb'/ kl/of/ >L s[i0f k|;fb 9sfn >L OdfGb' a/fn >L lji0f'k|;fb s+8]n >L ;"o{ clwsf/L >L lzjk|;fb kl08t >L k'?iff]Qd s+8]n >L ljk]Gb| /fd'bfd' >L uf]ljGb kf08] >L ;'jfif >]i7 >L b'uf{k|;fb e08f/L >L hgsdfg >]i7 >L Clif/fd kf}8]n >L lzj/fd s]=;L= >L tf]ofgfy rfln;]

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;+nUg ;+:yf

cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf k|aGw lgb]{zs cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf lgjt{dfg cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf ;+of]hs ;+of]hs s]Gb|Lo ;b:o k|ltlglw cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

a];f] Rofgn cleofg 6]lnlehg gful/s ;dfh ;ldlt g]kfn gful/s ;dfh SofG;/ ;]jf ;dfh, SofG;/ c:ktfn, s[i0fk'/ e/tk'/ c:ktfn ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h P08 l/;r{ ;]06/ d]3f}nL ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg pBf]u ;+3 v}/xgL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 v}/xgL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k;f{9fk Jofkf/ ;+3 lgdf{0f ;fdu|L Joj;foL ;+3 sk8f Joj;foL ;+3 ljB't Joj;foL ;+3 g]kfn s'v'/f Joj;foL d~r lrtjg t]n pTkfbs ;ldlt lrtjg c6f]df]jfON; Pzf]l;o;g gf/fo0fu9 Knfli6s Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3 km]G;L Joj;foL ;+3–gf/fo0fu9 d"b|0f ;+3 lrtjg js{zk Joj;foL ;ldlt g]kfn k':ts tyf :6]zg/L Joj;foL dxf;+3, lhNnf zfvf, lrtjg uNnf Joj;foL ;+3 clws[t Joj;foL ;+3 lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg ;fO{sn Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg gjnk'/ /fO{; ldn ;ldlt lrtjg c6f] d]sflgsn Joj;foL ;+3 g]kfn sk8f tyf l;nfO{ Joj;foL ;+3 kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg xf]6n Joj;foL ;ldlt O{n]S6«f]lgS; Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg sDo"lgs]zg Joj;foL ;+3 g]kfn cf}ifwL Joj;foL ;+3, lhNnf zfvf lrtjg g]kfn jg k}bfjf/ pBf]u Joj;foL ;+3 ;'grf“bL Joj;foL ;+3 k|f]lehgn Joj;foL pk;ldlt ef+8fjt{g tyf luk\m6 pk;ldlt kz'k+IfL tyf bfgf Joj;foL pk;ldlt g]kfn bfgf pBf]u ;+3, lhNnf ;ldlt g]kfn x\ofr/L pBf]u ;+3, lhNnf ;ldlt g]kfn c08f pTkfbs ;+3–lrtjg g]kfn kz'k+IfL sRrfdfn Joj;foL ;+3–lrtjg

qm=;+= 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356

gfd >L xl/ nf]xgL >L cWoIf >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 >L hjfx/nfn k|wfg >L cWoIf >L lj>fd dxtf] >L s0f{axfb'/ u'?ª >L g/axfb'/ b'/f >L df]xg nfdf >L hgs lnDa' >L jL/axfb'/ a/fd >L em°dfg /fO{ >L 6]saxfb'/ du/ >L ldqnfn af]6] >L nId0f r]kfª >L sfhLdfg e'h]n >L s'naxfb'/ s'dfn >L czf]s nfdf >L cWoIf >L cflZjg >]i7 >L l6sf/fd kf]v/]n >L tlkof b/fO{ >L Hof]lt z]/rg >L xl/ k'g sfzL/fd zdf{ kf}8]n wgaxfb'/ sfsL{ If]qL >L >L /fdWjh 8Nnfsf]6L >L ljho ;'j]bL >L pQd hf]zL >L /fd >]i7 >L s]zj s+8]n >L k|Nxfb k|wfg >L /d]z j:tL >L 7fs'/s'df/L kf}8]n >L 6+sgfy kf}8]n >L nId0f e6\6/fO{ >L ;'o{abgf xdfn >L lji0f'xl/ b]jsf]6f >L uf]ljGb cof{n >L ;l~rtf kf}8]n >L lzj /]UdL >L ob'd0fL s+8]n >L O{Zj/ ;fksf]6f >L a]naxfb'/ u'?ª

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

k|ltlglw cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf jl/i7 pkfWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf ;+of]hs cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yf g]kfn s'v'/f ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;+3 /fli6«o k|fylds kf7zfnf k'iknfn :d[lt k|lti7fg, gf/fo0fu9 ;~rfns ;ldlt, afns'df/L sn]h g]jfMb]o\ b]a' lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lrtjg yf? sNof0fsf/L ;ef lrtjg td' Wogf 5f]+hwL, lrtjg b'/f ;]jf ;dfh, lrtjg g]kfn tfdf· 3]b'· ;+3, lrtjg ls/f+t ofSy'd r'Dn'·, lrtjg g]kfn a/fd ;+3, lrtjg ls/f+t /fO{ ofof]Vof, lrtjg g]kfn du/ ;+3, lrtjg g]kfn af]6] ;dfh, lrtjg g]kfn r]kf· ;+3, lrtjg g]kfn e'h]n ;]jf ;dfh, lrtjg g]kfn s'dfn ;]jf ;'wf/ ;ldlt, lrtjg g]kfn x]Ndf] ;]jf ;dfh, lrtjg g]jfM k'rM gf/fo0fu9 kf;fM k'rM gf/fo0fu9 x\ofr/L pBf]u ;+3, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt g]kfn b/fO{ pTyfg ;dfh, lrtjg ysfnL ;]jf ;ldlt, lrtjg g]kfn k'g ;dfh, lrtjg a|fDx0f ;dfh, lrtjg If]qL ;dfh, lrtjg >L g]zgn l;6L xl:k6n, lrtjg PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL If]q g+= # lrtjg u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f ;ldlt g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3, lrtjg g]kfn t?0f bn, lrtjg clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o"lgog o'jf ;+3, lrtjg clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog -qmflGtsf/L_ g]kfn dlxnf ;+3, lrtjg g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, lrtjg g]kfn 6]«8 o'lgog sf+u|]; clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3 g]kfn 6]«8 o'lgog dxf;++3 clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3 -qmflGtsf/L_ clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3 -qmflGtsf/L_ clvn g]kfn 6]«8 o'lgog dxf;++3 jfO{l;Pn lrtjg KofA;g lrtjg

qm=;+= 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401

gfd >L sdn/fh s+8]n >L lj1fgnfn >]i7 >L /fh]Gb| /fO{ >L b]j]Gb| >]i7 >L ;'/]z >]i7 >L gf/fo0f e6\6/fO{ >L zfGts'df/ lkof >L /ljGb| lkof >L /fhs'df/ sfg' >L cWoIf >L /d]z >]i7 >L xl/k|;fb ;'j]bL 8f= ljho Gof}kfg] >L k|tLs 9]jfh' >L ;[hg af:tf]nf >L /fdrGb| s+8]n >L lw/]Gb| k6]n >L dfwjs'df/ uf}td 8f= x]dGt bjf8L >L lji0f' nD;fn >L s[kf /fhe08f/L >L /d]z a:tfsf]6L >L ljZjf; >]i7 >L /fh' /fgfef6 >L czf]s sf]O{/fnf >L ;'dg pk|]tL >L s[i0f bfxfn >L k|efts'df/ hf]zL >L uf]kfnafa' >]i7 >L ;'bLk vqL >L pHhjn /fh kf}8]n >L xl/k|;fb >]i7 >L sNof0fL ld> -lqkf7L_ >L 8f]ngfy l3ld/] >L t'n;L rfkfufO{+ >L pb]z e6\6/fO{ >L slkn/fh 1jfnL >L nId0f lg/f}nf >L k|hfklt ;fksf]6f >L wd{/fh ;fksf]6f >L lrqaxfb'/ /fodfemL >L of]u]Gb|gfy clwsf/L >L ;fu/ kf}8]n >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb n'O{+6]n >L s[i0f k|;fb clwsf/L

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf l8li6««s ueg{/ gf]ldgL cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf dxflgb]{zs cWoIf @)!# cWoIf @)!# cWoIf @)!# cWoIf @)!# cWoIf @)!@ cWoIf @)!@ cWoIf @)!@ cWoIf @)!@ cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yf ;To;fO{ s]Gb|, gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ cf]d k|ltef k|lzIf0f s]Gb| /fOgf] Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fu9 o'y Sna If]qLo xf]6n ;+3, lrtjg /fli6«o nf]s bf]xf]/L uLt k|lti7fg ;ldlt, lrtjg /f]6/L l8li6««s g]kfn /f]6/L Sna ckm gf/fo0fL ld86fpg /f]]6/L Sna ckm lrtjg /f]6/L Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 /f]6/L Sna ckm e/tk'/ /f]6/L Sna ckm /Tggu/ /f]]6«ofS6 Sna ckm lrtjg /f]]6«ofS6 Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 /f]6«ofS6 Snj ckm /Tggu/ /f]6«ofS6 Snj ckm e/tk'/ /f]6«ofS6 Snj ckm gf/fo0fL ld8 6fpg g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 gf/fo0fu9 h]l;h gf/fo0fu9 dlxnf h]l;h aL;xhf/ h]l;h /Tggu/ h]l;h zf/bfgu/ h]l;h lutfgu/ h]l;h k;f{ v}/xgL h]l;h ;f}/fxf h]l;h afns'df/L O{+lUnz af]l8{ª :s"n ;~rfns ;ldlt nfoG; Sna ckm afu]Zj/L >L nfoG; Sna ckm afu]Zj/L ;+ud nfoG; Sna ckm afns'df/L sn]h nfoG; Sna ckm e/tk'/ nfoG; Sna ckm e/tk'/ rf}tf/L nfoG; Sna ckm e/tk'/ xfO6 nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg afu]Zj/L nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg ;]06«n nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg Oi6 nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg rf}lj;sf]7L nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg l;6L nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg /fO{gf] l;6L nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg ;f}/fxf nfoG; Sna ckm lrtjg o'y nfoG; Sna ckm lutfgu/ nfoG; Sna ckm s[i0fk'/

qm=;+= 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446

gfd >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

s[i0f lwtfn nlntdfg >]i7 x]df kf}8]n gf/fo0f dNn zfGtf sdf{rfo{ uf]df >]i7 c?0ff u'?ª ulDe/f ;'j]bL gf/fo0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f lji0f' l3ld]/] 8f;L/fd 9sfn ;Ltfb]jL /]UdL z+s//fh yklnof gf/fo0fk|;fb ;fksf]6f d]3gfy a/fn ;'hg kf08] ;jn lkof lszg >]i7 ;'hg clwsf/L k|df]b kf08] ;GbLk ;fksf]6f cldts'df/ u'Ktf cWoIf z'qms'df/ >]i7 cWoIf lr/0f lkof bLks zfxL 7s'/L /]zd s'+j/ z}n]Gb| lkof cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf /fh]Gb|s'df/ lkof ljzfn >]i7 ;"o{axfb'/ df:s] Ct' ;]~r'/L ;+of]hs -ab|Lnfn k|wfg_ z+s/nfn >]i7 >Lk|;fb bjf8L ;+hLj/fh /]UdL lgd{nafa' cof{n cWoIf /fhs'df/ >]i7 cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf lhNnf GofolwjQmf zfvf k|aGws cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yf nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 afns'df/L nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 lrqjg nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 lbofnf] nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 nfnLu'/f+; nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fL nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 Go"/f]8 nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 l/e/ ;fO{8 nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 ;+ud rf]s nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 ld8 6fpg nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fL ;]06««n nfoG; Sna ckm /Tggu/ nfoG; Sna ckm kl6xfgL nfoG; Sna ckm a}lbsgu/ nfoG; Sna ckm gf/fo0fL rf}tf/L lnof] Sna ckm lrtjg Oi6 lnof] Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 lnof] Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 afns'df/L lnof] Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 lbofnf] lnof] Sna ckm uLtfgu/ lnof] Sna ckm gf/fo0fu9 lrqjg lnof] Sna ckm /Tggu/ egkf j8f :t/Lo 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf ;dGjo ;ldlt egkf # gf/fo0fL 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf d]g/f]8 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf nLnfrf]s 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf ;Demgfrf]s 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf gf/fo0fL ky 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf kz'klt uf}/]Zj/ dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt xl/x/ dlGb/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt cf/tL Joj:yfkg ;ldlt gf/L cEo'bo s]Gb|, gf/fo0fu9 gf/L pTyfg s]Gb| lbofnf] kl/jf/ gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt k'tnL ahf/ 6f]]n ;'wf/ ;ldlt ;'grfbL dlxnf ;+3 lrtjg ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ldng/f]8 o'jf kl/jf/ lhNnf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dGjo ;ldlt lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsnsf] sfof{no g]kfn a}+s lnld6]8, gf/fo0fu9 lrtjg u}+8fsf]6 /]l8of] k|;f/s ;+3 ;':tdgMl:ylt sNof0f ;+:yf g]kfn sdlz{on cfl6{z ;+3, lrtjg zfvf

qm=;+= 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491

gfd >L vu/fh cf]emf 8f= zf/bf yklnof >L k|bLk kf]v/]n >L 3gZofd e6\6/fO{ >L slknb]j ;'j]bL >L lgd{ns'df/ zdf{ 8f= b]jLk|;fb s+8]n >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L /fdk|;fb ;'j]bL >L slkn kf08] >L ab|Lk|;fb kf}8]n >L v8\uaxfb'/ u'?ª >L lrgLaxfb'/ af]x/f >L ldq/fh s]=;L= >L k|bLk xdfn >L s[i0fs'df/ >]i7 >L bfdf]b/ zfxL >L czf]s kf]v|]n >L z}n]Gb| >]i7 >L cWoIf >L pQd u'?ª >L zf]efsnf ;'j]bL >L clDasfnfn >]i7 >L e/tdl0f e6\6 >L cWoIf >L xL/fdl0f clwsf/L >L cWoIf >L r'8fdl0f atf}{nf >L zflnu|fd l3ld/] >L /dfsfGt ;fksf]6f k|f= 8f= b'uf{bQ 9sfn >L /fdrGb| 7j'm/L >L afa'/fd clwsf/L >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L lrhs'df/ df:s] >L cWoIf >L cWoIf >L cWoIf

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;+nUg ;+:yf

cWoIf cWoIf k|aGws n]vf Joj:yfkg ;Nnfxsf/ lzIff lj1 cy{zf:qL ko{6g lj1 cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf pkfWoIF cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf lzIffljb\ k"j{ 8Lg, /fdk'/ SofDk; cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf

lhNnf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 sdnfb]jL k|fs[lts cf/f]Uo s]Gb| s[lif ljsf; a}+s, e/tk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg /Tggu/, 6f+8L e/tk'/ e/tk'/ cfbz{ gf/L ljsf; s]Gb| lrtjg o'lgs s]a'n l6=eL= k|f=ln= e/tk'/ t]SjfG8f] 8f]hf«;+3, lrtjg zfvf g]kfn lss alS;· ;+3, lrtjg gf/L Pstf s]Gb| ;f]tf] sfg s/f+t] ;+3 lrtjg df/jf8L ;]jf ;ldlt lrtjg÷k"j{ pkfWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9 g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL /fli6«o dxf;+3 lrtjg dfOqmf] a; oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldlt -5xf/L_ lrqjg 6\ofS;L Joj;foL ;+3 lrtjg 6]Dkf] dfOqmf] tyf ldlgj; Jo= ;ldlt g]kfn oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldlt cf]d zflGt dfO{qmf] a; oftfoft Jo= ;ldlt rf}tf/L oftfoft Joj;foL ;ldlt k"jL{ lrtjg 6]Dkf] hLk tyf dfOqmf] ldlga; Joj;foL ;ldlt gf/fo0fL oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3 pkef]Qmf clwsf/ ;+/If0f d~r jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;dfh, lrtjg lhNnf v]ns'b ljsf; ;ldlt ;'if'Dgf gf8L 3fO{t] d}qLo ;dfh ckf· ;dfh lrtjg g]qxLg ;+3, lrtjg ;xdlt g]kfn gu/:t/Lo 6f]n ;dGjo ;+:yf, gl;{ª P;f]lzo;g g]kfn >L lhNnf tfhf t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mn pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+3 ln= lrtjg s[lif pkh ahf/ ;ldlt e/tk'/ !) e/tk'/ !) kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/L Joj;foL ;+3 gf/fo0fL 3/ hUuf tyf cfjf; Joj;foL ;+3 ;tgr'nL jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf cg;Gwfg s]Gb| (SDRC) g]q Hof]lt ;+3 lrtjg >L u}8fsf]6 j[4 cf>d ;]jf ;ldlt, u}8fsf]6 pk/bfª\u9L ko{6g k|j4{g ;ldlt, bfxfvfgL !, pk/bfª\u9L, lrtjg dfgj clwsf/ ;·7g

qm=;+= 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

gfd

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

cWoIf ljzfn >]i7 w|'jaxfb'/ yfkf Zofds'df/ lkof eLd/fh kf7s c;Ld e§/fO{ s]zj /]UdL zflnu|fd l3ld/] eb|gf/fo0f lkof cWoIf cWoIf /fh]zafa' >]i7 uf]ljGbk|;fb hf]zL 7fs'/ k|;fb s+8]n cWoIf zfGt k|;fb kf]v/]n cd/ k|wfg l/gf u'?ª ;'bLk l;+x clwsf/L e'ld/fh rfkfufO{+ /fdhL e§/fO{ df]xg a:ofn gf/fo0f clwsf/L

cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf k|ltlglw cWoIf cWoIf :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ :6]zg d]g]h/ cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf k|aGw lgb]{zs k|sfzs lgb]{zs cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf cWoIf ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs

zLtn e]6 a:ofn b]jc~hg zfx a;Gt k/fh'nL ;"o{k|sfz s+8]n cWoIf dbg kf]v/]n ;Gtf]if b]jsf]6f sf]dnrGb| eut lbk]Gb| a8'jfn /jL e6\6 cWoIf ;[hgf cof{n wd{/fh cof{n hgs cof{n l6sfbQ ltldlN;gf ;'/]zrGb| clwsf/L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL gj/fh 9sfn u0fz]v/ zdf{ jL/]Gb|dl0f kf}8]n xl/k|;fb kf]v/]n

;+nUg ;+:yf g]kfn /fli6«o pBf]u ;+3, lrtjg d]g/f]8 ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dWodf~rn If]qLo p=jf=;+3 sf]dngf/fo0f ;"o{gf/fo0f lkof :d[lt k|lti7fg g]]kfn cj'{b /f]u lgjf/0f ;+:yf, lrtjg o'jf ;dfh, e/tk'/ s]Gb|Lo a; 6ld{gn o'jf ;dfh, g]kfn s[lif pkh ahf/ ;~rfns ;ldlt 9n pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, egkf # zflGt ;ldlt lrtjg gf/fo0fL klAns sn]h, e/tk'/ lrtjg ldNs lnld6]8 /fO{lh∙ 8]enKd]06 a}+s lnld6]8 ;fgf 8]/L Pzf]l;og g]kfn afn ;·7g, g]kfn afndlGb/ >L afuLZj/L cfWoflTds kl/ifb\, of]uL g/xl/gfy cf>d, b]j3f6 l;ghL{ Pkm=k|f=ln= sflnsf Pkm=Pd= k|f=ln= lqj]0fL Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= ljho Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= /]l8of] gf/fo0fL /]l8of] lrtjg xfd|f] Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= /]l8of] w|'jtf/f /]l8of] b]j3f6 /]l8of] df8L g]kfn k|]; o'lgog lrtjg :jtGq kqsf/ ;+3 lrtjg /f;;, lrtjg cy{ ;dfrf/ nf]stGq b}lgs a];f] Rofgn v]ns'b kqsf/ d~r k"jL{ lrtjg kqsf/ d~r dlxnf kqsf/ d~r dlxnf n]vs d~r lrtjg kf]i6 kf/bzL{ b}lgs cfqmd0f r'/] ;Gb]z hf]z /fhwfgL cf:yf lrtjg ;fKtflxs÷jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;dfh gf/fo0fL 6'8] cledt kq

qm=;+= 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581

gfd >L uf]kfn kl/of/ >L s]kLls/0f zdf{ >L ;'/]z sf]O/fnf >L /fh' e6\6 >L lala e6\6 >L ljgf]bafa'' l/hfn >L O{Zj/ hf]zL >LdtL zfGtf clwsf/L >L ljdn vltj8f >L ljgf]b lqkf7L >L /fw]Zofd vltj8f >L rf+bgL xdfn >L /d]zs'df/ kf}8]n >L lrGtfdl0f kf}8]n >L /fh]z l3ld/] >L lty{ g]kfn >L ;Gts'df/ rf}w/L >L k|sfzd0fL 1jfnL >L ljlrq kf}8]n >L k|jL0f bQ >L /fh' rf}w/L >L zflnu|fd g]kfn >L uf]ljGb e08f/L >L s[i0frGb| e§/fO{ >L d~h' s+8]n >L ;'/]z zdf{ >L lzlz/ l;+v8f >L lngf b'jf8L >L gf/fo0f 9'ª\ufgf >L w|'j zdf{ >L u0f]z e6\6/fO{ >L k|bLk l3ld/] >L /fh' rf}w/L >L nId0f zdf{ >L slkn sdf{rfo{ >L k|d'v >L k|d'v >L cWoIf >L /d]z kf}8]n 8f= eQmdfg >]i7 8f= nIdLgf/fo0f l;+x 8f= le= g6/fh >L xl/k|;fb Gof}kfg] 8f= ljho kf}8]n >LdtL ufoqL zdf{

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs ;Dkfbs k|wfg ;Dkfbs ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf ;+jfbbftf cWoIf k|d'v k|d'v cWoIf k|d'v cWoIf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cfjf;Lo lgb]{zs ;efklt cWoIf k|wfgfWofks

;+nUg ;+:yf hgck{0f ufdj]zLsf va/ o'u ;+jfb pHofnf] PS;k|]z lrtjg 6fOD; sfofs}/g÷sf/f]af/ b}lgs ljlj;L / g]kfn 6]lnlehg uf]/vfkq sflGtk'/ b}lgs ko{6g kqsf/ d~r /fhwfgL b}lgs gful/s b}lgs gful/s b}lgs cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 cleofg b}lgs g]kfn ;dfrf/kq÷lqj]0fL Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= g]kfn jfg 6]lnlehg PleGo"h 6]lnlehg ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehg sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg Od]h Rofgn t/fO{ 6]lnlehg÷/]l8of] lrtjg Plal; 6]lnlehg lxdfnog 6]lnlehg lqmi6n 6]lnlehg cleofg 6]lnlehg /]l8of] g]kfn l;ghL{ Pkm=k|f=ln= sflnsf Pkm=Pd= k|f=ln= ljho Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= /]l8of] gf/fo0fL xfd|f] Pkm=Pd=k|f=ln= /]l8of] w|'jtf/f /]l8of] b]j3f6 /fp08 6]an !$ lhNnf l;rfO{ sfof{no, lrtjg /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]if, ;f}x/f gf/fo0fL ;fd'bflos xl:k6n, e/tk'/ An8 a}+s, e/tk'/ aL=kL= d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn aL=kL= d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn sn]h ckm d]l8sn ;fO{G; g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, gf/fo0fu9 zfvf lrtjg xl:k6n k|f=ln= /fli6«o k|fylds kf7zfnf

qm=;+= 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626

gfd >L lbns'df/L /fjn >L nIdLr/0f >]i7 >LdtL ;/:jtL l/hfn >L df?km cxdb vf+ >L cf]ds'df/ >]i7 >L P=P;=c/f]/f >L lr/l~hjL >]i7 >L xl/x/ kf]v|]n >L /fdk|sfz clwsf/L >L s]zjeQm ;fksf]6f >L uf]s0f{ dNn a|Dxs'df/L nIdL >L /fdxl/ >]i7 >L k|sfzs'df/ r's] >L kljqnfn r's] >L ldgf v/]n >L k'ik/fh lwtfn >L lzjgf/fo0f kf08] >L k|d'v >L ef]nf kf}8]n >L ;'/]z j}B >L dbg s]=;L= >L njL dNn >L lzjk|;fb e§/fO{ >L k|d'v 8f= cfO{= lk= 9sfn >L l8NnL/fd a/fn >L /d]z s'df/ kf08] >L sNof0f s[i0f tfd|fsf/ >L ;~hLj s'df/ >]i7 >L huGgfy Gof}kfg] >L >LeQmcRo"t jfUn] >L cWoIf >L gj/fh ;fksf]6f >L cWoIF >L gf/fo0f sf]O/fnf >L gf/fo0f ;'j]bL >L /fh' >]i7 >L lbg]z r's] >L z/b/~hg >]i7 >L Cl4r/0f >]i7 >L /]zdnfn >]i7 >L rLhs'df/ ‘ldq’ >L lagf]bs'df/ >]i7 >L hLjg lkof

kb ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;+nUg ;+:yf

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >d g]kfn k|wfgfWofks afns'df/L sGof df=lj= k|frfo{ afns'df/L pRr df=lj= k|wfgfWofks cflbslj efg' df=lj= lk|lG;kn afns'df/L O+lUnz af]l8{ª :s"n lk|lG;kn :dn x]eg :s'n, cf+k6f/L lk|lG;kn afns'df/L sn]h lk|lG;kn d}of+b]jL sGof sn]h SofDk; k|d'v ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk; SofDk; k|d'v jL/]Gb| jx'd'vL SofDk; SofDk; k|d'v zlxb :d[lt ax'd'vL SofDk; k|d'v ;~rflnsf a|x\dfs'df/L /fhof]u ;]jf s]Gb|, gf/fo0fu9 cWoIf xfd|f] 3/ k"j{ ;+of]hs, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^% k|ltlglw s] k|f] cWoIf ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| gf/fo0fu9 lgb]{zs ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| e/tk'/ sfof{no k|d'v lb – l6Da/ skf]{/]zg sfof{no k|d'v xjfO{ sfof{no lgb]{zs P;=cf]=P;= afnu|fd k|aGw lgb]{zs g]kfn j]nxf]k Plu|6s ] k|f=ln= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs g]kfn j]nxf]k Plu|6s ] k|f=ln= gfoa dxfk|aGws gf/fo0fL g]zgn kmfO{gfG; ln= s]lGbo cWoIf /fli6«o lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3 If]qLo sfof{no k|d'v ;femf k|sfzg lrtjg l8g k'z lj1fg, kz' lrlsT;f / dT:o lj1fg ljefu, s[=tyf jg ljZjlj= l8g s[lif ;+sfo, s[lif tyf jg ljZj ljBfno l8g jg lj1fg ;+sfo, s[lif tyf jg ljZj ljBfno ;+of]hs, sf;; a|flG8· tyf cfo cfh{g ;ldlt, g]pjf dxf;+3 lj1fkg lgdf{tf egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 zfvf clws[t g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, lhNnf zfvf k"j{ k|jQmf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg cWoIf af}4 laxf/, gf/fo0fu9 cWoIf lhNnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf lbofnf] a+unf pBfg ljsf; ;ldlt cWoIf lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3, lrtjg j8f ;lrj j8f g+= ! e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f ;lrj j8f g+= # e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf ;dfh;]jL egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 ;dfh;]jL If]qk'/, lrtjg ;dfh;]jL e=g=kf= #, k'tnLahf/ ;dfh;]jL e=g=kf= @, gf/fo0fu9 a;kfs{ ;dfh;]jL e/tk'/ $, j]nrf]s ;dfh;]jL e=g=kf= !, gf/fo0fu9 ;dfh;]jL e=g=kf= #, gf/fo0fu9

qm=;+= 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671

gfd >L k|]ds'df/ >]i7 >L l;4s'df/ >]i7 >L ho/fd >]i7 >L ho/fd >]i7 -e}/j_ >L jfdb]j vgfn >L pk]Gb| l/hfn >L s'Gbg lkof >L pQ/s'df/ dNn >L d+unk|;fb >]i7 >L xl/zrGb| lkof >L e/tnfn /fhe08f/L >L 6ª\snfn >]i7 >L /fhs'df/ k|wfg >L ;Togf/fo0f k|wfg >L bfgaxfb'/ >]i7 >L lbuDa/ lkof >L t'N;Lgf/fo0f >]i7 >L lrhs'df/ >]i7 >L k~rs'df/ lkof >L k|bLk lkof >L ;Gtf]if lkof >L k"0f{gf/fo0f k|wfg >L ldgs'df/ lkof >L hulbz >]i7 >L dª\unk|;fb k|wfg >L ls/0fuf]ljGb cdfTo >L dx]Zj/ >]i7 >L pdfz+s/ cu|jfn >L ab|Lnfn >]i7 >L OGb|nfn lkof >LdtL ;fljqL lkof >L k|]ds'df/ lkof >L slj/k|;fb åf >L k|df]b >]i7 >L r]jgs'df/ >]i7 >L eujfgs'df/ hf]zL >L j[hnfn lkof >L cfgGb k|wfg >L rGb|uf]kfn cu|jfn >L an/fd hf]zL >L xl/nfn >]i7 >L kjgs'df/ lkof >L rGb|s'df/ lkof >L dx]z k|wfg >L /fh' u'?ª

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb

;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL

;+nUg ;+:yf e=g=kf= $, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf= $, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf= !, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf= !, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf= $, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf= @, cf“k6f/L, lrtjg If]qk'/, lrtjg d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 ;Demgfrf]s, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 ldng/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 sf]dngf/fo0f /f]8, gf/fo0fu9 u}8fsf]6, gjnk/f;L d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 ldng/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 egkf !, gf/fo0fu9 zlxbrf]s, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 lnnfrf]s, gf/fo0fu9 k'tnL ahf/ ;+ud/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 egkf @, gf/fo0fu9 egkf @, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 k'tnL ahf/, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, gf/fo0fu9 egkf #, d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 If]qk'/, lrtjg If]qk'/, lrtjg

qm=;+= 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680

gfd >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

c?0fkLl8t e08f/L c?0fs'df/ df:s] ;'/]z k|wfg dGh'n d'lQm lkof rGb|nfn /fhe08f/L k'iknfn k|wfg lqnf]rg s+8]n /fdrGb| clwsf/L 6+s kf}8]n

kb ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

;+nUg ;+:yfsf] kb ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL ;dfh;]jL

;+nUg ;+:yf e/tk'/, lrtjg d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 ;Demgfrf]s, egkf ! zlxbrf]s, egkf # k|ultky, gf/fo0fu9 xl/x/dfu{, gf/fo0fu9 egkf % egkf !# egkf #

;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt qm=;+= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

gfd dfggLo lhNnf GofowLz ef]nfgfy rf}nfufO{+ dfggLo lhNnf GofowLz n]v/fh 9sfn >L cljgfz >L 6]sk|;fb u'¿ª >L s[i0f vgfn >L zf]ef s§]n >L df]xgdl0f 9sfn >L /fdx/L sF8]n >L k/z'/fd nfld5fg] >L kljqf hf]zL >L alb|k|;fb ltldN;]gf >L hf]vf rf}w/L >L ;'/h a}B >L s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6f >L lji0f' l3ld/] >L d'lQmnfn r's] >L lxdaxfb'/ lkof >L gf/fo0f jg >L s[i0faGw' lkof >L s]=Pn e"if0f >L rGb|nfn >]i7 >L >Lgf/fo0f lkof >L xl/z/0f kf7s >L ljZj dNn >L xl/x/ ;'j]bL >L pBf]us'df/ lkof k|f= 8f= s}nfzgfy Kofs'/]n k|f= >L g/]Gb|s'df/ rf}w/L >L u'0frGb| lji6 >L k|bLk dxh{g sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cWoIf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs dxflgb]{zs

kb ÷ ;+:yf lrtjg lhNnf cbfnt e/tk'/ lrtjg lhNnf cbfnt e/tk'/ lhNnf O{~rfh{, g]= s= kf= -Pdfcf]jfbL_ ;efklt, g]kfnL sf+u|]; lrtjg lhNnf cWoIf, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_, lrtjg lhNnf O{~rfh{, g]= s= kf= dfcf]jfbL lhNnf cWoIf, /fli6«o hgdf]rf{, lrtjg lhNnf cWoIf, /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{, lrtjg lhNnf ;lrj, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfn]_, lrtjg cWoIf, /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{, lrtjg lhNnf cWoIf, /f= k|= kf= g]kfn lhNnf cWoIf, dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 k"j{ ;efklt, lh=lj=;= lrtjg k"j{ ;efklt, lh=lj=;= lrtjg k"j{ gu/ k|d'v, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf k"j{ gu/ k|d'v, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf k"j{ gu/ k|d'v, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf k"j{ cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k"j{ cWoIf, /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 cfjfl;o k|ltlgwL P;=O=P;= sf7df8f}F ;Nnfxsf/, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg pks'nklt, s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno 8Lg, s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, /fdk'/ cWoIf, g]kfn k+IfL dxf;+3 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, s[lif pBd s]Gb|, g]=p=jf= dxf;+3 lgof{t k|j4{g ;ldlt, sf7df8f}F g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3, sf7df8f}F g]kfn ko{6g jf]8{, sf7df8f}F s[lif ljefu, sf7df8f}F

qm=;+= 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

gfd

kb ÷ ;+:yf kz' ;]jf ljefu, sf7df8f}F lgjt{dfg cWoIf cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, lrtjg pkfWoIf, o"jf tyf ;fgf Joj;foL :j/f]huf/ sf]if ;+of]hs, Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfof{Gjog ;ldlt tyf sf;;, g]pjfdxf;+3 ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno cWoIf, Pgcf/Pg k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, nufgL jf]8{ cWoIf, a}+s;{ Snj, lrtjg Pgcf/Pg 8]:s x]g{] dxf;+3sf] sd{rf/L

dxflgb]{zs >L cf]d uf}rg 8f= k'0o /]UdL >L l8= aL= a:g]t >L s[i0fxl/ afF:sf]6f >L zfGtf/fd ;'j]bL >L hLjf nfld5fg] >L /fw]Zofd kGt >L bIfk|;fb >]i7 >L

ljleGg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pjd\ ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnL afXo ;'/Iff ;ldlt qm=;+=

gfd

>L lxdgfy bjf8L >L /fh]Gb| >]i7

>L b'uf{jxfb'/ s'Fj/

4 5

>L Hof]ltGb| dxt >L rqmaxfb'/ zfx

>L bLkss'df/ yfkf

>L u0f]z yfkf

>L ;'Gb/ v8\sf

>L afa'/fd kf}8]n

>L c?0fs'df/ kf}8n]

>L dbghLt dx/f

12 14

>L s[i0fbQ e§ >L bLkss'df/ /fo >L k|sfzs'df/ r's]

>L /f]lxts'df/ >]i7

>L lbnLk lkof

;+nUg ;+:yf

;+of]hs k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, lrtjg ;x–;+of]hs ;dfb]zs, d=If]=k|=tf=s]=, e/tk'/ k|x/L pk/LIfs, ljkb ;x–;+of]hs jl/i7 Joj:yfkg tflnd s]Gb|, s'l/g6f/ ;x–;+of]hs u0fklt, e/tk'/ Jof/]s ;x–;+of]hs u0fklt, s;/f Jof/]s x/L pk/LIfs, lhNnf k|x/L ;x–;+of]hs k|sfof{ no, lrtjg k| x /L pk/LIfs,;z:q k|x/L ;x–;+of]hs an, e08f/f |x/L pk/LIfs, ;Ldf ;'/Iff ;x–;+of]hs k|sfof{ no, e/tk'/ pk cg' ;Gwfg lgb{]zs, /f=c= ;x–;+of]hs lh=sf=lr= k|x/L gfojpk/LIfs, lhNnf ;b:o k|x/L sfof{no, lrtjg k|x/L lg/LIfs, j8f k|x/L ;b:o sf=gf/fo0fu9 ;b:o k|x/L lg/LIfs, lhNnf 6f«=sf= lrtjg ;b:o k|x/L lg/LIfs, Onfsf k|x/L sf= u}+8fsf]6 ;b:o k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;+of]hs, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;b:o ;ldlt, lr=d=–@)^( ;b:o–;lrj k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

>L aGw'k|;fb af:tf]nf >L /fdaxfb'/ e'h]n >L df]xg nfdf >L ldqnfn af]6] >L ;d/axfb'/ z]/rg >L 6]sjxfb'/ du/ >L aL/axfb'/ a/fd >L lrqaxfb'/ lnDa' >L ;'wg b/fO{

>L kbdjxfb'/ u'¿ª

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, lhlj;

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj sfoqmd clws[t, lhlj; ;Nnfxsf/ cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg cflbjf;L hghflt ;Nnfxsf/ cWoIf, dxf;+3, lh;;, lrtjg

gu/ ;hfj6 ;ldlt 1

>L e"jgx/L cof{n

>L zflns/fd kf}8]n

>L xl/s[i0f kf}8]n

>L l6sf/fd s+8]n >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb s+8]n >L ef]h/fh sf}8]n >L s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{ >L lnnf/fh v/]n >L lj/f6 l3ld/] rGbf v8\sf >L vu]Zj/ clwsf/L >L t'n;Lk|;fb >]i7 >L ;'/h/fh kf}8]n >L Zofd >]i7 >L pQd/fh vgfn >L gf/fo0fk|;fb nf}8f/L

5 6 7 8 9 10

;+:s[lt k|j4{g ;ldlt 1

>L s0f{axfb'/ u'¿ª >L nId0f r]kfË >L alb|nfn >]i7 >L k|]daxfb'/ ofNdf] >L s[i0f /fO{ >L nId0f b'/f >L xl/ k'g >L 8Dj/ rf}+w/L >L s'naxfb'/ s'dfn >L /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL 8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{

11 12 13 14 15 16

;+of]hs

sfo{sf/L clws[t, egkf sf/L lgb{]zs, e/tk'/ ;x–;+of]hs sfo{ vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ l8=O+{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;b:o l8lehg sfof{no, e/tk'/ ;b:o jl/i7 k|zf;sLo clws[t, egkf ;b:o jl/i7 n]vf clws[t, egkf ;b:o sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;b:o :6f]/ clws[t, egkf ;b:o s/ clws[t, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf ;b:o OlGhlgo/,egkf ;b:o gu/ ;xhstf{, egkf ;b:o sfg"g clws[t, egkf ;b:o cfn]k clws[t, egkf ;b:o gf;', egkf ;b:o 7]s]bf/, ;/;kmfO{ ;b:o dWo:ystf{ ;b:o n]vfkfn

jGohGt' tyf kz'kIfL k|bz{gL ;ldlt 1 2

>L k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f ;+of]hs sfo{sf/L clws[t, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf >L ;'/]zs'df/ >]i7 ;b:o cWoIf, sk8f Joj;foL ;+3

>L >L >L >L >L >L

3 4 5 6 7 8

;Ltf/fd kf]v/]n k|sf; 9'Ëfgf tf]/0f kf}8]n nLnfgfy cof{n pld{nf tfdfª /fh]z u'¿ª

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

ko{6s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

>L lbkss'df/ sdf{rfo{ >L of]u]z clwsf/L >L /~hg >]i7 >L /fh]Gb| xdfn >L e]if/fh bjf8L >L uf]ljGb lj=s= >L /fds[i0f >]i7 >L v'dgf/fo0f >]i7

>L s[i0f 8Nnfsf]6L ;b:o

>L k|bLk kf]v/]n >L p4j l/hfn >L zld{nf >]i7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11 12

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

cWoIf, /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l/e/ j}+sg, ;f}/fxf xf]ln8] ;kmf/L nh, ;f}/fxf /Tggu/, lrtjg xf]6n :6f/ JofGSj]6 k|f=ln=, /Tggu/ k]mldln u]i6 xfp;, ;f}/fxf /Tggu/, lrtjg cWoIf, lbuf] ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt, zlQmvf]/ sfo{sf/L cWoIf, OG6/g]zgn ;]s]08/L :s"n lrtjg k|f=ln=

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj sfo{sf/L ;lrj, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lg=cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lg=cWoIf, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 jl/i7 pkfWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k|yd pkfWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg dxf;lrj, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 jl/i7 clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

:6n d"NofÍg ;ldlt >L pbos'df/ >]i7 >L xl/x/ ;'j]bL >L afa'/fd /fgfef6 8f= x]dGt bjf8L >L /l;s k|wfg

1 2 3 4 5

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

>L pQd nfn r's] >L /fh]Gb|sd' f/ >]i7 >L ;'dgs'df/ >]i7 >L OZj/ hf]zL >L hgs cof{n >L j;Gt k/fh'nL >L gf/fo0f zdf{ >L gljg >]i7 >L cfzf >]i7

3 4 5 7 8 9 10

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

jl/i7 pkfWoIf, p=jf= ;+3–lrtjg jl/i7 pkfWoIf, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 cWoIf, g]kfn s'v/' f Joj;foL d~r cWoIf, lrtjg c6f]jfO{N; Pzf]l;Pzg cWoIf, clws[t Joj;foL ;+3 lkgfsn 6«]l8Ë sG;g{ e/tk'/ cWoIf, s[lif pkh ahf/ ;ldlt cWoIf,CAN lrtjg Joj;fo ljsf; clws[t, pjf ;+3–lrtjg

>L ;xgnfn k|wfg >L z]v/s'df/ >]i7 >L b]j]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L ef]h/fh sf}8]n >L ljlkg /fd'bfd' >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 >L 6fh{g >]i7 >L afa'/fhf l;+x >L cg's'n >]i7 >L o"j/fh cof{n >L uf}td hf]zL >L czf]sk|;fb nfld5fg] >L pd]zs'df/ emf >L /ljGb| /]UdL >L >L >L >L dgf]h k|wfg

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

>L Clifk|;fb nfld5fg] >L /fhf/fd /]UdL >L OdfGb' a/fn >L sfhn hf]zL >L k|sf; lkof >L ;'lgtf sdf{rfo{ >L s[kf /fhe08f/L >L uLtf >]i7 >L aRr'/fd e§/fO{ >L lgd{nf kl08t l3ld/] >L afa'/fhf l;+x 7s'/L >L /ljGb| uf}td >L pQd hf]zL >L k|efs/ kl08t >L kljqf hf]zL >L /ljgs'df/ >]i7 >L cK;/f >]i7 >L ufoqL l;Ub]n

;+of]hs ;x–;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

20 21

k|yd pkfWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ dxf;lrj, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, ;'g rfFbL Joj;foL ;+3 e=g=kf=@, If]qk'/ k|lzIfs, l;t]l/of] s/fFt] ;+3 egkf &, k|]dj:tL, lrtjg

sDkgL ;lrj, /fO{lhË 8]enkd]G6 j}s+ sfof{no k|dv' ˆo"h zfvf, gf/fo0fu9 k"j{ cWoIf, gf/fo0fu9 h]l;h sfof{no k|d'v, g]kfn ljB't k|f= sfof{no k|d'v, g]kfn 6]lnsd sfof{no k|dv' , g]kfn vf=;=l8=sf= k"j{ ;+of]hs, dxf]T;j Joj:yfkg ;=

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj sfo{sf/L lgb{z ] s, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

>L /fh' >]i7 >L /fd]Zj/ cdfTo >L ob's[i0f e§ >L ljgo vltj8f >L ;'/]zs'df/ >]i7 >L z+s/ g]kfn >L d0fLeb| sF8]n >L ;Gb]zs'df/ >]i7 >L /fh]z k|wfg >L ljzfn >]i7 >L lji0f' lwtfn O{= cldt sf}8]n >L /f]zg df:s] >L Hof]ltGb| >]i7 >L dw'ljnf; clwsf/L >L /fhg hf]zL >L /fhs'df/ /fhe08f/L >L k'ikf lkof >L cfsfz j/fnL >L kßkfl0f ;'j]bL

>L s]zj/fh kf7s

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

t[tLo pkfWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

;+of]hs

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn sk8f tyf l;nfO{ Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf, k;f{9fk Jofkf/ ;+3

>L nfnaxfb'/ kl/of/ ;b:o

>L >L >L >L >L >L

5 6 7 8

sf]]iffWoIf, /=p=jf= ;+3 cWoIf, lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3

pkfWoIf, On]S6«fl] gS; Joj;foL ;+3

lgjt{dfg cWoIf, ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3

jl/i7 clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj dxf]T;j ;xof]uL, lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^(

lrqsnf tyf d"lt{snf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

>L vf]dsfGt /]UdL >L pd]z lu/L >L hLjgs'df/ >]i7 >L tdjxfb'/ k'g >L 6+s/fh 9sfn >L b]j]Gb| u'¿ª >L ;'o{ dWo/ft s]=;L= >L k|sfz yfkf >L bfdf]b/ a/fn >L jL/]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L nLnfw/ cfrfo{ >L j?0f l3ld/] >L l;h{gf lji6

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

;+of]hs sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;b:o sf;;, /Tggu/ pBf]u jf=;+3 ;b:o cWoIf, lrtjg ;fO{sn Joj;foL ;+3 ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

;b:o–;lrj dxf]T;j ;xof]uL, lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^(

>L uf]kfn e§/fO{ >L ci6jxfb'/ e'h' >L jfns[i0f sF8]n >L /fdjxfb'/ nf]xgL >L u0f]zk|;fb kf}8]n >L gd/fh kF"mofn >L /fhg clwsf/L >L af;'b]j bjf8L >L dgf]h /fgfef6 >L bLks >]i7 >L /fh]Gb| e§/fO{ >L s[i0fxl/ kl08t >L b]jsL uf}td >L /f]zg aflgof >L /d]zs'df/ yfkf >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb cfrfo{ >L ;'lgtf Go"/f] >L afns[i0f >]i7 >L kljqf s]=;L= >L lbks/fh lji6 >L k|B'Dg ;fksf]6f >L tf/fldq kl08t

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k|yd pkfWoIf, lr=c=P= u08sL l8hN; ;le{; k"j{ cWoIf, lg=;f=Jo=;+3 dxf;lrj, nfoG; Snj ckm ld86fpg ;b:o, nfoG; Snj ckm ld86fpg ;b:o, gf/fo0fu9 h]l;h låtLo pkfWoIf, lr=c=P= k"j{ cWoIf, /f]6¥ofS6 Snj ckm lrtjg ;b:o, gf/fo0fu9 h]l;h

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, lrtjg gjnk'/ /fO; ldn ;ldlt lgjt{dfg cWoIf, g]kfn s'v'/f Joj;foL d~r k"j{ cWoIf, k]mG;L Joj;foL ;+3

sfo{qmd clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;~rfns, ;lrg 6]«8;{, egkf $

:jfut ;Tsf/ ;ldlt 1 2

uh]Gb| hf]zL gj/fh 8Nnfsf]6L u'0f/fh >]i7 k|sf; kf}8]n /fdjfj' v/fn l;h{gf lji6

kfls{ª Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 3

pBfg lgdf{0f ;ldlt

låtLo pkfWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg pkfWoIf, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 cWoIf, xf]6n Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg gjb'uf{ d]l8sn, e/tk'/ d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fu9 n]l8 h]l;h cWoIf, gf/fo0fu9 n]l8 h]l;h gf/fo0fu9 n]8L h]l;h a;'Gw/f On]lS6«s, ldngrf]s cf]dzflGt sk8f k;n, zlxbrf]s egkf &, k|]dj:tL, lrtjg a]nrf]s, gf/fo0fu9 cWoIf, g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf, /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ gf/fo0fu9 n]8L h]l;h

>L ;/:jtL rf}+w/L >L t'n;L ;fksf]6f >L /l;s k|wfg

:6n lgdf{0f ;ldlt

;lrjfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

lgjt{dfg\ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lgjt{dfg\ cWoIf, /=p=jf=;+3 sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lala;L ;Djfbbftf ;efklt, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, lrtjg kqsf/, l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd= lgjt{dfg cWoIf, sk8f Joj;foL ;+3 e/tk'/–!!, lrtjg k|zf;sLo clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

>L sNof0f hf]zL >L 1fgaxfb'/ lj;'/fn >L rGb|dfg >]i7 >L dxz'/ lkof >L /ljGb| s]=;L= >L OZj/ >]i7 >L sfhn hf]zL >L zflnu|fd l3ld/] >L ;'lw/ ;fksf]6f >L O{/f >]i7

dxf]T;j Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cfjf;Lo k|ltlgwL, P;O{P; sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs, IEDI dxflgb{]zs, g]=p=jf= dxf;+3 sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

dxf]T;j k|j4{g ;ldlt 1

cfly{{s ;ldlt 1

k|bz{s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

>L lr/l~hjL ;'j]bL >L jlb|nfn k|wfg >L s~rg cu|jfn >L /fdz/0f kf08] >L l6sf/fd kf]v/]n >L lzj/fh lu/L >L g]qk|;fb cfrfo{ >L ljhok|sfz t08'sf/ >L afns[i0f sF8]n >L /fh]Gb| zdf{ >L sflzgfy nfld5fg] >L /fdk|;fb ;fksf]6f >L gf/fo0f ;'jfn >L o';'kmlbg ldofF >L tf]nfsfGt ltjf/L >L lg? kf]v/]n >L ljgo vltj8f >L ;kmnf kl08t >L s[i0fjGw' lkof >L s]=Pn= e"if0f >L /fdk|;fb >]i7

sfof{no ;lrj, lrtjg xf]6n Jo=;+3 cWoIf, lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;+3 sfof{no ;lrj, gf=g=;+=lj=;=e/tk'/ k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

tflnd tyf ;]ldgf/ ;ldlt 1 2 3

>L r'ggf/fo0f >]i7 >L /fh]Gb| cf]nL >L O{Zj/Lk|;fb cof{n

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

k|f=8f= cfO{=kL= 9sfn k|f=8f= dfwj >]i7 >L slknjfj' vgfn >L 7fs'/k|;fb bjf8L >L lzlnof >]i7 >L u'0f/fh If]qL >L k|jL0ff >]i7 >L gf/fo0fk|;fb uf}td >L dg;f y}j >]i7 >L laho k|wfg >L O{/f >]i7

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj Joj;fo ljsf; clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

k"m8 k]ml:6jn ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

>L b]j]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L ljgf]b kf]v/]n >L Zofds[i0f >]i7 >L k'?iff]Qd sF8]n >L lg/~hgnfn >]i7 >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ lkof >L bfdf]b/ >]i7 >L nfns'df/ >]i7 >L p4j hf]zL >L tLy{ >]i7 >L 7fs'//fh lji6 >L /d]z kf}8]n >L s]zj l3ld/] >L s[i0f >]i7 >L ;"o{ >]i7 >L lzj hf]zL >L dx]z k|wfg >L czf]s k|wfg >L x]djxfb'/ yfkf du/ >L /]zdnfn s'Fj/ >L hos'df/ ;fksf]6f >L /ljgs'df/ k|wfg >L j6'snfn >]i7 >L ljho k|sfz >L /ljs'df/ k|wfg >L ;'eb|f >]i7 >L /fs]zs'df/ sdf{rfo{ >L ;fg'nfn hf]zL >L kbd >]i7 >L ;/nf hf]zL >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L k|]ds'df/ hf]zL >L ;fdgf zdf{ >L ljlkg >]i7 >L df]xg nf]xgL >L /fd]Zj/ nf]xgL >L dbgnfn >]i7 >L s[i0fs'df/ sdf{rfo{

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn jg k}bfj/ pBf]u Joj;foL ;+3

1 2 4 5 6 7 8

;b:o ;b:o, o"/flzof /]o"sfO{ gf;+s] ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

k|ltof]lutfTds s[lif k|bz{gL ;ldlt 3

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

>L /fhs'df/ >]i7 >L z}n]Gb|s'df/ lkof >L /]zdnfn >]i7 >L pk]Gb| l/hfn >L 1fg]Gb|dfg zfSo >L z'qm k|wfg >L uf]kfn s'Fj/ >L ;'o{s'df/ k|sf08 lkof

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

>L gjLg s+8]n >L eLdgf/fo0f >]i7 8f= t]haxfb'/ l/hfn >L lx/fnfn e'iffn >L wgaxfb'/ yfkf >L lzjk|;fb l/hfn >L /fdx/L bjf8L >L lzj cof{n >L s[i0f s+8]n >L xl/b]j kGt >L k|sfz s+8]n >L ;gb >]i7 >L e/tk|;fb nfld5fg] >L an/fd ;fksf]6f >L u0f]z >]i7 >L k'ik >]i7 >L ;'/h ltjf/L >L xl/ yfkf >L gf/fo0fk|;fb s+8n] >L z+s/ >]i7 >L r"8fdl0f atf{}nf >L ;Gtf]if/fh kf}8]n >L bLks e§/fO{ >L lvdnfn nfld5fg] >L s"nk|;fb ;fksf]6f >L kßkf0fL ;'j]bL >L ldq/fh bjf8L >L huGgfy ltjf/L

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 jl/i7 kz' ljsf; clws[t jl/i7 dT:o ljsf; clws[t jfujfgL ljsf; clws[t jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f clws[t

cWoIf,lhNnf tfhf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ;+3 of]hgf clws[t, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lrtjg afnL ljsf; clws[t, lhNnf s[lif lasf; sfof{no n]vf clws[t, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lrtjg

jl/i7 clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ cWoIf, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; clws[t, lh=s[=lj=sf=lr=

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

>L gf/fo0f k|wfg >L lj1fgnfn >]i7

;+of]hs sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;x–;+of]hs cWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ /fli6«o nf]s tyf >L l6sf/fd nfld5fg] ;x–;+of]hs cWoIf, bf]xf]/L uLt k|lti7fg lrtjg ltlglw, cflbjf;L hghflt >L dx]Gb| b'/f ;x–;+of]hs k|dxf;+ 3, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt lrtjg >L /f]lxts'df/ >]i7 ;b:o sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg >L z]v/ >]i7 ;b:o k"j{ cWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ >L ljgo >]i7 ;b:o lg= cWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ >L cd/b]j k|wfg ;b:o sf]iffWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ >L cflZjg >]i7 ;b:o ;x–;lrj, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ >L ho/fd >]i7 ;b:o sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

>L ;';g k|wfg >L p4j hf]zL >L u0f]zs'df/ ljkgf >L dx]Gb| >]i7 >L k'ik >]i7 >L lj>fd dxQf] >L s0f{jxfb'/ u'¿ª >L g/jxfb'/ b'/f >L df]xg nfdf >L hgs lnDj' >L jL/jxfb'/ a/fd >L emÍdfg /fO{ >L 6]sjxfb'/ du/ >L ldqnfn af]6] >L nId0f r]kfË >L sfhLdfg e'h]n >L nf]saxfb'/ s'dfn >L czf]s nfdf >L alb|nfn >]i7 >L tlkof b/fO{ >L Hof]lt z]/rg >L xl/ k'g >L dgf]h /f}lgof/ >L ;Gts'df/ rf}w+ /L >L lbnLk lkof >L jGw'k;| fb jf:tf]nf >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 >L ;xgnfn k|wfg >L kbdjxfb'/ u'¿ª >L zfGts'df/ lkof >L e}v" u'¿ª

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ k"j{ sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ k"j{ sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ k"j{ sf;;, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ cWoIf, yf? sNof0fsf/L0fL ;ef, lrtjg cWoIf, td' Wof]h 5f]FhwL, lrtjg cWoIf, b'/f ;dfh, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn tfdfª w]bË' ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf, ls/fFt ofSy'd r'Dn'Ë, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn a/fd ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf, ls/fFt /fO{ ofof]Vof, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn du/ ;3, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn jf]6] ;dfh lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn r]kfË ;+3, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn e'hn] ;]jf ;dfh, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn s'dfn ;]jf ;'wf/ ;ldlt, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn x]Ndf] ;]jf ;dfh, lrtjg cWoIf, g]jf k"rM gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn b/fO{ pTyfg ;dfh lrtjg cWoIf, ysfnL ;]jf ;ldlt, lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn k'g ;dfh lrtjg ;b:o, clws[t Joj;foL ;+3 cWoIf, cflbjf;L hghflt kqsf/ ;+3 pkfWoIf, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, lhlj;,lr= d"n ;+of]hs, lr=d=–@)^( k"j{ ;+of]hs, ;f+:s[lts sf=Jo=;= cWoIf, cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, lr= cWoIf, /f=nf]=bf]=lu=k|= gf/fo0fL c= cWoIf, /fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf dxf;+3, lrtjg

u'0f:t/ tyf d"No lgoGq0f ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

>L k'iklgwL nf]xgL >L b«f0] fk|;fb nfld5fg] >L uf]ljGb kf08] >L ;Gtf]if kf}8]n >L >L/fd lu/L >L rGb|dl0f e§/fO{ >L wgk|;fb kf]v/]n >L /lj >]i7 >L cd/åLk cu|jfn >L /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 >L /fd >]i7 >L ;'bz{g kf}8]n >L /fdk|;fb kg]? >L uf]ljGb/fd zdf{ >L gjLg b]phf >L clgtf >]i7 >L zld{nf tfdfª

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 ;+of]hs, k|f]lehgn Joj;foL ;+3

18 19

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

>L k"l0f{df >]i7 >L /hgL df:s] >L efuL/yL k|hfklt >L zs'Gtnf k|wfg >L ljgf >]i7 >L uLtf ;]F9fO{ >L /df l;6f}nf >L d'gf u'¿ª >L tf/f sfˆn] >L clgtf >]i7 >L l/t' ;]~r'/L >L ;kmnf kl08t

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 ;b:o, dlxnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gf/fo0fu9 ;b:o, dlxnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gf/fo0fu9 ;b:o, dlxnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gf/fo0fu9 ;b:o, dlxnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gf/fo0fu9 ;b:o, dlxnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gf/fo0fu9 dlxnf Joj;foL ;d'bfo kl/rfns e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf cWoIf,;'grfFbL Joj;foL dlxnf ;+3 sfof{no ;lrj, gf=g=;+=lj=;=, e/tk'/

zf]efofqf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

vfB lg/LIfs, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lrtjg

dlxnf pBdL Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

lgjt{dfg cWoIf, lrtjg xf]6n Joj;foL ;ldlt

>L k|j]z ;fksf]6f ;b:o >L lu/L/fhd0fL kf]v/]n ;b:o

21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

>L k|B'Dg ;fksf]6f >L 3ggfy dxtf] >L /3'gfy e§ >L alb|gfy kf]v/]n >L dgs'df/L ;]g >L /fddfofF lkof >L bLks zdf{ kf}8n] >L nId0fsfGt zdf{ >L hLjgfy kf}8]n >L b'uf{ uf}td >L w'kL hf]zL >L k"l0f{df >]i7 >L /hgL df:s] >L ch{'g lqkf7L >L uf}/L /]UdL >L bLkf k'/L >L nf]saxfb'/ /fgfef6 >L s[i0fnfn rf}+w/L >L k|]d e'h]n >L Odfgl;+x u'¿ª >L sdnsfGt zdf{ >L dx]z lkof >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 >L /fhs'df/ sfg" >L o"j/fh l;+v8f >L xl/ zdf{ kf}8]n >L kjgs'df/ lkof >L alb|nfn k|wfg >L pdfz+s/ cu|jfn

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 k"j{ cWoIf, g]kfn cj{'b /f]u lg=;+:yf

dlxnf 6f]n;'wf/ ;+:yf jf8{g+ #

pkfWoIf, ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3

cWoIf, k]mG;L Joj;foL ;+3, gf/fo0fu9 k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

ko{6g k|j4{g ;ldlt 1 2 3

>L alb|k|;fb clwsf/L ;+of]hs >L lbnLk d}gfnL ;b:o >L uf]kLs[i0f >]i7 ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, lrtjg ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt sf;;, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3

>L /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL >L v]d e08f/L >L gf/fo0f e§/fO{ >L OdfGb' a/fn >L ljZj/fh ;'j]bL >L ;lGbk d}gfnL >L clg; clwsf/L >L ;Ltf/fd e§ >L uf]ljGb cof{n >L OGb|axfb'/ s]=;L= >L v]d e§ 8f= b]jLk|;fb s+8]n >L gj/fh 9sfn >L ljgf]b lqkf7L >L hgfb{g kf}8]n

>L 6+sgfy kf}8]n

>L rfd'gf/fo0f >]i7 >L /d]zs'df/ kf}8]n >L s]zj yfkf >L lgz]if clwsf/L >L /fhs'df/ >]i7 >L b'uf{ uf}td >L sf]dnrGb| eut >L bLks/fh lji6

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sfo{qmd clws[t, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cWoIf, b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldlt cWoIf, xf]6n Pzf]l;Pzg, ;f}/fxf cWoIf, lrtjg xf]6n Joj;foL ;ldlt ko{6gljb ko{6g Joj;foL ko{6g Joj;foL ko{6g Joj;foL ko{6g Joj;foL cWoIf, d]3f}nL ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt cWoIf, kl6xfgL ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt pk k|fWofks, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; ko{6g Joj;foL ko{6g kqsf/, sflGtk'/ pkfWoIf, ko{6g tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f s]Gb| cWoIf, b]j3f6 ;Ktu08sL ljsf; ;b:o tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;ldlt ;b:o pkfWoIf, lbofnf]a+unf pBfg lasf; ;ldlt ;b:o ;lrj, lbofnf]a+unf pBfg lasf; ;ldlt ;b:o pk;lrj, lbofnf]a+unf pBfg lasf; ;ldlt ;b:o ;lrj, afns'df/L PNd'gfO{ Pzf]l;o;g ;b:o cWoIf, afns'df/L PNd'gfO{ Pzf]l;o;g ;b:o pkfWoIf, lrtjg xf]6n Joj;foL ;+3 ;b:o a];f] Rofgn ;b:o–;lrj sfo{qmd clws[t,p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

:6]h tyf d"nu]6 lgdf{0f ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

>L ef]h/fh sf}8]n >L z/buf]kfn Gof5\of}+ >L /fhg uf}td >L lg/fhg vgfn >L ef]h/fh kf}8]n >L rGb| l;Ub]n >L /fhg lkof >L ;fu/ l3ld/] >L e/ts'df/ >]i7 >L /fd]Zj/ ;fksf]6f >L /f]hL s]=;L= >L ;Ltf clwsf/L >L k|bLk/fh lji6

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 cWoIf, ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3

k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

k|zf;g ;xfos, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

;"rgf tyf k|ljlw Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

>L dfwjk|;| fb kf}8n] >L d]gsf kl08t >L pk]Gb| zdf{ cfrfo{ >L ;"o/{ fh clwsf/L >L ljgf]b ;fksf]6f >L ljj]s zdf{ >L ljgf]b kf}8]n >L efg' zdf{ >L sdn/fh jf:tf]nf >L s]zj nfld5fg]

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;"rgf clws[t, egkf sf;;, /pjf ;+3 cWoIf, lrtjg sDo"lgs]zg Joj;foL ;+3

11 12 13 14 15 16

>L gj/fh kf}8]n >L lbnLk nfdf >L ch{'g kl08t >L ;'bLk jfUn] >L cd/åLk cu|jfn O= xl/ e08f/L

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ lk|lG;kn, cS;kmf]8{ sn]h

:jod;]js kl/rfng ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

>L /fh' lkof >L gjLg v8\sf >L ljsf; >]i7 >L jfns[i0f s+8]n >L k|zfGts'df/ lkof >L k|;zGgs'df/ hf]zL >L u'~hgs'df/ >]i7 >L l;4fy{nfn r's] 8f= pGgt >]i7 >L /fh' e08f/L >L lzj kl08t >L ;'/]zs'df/ >]i7 >L s[i0fnfn lkof >L hLjg u'Ktf >L ;'hg >]i7 >L 8f;L/fd 9sfn >L ;gbs'df/ lkof >L v]d/fh e§/fO{ >L k|Xnfb k|wfg >L lbg]z vgfn >L lbg]z >]i7 >L ;Gtf]if dem/sf]6L >L ;'lj/ >]i7 >L gj/fh >]i7 >L ;'hg l3ld/] >L /3' ltldlN;gf >L o"js/fh clwsf/L

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lrtjg O{G6/k|fO{h]h, zlxbrf]s >L O{n]S6«Ls zlxbrf]s Hof]lt z' zlxbrf]s z'e k]6«f]Nof08, nfoG;rf]s jfns'df/L O{Ëln; :s"n cfbz{rf]s, If]qk'/ ?rL u|f];/, zlxbrf]s ;+ud dfs{]6, zlxbrf]s lrtjg O{G6/k|fO{h]h, zlxbrf]s ;u'g kmdf{, zlxbrf]s s}nfz cfon, k"Nrf]s ;l/gf b sn]S;g, ldng/f]8 d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 dfO{nfO{km d]3f dfs{]6, zlxbrf]s 9sfn /]i6'/]06, zlxbrf]s ;~rf] kmdf{, zlxbrf]s, gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fL k|sf;g, lbofnf]/f]8 k|wfg sf]N8 :6f];{, k"Nrf]s lrtjg O{G6/k|fO{h]h, zlxbrf]s d]g/f]8, gf/fo0fu9 e/tk'/ lnof] Snj

sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/

lrtjg O{G6/k|fO{h]h, zlxbrf]s g]kfn af]6n jf6/ pBf]u ;+3

afn pBfg Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

/fh]Gb| cf]nL s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn ;~ho >]i7 ljhos'df/ zfx hLtjxfb'/ xdfn t]h]Gb| ;fksf]6f cg's'n >]i7 ;'bLk >]i7 lbjfs/ u'¿ª xl/ ltldN;]gf bLk]Gb| >]i7 lg/f]h Gof}kfg] jL/]Gb| lkof /fh]Gb|s'df/ >]i7 z]ifdl0f e§/fO{

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;+3

16 17 18 19

>L ;'/]z d/fl;gL >L ls/0fs'df/ vgfn >L c?0f lkof >L s]bf/ >]i7

;b:o ;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

22 23

k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

>L /fh]Gb| sF8]n >L b]jLk|;fb 8Nnfsf]6L >L cf]dk|sf; bjf8L >L lzj kl08t >L lx/fdfg dxh{g >L huGgfy Gof}kfg] >L ;gb lkof >L ;'/]z clwsf/L >L ljzfn ltldN;]gf >L ob' sF8]n >L /fhs'df/ u'Ktf >L ljqmd clwsf/L >L O{Zj/L v/]n 8f= ;~ho >]i7 >L OGb|/fh u}/] >L /3'gfy ;fksf]6f >L lji0f' zdf{ 8f= ;'/]z k|wfg 8f= pGgt >]i7 >L /fhs'df/ u'Ktf >L ;~ho j/fn >L 5fofF >]i7 >L o"js/fh clwsf/L

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, g]=cf}=Jo=;+3, lhNnf zfvf lrtjg lg=cWoIf, g]=cf}=Jo=;+3, lhNnf zfvf lrtjg jl/i7 clws[t, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO{6L lrtjg zfvf k"j{ cWoIf, nfoG; Snj, gf/fo0fu9 k"j{ cWoIf, lbofnf] kl/jf/ nflnu'/fF; d]l8sn l8li6«Jo"6;{ ;dfh;]jL pk ;efklt, g]kfn /]=;f]= pkzfvf gf/fo0fu9 g]zgn l;6L xl:k6n P;=s]=;Knfo;{ e/tk'/ c:ktfn pkfWoIf, g]kfn cf}ifwL Joj;foL ;+3 e/tk'/ ;fd'bflos xl:k6n lrtjg c:ktfn k|f=ln= lrlsT;s, e/tk'/ c:ktfn e/tk'/ c:ktfn k"j{ cWoIf, nfoG; Snj,;+udrf]s e/tk'/ c:ktfn e/tk'/ cfFvf c:ktfn g]kfn af]6n jf6/ pBf]u ;+3

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

/fhg uf}td k'ik/fh hf]zL k+sh cu|jfn pdf u'¿ª tf]/0f 9sfn a'l4jxfb'/ af]u6L pQd u'¿ª /fdhL 9sfn wd{/fh 9sfn v]dnfn ;'j]bL Zofdk|;fb v/]n df]xg cu|jfn /fh]Gb|k|;fb u'Ktf s[i0f sF8]n /f]hg uf}td xl/afa' uf}td lbg]z cfrfo{ ;'dg l;Ub]n k|sf; u}/] /fh]Gb| kf7s gf/fo0f l/hfn

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 cWoIFf, g]kfn k':ts tyf :6]=Jo=;+3, lrtjg lhNnf v]ns'b ;ldlt lhNnf v]ns'b ;ldlt lhNnf v]ns'b ;ldlt lhNnf v]ns'b ;ldlt lhNnf v]ns'b ;ldlt ;fOsn Joj;foL ;fOsn Joj;foL ;fOsn Joj;foL ;fOsn Joj;foL ;fOsn Joj;foL

b]j/fh u}/] /fdrGb| pk|]tL czf]s >]i7 cg'k b'jf8L k|hfklt s+8]n lbg]z /f7L

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

k"j{ cWoIf, ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3

:dfl/sf k|sfzg tyf ;flxTo uf]i7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

v]ns'b ;ldlt 1

25 26

:jf:Yo ;ldlt 1

>L >L >L >L >L >L

23 24

>L /fdz/0f l;njfn 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn >L uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL >L s]bf/gfy vgfn >L ejgfy ;8f}nf >L l8=cf/=kf]v/]n >L x]/Djs'df/ cl;d >L z+s/ lu/L >L v]d/fh e§/fO{ >L l;4fy{nfn r's] >L O{Zj/s'df/ hf]zL >L OGb|k|;fb /]UdL >L wg/fh lu/L >L e'lkg Jofs'n >L afns[i0f yklnof >L wd{/fh ;fksf]6f >L cfzf >]i7 >L k|]dljgf]b gGbg >L /fdjfj' l3ld/] >L s]zj/fh cfdf]bL >L ;/:jtL l/hfn >L k|efts'df/ hf]zL >L /fhs[i0f s+8]n >L ufoqL >]]i7

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ljefuLo k|d'v, aL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; lqj]0fL ;flxTo kl/ifb lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb ;x–k|fWofks, aL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; cWoIf, k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 ;xf=k|frfo{, afns'df/L sGof p=df=lj= låtLo pkfWoIf, /Tggu/ p=jf=;+3 cWoIf, d'b|0f ;+3 lrtjg ;~rfns, jN8{ ln° lrtjg g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;b:o, b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldlt pk–k|f=, zxLb:d[lt a= SofDk; pk–k|f=, ;Ktu08sL SofDk; e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf l8=cf/= ;fOsn, a]nrf]s k|zf;sLo clws[t, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb k|fWofks, zxLb:d[lt a= SofDk; cWoIf, afNdLls ;flxTo ;bg, /Tggu/ k|frfo{, afns'df/L pRr df=lj= gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/ ;Nnfxsf/, lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb cWoIf, lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb

cfGtl/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

>L /f]lxts'df/ >]i7 >L gf/fo0f k|wfg >L ljlkg /fd'bfd' >L cflZjg >]i7 >L k|zfGt lkof >L ;'/]z >]i7 >L ljsf; ltjf/L >L p4j hf]zL >L ls/0fgf/fo0f >]i7 >L nj 9sfn >L /f]zg >]i7 >L ljZjf; >]i7 >L /fh]z hf]zL >L df]xg hf]zL >L efg' >]i7 >L k'iknfn >]i7 >L lgh{g lkof >L cdgs'df/ >]i7

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, ;'grfFbL Joj;foL ;+3

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

ljqmd >]i7 x/]/fd v8\sf ljsf; u'¿ª lzj v8\sf k'?iff]Qd l;6f}nf ;l~hjs'df/ u'Ktf ;'lgns'df/ >]i7 /fh' If]qL ls/0f >]i7 dbghLt dx/f s[i0fbQ e§ bLkss'df/ /fo ch{'g lqkf7L lblnk lkof k|sf; r's]

;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

k|=lg=, j8f k|x/L sfof{no, k"Nrf]s k|=lg=,lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no, e/tk'/ k|=lg=,O{nfsf k|x/L sfof{no, u}+8fsf]6 g]kfn Ifo/f]u lgjf/0f ;+:yf, lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

r]Dj/ kfs{ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

>L ljgf]bk|;fb ltldN;]gf >L ;'jfif >]i7 >L O{Zj/s'df/ e08f/L >L k|]d yfkf >L lbks a:g]t >L /fh]z tfdfª >L ;'o{ 9sfn >L gj/fh clwsf/L >L si0f sfˆn] >L hubLzs'df/ >]i7 >L k'hgs'df/ >]i7 >L /f]zg u'¿ª >L k|bLk kf}8]n >L OZj/Lk|;fb ltldN;]gf >L gf/fo0fk|;fb cf]nL >L z+s/nfn >]i7 >L k'is/ Gof}kfg]

;+of]hs sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;b:o ;+of]hs ef8fjt{g tyf luˆ6 pk;ldlt ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

lji0f'k|;fb sF8]n /fdz/0f g]kfn rGb|ldq kl08t lg/fhg Gof}kfg] v]d kf08] x]d/fh kf}8]n k|eft 9Fufgf jf]w/fh kf}8]n ;"o{jxfb'/ cfn] pQd cof{n /fh]zs'df/ yfkf Zofds'df/ >]i7 s[i0f ltldlN;gf /Tg cfn] laho af]x/f

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /Tggu/ pjf;+3

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

>L ;fg'sfhL >]i7 >L ;"/h l3ld/ >L dx]Gb| e08f/L >L s[i0f l/hfn >L lji0f'k;| fb ;fksf]6f >L 5fofFbQ kf}8]n >L dfwj clwsf/L >L o"js/fh clwsf/L

;b:o ;b:o /fdgu/, lrtjg ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj g]kfn af]6n jf6/ pBf]u ;+3

s[lif pBd k|j4{g ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

>L z+s/k|;fb sF8]n >L huGgfy ltjf/L 8f= t]hjxfb'/ l/hfn >L k"0f{rGb| ;fksf]6f >L k"0f{bQ e"iffn >L Clif kf}8]n >L x]d/fh kf}8]n >L af]w/fh kf}8]n >L aL/axfb'/ u'¿ª >L ;Togf/fo0f >]i7 >L s]zj 9sfn >L xl/ nf]xgL >L d's'Gb kf}8]n >L gj/fh vgfn >L bfdf]b/ Gof}kfg] >L t]hgf/fo0f kf08] >L l8NnL/fd nfld5fg] >L hLjgfy sF8]n >L pdfz+s/ a:tfsf]6L >L wd{axfb'/ sfsL{ >L ;~hLj kf]v/]n >L /fh]Gb| uf}td >L hf]u]Gb| dxQf] >L o1k|;fb ;'j]bL >L dfgaxfb'/ e§ 8f= v]d/fh Gof}kfg] >L cd[t 9'Ëfgf >L k"0f{k|;fb uf}8]n >L lji0f'eQm Gof}kfg] >L bLks/fh kf}}8]n >L wd{/fh bjf8L

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

>L ;'dgs'df/ >]i7 >L /fd' u'¿ª >L ;'bLkl;+x clwsf/L >L /~hg >]i7 >L nf]sgfy v/]n >L nf]sgfy v/]n >L cg'h hf]zL >L OGb|hLt kf}8]n

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg jl/i7 s[=lj=clws[t, lhs[ljsf jl/i7 clws[t, lhk;]sf= lrtjg k"j{ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

cWoIf, g]kfn df}/Lkfns dxf;+3,s]=;= cWoIf, dT:o Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg s]/f Joj;foL ;+3, lrtjg

k|d'v, uf]vf{ df/L s[lif k|;f/ clws[t, lh=s[=lj=sf=lrtjg s[lif k|;f/ clws[t, lh=s[=lj=sf=lrtjg ;]jf s]Gb| k|d'v, v}/xgL ;]jf s]Gb| k|d'v, 6fF8L

l6s6 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1

9 10

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

;b:o egkf &, k|]dj:tL, lrtjg ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj n]vf ;xfos, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg ;Nnfxsf/ sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg ;Nnfxsf/

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

>L sdn cfrfo{ >L uf]ljGbk|;fb vgfn >L /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL >L lnnf/fh v/]n >L /d]zs'df/ sdf{rfo{ >L z+s/ ;fksf]6f >L k/z'/fd kf7s >L 3gZofd kf}8]n >L rGbg cu|jfn >L lzjbQ e§/fO{ >L sNof0f hf]zL >L Clif/fd kf}8]n >L lzj/fd s]=;L=

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/ ;Nnfxsf/

sfo{;ldlt ;b:o, pjf;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 sfo{qmd clws[t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt s/ clws[t, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf k|fljlws clws[t,3/]n' tyf ;f=p=sf= cWoIf, lrtjg t]n pTkfbs ;ldlt sf;;, v}/]gL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 Go" ;+ud Xofr/L gf}nf] km'8 O08li6«h k|d'v pBf]u clws[t, 3/]n' tyf ;f=p=sf= pkfWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg cWoIf, g]kfn Xofr/L pBf]u ;+3 lrtjg cWoIf, c08f pTkfbs ;+3, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt

:6]h ;hfj6 Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

/hgL df:s] k"l0f{df >]i7 lg/h >]i7 b'uf{nIdL >]i7 k|df]b/fh lji6 O{Zj/L aflgof uLtf kf}8]n ;'lgn vgfn ;fg' >]i7 dg lkof dlGb/f hf]zL ZofdsnL lkof bftf/fd l3ld/]

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /=p=jf=;+3 lzIfs, jfns'df/L sGof df=lj= lzIfs, jfns'df/L sGof df=lj= gf/L cEo"bo s]Gb| xfd|f] k':ts k;n lrtjg kmlg{r/ gf/fo0fu9 n]l8 h]l;h gf/L cEo'bo s]Gb| ;b:o, gf/fo0fu9 n]l8h h]l;h l;ld|s n]l8h 6]n;{ bftfh luˆ6 Uofn/L

‘‘d vfp“m d} nfpm“ ;'v–;on df]h d u¿“ d af“r"“, d} gfr"“ c¿ ;a d¿g\ b'a{nx¿’’ egL bfx|f w:g] ca'em z7 b]vL 5s k/L lrtf lvTsf 5f8L ceol;t xf“:of] dl/d/L . – n]vgfy kf}8\ofn

Joª\Uo lrq

hnofqf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg egkf !@, lrtjg :jl:ts g]kfn, egkf !@ kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;ldlt kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;ldlt /f]6/L Snj, gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fu9 h]l;h lg=cWoIf,kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;ldlt

>L afa'/fhf l;+x 7s'/L >L nId0f /fgf >L b]jLk|;fb e08f/L >L u'dfgl;+x u'¿ª >L cjgL ;fksf]6f >L k'ikf /fgf >L >LeQm >]i7 >L uLtf ltjf/L >L z}n]z k/fh'nL >L ljsf;afa' l3ld/] >L ;'bLk l3ld/] >L g/axfb'/ e08f/L >L s[i0fKof/f yfkf >L Clif/fh l3ld/] >L 8Dd//fh uf}td >L lr/l~hjL ;'j]bL >L k|sfz lkof

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

>L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L >L

bLks k|wfg /f]lxts'df/ >]i7 slj/fh b'jf8L z]v/s'df/ >]i7 dx]Gb| >]i7 xs{axfb'/ If]qL /f]zg lkof /fhg/fd >]i7 u'~hg df:s] lszf]/ k|wfg /fh]Gb| >]i7 k'ggf/fo0f k|wfg dlgtf >]i7 ;'dgs'df/ >]i7 lg/h lkof odgfy bg} bLks/fh lji6

;+of]hs ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o–;lrj

sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, p=jf=;+3–lrtjg sf;;, /pjf ;+3 e=g=kf=@, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf=@, gf/fo0fu9 e=g=kf=@, k|ultky egkf $, gf}3/] egkf #, d]g/f]8 egkf #, d]g/f]8 egkf #, k|ultky egkf #, k|ultky gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

egkf #, e[s'6Lky sfo{qmd clws[t p=jf=;+3–lrtjg

;DkfbsLo hLjGt ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf=== � ljljwtfdo lrtjgsf] ;du|tfnfO{ b]vfpg], lrgfpg] / cg'e"t u/fpg] kfjg p2]Zocg'?k b'O{ b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ul/g] lrtjg dxf]T;j ;Dk|lt gjf}F z[ª\vnfdf k'u]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jn] ca lrtjgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts cª\us} ?k wf/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 / o;n] lrtjgsf] uf}/jdo, ljsf;f]Gd'v / o'uLg gjr]tgfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L c;Ld ;Defjgfx?sf] 9f]sf p3f/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!# nfO{ ‘dWo g]kfn nufgL jif{’sf ?kdf dgfpg] of]hgf / p2]Zo cg'?k ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^(’ k|:t't ePsf] x'Fbf nufgLsf ;Defjgfx?sf] ;DaGwdf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{kqx? k|:t't x'g] / :jb]zL ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /xg] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . � dxf]T;jsf] Ps cleGg cª\u alg;s]sf] :dfl/sfdf lrtjgsf ljljw ljz]iftfx?sf] lrgf/L lbg] p2]Zo ;lGglxt 5 . k|:t't :dfl/sfdf klg lrtjgsf ;du| ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df lrtjgsf] kl/ro lbnfpg] ljgd| k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ctM of] cg';Gwfgk|ltj]bg, zf]wn]v / o;} k|s[ltsf /rgf k|sflzt ul/g] hg{n jf l/;r{ cf]l/oG6]8 klAns]zg xf]Og t/ cg';Gwfgaf6 cfPsf tYox?sf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul/g] jf ;"rgf lbOg] ;ª\sng eg] cjZo xf] . :dfl/sf lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem a9L k|sflzt ug{] cTolws hfgsf/Ld"ns b:tfj]h ePsfn] cfb/0fLo n]vs–/rgfsf/x?af6 k|fKt ePsf o;} k|s[ltsf clwsf+z n]v–/rgfnfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . sltko /rgfx? dxf]T;jsf] nIocg's"n gx'Fbf jf lrtjg;Fu ;DalGwt / ljifout ;Ldf, ;do;Ldf, :t/Lotfsf] dfkg–/]vf tyf :yfgfefjsf] sf/0f o;df ;dfj]z ug{ g;lsPsf] s'/f ;fb/ lgj]lbt 5 . � xfdL xtf/df sfd u/L km';{bdf k5'tfpF5f}F . o;k6s klg xfdLnfO{ ;dod} ;a} n]v /rgf k|fKt x'g g;Sgfsf] kL8f sfod} /Xof] . sltko k|fKt n]v–/rgfdf c:ki6tf x'g', Od]nåf/f k7fOPsf /rgfsf] k'gM ;';fª\VoLs/0f ug'{kg{] l:yltsf] ;[hgf x'g', n]v /rgfsf] :t/Lotfsf] k|Zgn] cNdNofpg' h:tf ;d:ofn] xfdLnfO{ ;tfO/Xof] . ;s];Dd :t/Lo, z'4, cfsif{s, ;ª\u|x0fLo u|Gysf] ?k lbO{ :dfl/sfsf] cGtaf{Xo ;+/rgf ;'Gb/ agfO{ k|:t't ug{] xfd|f] k|of; /x]sf] 5 tyflk c;fjwfgLjz, e'njz jf d'b|f/fIf;sf] sf/0f q'l6 x'g uPsf] eP lj1 kf7sj[Gb ;dIf Ifdfk|fyL{ 5f}F . � o; :dfl/sfdf cfˆgf cd"No n]v–/rgf lbg'x'g] ljifo ljz]if1, cg';Gwftf, efiff, ;flxTo, snf ;+:s[ltsf 1ftf, slj n]vsj[Gbdf x[bo}b]lv cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}F . ;fy} :dfl/sfdf lj1fkg lbO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] lj1fkgbftfx?k|lt klg xflb{s s[t1tf k|s6 ub{} k|sfzgsf qmddf tYofª\s / gfdfjnL pknAw u/fpg] tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lrtjg dxf]T;j d"n ;ldlt nufot ;a} k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ;xof]uLx?k|lt lbn}b]lv wGojfb lbG5f}F . o; qmddf ;';fª\VoLs/0f / snf ;+of]hgsf nflu lgKkg sDKo'6;{ P08 l8hfOg;{sf gjLg >]i7 tyf ;'Gb/ Pjd\ b'|t 5kfOsf nflu l;4afaf ckm;]6 k|]; e/tk'/k|lt klg wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . � cGtdf cfof]hs ;+:yfx? pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] ;xeflutf, ;bfzo / ;lqmotfdf ;DkGg x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;j ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tf / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 x'Fb} hfg] s'/fdf :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldlt cfzf Pj+ ljZjf; ub{5 . n]v–/rgfdf cleJoQm ljrf/x? n]vssf cfˆgf x'g\, ;Dkfbs ;d"xdf To;sf] pQ/bfloTj /xg] 5}g . 48

o; leq qm=;+= ljj/0f

n]vs÷/rgfsf/ k]h

-s_ Jofj;flos tyf ;flxlTos n]v / ;dfnf]rgf v08 1.

25.

kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] jt{dfg cj:yf lrtjgdf af]lng] efiffx?sf] ;ª\lIfKt lbUbz{g 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8s / lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf; @))& ;fn;Ddsf] lrtjgsf] cfly{s Oltxf; gf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg / Jofj;flos s]/f v]tL lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff M Ps b[li6 lrtjgdf ;xsf/L ultljlw lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff cj;/ === ko{6gdf lrtjgsf uGtJo:yfgxÊ lrtjgdf df5fkfng Joj;fo, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLxÊ lrtjgdf d'Qms–sfJo M ;ª\lIfKt ljj]rgf ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf ;x/L jftfj/0fdf t/sf/L v]tL /]ld6\ofG;sf] csf{] ?k lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df a}l°Ë If]qsf] e"ldsf s] lrlsT;f k];fdf Jofj;flostf a9]s} xf] t < a'4sfnLg ;+:s[lt afnaflnsfx?df b]lvPsf ljs[ltx?, To;sf sf/0f / === afnL pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{ t®jxÊ / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg lzIff If]qsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg M g]kfnL kl/j]z lrtjgdf ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes k|of;sf] Ps emns u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / lrtjgsf] cj:yf lrtjg lhNnfdf gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkl:ylt === lrtjgsf] kof{j/0fLo ko{6g

8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{, 8f= ljsfz k'/L k|f=8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn ljho ;'j]bL 8f= b]jLk|;fb s+8]n uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL k|f=8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td s]bf/gfy vgfn ejgfy ;8f}nf /dfsfGt ;fksf]6f ljZj/fh ;'j]bL lx/fnfn e';fn s]zj/fh cfdf]bL 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}td z'qms'df/ k|wfg k|efs/ l3ld/] ;"o{gf/fo0f kf}8]n 8f= ef]h/fh clwsf/L 8L= cf/= kf]v/]n /]zdnfn >]i7 ;bfgGb cefuL -h};L_ ZofdhL cltly 8f= /fh]Gb|k|;fb /]UdL s[i0fhoGtL kf}8]n 1fg' clwsf/L s[i0fxl/ b]jsf]6f

26.

Role of Service Providers on Beekeeping ....

Dr. Suroj Pokhrel

173

27.

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf lrtjg ofqf / ;+:d/0f lrtjgsf ;Gbe{df Ps cjnf]sg ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf ljut cª\sx¿ === /fhgLltdf g]t[Tj / rl/q Jofkf/ ;+ª\3 / d g]kfnsf] lzIffdf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] of]ubfg jf:t';DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ tYo lrtjg dxf]T;j – o;sf] ;fdflhs :j?k b]j3f6 If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f lrtjgsf] 5fkf dfWod M ljut / jt{dfg lrtjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwk|ltsf] a9\bf] k/lge{/tf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu dlxnf ;zlQms/0f wf/0ff

an/fd n'O{6]n k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L /d]z k|eft 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bL k|efts'df/ hf]zL s]zjs'df/ >]i7 slkn c1ft /fhs'df/ >]i7 >LdtL nIdL kf]v/]n -ltlD;gf_ ;'/]z sf]O/fnf dw';"bg bjf8L rGb|fjtL zdf{ nD;fn rLhs'df/ ldq

180

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39.

45 51 56 65 68 71 79 84 89 95 100 110 115 118 132 139 140 147 151 155 159 161 165 169

190 194 204 210 214 216 219 221 227 231 235 238

qm=;+= ljj/0f 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

lhDd]jf/ lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg === lrtjg dxf]T;jdf lrtjgjf;Lsf] e"ldsf snf / o;sf cGtj{:t' lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod / /fli6«otfsf] ;jfn eofjx ;8s b'3{6gf Ps cWoog t/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;ldlt gf/fo0fu9sf] kl/ro dgel/ d'6'el/ gfDrL

n]vs÷/rgfsf/ k]h d's'Gb bxfn /l;s k|wfg ltt]kftL ;ª\uLt cfofd pQdk|;fb clwsf/L Pg=kL= kl/x:t ufoqL >]i7

241 246 252 257 260 267 303

-v_ cGtjf{tf{, jftf{ / wf/0ff v08 1. 2. 3. 4.

s]jn Ps k|Zg cGtjf{tf{ s]jn tLg k|Zg lrtjg dxf]T;j af/] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] wf/0ff

cfof]hs ;+:yfsf k|d'vx? 41 b]zL/fd k|wfg 108 k"j{ ;+of]hsx? 121 248

-u_ uLt, uhn, sljtf v08 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

;'Gb/tfsf] pT;j ;'Gb/ wtL{sf] uLt hLjgsf] ul0ft ef] hfGg 6f8f k/ /dfOnf] lrtjg uhn w/tLsL k/L xfd|f] b]z s] eG5 pBf]un] < uhn /dfOnf] lrtjg dxf]T;j cfdf uhn xfd|f] lrtjg /fd|f] lrtjg lrtjg sNof0f ;a}sf] x'g] yjfªdf jf; pk/bfªsf k|hfsf k|Zgx¿ lrtjg cfkm\gf] lrtjg

uf]/flj 40 k|]dljgf]b gGbg 49 ;'/]Gb| c:tkmn 55 huGgfy vgfn 88 zDe'/fh hf]zL 88 k|efs/ kl08t 117 /fhs[i0f s+8]n 131 ;'b]z ;Tofn 265 gf/fo0fbQ zf:qL 266 k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ 280 C[lif l3ld/] 284 e"lkg Jofs'n 286 efjgf kf7s 286 vgfn /]jtL/d0f 298 e'jfgLk|;fb kf}8]n 299 8f= O{Zj/rGb| l3ld/] 299 xl/x/ ;ljtf 300 afns[i0f yklnof 301 /fh]Gb| 3fon 302 uf]v]{ ;fO“nf] 305

-3_ syf÷lgofqf÷;+:d/0f÷gf6s / cGo v08 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

gf/fo0fu9 M s]xL ;'g]sf, s]xL ef]u]sf s'/fx? lj=;+= @)() df lrtjg k'Ubf ofqf M slj8fF8fb]lv slj8fF8f;Dd Pp6f ufpF lbNnLdf /]n 5'6]kl5 pHofnf] cFWof/f] ;Dkfbg hfg] x}g t sf7df8f}F – s'n]vfgL – x]6f}F8f ;'¿ª dfu{df <

OGb| /]UdL 6Lsf/fd /]UdL wg/fh lu/L ;/:jtL l/hfn k"0f{axfb'/ clwsf/L k|sfz rfkfufO{+ l;h{g clj/n

;'Gb/tfsf] pT;j ;'Gb/

269 274

k|s[lt, ;';+:s[lt e]if / efiff 6Dd ldn]sf] lrtjg ;'Gb/ ¤ ljljw hLjsf] jf; ;'/lIft x/fe/f of] pkjg ;'Gb/ jfl0fHo / s[lifsd{ ;'gf}nf], cem pBdsf] lrGtg ;'Gb/ >ddo, dw'do, :g]lxn, sd{7 dflg;sf] of] hLjg ;'Gb/ lzIffdf cem wKk an]sf] Hof]ltd{o cfbz{ 5 ;'Gb/ ;"rg, oftfoft, snfsf] pb\af]wg–pTsif{ 5 ;'Gb/ ¤ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df s';'ldt ;'l:dt ;]jfdo ;':kz{ 5 ;'Gb/ ¤ o'ul;t hfu[t gftfhf]8L bf}l8/x]sf] xif{ 5 ;'Gb/ ;'Gb/ jf0fL, /Flunf ;kgf, k|uTo'Gd'v clenfiff ;'Gb/ ;fdflhs cfsf/ abNg] hgtfsf] kl/efiff ;'Gb/ wd{, cy{sf] k|flKt / ;'vsf cflTds b}lxs cfzf ;'Gb/ cltlyx?df cjnf]sgsf] k|ltkn JofKt lbnfzf ;'Gb/ sljtf–sfJo / syfx?sf] cd[t efjgf clegj ;'Gb/ ¤ slj–;flxlTos ;h{ssf] s6' jf dw' cfˆg} cg'ej ;'Gb/ h] x]¥of] To} ;'Gb/ nfUg] o; wtL{sf] ;f}i7j ;'Gb/ x]gf]{;\ bz{sj[Gb ¤ eJo of] ;'Gb/tfsf] pT;j ;'Gb/

281 285 287

– uf]/flj

290 296

306

s]jn

Ps k|Zg

o; :tDedf s]jn ! k|Zgdf dfq /xL cfof]hs ;+:yfx¿sf k|d'vx¿ tyf lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf ;+of]hs / ;x–;+of]hsHo"x¿sf wf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] cfof]hs ;+:yfx¿sf] k|d'vsf ?kaf6 o; k6ssf] dxf]T;jdf cjnf]sgstf{ jf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?n] s]–s] km/skg kfpg] 5g\ <

8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ cWoIf

pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg k| T o] s k6s lrtjg dxf]T;jdf gofF–gofF cfly{s If]qnfO{ phfu/ ug{] ljz]if sfo{ q mdx? /flvG5g\ . o;k6s s[lif If]qdf s]/f v]tL / dT:o kfngnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbP/ sfo{qmd NofpFb} 5f}+ . To;}u/L ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ x]lnsK6/af6 b[Zofjnf]sgsf] sfo{qmd /flvPsf] 5 . Invest Mid Nepal, o; k6ssf] k|dv ' sfo{qmd /x]sf]n] lghL If]qaf6 ;~rfng ug{ nfluPsf] x]6f}+8f sf7df8f}F ;'¿Ë dfu{sf] gd"gf ;d]t k|:t't ul/Fb} 5 . dWo g]kfns} k|d'v gbL gf/fo0fLsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub{} cfufdL lbgdf ;f] gbLnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eGg] j[Qlrq dxf]T;j kl/;/leq k|:t't ub{} 5f}F . gofF k|ljlwsf] nflu yk gofF k|bz{gL ;d]t x'bF } 5 . k|To]s k6s x'bF } cfPsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ klg kl/dflh{t ?kaf6 k|:t't ul/g] 5 . If]qut k|bz{sx?sf] klxrfg u/L cem a9L Jojl:yt / pknAwLd'ns agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . bz{sx?n] cjnf]sgsf] qmddf yk gofF s'/fx? kfpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

>L jGw'k|;fb jf:tf]nf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L

lhNnfdf ePsf nufgLsf ;DefJo If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L ;f];DaGwL lj:t[t kl/of]hgf tof/ u/L k|:t't ul/Fb} 5, h;n] ;du| dWo g]kfns} cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} o; d]nf cjlwd} Central Nepal: The Land of Opportunities ljifos cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 5, h;df ef/t, rLg, hfkfg nufotsf laifo ljz]if1x?sf] ljleGg laifodf k|:t'lt / ;xeflutf /xg] 5 eg] ljleGg nufgLsf If]qx?sf] juL{s/0f u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf k|:tfjx? uf]i7Lsf 5nkmnsf ljifox? x'g]5g\ . ;f] uf]i7Ldf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL, cy{dGqL, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf Invest:Mid Nepal ljifodf sfo{kqx? k|:t't u/L 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof ul/Fb} 5 eg] o; lhNnfn] cu|:yfg lnO/x]sf] If]q dT:o Joj;fo, s]/f v]tL, dx pTkfbg nufotnfO{ dxf]T;jdf k|fyldstf lbO{ k|:t'lt ul/Fb} 5 . o; afx]s, oxfFsf s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko{6g, snf, ;+:s[lt nufotsf If]qx?sf] Ps} ynf]af6 k|:t'lt ul/Fb} 5 .

e'jgxl/ cof{n

k|d'v tyf sfo{sf/L clws[t

e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf

@)%# ;fnb]lv x/]s b'O–{ b'O{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, lrtjg jif{df cfof]hgf ul/Fb} cfPsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’ o; jif{ @)^( df klg kf}if lrtjg dxf] T ;j @)^( @% b]lv df3 % ut];Dd gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/sf] k|bz{gL g]kfnsf cGo d]nf dxf]T;jx? / d}bfgdf ljut jif{eGbf cnu klxrfg af]s]/ cfof]hgf o;cl3sf] lrtjg dxf]T;jeGbf o; cy{df km/s 5 ls o; k6s dWo g]kfnsf ljleGg x'g uO/x]sf] Joxf]/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ ljlbt} 5 . 52

o; jif{sf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] d"n gf/f Invest Mid Nepal 5, ;fy} Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg -OVOP_ cGtu{ t s] /fv] t LnfO{ d' V o hf] 8 lbF b} df5fkfng Joj;fosf] k|j4{g ul/g] 5 . o; jif{ Jofkf/ d]nfeGbf cf}Bf]lus d]nfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . lsgls ef/t nufotsf ldq /fi6«af6 ;d]t cf}Bf]lus k|bz{gLdf ;xeflutf /xg] ePsf]n] o; jif{sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j cfsif{s / pkof]uL 7xl/g] ljZjf; d}n] lnPsf] 5' .

k'?iff]Qd ;fksf]6f

k|d'v tyf sfo{sf/L clws[t

/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf

lbkss'df/ sdf{rfo{ cWoIf

/Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 l rt j gs f ] uf } / j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( df cjnf]sgstf{ jf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?n] lgDgfg';f/sf km/skg kfpg] 5g\ . zzlrtjg lhNnf Pjd\ dWodf~rn If]qdf /x]sf ;Defljt gof“, ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf nufgL lelqg ;Sg] kl/of]hgfx?sf jf/]df ltg lbg k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, hnljB't, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo / s[lif If]qsf jf/]df nufgLstf{x?nfO{ hgsf/L lbg tyf gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf sfod ug{ /fli6«o :t/sf] uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/Fb} 5 . Invest Mid Nepal

bz{sx?n] w]/} s'/fx?df ljutsf] dxf]T;jx?s} lg/Gt/tf lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( df kfPtfklg (Central Nepal : "The land of opportunities") s]xL s'/fdf eg] cjZo g} km/s kfpF5g\ . o;k6s eGg] d"ne"t ljifonfO{ lnP/ pQm sfo{qmdsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd cGtu{t cfof]hgf ul/Fb} 5 . o; sfo{qmddf cGt/f{li6«o lhNnfsf s]/f Joj;foLx?sf] Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{] Voflt k|fKt lj1, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gLlt lgdf{tfx? tyf nufgLstf{x?sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /xg] 5 . p2]Zon] dxf]T;j kl/;/leq s]/fsf] 5'§} kl/;/ lgdf{0f u/]/ s]/f v]tL ug{] tl/sf / To;sf kl/sf/x?sf] zz/Tggu/ dxf]T;j @)^^ df klxnf] k6s s]/f Joj;foLx?nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] dxf]T;j kl/;/ af/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/G5 . leq} 5'§} kl/;/ /fvL s]/fsf kl/sf/x?sf] km'8 o;}u/L o; k6s lrtjg lhNnf nufot km]l:6jn / s]/f v]tL ug]{ tl/sf af/]df Jofks dWodf~rn If]q leqdf nufgLsf cj;/x? klxrfg ?kdf k|rf/ k|rf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] dxf]T;jsf u/fO{ nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t u/fpg] p2]Zon] ltg lbg;Dd sf/0f lrtjg lhNnf Jofj;flos ?kdf cufl8 s[lif, ko{6g, :jf:Yo, lzIff / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf a9]sf] s]/f v]tL Joj;fo Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg af/]df nufgLstf{x?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg /fli6«o :t/sf] cGtu{t /xg ;kmn ePsf] sf/0f o; k6s lrtjg uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/Fb} 5 . cGt/f{li6«o Vofltk|fKt dxf]T;j @)^( df Ps uf“p Ps pTkfbg cGtu{t s]/f lj1x?, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?, gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf] Jofj;flos v]tLsf] 5'§} kl/;/ /xg] 5 . h;n] ubf{ pkl:yltdf ;DkGg x'g] pQm uf]i7L Invest Mid Nepal o; Joj;fo lrtjg lhNnf el/ Jofj;flos ?kdf (Central Nepal: The Land of Opportunities) eGg] km:6fpg] tyf cl3 a9\g] 5 / cjnf]sgstf{af6 klg d"n gf/fsf ;fy ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf] 5 . km/skg kfpg] 5 . zzko{6 g k|j4{g tyf gof“ uGtJo:ynsf] vf]hL sljtf slj xf];\, slj sljtf xf];\ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu dxf]T;j cjlwe/ ta of] sljtf x'G5 . x]lnsK6/åf/f lrtjgsf /d0fLo tyf k|fs[lts zAb y'kfl/sg s] x'G5 < :yn cjnf]sg ug]{ eJo sfo{qmdsf] gjLgtfn] yk efj eP kf] x'G5 . – kf/;dl0f k|wfg ;xefuLx?åf/f km/skgsf] dx;'"; ug]{5g\ . 53

kf]N6ÄL Joj;fosf] jt{dfg cj:yf  8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ 8f= ljsfz k'/L

Expected GDP Contribution by Poultry Sector In Nepal Year 2068/069

k[i7e"ld s[lif g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] d]¿b08 xf] . xfn s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #% k|ltzt efu s[lifn] g} cf]u6]sf] 5 / ax';+Vos g]kfnLx?nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . kz'kfng Joj;fo / s[lif Joj;foaLr cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5 . kz' Pjd\ kz'hGo j:t'x?n] pTkflbt j:t'x?n] g} s[lifsf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] @ ( k|ltzt efu cy{ft\ /fli6«o s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] !!=% k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . s'v'/f kfng Joj;fo s[lif cGtu{t Joj;foLs ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] If]q xf] . kf]N6«L Jofj;flosf lg/Gt/ k|of; / /fHosf] tk{maf6 ul/Psf gLltut ;'wf/sf sf/0f kf]N6«L Joj;fo g]kfns} Psdfq Jofj;flos ;kmntf kfpg ;kmn /fli6«o pBf]usf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . ablnFbf] kl/j]z / ljleGg hftsf pGgt s'v'/fx?sf] cfoft x'g Pjd\ a9\bf] ;dos|d;Fu} l56f] pTkfbg lbg] cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 Joj;foL ;fyLx?n] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ yfn]kZrft\ s|dzM @)$) ;fn kl5 of] Joj;fodf ;ª\VofTds ?kdf a9f]Q/L ePsf] tYof°n] b]vfpF5 . sd nufgL, ;fgf] :yfgsf] cfjZostf, 5f]6f] ;dod} k|ltkmnsf] k|flKt x'g' Pj+ u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t ;xh} Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] @)#& ;fndf %& nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] s'v/' fsf] ;+Vof @) jif{sf] cGt/fndf s|dz a9]/ # s/f]8 *$ nfv k'us ] f] kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf] k|ljlwn] b]vfpF5 -tflnsf g+= !_ . tt\kZrft\ ;do ;dodf ePsf] /fhg}lts cl:y/tf Pj+ @)^!–^@ ;fndf b]lvPsf] a8{ˆn" cft°n] ;ª\VofTds ?kdf Go"gLs/0f u/]tfklg To;kl5sf lbgx?df of] Joj;fodf ul0ftLo k|sf/n] psfnL nfUb} 54

cGo sl/a *) ;fgf lkm8 ldn, !!@ j6f Xofr/L pBf]ux?, sl/a $)) cf]6f Jojl:yt kmfd{ / cGo %) kf]N6«LhGo pBf]ux? ;~rfngdf 5g\ . kf]N6«L Joj;fonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ s|]6, afS;f tyf df;' k|zf]wg ug]{ gofF pBf]ux? qmdzM ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn k|ltJolQm kf]N6«LhGo pTkfbgsf] vkt g]kfndf sl/a % s]=hL= s'v'/fsf] df;' / %% cf]6f c08f k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ /x]sf] 5 . Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf] cg'kftdf k'Ug] xf] eg] k|lt JolQm csf]{ b'Ou{ 0' ff j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^*.)^( df kf]N6«LhGo pTkfbgsf] -tflnsf g+= #_ sf/f]af/ sl/a ? %) ca{ ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] /fli6«o cfodf ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ lx:;f cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . Description Value of day old chicks NPR, 000 Value of Poultry feed NPR, 000 Value of chicken eggs NPR, 000 Value of Chicken Meat NPR, 000 Value of Poultry manure NPR, 000 Total

Com. Layers 6,17,355 64,77,800 88,87,130 1,88,63,361 0 34228291

Com. Total value Lay Parent Bro. Parent Broiler Rs, 000 39,64,930 0 0 45,82,285 88,26,121 108250 1254526 1,66,66,697 0 4070 24088 89,15,288 9,21,628 15727 391836 2,01,92,552 0 0 0 3,02,140 9747749 128047 1670450 5,06,58,962

k|d'v ;d:of tflnsf g+= ! kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf] k|ljlw

@)^* ;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf s'v'/fsf] ;ª\Vof ^ s/f]8 &! nfv /x]sf] tYof°x?n] b]vfpF5 .

jt{dfg cj:yf ljut b'O{ jif{sf] s'v'/fsf] pTkfbgsf] cfFs8fnfO{ x]bf{ k|ltjif{ kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 cyf{t\ @)^&.)^* sf] t'ngfdf @)^*.)^( df a|fO] n/ rNnfdf #@=(# k|ltzt, n]o;{ rNnfsf] pTkfbgdf !#=(@ k|ltzt df;' pTkfbg @@=&& k|ltzt Pjd\ c08fsf] pTkfbg ##=&# k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L tflnsf @ nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|To]s jif{ s'v/' fsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 -tflnsf g+=@_ .

Poultry Production Description Broiler Chicks (No.) Layers Chicks (No.) Total Meat (KG.) Total Eggs (No.) Total Feed ( Mt.)

2068/69 8,09,16,958 69,99,492 13,23,54,234 1,49,05,74,943 7,55,278

2067/68 6,08,69,811 61,98,864 10,78,03,775 1,11,46,39,155 6,46,845

tflnsf g+=@ s'v'/f tyf s'v'/fhGoj:t'sf] pTkfbg .

g]kfndf xfn Ps bh{gsf] ;ª\Vofdf pRr:t/Lo k]n]6 lkm8 pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g'sf ;fy}

xfn kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] k|d'v ;d:of eGg' g} u'0f:t/Lo sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj / sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf pQf/r9fj x'g' xf] . bfgfsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{ ds}sf] jflif{s pTkfbg #–$ k|ltzt dfq j[l4 x'g] b]lvPsf] t/ s'v'/fhGo pTkfbgsf] j[l4 b'O{ c°df ePsfn] cfoftsf] dfqfklg k|lt jif{ a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 . ut s]xL jif{bl] v e6df;sf] lkgf, ;"od{ v ' L lkgf, ltn lkgfsf] v]tLsf] yfngL ePtfklg cfjZostfcg';f/ guGo g} 5 . xfn g]kfndf (% k|ltzt hlt e6df; tyf o;sf]] lkgf cfoft ePsf] tYof°df b]lvG5 . g]kfnleq g} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ds} e6df;, ;'o{d'vL / ltn h:tf s[lifhGo sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ug{ dfq} k|lt jif{ sl/a (=% ca{ aflxl/Psf] b]lvG5 . lhjLt j:t'df cfwfl/t Joj;fo ePsf]n] kf]N6«LhGo /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k tyf ;dodf g} lgbfg u/L /f]syfd ug{ g;Sg' csf]{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . :t/Lo k|of]uzfnf / k|fljlwssf] klg cefj 5 . To:t} /fi6«;uF kf]N6«LnfO{ x]g{] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f gx'g' 7"nf] lj8Dagf xf] .

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Joj;fonfO{ cem dof{lbt Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lo / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sRrf kbfy{

% 9.045 32.900 17.599 39.860 0.6 100%

:jb]zd} pTkfbg ug{ ljz]if sfo{ If]q, nIo ls6fgsf ;fy Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/ pTkfbg geOGh]n;Dd u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ePsf sRrf kbfy{ nfO{ dfq cfoft cg'dlt lbg' h?/L 5 . kf]N6«LhGo /f]usf] klxrfg / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sDtLdf klg g]kfnsf % j6f kf]N6«L ks]6x?df Joj;foLx? ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf kf]N6«L k|of]uzfnf x'g' cToGt h?/L 5 . of] Joj;fonfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg cfjZos gofF k|ljlw, pTkflbt j:t'sf k|zf]wg ug]{ gofF Joj;fonfO{ /fHon] yk ;'ljwf lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;du| ljsf;nfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg kf]N6«L ljsf; af]8{sf] :yfkgf x'g' k5{ .

lgisif{ kf]N6«L Joj;fosf] eljio lglZrt ?kdf pHHjn 5 . t/ o;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ Joj;foLx? Psh'6 x'gfsf ;fy} /fHosf] tkm{af6 kxnsf ;fy} o; If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu of]hgf th'{df ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . Estimated Amount to Import Ingredients Yellow Maize Soya same Cake Sunflower Cake Total

Quantity 216009 119635 21525 28700

Price Total( 000) 19,700 4255377 33,400 3995809 24,950 537048 25,160 722092 9510326

lrtjgdf af]lng] efiffxÊsf] ;Ã\lIfKt lbUbz{g  k|f=8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn

!= kl/ro eflifs ljljwtfsf b[li6n] cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ d'n'ssf ?kdf k|l;4 g]kfnsf] dWolaGb'df cjl:yt lrtjg w]/} lsl;dsf efiffefifLx? a;f]af; ul//x]sf] lhNnf xf] . lxdfnL If]qaf6 :kz{z"Go /x]sf] lrtjg t/fO{sf af/f, k;f{ lhNnfn] k"j{–blIf0f kl/;/ / gjnk/f;L lhNnfn] klZrd–blIf0f kl/;/ tyf ef/tsf laxf/ k|fGt / pQ/ k|b]zn] blIf0fL kl/;/af6 cjnf]lst eO/x]sf] 5 . otf pQ/tkm{ lrtjgsf] cfkm\g} kxf8L e"–efu 5 eg] tgx'F, wflbª, uf]/vf, dsjfgk'/ lhNnfaf6 k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ?kdf :kz{ kfPsf] 5 . lrtjg lhNnf cfkm} Ps leqL dw]zsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] of] /fKtL pkTosfsf gjnk'/ -gjnk/f;L_ / dsjfgk'/sf dWoefudf ljBdfg ePsf] sf/0f klg oxfF ;a}lt/sf efiffefifLx?sf] cfjfudg, a;f]af; / a;fOF;/fOF cflb ljljw sf/0fn] of] ax'eflifs lhNnfsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . 3gf hª\un ePsf] lrtjgdf s[lif Joj;fosf nflu e"ld ljt/0f k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePkl5 oxfF kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf ;fy} rf}w} c~rn / krxQ/} lhNnfsf w]/} efiffefifLsf dflg;x?nfO{ tyf ltgn] af]Nb} cfPsf] / oxfF k|j]z u/fPsf efiffeflifsfnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L lrtjgnfO{ kGw|f}F c~rn / 5oxQ/f}+ lhNnfsf] ;+1f ;d]t lbOg] u/]sfn] klg of] ax'eflifs lhNnf xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

@= g]kfn / lrtjgsf hflt – efiff /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|d'v glthf cg';f/ g]kfndf !@% hfthfltx? a;f]af; u5{g\ eGg] pNn]v 5 t/ @)%* sf t'ngfdf of] hftLo a[l4 s;/L 56

eof], of] cfZro{hgs 5 lsgeg] hftLo a[l4sf] d"n cfwf/ s] xf] / of] s;/L a9\g ;S5, vf]hLs} ljifo xf] . dft[efiffx? !@# /x]sf 5g\ eg] emG8} k|lt hflt Ps–Ps efiff af]Ng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dft[efiff klg @)%* sf] t'ngfdf #! a9L ePsf 5g\ . o;} u/L a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] Ps lbg k|To]s JolQmsf k|To]s efiff x'g s] a]/ ¤ o:tf] hflt / efiffut clej[l4 /fhgLlts /·d~rdf pn{]sf] hftLotf ;lxtsf] ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] dfuk|ltsf] cfsif{0fn] klg x'g ;S5 . lrtjgdf a;f]af; ug{] hfthfltx?dWo] @)%* sf] u0fgfcg';f/ ($ k|sf/sf hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] hft v'Ng g;s]sf] ;ª\Vof s]xL / cGo zLif{sdf plNnlvt ;f9] kfFr ;o ;ª\Vof ;d]t u/L $,^*,^(( hgfsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L lrtjgdf km/s km/s hfltsf km/s km/s efiff x'g' :jfefljs 5 . k|fKt tYof° cg';f/ lrtjgdf a|fXd0f -kxf8L_, yf?, If]qL, tfdfª, u'¿ª, g]jf/, r]kfª, sfdL, du/, bdfO -9f]nL_, s'dfn, b/fO{, ;fsL{, d'l:nd, 3tL{, /fO{, 7s'/L, af]6], ;]kf{, a|fXd0f -t/fO{_, ;'gf/, aflgof, t]nL, snjf/, sfg', ofbj, ufOg], dfemL, bg'jf/, b'/f, s'dL{, ysfnL, xhfd, df8jf/L, sfo:y, sf]O/L, s'Dxf/, lnDa", rdf/, /fhk"t, ;'g'jf/, dNnfx, d';x/, lwdfn, kf;jfg, ef]6], wfg's, ;'wL, g'/fª, a9fO{, aËfnL, g'lgof, yfdL, /fhe/, dfnL, nf]xf/, xn'jfO{, wf]aL, uGufO{+, /fhj+zL, jfbL, s';'G8f, /fp6], xnvf]/ h:tf hflt 5g\, h;dWo] ;aeGbf a9L a|fXd0f -kxf8L_ !#&&#@ hgf 5g\ eg] ;aeGbf sd /fp6] / xnvf]/

^–& hgf dfq 5g\ . oL ;a} hflt jf hftLo ;d"xn] s'g} Ps efiff dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Nb5g\ / olt w]/} hfltn] efiff klg w]/} af]N5g\ eGg] :ki6 5 . pko{'Qm hfltsf hftLo juL{s/0f x]g{] xf] eg] s]xL cflbjf;L hghflt, nf]kf]Gd'v, clt;LdfGts[t, ;LdfGts[t, ;'ljwf al~rt / pGgt ;d"x tyf blnt cflb cg]s tl/sfn] ljeflht u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL ;a} hfthfltsf cf–cfkm\gf dft[efiffx? 5g\ . @)%* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ lrtjgdf s'n hg;ª\Vof $^*^(( /x]sf] 5 eg] ltgn] af]Ng] dft[efiffx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M– qm=;+= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

af]lng] efiff g]kfnL yf? tfdfª u'¿ª r]kfª g]jf/ du/ b/fO{ lxGbL ef]hk'/L af]6] d}lynL pb{" z]kf{ afª\nf afGtjf dfemL b'/f 5Gt]n s'dfn lnDa" ysfnL df/jf8L cGo

af]Ng]x?sf] ;ª\Vof

k|ltzt

322960

68=91

57285

12=22

24665

5=26

13675

2=92

12077

2=58

10740

2=29

7227

1=54

5744

1=23

3222

0=69

3188

0=68

1136

0=24

842

0=18

614

0=13

481

0=10

8f= lji0f'k|;fb l3ld/] lnlvt lrtjgsf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cWoog k[= !#)–!#!, @)^$, lh=lj=;= lrtjg ._

ljZjdf bzeGbf a9L efiff kl/jf/sf ^()) eGbf a9L efiffx? -;g\ @)))_ af]lnG5g\ eg] g]kfndf rf/ kl/jf/sf !@# -@)^*_ efiff af]lnG5g\ . logdf ef/t o'/f]k]nL kl/jf/ -ef/f]k]nL_ sf efiffx? cfo{x?n] / ef]6–lrlgof kl/jf/sf efiffx? d·f]lnogx?n] af]Ng] u/]sf 5g\ eg] c:6«f]Plzofl6s / b|la8]nL kl/jf/sf s]xL efiff klg g]kfndf af]lnG5g\ .

#= lrtjdf af]lng] ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf efiff ef/t -ef/tLo pkdxfåLk_ / o'/f]kdf af]lng] / Ps a[xb\ e"–If]q cf]u6\g] ePsfn] ef/t / o'/f]k zAb hf]8]/ agfOPsf] zAb xf] ef/f]k]nL (Indoeuropiyan) / oxL gfdsf] efiff kl/jf/ xf]– ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/ . o;sf d"n jQmf lj/f]; (Wiros) x'g\ eg] o;sf ;td\ / s]Gt'd b'O{ ju{ 5g\ . ;td\ ju{sf cg]s efiffdWo] cfo{–O/fg]nL zfvfsf] cfo{ pkzfvf cGtu{tsf] ;+:s[t efiffaf6 k|fs[t–cke|+z x'Fb} hGd]sf efiffx? g]kfndf af]lnG5g\ eg] tLdWo] s]xL efiff lrtjgdf klg af]lnG5g\ . lj=;+= @)%* sf] hgu0fgfsf cfwf/df lrtjgdf af]lng] efiffsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro o;k|sf/ 5–

#=! g]kfnL efiff ;+:s[tsf] v; k|fs[t÷v; cke+|z x'Fb} ljsl;t 15 288 0=06 ePsf] g]kfnL efiff g]kfn / g]kfn aflx/sf clwsf+z 16 219 0=05 d'n'sx?df af]lnG5 . ;a} g]kfnL hfthfltx?n] of] 17 214 0=05 efiff af]N5g\ / a'[‰5g\ klg . ljleGg kfFr pkeflifsf 18 207 0=04 19 172 0=04 ePsf] o; efiffsf] dfgs ?k s]Gb|Lo eflifsf ;d"xaf6 20 166 0=04 tof/ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff, /fHoefiff, 21 146 0=03 ;femf ;Dks{sf] efiff / dfWod efiff ;d]t ePsfn] 22 114 0=02 o; efiffsf] pGgltsf nflu 7"nf] k|oTg ePsf] 5 eg] 23 113 0=02 Jofs/0f, zAbsf]z / ;flxTo /rgf tyf kqklqsf 24 3204 0=068 Pjd\ >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lx? Jofks ?kdf tof/ eO/x]sf -;|f]tx?M lrtjg lh=lj=;=sf] kfZj{lrqdf plNnlvt elgPsf] 5g\ . lrtjgaf;Ln] of] efiff dft[efiffsf ?kdf ^*=(!Ü 14

n] af]N5g\ eg] afFsL ;a}n] bf];|f] efiff jf /fi6«efiffsf ?kdf af]N5g\ . ;+j}wflgs b[li6n] g]kfnL /fi6«efiff xf] eg] g]kfnsf cGo ;a} efiff /fli6«o efiff x'g\ . #=@ yf¿ efiff ;+:s[t efiffaf6 dfuwL k|fs[t x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] yf? efiff g]kfnsf lrtf}lgof yf?, bFuf}l/of yf?, sf7f]l/of yf?, sf]lrnf yf? / /fgf yf? hfltx?n] af]Nb5g\ . lrtjgdf af]lng] lrtf}lgof yf? efiff xf] / oxfFsf !@=@@Ü hgtfn] of] efiff af]Nb5g\ . lhltof kfjgL -@)!^_ gfds k':ts snfgfy clwsf/Låf/f lnlvt k|sflzt o; efiffsf] / lrtjgs} klxnf] k':tsfsf/ s[lt xf] . elgG5, o; efiffdf lnlk n]vg, ;flxTo;[hg, lkmNdlgdf{0f cflb k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . #=# b/fO{÷b/} efiff ;+:s[t efiffaf6 cw{dfuwL k|fs[t x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] b/fO{÷b/} efiff g]kfnsf] k|foM dWoIf]q cyf{t\ kfNkf, tgx'F / lrtjgdf af]lnG5 . oxfFsf !=@#Ü hgtfn] of] dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Ng] u5{g\ . o; efiffaf/] kmf§km'§ cWoog ePsf] b]lvG5 . #=$ lxGbL efiff lxGbL s'g} efiff geP/ efiff–eflifsf ;d"xaf6 ;[hgf ePsf] efiff xf] . of] vf; u/L klZrdL lxGbL of v8L af]nL, a|h efiff cflb, k"jL{ lxGbL of cjwL–a3]nL cflb, /fh:yfgL jf df/jf8L–hok'/L cflb, kxf8L lxGbL ef]hk'/L / d}lynL h:tf pkefiffaf6 lxGbLsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 t/ klg of] ;+:s[taf6 zf}/;]gL, dfuwL / cw{dfuwL k|fs[t x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] efiff xf] . o;sf d"n jQmf ef/tdf a:5g\ . g]kfndf lxGbL w]/}n] af]N5g\ / a'‰5g\ eg] lrtjgdf )=^(Ü hgtfn] of] efiff dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Nb5g\ . lxGbL efiff / ;flxTosf] ef/tdf cToflws dfqfdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfnL lxGbL ;flxTo eg] afd] ;g{] cj:yfd} /x]sf] 5 . #=% ef]hk'/L efiff ef/tsf] ljxf/l:yt zfxfjfb lhNnfdf kg{] ef]hk'/ eGg] ufpFsf cfwf/df o;sf] gfd ef]hk'/L 58

/x]sf] xf] . of] efiff ;+:s[t x'Fb} dfuwL k|fs[t cke|+zaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]z / laxf/df ;d]t af]lng] of] efiff g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qdf af]lnG5 . lrtjgdf ef]hk'/L efiff af]Ng]x? hDdf )=^*Ü /x]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo ef]hk'/L efiff–;flxTo ;DkGg 5 eg] g]kfndf klg o;sf] ljsf;sf lglDt kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0f, ;flxTo /rgf cflb cg]s pkfo /lrPsf 5g\ . o;sf] cfkm\gf] a]Un} Ps s}yL lnlk klg /x]sf] dflgG5 . #=^ af]6] efiff ;+:s[t efiff x'Fb} cw{dfuwL k|fs[taf6 ljsl;t af]6] efiff g]kfnsf af]6] hfltx?n] af]Nb5g\ . o;df ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljleGg :yfgLo efiffsf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . lrtjgdf af]6] dft[efiff ePsf )=@$Ü hgtf 5g\ eg] o; efiffdf s'g} jfª\do kfOb}g . #=& d}lynL efiff ef/tsf] laxf/ k|fGtdf kg{] ldlynf~rn / g]kfnsf] ldlynf If]qdf af]lng] of] efiff ;+:s[taf6 dfuwL k|fs[t–cke|+z x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . lrtjgdf d}lynL dft[efiff ePsf )=!*Ü hgtf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . o; efiffdf ;flxTo, Jofs/0f / sf]z cflb lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ eg] kof{Kt nf]s;flxTo ePsf] efiff klg xf] . o;sf] cfkm\g} ldlynfIf/ jf lt/x'tf lnlk /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k7gkf7g :gftsf]Q/ :t/eGbf dfly;Dd x'G5 . #=* pb{" efiff ljleGg tb\ej zAbsf] k|of]u x'Fbf v8Laf]nL -lxGbL_, ;+:s[t tT;d zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u x'Fbf ;flxlTos lxGbL / c/aL zAbsf] Jofks k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] pb{" eGg] ul/Psf] of] efiff g]kfnsf d';ndfgx?n] af]N5g\ . kfls:tfgsf] /fi6«efiff ag]sf] of] lgs} ljsl;t efiff dflgG5 eg] c/aL lnlkdf n]lvG5 . lrtjgdf )=!#Ü hgtf pb{" efiff af]N5g\ . g]kfndf :gfts tx;Dd pb{" efiff–;flxTosf] k7gkf7g x'G5 . #=( afª\nf -aËfnL_ efiff of] efiff klg ;+:s[t x'Fb} dfuwL k|fs[tsf] cke|+zaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] efiff xf] . aËnf b]zsf] /fi6«efiff ;d]t ePsf] o; efiffsf d"n jQmf ef/tsf]

aËfn k|fGtdf a:5g\ . k|z:t jfËdo ePsf] o; efiffsf jQmfx? lrtjgdf )=)^Ü /x]sf 5g\ . #=!) dfemL efiff g]kfnsf dfemL hfltn] af]Ng] of] efiff ;+:s[taf6 dfuwL k|fs[t–cke|+z x'Fb} ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 eg] c¿ s'g} ;flxlTos /rgf ePsf] kfOFb}g . cGo :yfgLo efiffsf] Jofks k|efj /x]sf] of] efiff lrtjgdf )=)%Ü hgtfn] dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Nb5g\ . #=!! s'dfn efiff g]kfndf s'dfn hfltn] af]Ng] of] efiff ;+:s[taf6 cw{dfuwL k|fs[t x'Fb} cke|+z jf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . dfuwL k|fs[t;Fu klg ldNbf]h'Nbf] of] efiff lrtjgsf )=)$Ü sf] dft[efiff xf] eg] o;df s'g} jfª\dlos /rgf ePsf] kfOFb}g . #=!@ df/jf8L efiff klZrdL /fh:yfgL ;d]t elgg] df/jf8L efiff df/jf8L hfltn] af]Ng] efiff xf] . ;+:s[taf6 zf}/;]gL k|fs[t x'Fb} ljsl;t of] efiff lrtjgdf )=)$Ü hgtfn] af]Ng] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df o; efiffdf Jofks ;flxTol;h{gf ePsf] kfOFb}g .

$= lrtjgdf af]lng] ef]6–lrlgof kl/jf/sf efiff ljZjdf bf];|f] 7"nf] efiff kl/jf/sf ?kdf ef]6–lrlgof kl/jf/ kl/lrt 5 . o;sf jQmf lrg, ltAat, adf{, e'6fg, yfONof08, cf;fd, aª\unfb]z, nfcf];, leotgfd h:tf d'n'sdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf o;sf d"n b'O{ zfvfdWo] ef]6ad{]nL zfvf cGtu{tsf efiff dfq af]lnG5g\ . lrtjgdf af]lng] o; kl/jf/sf s]xL efiffx? oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . $=! tfdfª efiff g]kfnsf tfdfª hfltn] af]Ng] ef]6–ad{]nL zfvfaf6 ljsl;t tfdfª efiffnfO{ d'dL{ efiff klg elgG5 . vf;u/L kxf8L e]udf /xg] of] hflt t/fO{lt/ klg a;fOF ;/]sf] 5 eg] lrtjgdf tfdfª dft[efiffefifLx?sf] ;ª\Vof !=@^Ü 5 eg] of] efiff ltAatL lnlkdf n]lvg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jt{dfgdf o;sf]

Jofs/0f / ;flxlTos kqklqsf cflb k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . $=@ u'¿ª efiff g]kfnsf kxf8L lhNnfsf lgjf;L u'¿ª hfltn] af]Ng] of] efiff ef]6ad{]nL zfvfaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . kof{Kt nf]s;flxTo ePsf] of] efiff lrtjgdf a;fOF ;/L cfPsf @=(@Ü hgtfsf] dft[efiff xf] eg] o;sf] lnlk, Jofs/0f / ;flxTo n]lvg yfn]sf] kfOG5 eg] s]xL rnlrq / kqklqsf 5flkg yfn]sf 5g\ . $=# r]kfª efiff ef]6ad{]nL zfvfaf6} ljsl;t r]kfª efiff r]kfª hfltx?n] af]Ng] efiff xf] . o;sf d"n jQmf lrtjg, wflbª / dsjfgk'/df a;f]af; u5{g\ . lrtjgsf @=@*Ü sf] dft[efiff ag]sf] o; efiffdf Jofs/0f jf ;flxTo ;[hgf ePsf] kfOFb}g . $=$ g]jf/L efiff g]kfndf g]jf/ hfltn] af]Ng] g]jf/L efiff ef]6 ad{]nL zfvfsf efiffaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . o;sf d'Vo jQmf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / cGo lhNnf ;b/d'sfd jf Jofkfl/s If]qdf a;]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfnL efiff;flxTo;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{] g]kfnsf] bf];|f] efiff klg oxL xf] . of] g]jf/L lnlk k|rlnt -Sof]df]n, uf]ndf]n, e'Flhdf]n, n'ltdf]n_ jf /~hgf lnlkdf n]lvG5 eg] o; efiffsf] k7g–kf7g dfWolds txb]lv :gftsf]Q/ txeGbf dfly;Dd klg x'G5 . lrtjgdf dft[efiff g]jf/L x'g] @=@(Ü hgtf a;f]af; u5{g\ . $=% du/ efiff nfª\3fnL, nfvfnL, sfOs]nL ;d]t elgg] du/ efiff klg ef]6 ad{]nLaf6} ljsl;t efiff xf] . afx| du/ft o;sf jQmfsf] af;:yfg xf] eg] lrtjgdf o; efiffnfO{ dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Ng]x?sf] ;ª\Vof !=%$Ü /x]sf] 5 . o;sf lnlk, Jofs/0f / ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] rf;f] a9\g yfn]sf] a'lemG5 . $=^ z]kf{ efiff g]kfndf ;]kf{ hfltn] af]Ng] of] efiff klg ef]6– ad{]nL zfvfaf6} ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . lxdfnL If]qdf 59

of] efiff af]lnP tfklg lrtjgdf a;]sf )=!)Ü hgtfn] dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Nb5g\ . o; efiffdf klg lnlk, Jofs/0f–;flxTo ;[hgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . $=& b'/f efiff ndh'ªsf] b'/f8fF8fsf b'/f hfltn] af]Ng] of] efiff klg ef]6ad{]nL zfvfaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 . lrtjgsf )=)$Ü n] dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]lng] of] efiff ;flxTo / lnlk cflbaf6 al~rt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . $=* lnDa" efiff g]kfnsf] lnDa'jfg If]qsf lnDa" hfltn] af]Ng] lnDa" efiff g]kfn aflx/ l;lSsdlt/ klg af]lnG5 . ef]6ad{]nL zfvfsf] o; efiffnfO{ lrtjgsf )=)#Ü hgtfn] cfkm\gf] dft[efiff atfPsf 5g\ eg] of] efiff >Lh·f lnlkdf n]lvG5 / o;sf] Jofs/0f / s]xL ;flxTo klg pknAw x'g vf]h]sf] ;"rgf kfOG5 . $=( ysfnL efiff g]kfnsf] DofUbL, d':tfª / hf]d;f]dlt/ aUg] yfsvf]nf cf;kf;sf lgjf;L ysfnL x'g\ . pgLx?n] af]Ng] ysfnL efiff ef]6ad{]nL zfvfsf efiffaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . ;flxTo l;h{gflt/ afd] ;g{ cfF6]sf] o; efiffnfO{ lrtjgsf )=)@Ü hgtfn] dft[efiffsf ?kdf af]Ng] u/]sf 5g\ .

%= pk;+xf/ k|:t't tYof°sf cltl/Qm lrtjgdf ef]6ad{]nL zfvfsf] jfGtjf dft[efiff af]Ng] )=)%Ü, 5Gt]n dft[efiff af]Ng] )=)$Ü / s'g} efiff gv'nfOPsf c1ft dft[efiff cGo )=^*Ü hgtf ;d]t lrtjgdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . dfly pNn]v ePsf hfthfltx?dWo] cToGt gu0o ;ª\Vofdf af]lng] ePsfn] To:tf efiff cGo ju{df /x]sf 5g\ . efiffsf] tYo gv'n]sf oL ;a} d"ntM ef/f]k]nL / ef]6lrlgof efiff kl/jf/s} ;b:o efiff x'g\ . o; b[li6n] c:6«f]Pl;ofl6s jf cfUg]o efiff kl/jf/ / b|ljl8og efiff kl/jf/sf efiffx? g]kfndf af]lnP tfklg lrtjgdf af]lnFb}gg\ eGg] :ki6 ePsf] 5 . cg]s dft[efiffefifLx? /x] tfklg sltko efiffx?sf] ;flxTo lgdf{0f cem} geO;s]sfn] eflifs ;DkGgtfsf] cefj klg b]lvG5 . o;/L @)^* sf] lhNnfut hfthflt / eflifs 60

wtL{sf] uLt  k|]dljgf]b gGbg slt ufpg' ?Gr] uLt dfof lk/tLsf] ufpg' k¥of] HoF"bf] uLt cfˆg} w/tLsf] h;sf] k|f0fjfo';Fu} xfdL ;f; km]5f{}+ h;sf] Gofgf] cFufnf]df xfdL af; u5f{}+ To} cfFugL To} w'/Ldf lu4 3'd]sf 5g\ xfdLnfO{ nnsfb{} ;fF9] 5f]8]sf 5g\ sxfF uO{ nufpg] xf] lk/tL / dfof xfdLnfO{ nv]6\b}5g\ cfttfoL 5fof k~rzLnsf] dd{ tf]8L lsg nTofpFb} 5g\ bzuhfnfO{ cfˆg} 3/df x]/ leœofpFb} 5g\ lbgbxf8} ;fFw–;Ldf, x/fpFb}5 lsNnf cËeË ePsf 5g\ xfd|f slt lhNnf slxn];Dd lg/Lx e} afFRg] xfdLx? < cem ltgs} Ozf/fdf gfRg] xfdLx? < :jtGq / :jfledfgsf] emª\sf/ ufpg' k¥of] of] g]kfnL w/tLsf] u'xf/ ;'Gg'k¥of] h;sf] 3/ af;} 5}g s]sf] dfof–lktL{ < km]l/ sxfF kfOG5 of] g]kfnsf] wtL{ ¤

tYof° k|fKt eO;s]kl5 efiffefifLsf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf HjnGt ?kdf /x] tfklg df}hb' f kl/l:yltdf ef/f]kn] L kl/jf/sf !@ / ef]6lrlgof kl/jf/sf !@ u/L hDdf @# efiff lrtjgdf dft[efiffsf] ?kdf af]lnG5g\ eGg] :ki6 tYo ljleGg ;|ft] / tYof°af6 5n{· ePsf] 5 . 61

7f]/L²/;'jfu9L ;8s / lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf;  ljho ;'j]bL

kl/ro 7f] / L–/;' j fu9L ;8s ef/t / g] k fnsf] l;dfgf k;f{ lhNnfsf] 7f]/Laf6 lrtjg lhNnfsf] df8L, e/tk'/, e08f/f wflbª lhNnfsf] dn]v', uN5L xF'b} g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] lqz"nLaf6 /;'jf lhNnfsf] w'Gr] tyf rLg g]kfnsf] l;dfgf /;'jfu9L;Dd /x]sf] 5 . of] ;8s l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLg hf]l8g] dWog]kfnsf] 5f]6f] b"/Lsf] dfu{ xf] . of] pQ/df rLgsf] /;'jfu9L / blIf0fdf ef/tsf] 7f]/L;Dd pQ/ blIf0f dfu{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, lrtjg / k;f{ lhNnfnfO{{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8ssf] nDafO{dWo] 7f]/L–e08f/f (! ls=ld=, e08f/f–dn]v' ^@ ls=ld, dn]v'–uN5L @) bzdna $* ls=ld=, uN5L–:ofk|'j];L *( bzdna * ls=ld=, :ofk|'j];L–/;'jfu9L !& ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . 7f]/Laf6 e/tk'/, e08f/f x'Fb} /;'jfu9L @*) bzdna @* ls=ld= 5 eg] 7f]/Laf6 gf/fo0fu9 xF'b} /;'jfu9L @^* bzdna *^ ls=ld= 5 . e08f/faf6 /;'jfu9L !*( bzdna @* ls=ld=b"/Ldf 5 eg] gf/fo0fu9af6 /;'jfu9L @)# bzdna *^ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . kf]v/faf6 /;'jfu9L @^) bzdna !& ls=ld=b"/Ldf kb{5 . /;'jfu9L–e08f/f–jL/u~h ;8s @$# bzdna @* lsnf]ld6/ b"/Ldf kb{5 . g]kfnsf] l;dfgf /;'jfu9Laf6 ltAatsf] s]?Ë k'Ug] ;8ssf] b"/L @& ls=ld=5 .

lqz'nLv08 sfnf]kq] ePsf] 5 . lqz"nL uN5Lv08sf] s]xL jif{cufl8 6«Øfs vf]nL clxn] sfnf]kq];d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . uN5L–dn]v' ;8s k[YjL nf]sdfu{cGtu{t kb{5 eg] dn]v'–e08f/f v08sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ^ ls=ld= 6«Øfs vf]Ng afFsL 5 . of] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 /;'jfu9Laf6 dn]v' x'Fb} e08f/f cfjfudg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . lrlgofF ;/sf/sf] ;xof] u df aGb} u/] s f] :ofk|'j];L–/;'jfu9L ;8s u|fe]n ePsf]] 5 eg] k[YjL /fhdfu{df kg]{ uN5L–dn]v' ;8s sfnf]kq] Pjd\ /fd|f] cj:yfdf 5 . ;8ssf oL efu b'O{ n]gsf 5g\ . t/ o;afx]ssf ;8ssf ;a} efu ;fF3'/f 5g\ . ;8ssf :t/ klg /fd|f 5}gg\ . e08f/f–dn]v' ;8s lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf 5 . lgdf{0f x'g'eGbf cufl8 Jojl:yt gS;fª\sg gx'Fbf 7f]/L /;'jfu9L ;8ssf] of] v08 nfdf] / hf]lvdo'St x'g uPsf] 5 . lqz"nL–:ofk|'j];L ;8ssf] /fDr] e]udf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] klx/f] lg/Gt/ uO/xg] ;d:ofn] lgoldt oftfoftdf ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . of] ;8s klg nfdf] ;fF3'/f] / hf]lvdo'St 5 .

lrg / ef/ttkm{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f

lrgn] s]?Ë;Dd ;8s dfu{ NofO{ o;nfO{{ /;'jfu9L;Dd la:tf/ ug{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . ef/tn] g/sl6ofu+h;Ddsf] /]n;]jfnfO{{ :t/f]Gglt u/L 7f]/L;Ddsf] /]n;]jfdf qmdzM la:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . rLgsf] /]n oftfoft Nxf;f;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . of] ;]jf ;8ssf] cj:yf ef/tsf] l;dfgf 7f]/Laf6 rLgsf] l;dfgf vf;f tftf]kfgL;Dd la:tf/ ul/g] sfo{qmd lyof] . /;'jfu9L;Ddsf] o; ;8sdWo] /;'jfu9L–:ofk|j' z ] Lv08 ef}ule{s sl7gfOsf cfwf/df rLg vf;f tftf]kfgLeGbf rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . :ofk|j' ;] L s]?Ë Nofpg OR5's b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L rLgn] 62

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ lbO;s]sf] 5 . ca Ps jif{leqdf ltAatsf] bf];f| ] 7"nf] ;x/ l;ufT;]df /]n ;]jf NofOk'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . oxfFaf6 vf;feGbf s]?Ësf] b"/L 5f]6f] x'g'sf;fy} ef}uf]lns ?kn] ;xh /x]]sf]n] rLg ;/sf/n] /]n ;]jfsf nflu s]?ËnfO{{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] xf] . s]?Ëdf /]n cfPdf ef/t / rLgsf] /]n oftfoft hf]l8g] ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] oxL 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8s x'g]5 . clxn] g]kfn / lrgsf] d'Vo 9'jfgL ;fd'lb|s dfu{af6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; dfWodaf6 9'jfgL ubf{ dlxgf} lbg nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . s]?Ë;Dd /]n oftfoftn] hf]l8Pdf 9'jfgL Pjd\ cfjfudgdf w]/} g} ;xh x'g hfg]5 . o; e/kbf]{ / ;xh oftfoftsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] rLg;Fu cfly{s Jofkfl/sdfq xf]Og, /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw ljsf;df ;xhtf cfpg] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] 7f]/L /;'jfu9L ;8s ef/t / rLgsf] Jofkf/df dxŒjk"0f{ dfu{ l;4 x'g]5 .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lnR5jLsfnLg ;donfO{{ :jl0f{dsfn elgG5 . oltv]/sf] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d'Vo sf/0f g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ x'g] u/]sf] ef/t / rLgaLrsf] Jofkf/ lyof] . rLg;Fusf] Jofkfl/s gfsf s]?Ë / s'tL lyP . o;dWo] klg s]?Ë dxŒjk"0f{ gfsf lyof] . sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ ag]kl5 g]kfnsf] rLg;Fusf] Jofkf/ tftf]kfgL vf;flt/ s]lGb|t x'g yfNof] . s]?Ëaf6 x'g] Jofkf/ 36\b} uof] . s]?Ëaf6 x'g] Jofkf/ /f]lsPkl5 of] 7fpF cfly{s ;f+:s[lts ?kn] k5fl8 kb}{ uof] . g]kfn

/ rLgaLrdf cfly{sdfq xf]Og, ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw klg lyof] . g]kfnsL 5f]/L e[s6' Lsf] ljjfx ltJjtsf ;d|f6;Fu ePsf] lyof] / pgn] tLg dlxgf;Dd s]?Ëdf a;]/ a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ Pjd\ af}4 u'Daf agfpg nufPsL lyOg\ . s]?Ëdf cem} klg cjl:yt /x]sf] of] u'Dafn] g]kfn rLg ;DaGwnfO{ :d/0f u/fO/x]sf] 5 .

s]?Ë ef]6]sf]zL gbLn] agfPsf] ;fgf] pkTosf xf] . rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] of] pkTosf cfkm}dF f /d0fLo 5 . rLg ;/sf/n] oxfFsf] ljsf;sf] ;DefjgfnfO{{ dWogh/ u/L clxn] s]?ËnfO{{ Jojl:yt ;x/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul//x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k'/fgf] j:tLnfO{{ :yfgfGt/0f u/L gofF ;x/sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfw'lgs 3/x?, km/flsnf ;8s, 9n, vfg]kfgL, 6]lnkmf]g, ljB't cflb k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] Jojl:yt ;x/ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ wdfwd eO/x]sf] 5 . rLgn] /;'jfu9Lsf] cfˆgf] e"–efutkm{ Jojl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{no Pjd\ ahf/ s]Gb|sf] lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 . s]?Ëaf6 /;'jfu9L cfpg] ;8ssf] lgdf{0f b|'tultn] eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ef/tsf] l;dfgf /x]sf] 7f]/L dWog]kfnsf] Jofkfl/s gfsf lyof] . ef/tdf a]nfOtL zf;g /x]sf avt c+u|]hx?n] o; 7fpFnfO{{ /]n oftfoftn] hf]8]sf lyP . levgf7f]/L ef/ttkm{sf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| lyof] . oxfFaf6 kbdk'/, ;f}/fxf, /Tggu/ xF'b} dWo tyf df8L, hutk'/, 3f];/3f6 xF'b} klZrd g]kfn cfjthfjt ug]{ af6fx? lyP . 7f]/Laf6 gf/fo0fu9 / gf/fo0fu9af6 aGbLk'/ xF'b} klZrd g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ x'GYof] . 7f]/L 63

g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qsf] ?kdf k|l;4 lyof] . of] /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf /f0ffx? / a]nfOtL zf;sx?sf] l;sf/ v]Ng] dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpFsf] ?kdf kl/lrt lyof] . 7f]/L Jofkf/ s]Gb|sf ;fy;fydf dxŒjk"0f{ ko{6sLo s]Gb|sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . 3gf hËn, hËnL hgfj/, r'/] kj{t, kof{Kt kfgL Pjd\ em/gfx?sf sf/0f of] 7fpF cfslif{t 5 . oxfF nfvf+}sf] ;ª\Vofdf ljif]z u/]/ ef/tLo ko{6sx? cfpg] ub{5g\ .

;8s lgdf{0f e08f/f–dn]v' ;8ssf] ^@ ls=ld=sf] b"/LdWo] s]xL efudf ;'¿ª agfpg ;s] of] dfu{ lgs} 5f]6f] x'g] lyof] . lqz'nL :ofk|'j];L v08df eO/x]sf] klx/f]nfO{{ lgoGq0f jf klx/f]df gkg]{ u/L ;8snfO{{ 5f]6\Øfpg ;s] ;8ssf] s'n b"/L 36\g uO ofqfsf] ;dofjlw sd x'g] lyof] . a]qfjtLaf6 lqz'nLgbLsf] lsgf/}lsgf/ :ofk|'j];L ;8s lgsfNg] xf] eg] #% ls= ld= b"/Ldf oxfF k'Ug ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ @! ls=ld=sf] b"/L 5f]6\ofpg ;lsG5 . cfjZos :yfgdf ;'¿ª, k'n cflb k|of]u u/L o; 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L dfu{nfO{{ ;Lwf / eljiodf rf/ n]g x'g] u/L tTsfn b'O{ n]gsf] agfpg' kb{5 . /;'jfu9L eG;f/ gfsfnfO{{ g]kfn / rLgsf] k|d'v gfsfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ sf7df8f+}af6 /;'jfu9L;Ddsf] !%) bzdnj %! ls=ld=b"/Ldf /x]sf] ;8snfO{ rf/ n]gsf] agfpg' kb{5 . wfs]{ ;LtfkfOnf ;8snfO{ ;'¿ª dfu{af6 hf]8\g] xf] eg] sf7df8f+}af6 /;'jfu9L k'Ug] 5f]6f] af6f] oxL uN5Laf6 g} x'g]5 eg] 7f]/L;Ddsf] cfjfudg klg ;xh x'g]5 . uN5L–kf]v/f tyf d'lUng–gf/fo0fu9nfO{ rf/ n]gsf] ;8s agfP/ /;'jfu9L / 7f]/Ldfkm{t sf7df8f+}, kf]v/f, gf/fo0fu9 cflb ;x/x?af6 rLg / ef/t;Fusf] cfjthfjtdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

;8s / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; rLg ;/sf/n] s]?Ë–/;'jfu9L cflb cfˆgf] e"–efudf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} jif{ Nxf;fdf a;]sf] g]kfn rLg kRrL;f}F eG;f/ ;Ldf a}7sdf lrlgofF kIfn] låkIfLo Jofkf/sf nflu s]?Ë /;'jfu9L gfsfnfO{{ dxŒj lbFb} k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu hf]8 lbg 64

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] . rLg ;/sf/n] l;dfgfsf] cfˆgf] e"–efudf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/;Sbf klg g]kfntkm{ k|/lDes:t/sf] sfo{ klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /;'jfu9Ldf eG;f/ sfof{no, ;'/Iff lgsfosf nflu ;'/lIft ejg klg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . /;'jfu9Ldf ;'Vvf aGb/ufx sxfF agfpg] < ;/sf/L sfof{nox? sxfF /fVg] < ahf/ s]Gb| sxfF s;/L a;fpg] < k'/fgf] u9Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] of] /;'jfu9Lsf] k'/ftflŒjs ;+/If0f s;/L ug]{ < g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg o;df k'us ] f] 5}g . lrlgof kIfn] agfO/x]sf] l;dfgfsf] gbLsf] k'n klg k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf] u9Lsf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L lgsf; lbg g;Sbf o;} cnkq ?kdf lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]lsP/ a;]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] d'Vo Jofkfl/s gfsf jL/u~h ePh:t} ca s]xL jif{kl5 g]kfn / lrgsf] k|dv ' Jofkfl/s gfsf /;'jfu9L x'g]5 . of] g]kfn–lrg Jofkf/sf] d'Vo gfsf aGg uO/x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf o; If]qsf jfl;Gbfn] nfe lng ;Sg] u/L ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 . xfdLn] ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]gf}+ eg] ;8s ag] klg o;If]qsf gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ dfly p7fpg ;lsFb}g . of] ;8s s]jn lrg / ef/tn] lgdf{0f ul//x]sf cf}Bf]lus ;fdfg cfoft ug]{ dfWoddfq} x'g]5 . o;}n] pQ/ blIf0f ;8s lgdf{0fsf ;fy ;fydf xfdLn] xfd|f] ;Defjgfsf] cfwf/df ljsf; kl/of]hgfx? agfO{ lrg / ef/t k}7f/L ug{ ;Sg] u/L dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . of] ;8s ag]kl5 xfdLn] lng ;Sg] kmfObfx? s]–s] x'g ;Sb5g\ < xfdLn] o;sf] cfFsng u/L clxn]b]lv g} To;sf] tof/Ldf nfUg' kb{5 .

;8s ag]kl5 dflg;x? ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;8s jl/kl/ cfpg] k|rng 5 . o;n] ubf{ ahf/ s]Gb|x? cJojl:yt aGg] u/]sf 5g\ . 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8s;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ :ofk|'j];L, w'Gr], lqz"nL, a6\6f/, uN5L, dn]v', e08f/f, e/tk'/, a;Gtk'/, 7f]/L cflb ahf/ s]Gb|x? kb{5g\ . oL ahf/ s]Gb|x?df sxfF–sxfF s'g–s'g gd'gfsf] ;x/ agfpg] < ef}lts of]hgf;lxt k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L ;dod} Jojl:yt ahf/ s]Gb|sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;8ssf dfWodaf6 o; If]qsf hgtf nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ ko{6g xf] . ko{6sLo dxŒjsf :yfgx? uf];fOs'08, lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, nfª6fª lxdfn, g'jfsf]6 b/af/, nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h, b]j3f6wfd, a]qfjtL P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s tLy{:yn If]q cflbnfO{{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ Jojl:yt ug'{ kb{5 . 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8ssf dfWodaf6 lxdfnb]lv t/fO{sf kmfF6;Dd ko{6sx?nfO{ ;lhn} k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] oxfF ePsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] ko{6sx?sf cg]sf}F ¿lrx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;Dej x'g]5 . lrtjg / nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~haf6 kof{ko{6g, b]j3f6, uf];fOs'08, a]qfjtL, jfNdLls, af}4 laxf/x?af6 wfld{s ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 . oxfF ljljw hflt / ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x?sf] a;f]jf; /lxcfPsf] tyf gbLgfnf, vf]nf, tfn, tn}of, 8fF8f, sfF8f, kxf8 cflbnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L v]n, ;fxl;s ofqf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] 5 . w'Gr]af6 rGbgaf/L;Dd s]ansf/n] hf]8\g ;s] uf];fOs'08 hfg ;lhnf] x'g'sf] ;fy} dgf]/~hs klg x'g] lyof] . :ofk|'j]zLaf6 nfª6fª hfg] k}bn ?6nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ;s] 6«]lsªdf nfª6fª hfg] ofqLx?nfO{ ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] . ko{6sx?nfO{{ cfjZos ;'ljwf ;DkGg xf]6n, cfjf; Pjd\ d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ko{6sx?nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . o; ;8ssf] b'j}lt/ km"nsf ?vx?, 7fpF7fpFdf kfs{x?, 8fF8fsfF8f, gbL tfn, em/gfx?af6 k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfnfO{{ plhNofpg] u/L Joj:yfkg u/L ko{6sx?nfO{{

cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;8saf6 b'O{÷tLg 306fsf] b"/Ldf t/fO{ / lxdfnL xfjfkfgLsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfOG5 . lrgLofF / ef/tLo ko{6sx?sf] ;fgf] lx:;fnfO{{ dfq o; gfsfaf6 leœofpg ;s] klg o; If]qsf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ 6]jf k'Ug]5 .

lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf; 7f]/L–/;'jfu9L ;8s lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lgs} dxŒjsf] ljifo xf] . of] af6f] ;DkGg ePdf dn]v', uN5L, g'jfsf]6, /;'jfu9L xF'b} rLg;Fu / 7f]/L x'Fb} ef/t;Fu lrtjgjf;Lsf] kx'Fr a9\g] 5 . lrtjg ljsf;sf] ax'cfolds ;Defjgf ePsf] pkTosf xf] . of] s[lif tyf kz'kG5Lkfng Pjd\ pTkfbgsf b[li6n] cu|0fL :yfgdf 5 . lrtjg clxn] klg g]kfnsf] ko{6gsf] t];|f] uGtJo:yn xf] . of] ;8s lgdf{0f ePdf lrlgof gful/sx? a]Olemªaf6 /]n oftfoftsf dfWodaf6 /;'jfu9L cfO{ sf7df8f}F gk;L ;Lw} lrtjg cfpg] af6f] v'Ng]5 eg] o;}u/L ef/tsf ljleGg ;x/x?af6 /]n oftfoftsf dfWodaf6 leSgf7f]/Laf6 ef/tLo ko{6sx? lrtjg cfpg ;Sg] 5g\ . lrtjgdf pTkflbt ;fdfg lrg / ef/t k'¥ofpg tyf lrlgof / ef/tLo ko{6sx?nfO{ lrtjgdf Nofpg cyf{t\ of] ;8s lrtjg pkTosfsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ kl/of]hgf x'g]5 . of] ;8s o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo d]?b08 xf] . of] ;8s k"/f ePkl5 o; dfu{;Fu hf]l8Psf lhNnfx? / dWo Pjd\ klZrd g]kfns} cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj kfg]{5 . of] dWo g]kfnsf] ef/t / lrg hf]8\g] 5f]6f] ;8s ePsf]n] o;n] ;du| g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} lrg / ef/tsf] Jofkf/ j[l4df klg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 .

cGTodf rLgn] /;'jfu9L gfsfdf ;8s oftfoftn] hf] 8 L k' j f{ w f/ lgdf{ 0 f ul//x] s f] k/Lk| ] I fdf ca g/sl6ofu~haf6 levgf7f]/L;Dd rfn'/x]sf] /]n oftfoftnfO{ clej[l4 u/fpg / levgf7f]/Ldf ahf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ef/tLo 65

kIf;Fu g]kfnsf] kxnsbdLsf] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] /;'jfu9L / 7f]/L gfsfsf] cfˆgf]tkm{ klg Jojl:yt ;x/L ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df nfUg' kb{5 . lrgn] g]kfnnfO{{ /;'jfu9L gfsfdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;'emfj lbFbf klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg o;df uPsf] 5}g . /;'jfu9L / 7f]/L gfsfsf]

hLjgsf] ul0ft  ;'/]Gb| c:tkmn slj8f“8f

c;ª\Vo hLjgx? k9]/ klg cfzfsf ;fdnt'dnx?sf] t[i0ff d]l6Pg slxNo} hLjg e'nfpg'sf] gfpFdf lkP/ d[ud/Llrsf afFlrP5 w]/} klxnf] :jKgbf]ifsf] Tof] d]/f] lk|o /ft lxh}h:tf] nfU5 lszf]/Lk|]d rf]/]sf] Tof] hf]lznf] tfk lxh}h:tf] nfU5 slt cNkfo' eP5g\ oyfy{x? :d[ltsf] db/af]8{ slt rfF8} wldlnP5 ;Demgfsf s'Og]6fx? slt rfF8} b'AnfP5g\ s7} Tof] l9d lh/f] / cf;kf; Psfb]zsf syf eP5g\ sf7] uf8fn] sf]/]sf tL kfª\u|] 8f]ax?df u'Rrf 6f]Nbf xf];\ jf pvn]/ wfgsf 7'6fx? leqL aflx/L / 9'l;ª\un v]Nbf xf];\ ZofdZj]t afnfkg 66

ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] kxn s;/L v'nfpg] < oxfFsf] ;8snfO{{ s;/L ;Lwf / km/flsnf] agfpg] < o; If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; s;/L ug]{ < g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofg /;'jfu9L 7f]/L gfsfdf Nofpgsf nflu o;If]qsf gful/sx?sf] kxnsbdLsf] cfjZostf 5 .

@))& ;fn;Ddsf] lrtjgsf] cfly{s Oltxf;  8f= b]jLk|;fb s+8]n ;x–k|fWofks, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;

slt /ª\uLg lyof] rf}tf/Lsf] af3rfndf af3 y'lgP/ klg af3} /xGYof] afv|f vfOP/ klg afv|} /xGy] af3 / afv|f Pp6} kFw]/fsf] kfgL lkpFy] cfh af3 PSn} hª\undf ef}tfl/Psf] 5 lj8Dagf uf]7af6 afv|fx? x/fPsf 5g\ an]gLsf] kfgLdf 3df}/f lr:ofpFbf xf];\ jf la;fP/ hLjgsf] ef/L rf}tf/Ldf ;':tfpFbf xf];\ hLjgdf rNg] atf; cs{} lyof] x[bodf dlRrg] x'G8/L cs{} lyof] w]/} w]/} pd]/x? lkP/ ;d[l4sf] w/x/f rl9/xFbf klg pxL afnfjosf] psfnL cf]/fnL dg k5{ a]n'gem}+ k'ms]/ k]6 ue{jtL cfsf/ lnO/x]5 k'mn]/ s]; lxpFem} lxdfnosf] laDa kl9/x]5 hLjgsf] cfsfz pxL 5 tf/fx? pxL 5g\ wtL{ pxL 5 t/ klg lsg lsg ldNb}g hLjgsf] ul0ft .

kl/ro g] k fnsf] dWodf~rn ljsf; If] q cGtu{ t gf/fo0fL c~rndf kg]{ lrtjg lhNnf ef}uf]lns cj:yf, oftfoft, s[lif, kz'kG5Lkfng, hn;|ft] , jg / jGohGt', lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, cflb x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] cu|:yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . b]zs} dWo efudf kg]{ ;'ud:yn / kof{Kt hn;|ft] ePsf sf/0f o; lhNnfdf g]kfne/sf hgtfsf] Wofg s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts hfu/0fsf b[li6n] klg lrtjg cu|:yfgdf 5 . s[lif / jg k}bfjf/sf] klg s'g} sdL 5}g . lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, b]j3f6, afNdLls cf>d, ;f}/fxf, d]3f}nL cflb oxfFsf ko{6sLo :ynx? x'g\ . ko{6sLo b[li6n] lrtjg t];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ :yn k5{ . jGohGt'sf lx;fan] klxnf] k5{ . o; lhNnfsf k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] kof{Kttfn] ljleGg lhNnfsf dflg;x?sf] Wofg cfsif{0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] lrtjgsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4df ltj|tf cfPsf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf r'/] efj/, ;dy/ e"–efu / dxfef/t n]s tLg lsl;dsf] hdLg ePsf] kfOG5 . kxf8L hghLjg / k]zf Joj;fo s]–s:tf x'G5g\ egL hfGg lrtjgsf kxf8L uf=lj=;=df uP k'U5, cGoq uP/ vf]hL ug'{ kb}{g . hftLo ;+/rgfsf] b[li6n] klg lrtjg gf}nf] 5 lsgeg] oxfF t/fO{ d'n / lxdfnL kxf8L ;a} d'nsf dflg;x?sf] yf]/ w]/ a;fO 5 . ;a}sf cfˆg} efiff, cfˆg} e]if, cfˆg} wd{ / ;+:s[lt 5g\ . Psn] csf{sf] df}lns ;+:s[lt / :jfoQtfdf x:tIf]k ug]{ u/]sf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ePsf] 5}g . ;a}n] sfFwdf sfFw ldnfP/ JolQmut / ;femf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ul//x]sf] :jl0f{d cj:yf 5 . clxn] lrtjg Pp6f gd'gf lhNnf

ag]sf] 5 . ljljwtfn] el/Psf] t/ cg]stfdf Pstf sfod ePsf] sf/0f lrtjgnfO{ 5]xQ/f}F lhNnf klg eGg] ul/G5 . lrtjg g]kfnsf &% lhNnfx?dWo]sf] cfly{s ;fwg / ;|f]tx?n] el/k"0f{ ePsf] k|yd lhNnf xf] . oxfFsf k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ;b'kof]u ug{;s] o;nfO{ ljsf; / ;'ljwfsf b[li6n] Pp6f gd'gf lhNnf agfpg ;lsG5 . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} o; lhNnfsf] cfˆgf] 5'§} klxrfg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] lhNnf ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts x/]s b[li6af6 dxŒjk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . oL ljljw kIfx?dWo] o; n]vdf cfly{s kIfnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ k|frLg ;dob]lv @))& ;fn;Ddsf] cfly{s Oltxf;sf] ?k/]vf k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lrtjgsf] cfly{s Oltxf; k|:t't ubf{ P]ltxfl;s sfnqmd cg';f/ k|frLgsfn, dfWoldssfn, zfxsfn, /f0ffsfn, k|hftflGqssfn / k~rfotsfn u/L ljleGg ;xfos zLif{s /fvL JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o; n]vdf lj=;+= @))& ;Ddsf ljljw cfly{s kIfx? dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

k|frLgsfn k|frLgsfnsf lrtjgsf] ;dy/ e"–efu ;a} hËn / emf8Ln] el/Psf] ePtfklg lnR5lj /fhfx?n] o;nfO{ ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ Pp6f /fhdfu{ u/fPsf lyP . ef/t;Fu x'g] g]kfnsf] dWoefusf] Jofkf/ lrtjgsf] ;f]d]Zj/ kxf8 x'Fb} ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf k|df0fx? kfOPsf 5g\ . lnR5jL zf;g sfndf /fhf c+z'jdf{n] lrtjgdf ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ af6f] agfpg nufPsf lyP . of] af6f] yfgsf]6af6 l6:6'Ë kfn'Ë x'Fb} 67

lrtjgsf] ;f]dZ] j/ eP/ ef/tsf] /fdgu/ lgl:sGYof] . /fhf c+z'jdf{n] kmnfd, rd/, pmg, s:t'/L / tfdfsf ef8f afx]s c? ;Dk"0f{ b}lgs pkef]Uo dfn;fdfgdf lgsf;L b:t'/ ldgfx ul/lbg] Joj:yf ldnfP/ Jofkf/ lj:tf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf lyP . Jofkf/ j:t' ljlgdosf cfwf/df a9L rNYof] . of] Jofkf/af6 g]kfnn] k|z:t /fh:j;d]t ;°ng ug]{ uYof]{ .

dWosfn dWosfndf lrtjg ;'¿df kfNkfsf] / kfNkf /fHosf] ljv08g ePkl5 tgx'F /fHocGtu{t /x]sf] lyof] . tgx'F /fHosf] t/fO{df lrtjg ;lxt tLg k|uGgf lyP . To;a]nf tgx'Fsf /fhfsf] lztsfnLg b/jf/ b]j3f6df lyof] . kxf8af6 x'g] ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ b]j3f6 eP/ x'GYof] . To;}a]nfb]lv b]j3f6df dfemLx?sf] ;fgf] j:tL a;]sf] lyof] . ef/t k|j]z ug]{ åf/ ;f]d]Zj/ kxf8 lyof] . dWosfndf ef/t–ltAataLr Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug]{ /fhdfu{sf] ?kdf g]kfn ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn] tL b'O{ b]zsf ;fdfg Ps csf]{df k7fpg] sfd ug]{ uYof]{ . lrtjg klg o:t} dWo:y Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug]{ Pp6f af6f] lyof] . dWosfndf g]kfnn] ds}, kmnkm"n, tfdf, hl8a'6L, 5fnf cflb ef/ttkm{ lgof{t uYof]{ eg] ef/taf6 g]kfndf cfoft ul/g] d'Vo ;fdfg d;nf, g"g, uxuxgf, /];dL sk8f cflb lyP . To;a]nf g]kfnsf] s];/Ln] aËfndf Hofb} /fd|f] dfs]{6 lnPsf] lyof] .

zfxsfn lj=;+= !*#$ sf] ;fpg dlxgfdf uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] tgx'Fsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] lrtjg ljho u/] . ;fdl/s / Jofkfl/s b'j} b[li6af6 lrtjgsf] e"–efu ljz]if dxŒjsf] lyof] . zfxsfndf g]kfnaf6 x'g] ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/ hn / :yn b'j} dfu{af6 x'g] uYof]{ . ;f]d]Zj/ kxf8 ef/t k|j]z ug]{ åf/ lyof] . of] Hofb} rNtLsf] af6f] lyof] . ;f]d]Zj/u9Lsf] af6f]af6 afx|} dlxgf dflg;sf] cfjt hfjt x'GYof] / ToxfFaf6 /fKtL dgf]x/L x'Fb} x]6f}+8f;Dd k'Ug] af6f] klg lyof] . To;a]nf g]kfnn] tfdf, tf]/L, ;'tL{, sf7, s:t'/L, hl8a'6L cflb ef/ttkm{ lgof{t 68

uYof]{ eg] ef/taf6 sk8f, efF8fs'F8f, skf;, d;nf, ;nfO{, g'g cflb cfoft ug]{ uYof]{ . k|frLg ;dob]lv g} sf7df8f}+ / k6gfaLrsf] Jofkf/ lrtjg eP/ x'GYof] . zfxsfndf lrtjgaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf ef/ttkm{ sf7 lgsf;L x'GYof] . gf/fo0fL gbLsf] hndfu{af6 sf7 ef/tsf] snsQf;Dd k'¥ofOGYof] . ;g\ !*!! df /fhf uLjf{0fo'4ljqmdsf] ;dodf dHof{bk'/sf] a]nf}b k|uGgf -kl6xfgL, hutk'/_ df sf7 s6fgL u/L snsQf k'¥ofO{ l8kf] vf]n]/ a]Rg / sfzLdf Pp6f dlGb/ ;d]t agfpg ;/sf/L cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] . sf7 sf6\g] / 9'jfgL ug]{ sfd emf/f kyf{af6 u/fOGYof] . zfxsfndf kxf8L efusf lhNnfx? uf]vf{, tgx"F, sf:sL, g'jfsf]6, sf7df8f}F cflbsf] ef/t;Fu x'g] Jofkf/ lrtjg eP/ x'GYof] . To;a]nf lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ dHof{bk'/ elgGYof] / lrtjg dHof{bk'/sf ljleGg k|uGgfx?dWo] Ps lyof] . ;g\ !*)@ df g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf cfPsf x]ldN6gn] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ lrtjgaf6 x]6f}+8f /fdgu/ hfg] / b]j3f6, sljnf;, pk/bfË, hf]ludf/f x'Fb} lrtnfËsf] af6f] yfgsf]6 lg:sg] dfu{ lyof] . of] af6f]df r]kfËsf] j:tL lyof] . To;a]nf pk/bfË, sljnf; / hf]ludf/f /fd|} a:tL lyP . of] af6f]af6 el/ofx? lxF8\g] uy]{ . zfx zf;gsfndf /fh:jsf ;|f]t h'6fpg ;/sf/sf] Wofg lrtjgdf klg s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] Ohf/f k|yf ckgfP/ ljleGg lsl;dsf s/x? ;°ng ug]{ uYof]{ . To; a]nf lrtjgdf k|rlnt s]xL s/x? lyPM eG;f/, ;fo/, wf6, e"lds/, hns/, jgs/, huft, ck' t fnL, sfZr/fO{ , d] x Q/fO{ , jL;x/, sNof0fwg, b08s'08, ;'u'/r/L, cflb lyP . dHof{bk'/sf] cfjfbL a9fpg df]unfgaf6 ;d]t /}tL lemsfO ljleGg ;'ljwf lbP/ /fVg ;/sf/n] :yfgLo kmf}hbf/, txljNbf/, 7]sbf/, cflbnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . df]unflgofnfO{ lrtjgsf] hdLgdf a;f]jf; u/fpg] af/]sf] l:ylt aGb]hsf] Ps c+z oxfF k|:t't 5M df]unfgaf6 /}tL NofO{ j;fpg' = huf cJbf u'Nhf/ ug'{ = sfnfa+hf/ a;fO h;n] d'n's

cjfb unf{ t;nfO{ ldxgt cg';f/ l/em jS;f}nf = rf}w/L, d'sbd, dxtf}, d'ifLof, ldemf/x?n] /}tLnfO{ cGof uGof cdfnLn] s'/f ;'gL lg;fkm e]6fOlbg' = /}tL dfyL ef/bf/ 5f]6f j8f hf] sf]xL n] ljh`L lj2t gug'{ = ug{ glbg' = lj=;+= !*&( ;fndf dof{bk'/sf x/g dxQf]nfO{ df]unfg -hf}nk'/_ af6 /}tL lemsfO j:tL a;fpg / To:tf jfl;GbfnfO{ # jif{sf] e"lds/ dfkm ug'{ eGg] ;/sf/L cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;cl3 lj=;+= !*^$ df j]nf}b k|uGgfdWo] wgf}hLdf j:tL a;fO cfjfb u/fpg 6]6' u'/f}nfO{ hflu/ lbO lgb]{zg lbOPsf] lyof] . To;a]nf dHof{bk'/sf ;dy/ e"efu 6f8L, df8L, j]nf}b sfnfj+hf/, d]3f}nL, e/tk'/, cflbdf yf? ;d'bfosf kftnf j:tLx? lyP . e"dL sdf]t ug]{ ls;fgnfO{ ;/sf/n] e"lds/ nufPsf] lyof] . xn uf]?sf cfwf/df s/ nufpg] k|yf lyof] . dHof{bk'/sf rf/ k|uGgfsf k'/fgf jfl;Gbfn] ! xn uf]?sf] &À ?k}of / df]unfgaf6 cfPsf gofF jfl;Gbfn] #À ?k}of ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . df]unfgaf6 cfP/ hUuf sdfpg]nfO{ qmdzM s/ a9fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tf]/L / wfg pTkfbgsf nflu dHof{bk'/ To;}an] f klg k|l;4 lyof] . lrtjgsf] tf]/Lsf] t]n sf7df8f}Fsf] /fhb/jf/df k'¥ofOGYof] . ;dy/ e"–efusf jfl;Gbfn] t]n ;°ng ug'{kYof]{ . s5f8 / kxf8L efusf hgtfn] t]nsf ef/L af]sL yfgsf]6 k'¥ofpg'kYof]{ . lj=;+= !*^^ ;Dd lrtjgsf jfl;Gbfn] t]n af]s]/ b/jf/;Dd t k'¥ofpg'kYof]{ t/ To;kl5 yfgsf]6;Dd k'¥ofpg'kg]{ / yfgsf]6af6 sf7df8f}Fs} hgtfn] t]n af]s]/ b/jf/;Dd k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !*%! df ?= @)) a/fa/sf] t]n /fhb/jf/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] lyof] eg] lj=;+= !**) df ?= $)) d"No a/fa/sf] tf]/Lsf] t]n emf/f k|yfsf cfwf/df af]sfP/ sf7df8f}Fsf] /fhb/af/df k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . lrtjg Pp6f afXo Jofkf/ ug]{ dfu{ lyof] . lrtf}g b]j3f6df eG;f/ dx;'n ;°ng ug]{ sfo{ x'GYof] .

lj=;+= !*^@ sf] b]j3f6sf] eG;f/sf] b/jGbL ;fgf] gd"gf oxfF k|:t't 5 . s'6sL, sf;sf ef8f ef/L ! sf] * k};f ?=jf ef/L ! sf] ?= ^ jfh ! sf] ?= !À= xfQL ! sf] ?= % s:t'/L ;]/ ! sf] ?= != ljof skf; ef/L ! sf] @ cfgf 3f]8f ! sf] ?= @À= £o" ef/L ! sf] ?= À sfuh ef/L ! sf] ?= À t]n ef/L ! sf] ?= Á kmnfd ef/L ! sf] @ cfgf wfuf] ef/L ! sf] ?= À g"g ef/L ! sf] @ cfgf ;/sf/n] dHof{ b k' / sf] /sd ;°ng ug{ Ohf/fbf/ lgo'Qm uYof]{ . lj=;+= !*$% ;fndf hf]ludf/f, pkbf{Ë, sNofgrf}/ bfx|]uf}8f, sljnf;, ;'gfr'/L, lrtjg, j]nf}b, ;hf}bsf]6 cflbdf /sd snd /fh:j ;°ng ug{ d]3' vjf;nfO{ $ jif]{ Ohf/f lbOPsf] lyof] / Ohf/fbf/n] k|ltjif{ ?= @)! ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kYof]{ . To;kl5 dHof{bk'/af6 x'g] /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf s]xL j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . h'g tflnsf o;k|sf/ 5– ;fn ?k}of lj=;+= !*%! ;fn ?= ^%)! lj=;+= !*^* ;fn ?= %^$@ lj=;+= !*&( ;fn ?= !!,&%# lj=;+= !*(# ;fn ?= !^,))! lj=;+= !*($ ;fn ?= !$,$)@ lj=;+= !*(( ;fn ?= @!,)!^ lj=;+= !*($ ;fndf dHof{bk'/df cgfhsf] d"No o;k|sf/ /xg uPsf] kfOG5– cgfh k|lt ?k}of lemg'jf wfg * kfyL 69

v;|f] wfg ( kfyL 3}of wfg !) kfyL s]/fp, d';'/f], rgf & kfyL tf]/Lsf] t]n @=% wfgL{ dHof{bk'/sf] s/ ;°ng ubf{ 7]sbf/ jf Ohf/fbf/n] dgk/L u/L hgtf hgfb{gnfO{ Hofb} b'Mv lbPsf lyP . Ohf/fbf/n] @ 3/ ePsf] df}hfnfO{ / @)÷@@ 3/ ePsf] df}h]ofg dsbd dxtf} ku/L Pp6} b/n] kmL= !$ ?k}of lng] uy]{ . hgtf cGofodf k/]sf] dx;'; u/L !*($ lj=;+= df dHof{bk'/sf rf/j6} k|uGgf, s5f/ / d"n :yndf ljleGg b/n] dx;'nsf] b/jGbL sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . tL dWo] s]xL pbfx/0f oxfF k|:t't 5g\ . k|uGgf ulx/jfbsf] s5f/df /xg] u}x| d';x/ kf]tf 3/ ! sf] ?= !À k|uGgf lrtjgsf] df}h]ofg dxtf}sf ku/L /sd ! sf] ?= @# k|uGgf lrtjgsf] s5f/sf] df}ho] fg d'ifLof ku/L /sd ! sf] ?= * k|uGgf lrtjg pQ/ s5f/sf] df}ho] fg d'ifLof ku/L /sd ! sf] ?= % sf]Nx'jfsf] df}h]ofg ldemf/L ku/L /sd ! sf] ?= # j]njt uf]Gb|fË df}h] ! sf] dsbd ku/L ! sf] ?= !# j]njt pQ/ s5f/ df}h]ofg d'lvofsf ku/L ! sf] ?= % ulx/jf8 df}h]ofgsf dsbd dxtf} ku/L ! sf] ?= @)

lj=;+= !*($ ;fndf s]xL lt/f] e/f] dfkm ul/Psf] lyof] . tL dWo] hËL sfd afx]s c? sfddf emf/f nufpg gkfOg], ;'VofgL c° dfkmL ug]{, cflb k|d'v lyP . lj=;+= !*($ lt dHof{bk'/df lng] ul/Psf s/x? eG;f/, huft, kf]vf, /}s/, 3f6, ;fn, vo/, xf6k]l6of, l;+u8f, b08s'08, emf/f, j]7j]uf/, l;jfo/fh c°, sNof0fwg, lj;x/, wdf{lwsf/, ;'u'/ r/L, xtfjxtf, k+rvt, k'/f]lxTofoL, d¥of] ck'tfnL, rfsrs'O{, cflb ePsf] kfOG5 . To;afx]s cdn e]6L, 6Lsf e]6L, dxtf} ku/L, ;nfdL, cflb /sd snd klg k|rngdf lyP . lj=;+= !*&( sf] j}zfvdf k|ofubQ h}zLnfO{ lrtjgsf] !) ;fnsf] Ohf/f lbOPsf] lyof] . pm Ohf/f ;DaGwL ;jfndf ;os8f !) k|ltzteGbf a9L Aofh lng glbg', rf/} k|uGgfdf sfnfj+h/ a;fpg', cjfb a9fpg', tf]lsPsf] b/jGbLn] /sd snd ;°ng 70

ug'{, df}h]ofg b:t'/ glng' s]jn df}hfdf hfFbfsf lbgsf] /}tLaf6 l;bf /sd lng', gofF a:g cfpg] /}tLnfO{ ltg jif{;Dd Hofb} sd /sd snd lng' / $ jif{b]lv k'/fg} /}ltnfO{ hlt /sd snd lng', /fhb/jf/df ?= $)) sf] t]n vl/b u/L k7fpg', xfQLsf] bfFt, u}F8fsf] vfu, uf}/LufO{sf] l;ª, hËndf vf]Hg nufO{ b/jf/ k7fpg', v'g, rf]/L, uf]jw, s'nw'n lj/fp ug]{nfO{ k'/kIf ;'gL sfon ePsfO{ b08 hl/jfgf ug'{, dxfhgx?;Fu ;Demf}tf s'/fsfgL u/L lhNnfe/sf sf7dxn vo/ ;fn, sf/r/fO{ u'nhf/ ug'{, sfb|fË d"n af6f]af6 dflg;nfO{ cfpg hfg glbg' cflb sfdx? ug]{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf] lyof] .

dHof{bk'/df kf]tf s/sf] b/ lrtjgsf] cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo ;|ft] kf]tf s/ lyof] . hdLgdf pAhgLsf cfwf/df s/ nufpg] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . oxfF xn uf]?sf cfwf/df kf]tf s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . sfnj+hf/ hufdf gofF dflg; a;fpFbf p;Fu uf]? @ sf] xn Pssf] klxnf] jif{ $ cfgf, bf];|f] jif{ * cfgf, t];|f] jif{ ?= !À / rf}yf] jif{ k'/fg} jfl;Gbf ;/x ?= @ lng] b/jGbL sfod ePsf] lyof] . km]/L uf]? ^ sf] Ps xn sfod u/]/ klg s/ nufOPsf] lyof] . dHof{bk'/sf rf/j6} k|uGgfsf df}hfsf k'/fgf jfl;Gbfsf] /}jGbL uf]? ^ sf] Ps xn sfod u/L To;sf] s/ b/ ?= &À sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .

/f0ffsfn g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lj=;+= !()# b]lv @))& ;Ddsf] cjlwdf /f0ffzf;gsfn xf] . of] cjlwdf dHof{bk'/sf] cjflb a9fpg, cfDbfgL j[l4 ug{, v]tLkftL u/fpg, xfQL;f/sf] ljsf; ug{, clkmdsf] / ;gkf6sf] v]tL ug{, sf7 s6fgL u/L lgsf;L ug{, tf]/L pTkfbg ug{, ;/sf/n] a9L g} k|oTg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hgtf hgfb{g;Fu ;/sf/n] gfgfy/Lsf s/ nufP/ ;s];Dd Ohf/f dfkm{t\ cToGt s8fO{sf ;fy /sd snd ;°ng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . o;/L ;°ng ePsf] /sd /f0ffx?sf] ljnfl;tfsf] nflu vr{ x'GYof] . To;a]nf

;/sf/ wgL, hgtf u/La / b'MvL lyP . To;f] ePtf klg eljtJo / ;'vf v8]/L, af9L klx/f] cflb k/]df hgtfsf] enf] x'g] sfd ug{ ;/sf/n] :yfgLo u'/f}, rf}w/L, kbflwsf/L cflbnfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg, hgtfsf] p4f/ ug{ :ki6 lgb]{zg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= !(@* df k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf sKtfg e/tl;+x sfsL{ If]qLsf gfddf cfunfuL s/ ldgfxfsf] ?Ssf lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm ?Ssfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ !(@^ ;fnsf] j}zfvdf sfnf]ahf/ df}h]sf] hod+unk'/df, lrtjg k|uGgfsf] lkk/f ufpFdf, ;f]xL k|uGgfsf] 6f]u/fOdf, jx]8fdf, j8Gof ufpFdf / u}x|jf8 k|uGgf sfnfj+h/sf] Onfxf ufpFdf cfunuL eljtJo x'Fbf 7"nf] dfqfdf wg ;DklQ, nQf sk8f, cgfh gi6 ePsf]df lhdLbf/x? pQm s/ ltg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf lyPgg\ . pQm ljleGg 7fpFsf] cfunfuLaf6 s/sf] ?kdf ;°ng ul/Psf wfg, tf]/L, df;, ds}, lk8fn', 3}of, h'jfg' cflb u/L &)* d'/L s/ jfktsf] cgfh ltg{ gkg]{ u/L dfkmL ul/lbPsf lyP . pQm ?Ssfdf sKtfg e/tl;+xnfO{ cgfh vl/b u/L hgtfnfO{ vfFrf] k/]sf] a]nfdf laqmL ug]{ ;d]t lgb]{zg lbOPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

-3_ dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfDbfgLaf6 tf]lsPsf] b/jGbLdf tna v'jfpg' . -ª_ df}hf df}hfdf rf}w/L, sfg'uf]o cflbsf] k|jGw ldnfpg' . -r_ sfdbf/ sfl/GbfnfO{ 3'; /f];jt lng glbg' . -5_ e"lds/sf cltl/Qm c? ljleGg /sd sndx? c;'n ug]{ k|jGw ldnfpg' .

dfnkf]t /sd

lj=;+= !(^% df lrtjgsf] hUuf gfkhfFr ug{ n]km6]G6 sg]n{ OGb|ljqmd /f0ffnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]uLsf ;fy lrtjg k7fOPsf] lyof] . pgn] dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf] hUufnfO{ cjn, bf]od, ;Ld / rfxf/df juL{s/0f u/L To;}sf cfwf/df s/ lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . dHof{bk'/sf] cfDbfgLsf] d"n ;|ft] huf s/ g} lyof] . o; lhNnfdf p7]sf] s]xL jif{x?sf] huf s/ /sd lgDgfg';f/ lyof]M ;fn dfnkf]t /sd lj=;+= !*^* ?= %,^$@ lj=;+= !*&( ?= !!,&%# lj=;+= !*(( ?= @!,)!^ lj=;+= !(^$ ?= $#,$$) lrjgdf xn uf]?sf cfwf/df dfnkf]t lgwf{/0f dfn c8\8f ul/GYof] . dfnkf]t ;°ngdf cfjZostf cg';f/ 7]Ssf /f0ffsfndf dHof{bk'/ lhNnfsf] k|zf;g a9L lbOGYof] . 7]sbf/n] ;s];Dd s8fOsf ;fy /sd ;°ng ;do lr;fkfgLu9Lsf xfsLd / slxn]sfxLF jL/u~h uy]{ . uf]Zjf/f c8\8fsf xflsdn] x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf k|rlnt ;fo/ /sdx¿ lhNnfdf lhNnfsf ;Dk" 0f{ sfd;DaGwL ultljlw /f0ffsfndf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf cg]s y/Lsf ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L dfn c8\8fnfO{ s/x? ;°ng ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL dWo ;fo/ /sd lbOPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . dfn c8\8fsf xflsdnfO{ klg dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] . lrtjgdf k|rlnt k|d'v ;fo/ /f0ffsfnsf] ;'¿sf jif{df sKtfg eGg] ul/Psf] lyof] /sdx? xf6k]6Ldf, d]nfwfd, 3f6, eG;f/, gLifL{, r;f{, eg] a]nfavt ;'Aaf klg eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= ;'gw'jfO, d';x/, kLknh/L, ;'9Ldxn, sfZr/fO, ;'u/' !(%) df dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf xflsd sfn' vqL lyP . r/L, ;'s'Djf;L, l9sL, d]xQ/fO{, g6s+ufnL, r'/Lxf/L, pgnfO{ lbOPsf] ;/sf/L lgb]{zg cg';f/ pgn] axg lj;x/, dvgf, l;+u8f, 6f]s/L /sd, eftkfgL kt/L ug'{kg]{ kbLo lhDd]jf/Lx? lgDgfg';f/ lyP . /sd, b08s'08 cflb lyP . a]nfavt ;fo/ /sd -s_ ;g v]tL / tf]/L v]tLsf nflu plrt k|aGw ldnfpg' . p7fpg] /sdx? 36a9 x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{df -v_ sfnfahf/ huf cfjfb u/fpg' . k|sfz kfg]{ /0ff]låksf] ;dosf lj=;+= !($) sf s]xL -u_ hufsf] ;lx;nfdt nut /fVg' . ;/sf/L sfuhftsf] cWoogaf6 :ki6 / 7f]; lgisif{ 71

lgsfNg ;lsG5 . lj=;+= !(#& ;fndf o:tf ljleGg ;fo/ /sdaf6 hDdf ?= (,)#$ /fh:j p7]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= !($) ;fndf cdfgtaf6 ;fo/ /sd ;°ng ubf{ hDdf ?= ^,()& dfq ;°ng x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(#* ;fndf afnLb]lv Ohf/fbf/n] /sd ;°ng ubf{ wf/f k¥of] eg]sf sf/0f cdfgtdf /sd snd b:t'/ ;°ng ug{ yflnPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(#& ;fndf 7]Ssf k|yfdf ;fo/ /sd p7fpFbf a9L /sd p7]sf] / To;kl5 cdfgtdf /sd ;°ng ubf{ sdL /sd p7]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$! ;fnsf] afnLsf nflu ;fo/ /sd ;°ng ug{ hf]ugf/fo0f >]i7nfO{ Ohf/f lbOPsf] lyof] . pgn] Ps jif{sf] ?= ^,()& ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] u/L 7]Ssf lnPsf lyP . Ohf/f /sd sndsf] ljj/0f o;k|sf/ 5M pk/bfË3f6 ! sf] ?= !)&... lk7'jf3f6 ! sf] ?= %^.. xbL{3f6 ! sf] ?= &!).. ;'gfr'/L3f6 ! sf] ?= &) 6qmf}nL3f6 ! sf] ?= #^*.. df};/3f6 ! sf] ?= !$$... l;qmf}nL3f6 ! sf] ?= (^ ufO{3f6 ! sf] ?= @(#... b]p3f6 d]nfahf/ ! sf] ?= &)*.. r;f{ dxfn /sd ! sf] ?= &)) 6Lsf/L /sd ! sf] ?= !$ ;'g w'jfO /sd ! sf] ?= @% d';x/ /sd ! sf] ?= !% lkkn h/L /sd ! sf] ?= & ;'bL dxfn ! sf] ?= @$. sfZr/fO{ /sd ! sf] ?= #%^$ 7f]/L 3f6 ! sf] ?= %@% df8L uf]Bs ! sf] ?= &)! kl5 uP/ ljleGg /sd snd ;°ng ug{ cnu–cnu 7]Ssf lbg] Joj:yf klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= !($% ;fndf k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/n] ahf/, 72

sfZr/fO{, ufhf, e§L, r;f{ afx]ssf c? ;fo/ /sdx? dfkmL u/L p/sf/nfO{ kg{ hfg] 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ hgtfn] ltb}{ cfPsf] hf]tsf] kf]tdf ;fljssf] eGbf ^ k};fsf b/n] a9fpg] p2]Zon] dHof{bk'/ lrtjg ;fx]tsf c? t/fO{sf lhNnfx?df OlZtbf/ 6f:g] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . 7]sbf/x?n] pgsf n6s]bf/, km'6s]bf/, txl;nbf/x?n] s/bftfnfO{ zf]if0f, bdg / cTofrf/ u/]sf] x'Fbf hgtfn] ;/sf/df ljlGtkq r9fPsf sf/0f w]/}h;f] ;fo/ /sd dfkmL u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/ jL/ zdz]/n] u/]sf] ;fo/ /sd dfkmLsf] 3f]if0ffn] xft ahf/ / d]nf wfddf ;/sf/L /]vb]v / lgoGq0f g/xFbf Jofkf/L, tLy{ofqL, pkef]Qmf cflbsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff x'g ;s]g . To;kl5 lj=;+= !(%) ;fndf k'gM tL ;a} ;fo/ /sdx? ;°ng ug{ Ohf/fsf] Joj:yf ul/of] / To;af6 jflif{s krf;f}F xhf/ cfDbfgL klg ePsf] lyof] t/ ptf hf]tsf] kf]tdf a9fOPsf] /sd klg oyfjt /fVbf hgtf bf]xf]/f] s/sf] df/df k/]sf lyP . lj=;+= !($& ;fndf sfZr/fO{, ;'Gw'jfO{, e§L / d';x/ /sdaf6 hDdf ?= *,&@( p7]sf] lyof] eg] lj=;+= !(%* ;fndf ?= &,&@( dfq p7]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] ;dodf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf hgtfnfO{ Hofb} dsf{ k/]sf] hfgsf/L ;/sf/nfO{ k|fKt ePkl5 lj=;+= !(&! ;fndf s]xL ;fo/ /sd dfkmL u/]sf lyP . oxfFsf jfl;Gbfn] cfˆg} k|of]usf nflu vl/b ug]{ / cfˆgf nDa/L hldgdf pAh]sf xf6lk/Lof ljqmL ug{ hfFbf hdLgsf] jQL / dfnsf] sf}8L egL hyfefjL lnFbf hgtfn] rf/ cfgfsf] dfn vl/b laqmL ubf{ 8]9 b'O{ cfgf;Dd s/ ltg'{kYof]{ . lj=;+= !(&! ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf dfkm ul/Psf xf6 lkl9of jQL sf}8L dxz'n xf6lkl9of /sd, hns/ /sd, l;+u8f /sd, krgfkfrgL /sd, d/jfgf /sd cflb lyP eg] df]unfgdf lgof{t / ToxfFaf6 cfoft x'g], cfkmGtn] k7fPsf dfn;fdfgx? h:t} cfˆgf nDa/L hufdf pAh]sf kmnkm'n, b'w, /f]6L cflb kfs]sf j:t', cfnf] df5f, cgf/, cª\u'/ afx]ssf c? kmnkm"n,

ld7fO, df;', bxL cflbsf] eG;f/ dx;'n dfkm ul/Psf] lyof] . rGb| zdz]/n] dHof{bk'/sf hgtfn] 3/ vr{sf] nflu df]unfgaf6 cfoft ug]{ g'gdf eG;f/ 5'6 ug]{ 3f]if0ff ug's { f ;fy} xf6 ahf/df hfF8/S;L ;]jg u/L hyfefjL ug],{ zflGt ;'/Iff vNanfpg]nfO{ dfnsf xfsLdn] ?= *.– ;Dd hl/jfgf ug'{ eGg] lgb]z { g klg lbPsf lyP . lj=;+= !(&( ;fndf t/fO{ dw];sf lhNnfx?af6 lgsf;L, k}7f/L x'g] wfg, s]/fp, uxt, Ro"/f, d;'/, v];/L, ux',F rgf, nt], e§df;, ds} cflb cgfh /sdsf] dx;'n dfkm ul/Psf] lyof] .

7f]/L ahf/ hgtf hgfb{gnfO{ ;'lj:tf xf];\, /fh:j a9fpg ;lsof];\, huf cfjfbL a9fpg df]unfgaf6 jfl;Gbf lemsfpg ;lsof];\, hgtfn] cfˆgf pTkfbgsf nflu ahf/ k|fKt u?g\ egL lj=;+= !(^^ ;fndf k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/n] 7f]/Ldf klxnf]k6s ;~rfng ug{ jflif{s ?= *)) vfGuL -tnj_ kfpg] u/L nIdLgf/fo0f yklnofnfO{ lrtjg k7fPsf lyP . pgsf ;fydf ;'/IffsdL{ / sd{rf/L u/L c? @$ hgf lyP . pQm ahf/ ;~rfngsf nflu jflif{s vr{ ?= @,*$) tf]lsPsf] lyof] . 7f]/L ahf/ c8\8fsf k|d'v sfdx? lyPM -s_ plrt 7fpFdf dxz'n c8\8f /fVg' . -v_ 3'; /f];af6 gvfg', vfg glbg' . -u_ ahf/df sf]7Lx? lgdf{0f ug{ nufO rNtL x]/L ! b]lv $ ?k}ofF;Dd a}7s] ljtf}/L ;°ng ug'{ . -3_ k'/fgf af6fx? ;f]d]Zj/, 7f]/L, e/f}6, vf]nf / /f3f6 rf/j6f afx]ssf c? gofF af6fx? aGbL rf]/L Jofkf/ x'g glbg' . -ª_ ca @) u08Lsf lx;fan] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug'{ . -r_ ;/sf/L sd{ r f/L jf Jofkf/L dxfhgnfO{ txjLnsf] ?k}of ;fk6L glbg' . -5_ b/jGbL adf]lhd eG;f/ dx;'n / cGo /sdx? ;°ng ug]{ k|jGw ldnfpg' .

eG;f/ dx;'n ;°ngsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf 7f]/L ahf/ c8\8f /xg uPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . lj=;+= !(^& sf] 7f]/L ahf/sf] cfDbfgL ?= %,(&# lyof] eg] lj=;+= !(&# sf] ?= #,(() lyof] . lj=;+= !(^^ ;fndf g]kfnsf] t/fO lhNnfsf ;a} ahf/ c8\8fx?df Pp6} eG;f/ b/jGbL nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] . ahf/ c8\8f eG;f/ c8\8fsf] ?kdf klg lyP . To:t} lsl;dsf] c8\8f 7f]/L ahf/ c8\8f lyof] . 7f]/L ahf/sf] lj=;+= !(&! ;fnsf] eG;f/ b/jGbLsf] s]xL c+z oxfF k|:t't 5 . j:t'sf] gfd ljb]zLnfO{ jfl;GbfnfO{ xfQL ! sf] ?= @ ?= @ uf]? ! sf] * cfgf ^ cfgf s:t'/L Ho"bf] ! sf] ?= % ?= % gfx'/ Ho"bf] ! sf] ?= % ?= % ?jf skf; dg ! sf] b; cfgf cf7 cfgf pg dg ! sf] !@ cfgf !@ cfgf j]nfotL sk8f sf]/L ! sf] !$ cfgf !$ cfgf rfdn dg ! sf] % k};f $ k};f dl§t]n dg ! sf] !) k};f * cfgf af3sf] 5fnf ! sf] !) cfgf * cfgf

dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf] tf]/L

oBlk wfg pTkfbgdf klg dHof{bk'/ sd lyPg tfklg o; lhNnfsf] tf]/L /fli6«o?kd} k|l;4 lyof] . ljz]if u/L zfx zf;gsfn / /f0ff zf;gsfnel/ /fhb/jf/ / /f0ff b/jf/df dHof{bk'/ lrtjgs} tf]/Lsf] k|of]u x'GYof] . zfxsfndf oxfFsf hgtf dWo] ;dy/ e"–efusfn] tf]/L ;°ng uy]{ eg] s5f/sfn] pQm tf]/L af]s]/ sf7df8f}Fsf] /fhb/jf/df k'¥ofpFy] . lj=;+= !*($ ;fndf dHof{bk'/sf Ohf/fbf/ huGgfy kfWon] !@)) wfgL{ tf]/Lsf] t]n af]sfP/ sf7df8f}F /fhb/jf/ k'¥ofPsf lyP . t]n af]s/] sf7df8f}F k'¥ofpg] lrtjgjf;LnfO{ /f0ffsfnsf] pQ/fw{df ;:tf] d"Nodf /f0ffsfndf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf ahf/ / 3f6df g"g / dl§t]n pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . k|rlnt eG;f/ b/jGbL pgLx?nfO{ x]6fF}8fdf ;:tf] d"Nodf g"g / dl§t]n vl/b /f0ffsfndf dHof{bk'/df ljleGg 3f6x?df ug{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . pgLx?sf] lglDt ;fj/ eG;f/ /sd p7fOGYof] t/ 7f]/Ldf ahf/ v'n]kl5 g"g #) wfgL{sf] * ?k}of %! k};f d"No / dl§t]n l6g ! 73

-^ wfgL{ @ ;]/_ sf] ^ ?k}of ^( k};f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))@ ;fndf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf tf]/L vl/b u/L sf7df8f}F k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/L !@ hgf Jofkf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] / pgLx?n] ?= #,#&,%)).– sf] tf]/L vl/b u/]sf lyP .

wfg uf]bfdsf] :yfkgf lrtjg cGgsf] e08f/ ePsf sf/0f ;/sf/n] wfg uf]bfd lgdf{0f u/L d+;L/ dlxgfdf wfg vl/b u/L /fVg] / kl5 sf7df8f}F pkTosf / cGo kxf8L efudf nu]/ a]Rg] a]rfpg] k|jGw ldnfPsf] ;/sf/L sfuhftx?df pNn]v 5 . c;f/, >fj0f, efb| dlxgflt/ pQm wfg lrtjgs} hgtfn] klg vl/b ug'{kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . lj=;+= !(%$ ;fndf lrtjgsf dfn c8\8fsf xflsd sfl/GbfnfO{ @) xhf/ dg wfg vl/b u/L uf]bfddf /fVg lgb]{zg lbOPsf] lyof] . wfg /fVg @÷@ xhf/ dg wfg c6\g] uf]bfd agfpg;d]t lgb]{zg lbOPsf] lyof] .

xfQL;f/ / kz'kfng /f0ff zf;gsfndf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf k|z:t xfQL;f/ :yfkgf ul/Psf lyP . lrtjg lzsf/ zf}lsg:ynePsf] / /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx? ljb]zL kfx'gfsf ;fy k|To]s jif{ lxpFbsf dlxgfx?df lzsf/df ;xefuL x'g] x'Fbf ;/sf/L tj/af6 ;d]t xfQL kfNg] xfQL;f/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . xfQLsf nflu cfxf/f / xfQL;f/df sfd ug{sf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lzsf/ bnsf ;b:ox?nfO{ xfQLdf ;jf/ u/fOGYof] . hËnL xfQL ;dft]/ xfQL;f/df /flvGYof] . ;g\ !(%! sf] l8;]Da/df /fKtL gbLsf] lsgf/df hËaxfb'/sf] lzsf/ofqfdf !%) eGbf a9L xfQLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . lrtjgdf To;avt ;/sf/L tj/af6 ;d]t ufO{ kfNg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(%! df ;/sf/n] !)) j6f ufO{ lemsfO{ uf]7 /fVg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf cflbjf;L yf?x?n] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ufO{ kfNg] / uf]? x'sf{pg] uy]{ . To;a]nf ;/sf/n] lrtjgdf ;g v]tL ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] . To;}sf 74

nflu ;/sf/n] #@ xn uf]¿ vl/b ug{ lrtf}g dfnsf xflsd sfl/GbfnfO{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] .

dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf] jgk}bfjf/ /f0ffsfndf dHof{bk'/ lrtjg jg / jGohGt'sf] s]Gb| lyof] . xl/of]jg g]kfnsf] wgsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f lrtjgsf] hËn /x]sf] kfOG5 . jg k}bfjf/af6 ;/sf/n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] . sfZr/fO /sdaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ /fd|} cfDbfgL x'GYof] . To;afx]s ljleGg lsl;dsf sf7 lgsf;L ug]{ sfdaf6 ;/sf/n] nfvf}F cfDbfgL ug]{ uYof]{ . ljz]if u/L ;fnsf uf]lnof / lr/fgL u/]sf sf7 ef/tsf ljleGg :yfgdf k'¥ofOGYof] . ef/tdf /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f{ ug]{ l;lnk/ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf g]kfnn] lgof{t uYof]{ . ef/t sf7 lgsf; ug]{ k|d'v åf/ 7f]/L / lqj]0fL lyP . eftLo dxfhgx?n] ;d]t lrtjgsf] hËndf ;Mldn /fvL sf7 lr/fgL u/]/ ef/tdf nfg] uy]{ . lrtjgaf6 ef/t lgsf;L x'g] d'Vo sf7sf hftx? ;fn, ;tL;fn, l;;f}, c;gf, sdf{, vo/ cflb lyP . tL dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ;fnsf sf7 lgof{t ug]{ ul/GYof] . slxn]sfxLF g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fnsf ?vsf] d"No ;d]t u/]/ laqmL ug]{ uYof]{ . @))$ lj=;+=df k|lt ;fnsf ?vsf] d"No ?= !!^ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] eg] lj=;+= @))% df ?= !%) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . lrtjgsf] csf]{ Hofb} 7"nf] dxŒj cfsif{s lzsf/ :ynsf] ?kdf /xg' lyof] . u}F8f, xfQL, cgf{, af3, efn', lrQn, d[u, jb]n cflb hËnL hgfj/sf] lgjf; /x]sf] o; lhNnfsf] hËn /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx?sf] lzsf/ zf}lsg :yn lyof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqLx?n] lxpFbsf dlxgfx? k|foM dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf lzsf/ v]n/] latfpg] uy]{ . hËaxfb/, jL/ zdz]/, rGb| zdz]/, h'4 zdz]/ cflbn] k6s–k6s lrtjgsf] hËndf lzsf/ v]n]sf lyP . s}of}F ljb]zL kfx'gfx? la|l6z /]lh8]lG; ;h{g cf]N8lkmN8, j]nfotsf /fhs'df/ Ho"s ckm Ol8gju{, lk|G; ckm j]N; -kl5 O8jf8{ ;Ktd_, ;d|f6 hfh{ k~rd, j]nfotsf /fhf P8j8{ c:6, cflbn] /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf] lgdGq0ffdf dHof{bk'/ lrtjgsf] hËndf lzsf/ v]ns ] f lyP .

pk;+xf/ k|frLg ;dob]lv @))& ;fn;Ddsf] lrtjgsf] cfly{s Oltxf;sf ljleGg kIfx? k|fKt k|df0fx?sf cfwf/df s]nfpFbf k|frLg ;dob]lv g} dHof{bk'/ ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ Pp6f dfu{ lyof] . hn / :yn b'j} dfu{af6 ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ rNg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dHof{bk'/ lrtjgdf uf]/vfsf] lgoGq0f sfod ePkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; If]qnfO{ ljz]if lsl;dn] x]g{ yfNof] . cfly{s / /0fgLlts b'j} b[li6af6 dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] dx;"; u/L cfjfbL a9fpg], Jofkf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ / ljleGg lsl;dsf s/x? nufP/ /fh:j a9fpg] h:tf sfo{x? u/]sf] kfOG5 . /f0ffsfndf lrtjg lzsf/sf] zf}lsg :yn / /fh:j cfh{gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf ?kdf /xg uof] . o; afx]s ljb]zaf6 /}tL lemsfO{ s]xL jif{sf] s/ dfkm u/L sfnfj+h/df a;f]jf; u/fpg] sfd Jofks?kdf ePsf k|df0fx? e]l6Psf 5g\ . wfg / tf]/L oxfFsf k|d'v s[lif pTkfbg lyP .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

/fh]Gb| cf]nL cWoIf

Knfli6s Joj;foL ;+3–lrtjg gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg  )%^–%@*!**

gf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff  uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL

cfd'v

log} kfjgL gbLsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ o; lrtjg kf}/l0fs, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, n]vdf k|:t't ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|fs[lts, wfld{s tyf ;fdflhs dxŒj / ul/df– cjwf/0ff af/] sfo{zfnf ule{t ;'Gb/ :yn xf] . oxfF ;+:s[lt, hflt, efiff, gf/fo0fL gbLsf] ;'Gb/tf / kljqtfsf af/]df e]; tyf /xg;xgdf ;d]t ljljwtf kfOG5 . krxQ/} ljleGg wd{u|Gy, slj /rgf tyf ljleGg n]vx?df lhNnfsf ljleGg y/L dflg;x? a;f]af; ug{] lrtjgdf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . t/ lbgfg'lbg lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] cg]sf}+ bz{gLo :ynx? 5g\ . lrtjgsf l;/fO{r'nL, dfgjj:tL / ahf/sf sf/0f gbLdf k|b"if0f klg a9\b} pkbf{ªu9L, ;f]d]Zj/, r'/] kj{th:tf kj{tx?, lqj]0fL, uO/x]sf] 5 . gf/fo0fL gbLnfO{ :jR5, ;'Gb/ Pjd\ uf]4s, b]j3f6wfd, sª\sfnLdfO{, ljqmdafaf h:tf kljq agfO/fVgsf nflu o;sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf] y'k|} wfld{s :ynx? wfld{s ko{6gsf b[li6n] 7"nf] dxŒj cjwf/0ff ;kLrLg ?kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . gf/fo0fL /fVb5g\ . To;} u/L /fli6«o lgs'~h, aL;xhf/L tfn gbL ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt–@)^( sf] u7gn] o;sf] cflb k|sf[lts /d0fLotfn] k"0f{ :yfgx?sf] ko{6sLo ;+If0fsf lglDt 7f]; ?kdf sbd rflng yfn]sf] s'/ftkm{ dxŒj cem a9L 5 . oftfoft, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko{6g, ;ª\s]t ub{5 . vf;u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo–Joj;fo, ;~rf/, lj1fg–k|ljlw pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg / e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cflb x/]s gjo'uLg dxŒjsf If]qx?;Fu lrtjgsf] lqcfoflds ;+/IfsTjdf ul7t o; ;+:yfn] gf/fo0fL 3lgi6 gftf 5 / tL If]qx?sf] ljsf;df lg/Gt/ cu|ufdL gbL lsgf/ uf}/]Zj/ dlGb/b]lv gf/fo0fL k'n;Ddsf] ag]/ lrtjgn] cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . t6jtL{ If]qnfO{ ko{6sLo ;'Gb/ If]qsf ?kdf ljsl;t h'g;'s} ;x/sf] ljsf;df gbLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ug{] / gf/fo0fL gbLdf eO/x]sf] k|b'if0fnfO{ oyf;Dej of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . lrtjgsf] ;'Gb/tfsf] clej[l4df /f]sL gbLsf] ;f}Gbo{ / k|fs[ltstfnfO{ sfod /fVg] gf/fo0fL gbLsf] la;{g} g;lsg] cjbfg 5 . lrtjgsf] p2]Zo lnPsf] kfOG5 . ut kf}if !% ut] pBf]u jfl0fHo jfl0fHo s]Gb|sf ?kdf /x]sf] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] ;+3–lrtjgdf ;'–;DkGg ægf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f tyf kfZj{df /x]/ zf]ef lbO/x]sf] gf/fo0fL gbLdf dfbL, ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df u'¿of]hgf k"j{ tof/L sfo{zfnf ;]tL, d:of{ª\bL, b/f}FbL, a'9Lu08sL, lqz"nL / uf]i7LÆ n] gbL lsgf/sf] ;f}Gbo{j[l4 / ko{6sLo s[i0fu08sLsf] ck"j{;ª\ud /x]sf] 5 . b]j3f6df ^ cfsif{0f uf]i7Ldf p7]sf lh1f;fx? ;ldltsf nflu cf]6L uª\ufx? ;lDdlnt lqz"nL;Fu zfnu|fdL gbL sfo{;Dkfbgfy{ lgs} ;xof]uL / dfu{bz{s aGg] cfzf s[i0fu08sL ldl;Pkl5 b]j3f6wfdb]lv lqj]0fL;Dd g} ul/Psf] 5 . gf/fo0fL gfdn] k|Voft /x]sf] s'/f Oltxf;, k'/f0f / sfo{zfnfdf zx/L of]hgfsf/ O= ;/f]h a:g]tn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts hLjgdf k|ToIf k|df0f kfOG5 . cToGt d]xgtk"j{s tof/ kf/]sf] of]hgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 76

lyof] . pQm of]hgf cg';f/ sl/a !))) ld6/ nDafO / ^) ld6/ rf}8fOsf] If]qnfO{ $ pkIf]qdf ljefhg ul/g], To;df dfgj hLjgsf $ cj:yf cyf{t\ afNo cj:yf, o'jf cj:yf, jo:s cj:yf / j[4fj:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ljleGg ;+/rgf / lqmofsnfkx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{] of]hgf /x]sf] / ltgsf] b[Zolrq ;d]t tof/ u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . gbL lsgf/sf] ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 < eGg] ;jfnsf] hjfkmsf ?kdf jiff{ofddf gbL km}lng] ePsfn] #÷$ dlxgf kfgLn] 9flsP klg c;/ gkg{] vfnsf] ;+/rgf x'g'kg]{, s'g} klg cjfl~5t lqmofsnfk ug{ ;xh x'g] vfnsf] ;+/rgf aGg gx'g], dd{t ;Def/ cfˆg} cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kg{], pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3åf/f lgoldt ?kdf ul/g] dxf]T;jnfO{ afwf gkg{] vfnsf] x'g'kg{} / ah]6sf] pknAwtf cg';f/ qmlds ?kdf lgdf{0f ub{} hfg ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kg{] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . vf;u/L ;'Gb/, ;kmf, dgf]/~hs, 3fF;] d}bfg, kmf]x/fx?, d"lt{x?, kfs{ a]Grx?, ;"rgf s]Gb| ;fd'bflos k|x/L, k'm8 :6n, ;fj{hlgs zf}rfnoo'Qm ;+/rgf aGg'kg{] s'/fx? uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/Psf lyP . o;/L ;a} lnª\u, ;a} wd{, ;a} hft–hflt, ;a} pd]/sf dflg;x?sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] cfsif{s ;+/rgf agfO{ gbLsf] k|jfxnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL t6aGw, l;F9Lx?sf] lgdf{0f pko'Qm k|j]zåf/x?sf] ;fy} ;fOsnsf] / k}bn af6f]x? ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f of]hgf k|:tfljt ul/Psf] pQm uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?n] lj:tfl/t If]q lng'kg{] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf lyP eg] ?= @% s/f]8sf] nfutdf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] If]q leq plNnlvt ;+/rgf aGg ;Sg] wf/0ff ;/f]h a:g]tåf/f k|s6 ul/Psf] lyof] .

;ldltsf] k|lta4tf ‘gf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt’ btf{sf] k|lqmofdf 5 . clxn] gbL ;+/If0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf] p7fg ug{] JolQmŒj ;dfh;]jL /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] ;+of]hsTjdf tby{ ;ldlt lgdf{0f eO{ o;n] tbf¿stfsf ;fy sfd

ul//x]sf] 5 . ;ldltnfO{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf / pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf] ;+/If0fsf] 5xf/L k|fKt 5 . lgZro g} olt a[xt\ / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{sf nflu lj£gafwf / Jojwfgx?sf] y'k|f] ;ldltsf cufl8 gePsf] xf]Og t/ z'e sfo{sf nflu kljq p2]Zo lnP/ cl3 a9\bf tL ;d:ofx? cfkm}+ x6]/ hfg] u/]sf] tYo klg xfdL ;Fu 5 . vf; u/L hgtfsf] ;fy / ;fv kfPdf o:tf r'gf}tLx?;Fu h'w]/ ;xh} cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 . s'g} klg dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{sf nflu k|efjsf/L of]hgf x'g'k5{ / sfof{Gjogsf] b[9 ;ª\sNk x'g'k5{ . gbLsf ;fy} gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;f}Gbo{ j[l4sf] k|Zg ;d]t oxfF b]lvPsf] 5 . gbLsf] k|b"if0fn] ahf/s} k|b"if0f lgDTofpF5 eg] o;sf] ;dod} lg/fs/0f ul/Pdf ahf/sf] ;d]t ;f}Gbo{ j[l4 eO{ gbL lsgf/ ko{6sx?sf] cfFvfdf lk|o, /d0fLo / cfsif{s aGg ;Sb5 . oL s'/fx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kfgLsf] :jR5tf, lsgf/sf] dgdf]xstf / x/fe/f /d0fLo jftfj/0fsf] lgs6:y gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;f}Gbo{j[l4sf nflu ;ldltn] ;ª\sNka4 eO{ of]hgf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] nuQ} oxL @)^( df3 !! ut]b]lv @! ut];Dd Psfbz lbj;Lo lj/f6\ 1fg dxfo1sf] ;d]t cfof]hgf ;ldltn] gf/fo0fL gbL t6df g} u/]sf] 5 . o1df lkt[p4f/, ljZj zflGt, d'n'sdf zflGt, /fhgLlts l:y/tf / gful/s ;'/Iffsf] nflu b}jL cr{gfsf] cg'i7fg ;d]t /fvL d"ntM o1 z]ifaf6 ;ª\slNkt lhG;L–gubL j}ej gf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu k|of]u ug{] kfjg p2]Zo ;ldltn] lnPsf] kfOG5 . s/f]8f}+ ?k}ofF ;ª\sngsf] a[xt\ p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu o1n] klg cf/lDes sfo{sf nflu pT;fxk"0f{ dfgl;stfsf] j[l4 Pjd\ ;~rf/ ug{] cfzf lng ;lsG5 .

r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}F – sf7df8f}F gu/Lsf ;'Gb/ gbLx? afUdtL / lji0f'dtL clxn] ‘9ndtL’ sf ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . gbLnfO{ :jR5 /fVgsf 77

nflu c/af}+sf] ah]6 cfP klg lg/y{s eO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . lalu|;s]kl5 agfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . a]n}df sf7df8f}Faf;Ln] ;f]r]sf] eP tL gbLx?sf] ;f}Gbo{ To;/L ;dfKt k|foM x'g] lyPg . dflg;x?sf] a:tL hlt aflSnb}F uof] plt glhssf gbL / vf]nfx?sf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf afwf pTkGg x'g hfG5 . o; ;Gbe{df gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] klg lbgfg'lbg lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf 5 ;fy} gbL j/k/sf ufpFx?sf] klg kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] 7fpF gbL x'g yfn]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf gf/fo0fL gbLsf] ;+/If0fsf] s'/f] p7\g' Hofb} ;fGble{s / ;d'lrt 5 . s]xL jif{ klxn] dnd"q, l;gf], kmf]xf]/x?sf] b'u{Gwn] x]g{ / hfg klg 3[0ff nfUg] eO;s]sf] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ lgs6:y gf/fo0fL gbL tL/ cr]n ;'Gb/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . vf; u/L lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf gbL t6df x'g yfn]kl5 t6Lo z'4tf / /d0fLotf tkm{ ahf/sf] Wofg cfs[i6 x'g k'u]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] ;lqmotf, 9nx?sf] Joj:yf / hn k|zf]wgsf of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog cflbn] gbL t6sf] / ;'Gb/tfdf j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut bz jif{b]lv g} gbL t6sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu eO/x]sf] k|of;x? :t'To 5g\ / clxn] u'¿of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L Jojl:yt ?kdf gbL ;+/If0f / t6Lo ljsf; / o'uLg ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu vfsf tof/ ul/Fb} 5g\ . oL k|z+;gLo sfo{x? x'g\ . t/ Tolt ;lhn};Fu o:tf] a[xt\, nf]sdxŒjsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf of]hgf lgdf{0fdf / sfof{Gjogdf lgs} Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . k~rjifL{o, bz jifL{o, k~r bz jifL{o jf aL; jifL{o of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L ;s];Dd clxn] k|:tfljt If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L cem km/flsnf] ;'Gb/ xl/t k]l6sf lgdf{0ffy{ gbLsf] k|jfxnfO{ ljrf/ u/L t6aGw ub{} jfl/–kf/L b'j}tkm{sf lhNnf, uf=lj=;=, g=kf=x?nfO{ ;d]t ;dflji6 u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;qmddf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljz]if1x?nfO{ ;d]t cfdGq0f u/L, cToGt b"/bzL{, o'ufg's"n, pko'Qm lg0f{o lng' plrt x'G5 . o;/L sfo{ ubf{ lrtjgsf] 78

dfq geO{ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ;d]t t6jtL{ If]q ;'Gb/ aGg ;Sb5 . t/ o;sf nflu c/af}F ?k}ofF vr{ x'G5 . Toqf] /sd ;xh ?kdf pknAw x'g] s'g} lgsfo gePsfn] ;/sf/L of]hgfd} To;nfO{ kfg'{kb{5 . of] cln 7"nf] cfsfª\Iff jf dxŒjfsfª\Iffsf] s'/f eof] . of] sfo{ lj:tf/} ubf{ klg x'G5 t/ clxn] ‘gf/fo0fL gbL ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ;ldlt’n] ug{ nfu]sf] sfo{nfO{ ;a}tkm{af6 ;xof]usf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 . Ps}rf]l6 7"nf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] qmdzM ;a} If]qsf] Wofg cfs[i6 x'g'kg{] tkm{ dfq oxfF ;ª\s]t ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . xf], olb sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/Pem}F gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] ;dLkjtL{ gf/fo0fL gbL t6sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{] xf] eg] hnqmL8f / cGo dgf]/~hgsf sfo{qmdaf6 oy]i6 wg/flzsf] klg cfh{g x'g ;Sb5 . ;'Gb/ kfs{ ePsf] 7fpF gf/fo0fu9 ahf/df ko{6sx?sf] cf]O/f] nfUg] / To;af6 x/]s If]q nfeflGjt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;dod} ;f]lrPsf] of] k|z+;gLo sfo{sf] rfF8} yfngL xf];\, xfdL ;a} o;sf ;xefuL, ;xof]uL / z'e]R5' agf}F .

gf/fo0fLsf] k|jfx w/fdf x/f–pa{/f zlQm eb}{ lxF8]sL ;w}F lbJo ;f}Gbo{ 5b}{ lqz"nL / sfnL ldn]sL lg/fnL ltdL :jR5 gf/fo0fL x] ljzfnL ¤ ltdL ;Ktuª\uf, ltdL ;Kt–/fu, snfsL ltdL ;Kt/ª\uL ljefu ¤ agL zfGt jf pu| of] ljZj x]b}{ ltdL aUb5\of} df};dL ?k kmb]{ . ?vf qm"/ 9'ª\uf kufn]/ lxF8\5\of} ltdL kfk ;f/f kvfn]/ lxF8\5\of} ltdL leq ;Defjgf 5g\ cyfx dxfl;Gw' e]6\g] 5 ltd|f] k|jfx . – d]3b"t 79

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg / Jofj;flos s]/f v]tL  k|f=8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td s[lif / jg ljZjljBfno

kl/ro g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut tl/sfsf] / cfTdlge{/ vfnsf] 5 . ;a} ls;fgx?n] cfˆgf] cfjZostfcg';f/ cGgafnL, ;fukft, t/sf/L, b'w, df;' d;nf pTkfbg ug]{ k|rng 5 . pTkfbgsf lx;fan] x]g]{ xf] eg] of] k4lt cfkm}Fdf lge{/ /xg] x'Fbf lbuf] lsl;dsf] 5 . o; vfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnL ckgfpFbf afXo ;fdu|L -inputs_ df e/ kg{ gkg]{ / df6f] Joj:yfkgs lx;fan] klg ;jf]{Qd tl/sf xf] . t/ klg a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof, ;x/Ls/0f, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, k/lge{/tf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, afnL ljljlws/0f, /xg;xg, vfgkfg ug]{ k|j[lQ, cfodf j[l4 cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dosf] dfucg';f/ Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ kg]{ dx;"; eOcfPsf] 5 . Jofj;flos v]tL eGgfn] pTkfbg u/]/ laqmL ul/g] p2]Zon] ul/g] v]tLnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . Jofj;flos v]tL eGg] s] xf] / s;/L ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/f tn ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

Jofj;flos v]tL a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f, /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf sf/0f Jofj;flos v]tLsf] dxŒj lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf] 5 . ljZj a}°sf] cWoogn] k|If]k0f u/]cg';f/ ;g\ @)#) ;Dd g]kfndf %)Ü hgtf ;x/ ahf/df a:g] cg'dfg 5 . a9\bf] ahf/sf] dfu cfk"lt{ ug{ Jofj;flos v]tL ckl/xfo{ 5 . Jofj;flos v]tL ubf{ ;aeGbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f pTkflbt j:t'sf] ljqmL ljt/0f xf] .

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

-One Village One Product_

Jofj;flos ?kdf v]tL ubf{ l5t/lat/ u/L 6f9f–6f9fsf] 7fpFdf yf]/} yf]/} hUufdf v]tL u/]df 80

pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ Jojl:yt lsl;dn] ;'–;~rfng, 9'jfgL ug{ c;'ljwf x'G5 . Ps} 7fpFdf w]/} dfqfdf pTkfbg u/]df dfq ;xh / Jojl:yt ?kn] ;°ng, 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To:t} lsl;dn] dn, lap, vfB tŒj, cf}hf/, pks/0f / k|ljlwsf] pknlAw / k|of]u klg ;xh x'G5 . sltko b]zx?df s'g} 7fpFnfO{ ljz]if afnLsf] If]q tf]sL k|z:t dfqfdf Pp6f dfq afnL nufpg] rng 5, h:t}M cfn' If]q, :ofp If]q, ;'Gtnf If]q cflb . ;/sf/L hUuf ePsf 7fpFdf cyjf k|z:t dfqfdf lghL hUuf ePsf 7fpFdf of] k|lqmof ;lhn};Fu ;Dej ePsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf hxfF k|lt kl/jf/ cf};t hUuf )=%& x]S6/ dfq kb{5 / Tof] klg Ps} 7fpFdf geO{ 7fpF–7fpFdf /x]sf] 5, Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ 7"nf] ;d:of v8f ePsf] 5 . o;sf] lgldQ hUufsf] rsnfaGbL cyf{t\ PsLs/0f jf PsLs[t Joj:yfkg ul/g' clt cfjZos 5 . ;fd"lxs k4lt ckgfPdf klg PsLs[t v]tL ug{ ;Dej 5 . o;sf] lgldQ klg s]xL k"jf{wf/ / gLltut sfo{qmd x'g cfjZos 5 . /fHo / ;/sf/n] Jofj;flos v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf] gLlt nfu" u/]sf] 5 . of] gLlt cg'?k s'g} Ps 7fpFdf Pp6} afnLsf] pTkfbgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg] / sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ xf] . of] gLltn] pTkfbg ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf dfqfdf w]/} kmfObf k'¥ofpFb5 . Ps Pl/of cyf{t\ Ps} 7fpFdf k|z:t dfqfdf Pp6} afnL pTkfbg u/]df pTkfbg vr{df sdL x'gsf] ;fy} pTkflbt j:t'sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg / ahf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . Jofj;flos s]/f v]tL ubf{ sd;]sd klg Ps 7fpF÷If]qdf @) x]S6/eGbf sd huufdf v]tL ul/g' 81

x'Fb}g . hlt w]/} hUufdf Pp6} If]q -ufpF_ df v]tL ul/of] hftdf >fj0f efb|df gofF sf]yfx? -lj¿jf_ lg:sg] x'Fbf Tolt g} o;sf] Joj:yfkg / ahf/Ls/0fdf ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljleGg dlxgfdf nufpFbf sf]yfsf] pd]/ km/s k/]sf] x'G5 / nufpg] ;dosf] klg k|efj /xG5 . jt{dfg l:yltdf s]/fv]tL xfjfkfgL / df6f]sf] lx;fan] x]bf{ lrtjgsf] cflZjgb]lv r}q;Ddsf] ;dodf lrtjg / j/k/sf ;dy/ efu s]/f v]tLsf] nflu Psbd} pko'Qm 5 . If]qdf k|z:t dfqfdf s]/fsf] pTkfbg eO{ ahf/ gkfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd l:ylt 5 eg] j}zfvb]lv cflZjg;Dd ahf/df g]kfndf cGtu{t lrtjgnfO{ s]/f v]tLsf] nflu 5fg]sf] 5 . s]/f pTkflbt s]/f cefj x'g] ePsf]n] ef/taf6 cfofltt v]tLsf] nflu u/d cf]l;nf] xfjfkfgL / dlnnf] bf]d6 s]/fn] :yfg kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . s"n b]zsf] l:ylt x]bf{ anf}6] df6f]sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lrD6\ofOnf] / kx]nf] *)Ü s]/f ef/taf6 cfoft x'G5 . xfdLx?n] Jojl:yt df6f]df s]/f v]tL km:6fpFb}g . ;'Vvf / sd kfgL kg]{ tl/sfn] s]/f pTkfbg u/]df ef/taf6 x'g] cfoftnfO{ 7fpFdf klg s]/f v]tL /fd|f] x'Fb}g . hf8f] ofddf sd /f]Sgsf ;fy} rfOgf / ltAatdf s]/f k}7f/L ug{ ;lsg] tfkqmd / ;'Vvf x'g] x'Fbf s]/f pTkfbgdf ;d:of cfpg] k|jn ;Defjgf 5 . ub{5 . sltko hftx?df hf8f] ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g] x'bF f nufpg] tl/sf s'g k4ltn] s]/fsf lj?jfx? nufpg] eGg] nufpg] ;do / pko'Qm hftsf] 5gf]6 u/]/ nufPdf ;kmntf kfpg ;lsG5 . s]/f nufpg] s[ifsn] s'g hftsf] s'/f s]/fsf] hft / slt ;do;Dd afnL pTkfbg lng] s]/f slxn] nufP/ slxn] kmN5 eGg] 1fg kfpg clt xf] To;df lge{/ x'G5 . xf]rf hftsf lj¿jfx?nfO{ 3gf h?/L 5 . a]–6fOddf s]/f nufPdf pTkfbgdf ;kmntf u/]/ -high density planting_ df glhs glhs u/]/ kfpg ;lsFb}g . s]/f nufpg] ;don] pTkfbgdf 7"nf] c;/ kfb{5 . ljleGg hftsf s]/fx?nfO{ leGg leGg} ;dodf nufP/ /fd|f] Joj:yf u/]df lrtjgdf jif}{el/ #–$ s]/f pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . xf]rf hftsf s]/f -ljlnod ld6/ xfOlj|8, ci6]l« nog xfOlj|8, emfkfnL dfnef]u_ nfO{ df3 !% b]lv kmfNu'0f !% leq k|;f/0f u/]df >fj0f–efb| d} k;fpg] / cflZjg–sflQ{sdf kmn pTkfbg x'G5 t/ !=% } ld6/ dnhnsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g g;s]df hf8f] dlxgfdf k;fpg uO{ pTkfbgdf sdL cfpF5 . hf8f] dlxgfdf kftx? kx]+lnP/ ;'Sg] x'Fbf hf8f] kl5 k;fPdf klg kmn pTkfbg /fd|f] x'Fb}g . cUnf hftx? h;n] 7G8f / ;'Vvf klg ;xg ;S5g\ -lrgL rDkf, k'eg, dfnef]u_ nfO{ j}zfv–h]7df k|;f/0f u/]df hf8f] ofddf k;fpg], lr;f] lrq ! – b'O{ nfOg k4ltdf s]/f lj?jf nufOPsf] / ;'Vvfn] c;/ gk'¥ofpg] x'bF f udL{ ;dodf kmn pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} k|sf/sf] /f]j':6f hftsf] s]/f l9nf] nufpFbf a9L cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 . 3gf u/]/ nufpFbf a9\g] k;fpg w]/} ;do nfUg] x'Fbf h]7 c;f/df lj¿jf !=% x !=%, b]lv @ x @ ld6/sf] b"/Ldf nufpg ;lsG5 . nufP csf]{ jif{sf] h]7–c;f/df k;fpg] x'Fbf >fj0f o;f] u/]/ nufpFbf ! x]S6/df a9Ldf $))) ;Dd lj¿jf efb|df kmn pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof oL ;a} nufpg ;lsG5 . t/ of] k4ltdf lj¿jf nufpFbf s]/fn] 82

yf]kf l;+rfO ug]{ kfOk

lbFbf s]/f / cGt/afnLnfO{ k'Ug] u/]/ lbg' kb{5 . s]/f v]tL;Fu clncln 5fof dg k/fpg] vfnsf lj¿jfnfO{ cGt/afnLsf ?kdf lnPdf a9L kmfObf lng ;lsG5 . skmL, d]jf, e'Os F 6x/, Pnf]e/] f, :6]leof / df};dL t/sf/L ;kmntfsf ;fy lng ;lsG5 . df};dL afnL lng] ePdf ;se/ s]/f kmNg] a]nfdf glng' pko'Qm x'G5 .

ahf/ Joj:yf

lrq @ – uf“h k4ltdf s]/f nufPsf]

w]/} tŒjx?sf] pkof]u ug]{ x'Fbf @–# jif{leq g} hUufdf vfB tŒj x|f; x'g uO{ pTkfbgdf sdL x'g cfpF5 . bf];|f]–t];|f] jif{kl5 lj¿jf sdhf]/ x'g] / pTkfbgdf sdL cfpF5 . t;y{ lbuf] lsl;dn] s]/f pTkfbg lngsf] nflu of] k4lt /fd|f] x'Fb}g . olb lbuf] lsl;dn] pTkfbg lng] ePdf s]/fsf lj¿jfnfO{ 6f9f–6f9f u/]/ aLrdf #–$ l6/ hUuf 5f8]/ @ nfOg k4ltdf ! jf @ lj¿jf Pp6f ufFhdf c6\g] u/]/ nufPdf afnL Joj:yfkg ug{, dn hn ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 . cyf{t\ %–^ ld6/s} b"/Ldf nfOgdf ufFh agfP/ Ps ufFhdf %–& j6f lj¿jf sfod u/]/ nufpg klg ;lsG5 . nfOgdf nufOPsf] lj¿jfdf yf]kf l;rfO k4ltaf6 kfgL lbg pko'Qm x'G5 . h'g;'s} k4lt ckgfP klg k|lt x]S6/ slt lj¿jf nufpg] eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . ;fwf/0ftof xf]rf hftnfO{ 3gf v]tLdf @%))–$))) ;Dd / 7"nf hftnfO{ !^))–@%)) lj¿jf k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] nufpFbf 7Ls x'G5 . cGt/afnL lng] ePdf s]/fsf lj¿jfsf] af]6sf] b"/L a9L u/]/ ;ª\Vof sd ug{ ;lsG5 . a9L b"/Ldf s]/f nufpFbf aLrsf] efudf 6«ØfS6/ rnfpg vghf]t ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / cGt/afnL lng ;lsG5 . afnL lbFbf s]/fsf] kmn nfUg] ;dodf glng pko'Qm x'G5 . dn vfB tŒj

s'g} klg afnLsf] Jofj;flos v]tL ubf{ klxn] ahf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cg'dfg u/]/ dfq ug'{ kb{5 . slxn] pTkfbg ubf{ slt d"No / slt cfDbfgL x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug'{ kb{5 . olb s]/fnfO{ aflx/L b]zdf k7fpg] xf] eg] s]/fsf kmnnfO{ pTkfbg lngf;fy ;kmf u/L, pkrf/ u/]/, Koflsª u/L !# l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmddf e08f/0f / jftfg's'n uf8Ld} 9'jfgL ug'{ kb{5 . of] k|ljlw ckgfpg Ps} 7fpFdf k|z:t dfqfdf s]/f pTkfbg x'g cfjZos 5 . lsgeg] k|zf]wg ug'{cl3 s]/fnfO{ 3fp rf]6 nfu]df jf k|zf]wg ug]{ 7fpF;Dd 9'jfgL ubf{ a9L ;do nfu]df s]/fdf Ps k|sf/sf] OyfOlng eGg] /;fog pTkGg x'g ;'¿ ug]{ x'Fbf To:tf kmnnfO{ e08f/ / 9'jfgL ug{ ;lsFb}g .

hUufsf] Joj:yf olb nfdf] ;do;Dd s]/f v]tL lng] of]hgf ePdf nfdf] ;do;Dd hUuf ef8fdf lng' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] lgldQ ;/sf/n] gLltut ?kdf hUuf ef8fdf lng] lbg] Joj:yf -Land use policy_ agfpg cfjZos 5 . Pp6f Pl/ofdf dfq Pp6} afnL nufpg] p2]Zo /fvL s]/f v]tL u/]df Jofj;flos s]/f v]tLn] ;kmntf kfpF5 . ;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{ Jofj;flos v]tL ubf{ s'g} ljz]if afnLsf] lgldQ ljz]if 7fpF tf]s]/ a[xt\ ?kdf u/]df ;kmntf kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L sfo{qmd ckgfP/ ;fd"lxs ?kdf ahf/sf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfq ;kmntf kfpg ;lsG5 . s]/f h:tf] afnLnfO{ Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ ljz]if 7fpFx? tf]s]/ a[xt\ dfqfdf ul/g' kb{5 . 83

lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff M Ps b[li6  s]bf/gfy vgfn e/tk'/–!), lrtjg

k[i7e"ld cfw'lgs lrtjgsf] Oltxf; sl/a ;f9]kfFr bzs -@)!# ;fnkl5_ sf] dfq 5 . of] 5f]6f] cjlwdf lzIffsf] If]qdf rdTsfl/s 9Ën] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . of] 5f]6f] sfnv08df pRr df=lj= :t/;Ddsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx? %&% / ljBfyL{ ;+Vof sl/j @ nfv %) xhf/ hlt k'u]sf] 5 eg] Pp6f ljZjljBfno / @% j6f SofDk;x? ;~rflnt 5g\ . oxfFsf] ;fIf/tf &&Ü / :s'n hfg] pd]/ -%–( jif{_ sf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfno egf{ b/ (&Ü 5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] t'ngfdf of] k|ltztnfO{ /fd|} dfGg ;lsG5 . pRr lzIff cyf{t\ :gfts jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] lzIffsf] kf6f] klg pNn]vgLo 5 . of] ;fgf] cfn]v lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff;Fu dfq ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;df pRr dfWolds ljBfno txeGbf tn / k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf k|df0fkq txsf] lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff k| b fos z} l Ifs k|lti7fgx?nfO{ ljljw b[li6sf]0fn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjljBfnosf cfª\lus SofDk;x?, ;DaGwg k|fKt ;fd'bflos÷klAns sn]hx?, k|fljlws / ;fwf/0f Pjd\ lghL tyf k|fOe]6 :t/df ;~rflnt z}lIfs ;+:yfx? . s_ ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt cfª\lus SofDk;x¿ M lrtjgdf ;~rflnt lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cfª\lus SofDk;x? b'O{j6f dfq 5g\– !_ jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffsf] Oltxf;df sf7df8f}+sf] lj=;+= !(&% df :yflkt lqrGb| sn]hsf] pRr:yfg eP h:t} lrtjgsf] e/tk'/df @)@@ ;fndf :yflkt jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] Oltxf; klg uf}/jdo 5 . 84

k|f/Dedf lrtjg xfO:s'nsf] ejgdf ‘OG6/ldl8o6 sn]h’ gfdn] ;~rflnt of] sn]h /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -@)@*_ nfu' ePkl5 lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{tsf] cfª\lus SofDk;sf] ?kdf @)#) ;fnb]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . ljut kfFrbzssf] cjlwdf ljleGg psfnL cf]/fnLx? kf/ ub}{ xfn lq=lj=sf] ‘s’ >]0fLsf] jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] ?kdf k|lt:yflkt x'g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . gfdcg';f/ o;sf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ax'ljw 5g\ . c_ :gfts tx M o; cGtu{ t ;fdfGo lj1fgsf cltl/Qm ljZjJofkL >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|of; ub}{ /x]sf] o; SofDk;df :gfts txdf rf/ jif]{ B.Sc., C.S.I.T.- Computer, la= P:;L dfOqmf] afonf]hL, lhof]nf]hLsf] k7g kf7g eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn lj1fgtkm{ :gfts txdf #%) hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ . dfgljsL tkm{ @)#% ;fnb]lv :gfts tx -lj=P_ ;'¿ ePsf]df xfn o;df hDdf #)) hgf cWoog/t 5g\ eg] lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo tkm{ Ps jif]{ / tLg jif]{ B.Ed. sfo{qmddf @%) ljBfyL{ 5g\ . Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo B.B.S. tkm{ !))) hlt ljBfyL{ cWoog ub}5 { g\ . eg] lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnP/ o;} jif{b]lv B.B.A. / dfgljsLtkm{ u|fdL0f ljsf; (R.D.) ;~rfng ug]{ t/v/df 5 . cf_ :gftsf]Q/ tx dfgljsL :gftsf]Q/ tkm{ (M.A.) g]kfnLdf ^) hgf, cy{zf:qdf *) hgf, ;dfhzf:qdf @$) hgf, hg;+Vof lzIffdf %) hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog ub}{ 5g\ eg] lj1fgtkm{ M.Sc. ef}ltszf:qdf !%) hgf / /;fogzf:qdf &) hgf cWoog ub}{ 5g\ . ef/tLo

;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sl/a 8]9 s/f]8sf] nfutdf lgld{t eJo k':tsfno ejg 5 / o;df $) xhf/ hlt k':ts / :yfgLo Pjd\ /fli6«o:t/sf kqklqsf ;d]t pknAw 5g\ . E-Library sf] ;d]t ;'ljwf ePsf] o; k':tsfnosf] s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno;Fu klg /fd|f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . :j0f{ dxf]T;jsf] tof/Ldf h'l6/x]sf] o; pRr z}lIfs k|lti7fgn] ;Ifd / utLzLn g]t[Tj kfP ;d'HHjn eljio lglZrt 5 . @_ s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgsf] /fdk'/ SofDk;, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cË xf] . xfd|f] h:tf] s[lif k|wfg d'n'ssf] nflu s[lif / kz' lj1fgnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbP/ @)#) ;fndf k'nrf]saf6 :yfgfGtl/t eO{ ;flas k~rfot k|lzIf0f s]Gb| lrtjgsf] /fdk'/df ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . o; SofDk;sf] 8Lgsf] sfof{no /fdk'/d} 5 / o;} kl/;/leq /fdk'/ -s]Gb|Lo_ SofDk; klg ;~rflnt 5 . o; cGtu{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf 5g\ . s_ :gfts tx rf/ jif]{ B.Sc. Age / kfFr jif]{ B.V.Sc. sfo{qmdx? k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . v_ :gftsf]Q/ tx :gftsf]Q/ txdf afnL lj1fg, afujfgL, s[lifcy{zf:q, kz' kf]if0f, kz' k|hgg, kz' Joj:yfkg, afnL ;+/If0f, afnL k|hgg, s[lif k|;f/, sL6 lj1fg, afnL/f]u lj1fg cflb bh{g eGbf a9L s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?df ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/fOG5 . u_ cg';Gwfg tx o; tx (Ph. D) df @)%( ;fnb]lv afujfgL / kz' lj1fg nufot ljljw If]qdf pRr:t/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a !@) hgf eGbf a9L k|fWofks, k|lzIfs / tNnf] txsf ;d]t $)) sd{rf/L ;]jf/t o; SofDk;df xfn !))) hgfhlt ljBfyL{ 5g\ . o; cGtu{tsf klSnxjf, ;'Gb/ahf/, v'dn6f/ cflb SofDk;x?sf] ;+Vof o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . sDKo'6/ nufot ljljw ef}lts pks/0fn] ;';lHht eJo k':tsfno

;lxt ljzfn SofDk;sf] xftfleq 5fqfjf; ejgx?, sd{rf/L cfjf;sf ;fy} ljleGg ljefuLo k|of]uzfnfx? ;lxtsf] ;'ljwf pknAw 5 .

s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno, /fdk'/ pRr lzIff cfof]u @)%% sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df ;+;baf6 ljw]os kfl/t eO{ sfg'gtM s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt / /lhi6f/sf] lgo'lQm tyf sfof{nosf] :yfkgf kZrft\ jg lj1fg, kz' lj1fg / dT:o lj1fgsf 8Lgx?sf] lgo'lQm e};s]/ klg lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 of] ljZjljBfnonfO{ of] Tof] jf cg]s av]8f / axfgfafhL lems]/ cem;Dd ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . lrtjgdf Pp6f l;Ëf] ;Unf] s[lif / jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfdf /d]sf xfdLnfO{ o;k|sf/sf] cfn6fnn] v';LofnLdf t'iff/fkft x'g] xf] ls eGg] cfzª\sf x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . ljBfyL{sf] k6s k6s k|j]z k/LIff :ylut eO/xg'n] s[lif, kz' / jg lj1fg k9\g rfxg] ljBfyL{x?sf] eljio cGof}nu|:t dfq xf]Og s'7f/f3ft} x'g] xf] ls < 7"nf] k|Zgjfrs lrGx v8f ePsf] 5 .

ax'ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -@)@*_ n] pRr lzIff k|bfos ;a} SofDk;x?nfO{ Psdfq lqe'jg ljZjljBfnsf] 5ftf cGtu{t NofP/ s;]sf] lzIffsf] ufF7f] @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;ª\u|xn] s]xL xb;Dd v's'Nofof] . pRr lzIffsf] nflu cfª\lus SofDk;x?sf] lj:tf/dfq ck"0f{ / ckof{Kt dx;'; eO{ @)#& ;fnkl5 hg;xeflutfdf SofDk;x? ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg aGof] . lghL SofDk;x?nfO{ klg ;DaGwg lbg yflnof] . To;}u/L pRr lzIff cfof]u -@)$)_ sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/n] hfoh 7fgL ax'ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff Nofof] . o;cg';f/ ;j{k|yd g]kfn -dx]Gb|_ ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno -@)$#_ bfª / sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno -@)$^_ v'Nof] . To;kl5 k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno, klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljZjljBfno, af}4 ljZjljBfno cflb :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf 5g\ . lq=lj= afx]s k"jf{~rn, sf7df8f}+ / kf]v/f ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnPsf 85

s]xL SofDk;x? lrtjgdf klg ;~rflnt 5g\, h;sf]  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.A.) Semester System df !#@ ljBfyL{ 5g\ / of] sfo{qmd k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoåf/f pNn]v ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

v_ hg:t/df ;~rflnt klAns SofDk;x¿

cg'alGwt xf] .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw (IT) !_ zxLb :d[lt ax'd'vL SofDk;, /Tggu/ ;d]t nfu' ul/Psf] 5 / @@% hgf ljBfyL{ 5g\ . pRr lzIffdf hg;xeflutfsf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g] lalQs} ;j{k|yd k"jL{ lrtjg /Tggu/df @)#&  lj1fg ;ª\sfo (B.Sc.) tkm{ Micro Biology / Environment Science df *% ljBfyL{ cWoog ub}{ 5g\ . ;fndf lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ :yfkgf ePsf] 6fF8L

sd;{ SofDk; g} lj=;+= @)$^ kl5 zxLb :d[lt ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] gfddf ?kfGtl/t ePsf] xf] . ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u dfkm{t bf];|f] r/0fdf ljZj a}+ssf] !^ s/f]8 @% nfv cg'bfg ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ k|:tfljt o; sn]hdf xfn ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ . c_ :gfts tx  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df ljBfyL{ &%) 5g\ .  dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (B.A.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df ljBfyL{ @%) 5g\ .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df ljBfyL{ #)) 5g\ .

cf_ :gftsf]Q/ tx  dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (M.A.) tkm{ ;dfhzf:q (Sociology) df b'j} jif{df ljBfyL{ %) 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (M.B.S.) tkm{ b'a} jif{df ljBfyL{ !)) 5g\ .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (M.Ed.) tkm{ b'j} jif{df ljBfyL{ *) 5g\ .

o; SofDk;df xfn ^# hgf k|fWofks / !@ hgf sd{rf/L ;]jf/t 5g\ . of] SofDk; /fd|f] k':tsfno / eJo rd]gfu[xo'Qm 5 . @_ afns'df/L sn]h gf/fo0fu9 lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ lj=;+= @)$# df klAns:t/df ;~rflnt afns'df/L sn]h gf/fo0fu9 lrtjgsf] bf];|f] ax'd'vL sn]h xf] . sfg'gdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] of] sn]hdf @)$$ ;fnb]lv (B.B.S.), @)%@ ;fnb]lv (B.Ed.), @)%& ;fnb]lv (M.B.S.) tyf (M.Ed.) sf sIffx? ;~rfng x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . c_ :gfts tx  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df hDdf !#)) ljBfyL{ 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo xf]6n Joj:yfkg (B.H.M.) tkm{ hDdf &% ljBfyL{ 5g\ . 86

cf_ :gftsf]Q/ tx  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo ljBfyL{ 5g\ .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo ljBfyL{ 5g\ .

(M.B.S.)

tkm{ b'j} jif{df *) hgf

(M.Ed.)

tkm{ b'j} jif{df &% hgf

cfsif{s Pjd\ ljzfn ejg / cTofw'lgs k':tsfno, lj1fg tyf xf]6n Joj:yfkgsf k|of]uzfnfo'Qm of] sn]h ISO 9001 k|dfl0ft / QAA k|fKt 5 . #_ ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk;, e/tk'/ e/tk'/–!) l:yt ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk; lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ @)$% ;fnb]lv ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . dfgljsL / Joj:yfkgdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] o; sn]hdf xfn lgDgfg';f/ sfo{qmdx? ;~rflnt 5g\ M c_ :gfts tx  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df / Ps jif]{ la=P8= ;d]t u/L !!%) hgf 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df &*( hgf 5g\ .  dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (B.A.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df $!) hgf 5g\ .  lj1fg ;ª\sfo (B.Sc.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df %) hgf 5g\ .

u'¿ªsf] ;f}hGodf lgld{t cfsif{s k':tsfno ejgdf @& xhf/ hlt k':tsx? pknAw 5g\ . $_ hgcfbz{ ax'd'vL SofDk; k"jL{ lrtjgsf] jL/]Gb|gu/df @)%) ;fnb]lv hg:t/df ;~rflnt hgcfbz{ ax'd'vL SofDk; lq=lj= af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L xfn cfkm\g} ejg / hUufaf6 z}lIfs ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 / o; sn]hdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M c_ :gfts tx

$)) hgf 5g\ . -:jf:Yo, hg;ª\Vof lzIff, cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL_  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf @%) hgf 5g\ .

%_ zxLb :df/s sn]h, avfgk'/ klZrd lrtjgsf] zf/bfgu/df ;~rflnt zxLb :df/s sn]h avfgk'/sf] >L u0f]z afns'df/L sn]hsf] dfgljsL ;ª\sfo k|df0fkq txsf] lj:tfl/t sIffaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . sn]hn] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / k|fljlws lzIffsf] nflu wfGofrn dxfo1sf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] /sdaf6 lgld{t ejg ;DkGg ug'{sf ;fy} lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnP/ lgDgfg';f/ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M c_ :gfts tx

&_ df8L SofDk;, j;Gtk'/ df8L lrtjgsf] blIf0fL e]u /fKtL / /fli6«o lgs'~h kfl/sf $ uflj;x?dWo] ubL{ uflj; j;Gtk'/ df8Ldf @)%# ;fndf of] SofDk; :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;'¿df ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] k|df0fkq tx (I.Ed.) lj:tfl/t sIffsf] ?kdf ;~rflnt o; sn]hn] lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L cfkm\g} gjlgld{t ejgdf lgDglnlvt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M c_ :gfts tx

cf_ :gftsf]Q/ tx

 dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (M.A.) tkm{ hg;+Vof lzIffdf u/L #) hgf 5g\ .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (M.Ed.) tkm{ :jf:Yo lzIffdf u/L &) hgf 5g\ . Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (M.B.S.) tkm{ #) hgf ljBfyL{ 5g\ .  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df hDdf @%) 5g\ .  o;} jif{b]lv ;'¿ ePsf] xf] .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf @$% 5g\ .

 lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfotkm{ (B.Ed.) tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf ljBfyL{ @!) hgf 5g\ .  dfgljsL (B.A.) tkm{ / lzIffzf:q (B.Ed.) tkm{sf sfo{qmd -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, hg;+Vof_ ;~rflnt 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf &) 5g\ . ^_ d}ofFb]jL sGof sn]h, e/tk'/

cfufdL jif{b]lv dfgljsLtkm{ (B.A.) sIff ;~rfng ug]{ k|of;df 5 . *_ c?0ff]bo sn]h uLtfgu/ lrtjgsf] dWoefudf kg]{ uLtfgu/sf] c¿0ff]bo df=lj=df @)%% ;fnb]lv afns'df/L sn]hsf] k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txaf6 >Lu0f]z ePsf] o; sn]hn] @)%& ;fndf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 / @)%* ;fndf lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ lgDgfg';f/sf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 M tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf !%) c_ :gfts tx

 lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (M.Ed.) tkm{ b'j} jif{df u/L $%^ hgf 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (M.B.S.) tkm{ b'j} jif{df u/L ^$ hgf 5g\ .  dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (M.A.) tkm{ u|fdL0f ljsf; (R.D.) df k|yd låtLo jif{df u/L && hgf 5g\ .

d}ofFb]jL sGof sn]h gfdaf6} ;dfh;]jL k"j{ ;f+;b d}ofb]jL >]i7sf] nufgLdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] eGg] k|l:6G5 . lrtjg e/tk'/–!) l:yt of] sn]hn] @)%^ ;fndf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 +@ sIffsf] lglDt / @)%& df :gfts:t/ ;~rfngsf] lglDt lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . eJo Pjd\ cfsif{s ejg / rd]gfu[x, k':tsfnoo'Qm o; sn]hdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M c_ :gfts tx

o; sn]hdf *! hgf k|fWofks / @$ hgf sd{rf/L ;]jf/t 5g\ . Ps la3f hUufdf lgld{t Ps hf]8f eJo ejgx?sf ;fy} k|zf;sLo ejg / :juL{o s[i0fs'df/L u'¿ª\sf] :d[ltdf ;dfh;]jL :j= u~hl;+x

 dfgljsL ;ª\sfo (B.A.)  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf hgf 5g\ . !@% 5g\ . -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, cy{zf:q / hg;+Vof lzIff_  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (B.Ed.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, hg;+Vof, :jf:Yo_

cf_ :gftsf]Q/ tx

 Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo !)) 5g\ .

(B.B.S.)

tkm{ tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf

(_ e'jfgL zª\s/ sn]h, v}/xgL k"jL{ lrtjgsf] v}/xgLdf v}/xgL ax'd'vL sn]h gfdaf6 @)%* ;fndf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 ;DaGwg lnO{ +@ sf sIffx? ;~rfng u/]kl5 @)^) ;fndf cfof]lht wgwfGofrn 1fg dxfo1df ?= !% nfv k|bfg ug'{x'g] >L ejfgLk|;fb zª\s/ lg/f}nfsf] gfdaf6 lq=lj=af6 @)^@ ;fndf :jLs[lt lnO{ lgDglnlvt sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . c_ :gfts tx  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfotkm{ (B.Ed.) tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf !&) 5g\ . -g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, :jf:Yo _  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfotkm{ (B.B.S.) tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf !^) 5g\ .

!)_ cd/ hgzlQm ax'd'vL sn]h, kl6xfgL klZrd lrtjgsf] kl6xfgL uflj; cGtu{t kbdk'/df cjl:yt of] sn]h cd/ df=lj= kl6xfgLaf6 ;'¿ eO{ @)^) ;fndf lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnP/ ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] ?kdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . c_ :gfts tx  lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfotkm{ (B.Ed.) tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf @%) 5g\ . -cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL, :jf:Yo, hg;+Vof_  Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfotkm{ (B.B.S.) tLg} jif{df u/L hDdf @%) 5g\ .

!!_ xl/s'df/ :df/s sn]h, dËnk'/ :juL{o xl/s'df/ >]i7sf] k'0o:d[ltdf ;~rflnt o; xl/s'df/ :df/s sn]h dª\unk'/df @)^% ;fndf lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnO{ Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo (B.B.S.) df &% hgf ljBfyL{x? cWoog ub}{ 5g\ . !@_ cGgk"0f{ ax'd'vL sn]h, kfj{tLk'/ lq=lj=åf/f :jLs[ l t k| f Kt cGgk" 0 f{ sn] h kfj{tLk'/df (B.B.S.) tkm{ $) hgf / (B.Ed.) tkm{ %) hgf hlt ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ . !#_ ;j{zflGt SofDk;, s'l/g6f/ 88

lrtjgsf] pQ/L e]u kxf8L uflj; bfx|]rf]ssf] s'l/g6f/df ;j{zflGt pRr df=lj=;Fu} ;j{zflGt SofDk; ;~rflnt 5 . lq=lj=af6 @)^& ;fndf cg'dlt lnO{ Joj:yfkgtkm{sf] (B.B.S.) sfo{qmddf !)) hgf hlt ljBfyL{ cWoog ub}{ 5g\ eg] lzIffzf:qtkm{ /x/ u/]/ (B.Ed.) rnfPklg ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . !$_ pdfj8L cfbz{ z]/rg sn]h, lbJogu/ lbJogu/ uflj;df @)^# ;fndf lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnO{ pdfj8L cfbz{ z]/rg sn]h ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;df (B.Ed.) tkm{ :jf:Yo, cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL P]lR5s ljifo lnPsf @$) hgf / (B.B.S.) tkm{ !@) hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog ub}{ 5g\ . !%_ k|]dj:tL sn]h, k|]dj:tL e/tk'/–& k|]dj:tLdf o;}jif{ @)^( b]lv lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnO{ (B.B.S.) sf] k9fO k|f/De ePsf] 5 . z];gsf] cf/De g} ePsf]n] egf{ x'g]qmd hf/L 5 .

u_ lghL tyf k|fOe]6 sn]hx¿ ‘lrtjg ljsf;sf] cfwf/, s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] k"jf{wf/’ eGg] gf/f;fy lzIffsf] ;fy;fy} :jf:Yosf] If]qdf lrtjgdf lbgfg'lbg ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . lrtjgnfO{ lzIff / :jf:Yosf] gu/Lsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ nIonfO{ d"t{?k lbg o; lhNnfdf ;/sf/L:t/df #)) z}ofsf] e/tk'/ c:ktfn / Pl;og :t/s} bfFhf]df :t/Lo 7flgg] lj=kL= d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn Pjd\ g]qHof]lt ;+3 lrtjgåf/f ;~rflnt e/tk'/ cfFvf c:ktfn 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf oxfF bh{gf}+ k|fOe]6 c:ktfnx?sf ;fy} @÷@ j6f 7"nf d]l8sn sn]hsf lzIf0f c:ktfnx? ;~rflnt 5g\ . !_ e/tk'/ d]l8sn sn]h k|f/Dedf jfuLZj/L d]l8sn sn]hsf] gfdn] ;g\ !((# ;fnb]lv rlr{t of] e/tk'/ ;g\ !((^ b]lv sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ lghL tyf k|fOe]6:t/df ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;'¿df k|ltjif{ !)) hgf ljBfyL{ egf{ u/L :gfts:t/sf lrlsT;s pTkfbg ug]{ o; sn]hn] lzIff dGqfnosf] lgwf{l/t sf]6f

cg'?k k|To]s Aofrdf ljBfyL{x?sf] ;+Vof qmdzM a9fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo d"nsf JolQmTjx?sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] o; lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] xftfleq cfjZos lnkm\6 nufotsf ;'ljwf ;DkGg eJo ejgx? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . !)) z}ofaf6 >Lu0f]z ePsf] o; c:ktfndf &)) z}of k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 . xfn k|ltjif{ !%) hgf M.B.B.S. sf ljBfyL{ egf{ lng'sf] ;fy} ljleGg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ M.D.M.S. (PG) txdf cWoog cWofkg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfjZos ;+Vofdf sd{rf/Lx? / ljz]if1tf xfl;n ul/;s]sf k|fWofks, 8fS6/x? / k|lzIfsx? 5g\ . of] lzIf0f c:ktfndf ;lh{sn / d]l8sn cGtu{tsf k|fo ;a} ljefusf ljz]if1x?sf] ;]jf pknAw 5 . B.N., B.Sc. Nursing cflb sfo{qmdx? ;d]t qmlds?kdf ylkFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o; lzIf0f c:ktfnnfO{ sd Joj;foLs/0f / a9L ;]jfd'vL agfpg'sf ;fy} k|zf;gdf kf/blz{tf / ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ub}{ nu] hg;fwf/0fdf of] c:ktfnk|ltsf] cfzª\sf / k"jf{u|x :jtM x6\b} hfg]5 . @_ lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h e/tk' / –!) l:yt lrtjg pRr dfljsf] xftf;Fu} gjlgld{t cTofw'lgs ljzfn ejg lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h lzIf0f c:ktfn -gofF d]l8sn sn]h_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnO{ @)^% ;fnb]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . e/tk'/–!$ s}nfzgu/df !^ laufxf hUufsf] sDkfp08leq cfjf; / ;}4flGts sIffx? lzIf0f x'g] ejgx? lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . e/tk'/df lgld{t cTofw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg lzIf0f c:ktfnsf] ejgdf cfsl:ds sIfx?sf ;fy} ljljw k|sf/sf ;lh{sn, d]l8snsf cGt/Ë / alx/Ë cGtu{tsf ;a} ljefux? ;~rflnt 5g\ . Go'/f] afx]s k|foM ;a} ljifosf ljz]if1 ;]jf pknAw 5g\ . klxnf] jif{ *) hgf ljBfyL{af6 M.B.B.S ;'¿ u/]sf] o; sn]hdf qmdzM a9\b} k|ltjif{ !$) sf] sf]6f k'u]sf] 5 eg] b'O{ jif]{ B.N., rf/ jif]{ B.S.Sc. Nursing sf ;fy} B.Ph., M.Ph., B.N.B.M.L.T., B.M.I.T., B. Pharmacy sf ;fy} M.N. h:tf :jf:Yo lj1fg If]qsf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifox? klg sn]h :yfkgfsf] cfwf bzsleq}

;~rfng x'g' o;sf] ;d'HHjn eljio Morning show the days sf] ;ª\s]t xf] . cfkm\gf k|yd Jofrsf ljBfyL{ :gftstx kf/ u/]kl5 :gftsf]Q/ (PG) ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] o; ;+:yfn] Pp6f :jfoQ k|fl1s ;+:yf (Autonomus Academy) sf] Vjfa /fVg'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg ;lsG5 . r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/sf] ?kdf lnP/ cfkm\gf] ;]jf / cg'ejn] vfl/Fb} ;do;fk]If ;'wfb}{ hfg ;s] cAan bhf{sf] lzIf0f c:ktfn aGg ;Sg]df zª\sf 5}g . xfd|f] k"0f{ z'esfdgf . #_ g]kfn kf]ln6]Slgs OlG:6Ro'6 g]kfn kf]ln6]Slgs OlG:6Ro'6 (NPI) gfdn] @)%# ;fndf e/tk'/–!! df lghL tyf k|fOe]6 :t/df :yflkt z}lIfs ;+:yf xf] . k|f/Dedf k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\af6 ;DaGwg lnO{ k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] s[lif OlGhlgol/ª / d]l8sn ;fOG;sf] 1fg l;k k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf]df kl5 k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 cg'dlt lnO{ :gfts tx ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . xfn o;df (B.E. Civil) df $) hgf, (B.Sc. Age) df $) hgf / (B.V.Sc and Animal Houseboundary) df $) hgf cWoog/t 5g\ . $_ k|]l;8]G;L sn]h e/tk'/–!) df ;~rflnt k|]l;8]G;L sn]hdf k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 cg'dlt lnP/ lghL tyf k|fOe]6:t/df Aofrn/ (B.B.A.) / :gftsf]Q/:t/sf] (M.B.A) k7gkf7g eO/x]sf] 5 . %_ zflGt Ps]8]dL e/tk'/–!) df zflGt Ps]8]dL gfdn] @)%! ;fndf sIff !) ;Ddsf] :jLs[lt lnPsf]df pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 @)^) ;fnb]lv +@ sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt o; ;+:yfn] xfn lgDgfg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . c_ :gfts tx  dfgljsL (B.A.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df () hgf 5g\ .  Joj:yfkg (B.B.S.) tkm{ tLg} jif{df %) hgf 5g\ .

^_ ldn]lgod sn]h ldn]lgod sn]h e/tk'/–!! df ;~rflnt 5 . lghL tyf k|fOe]6:t/sf] o; sn]hdf lq=lj=åf/f 89

:jLs[lt lnO{ :gfts :t/sf B.A., B.B.S / B.Ed. sf sfo{qmdx? rln/x]sf 5g\ . &_ OG6/g]zgn sn]h lghL tyf k|fOe]6:t/df ;~rflnt OG6/g]zgn sn]h v}/xgL uflj; j8f g+= $ df ;~rflnt 5 . @)%# ;fndf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifbaf6 +@ sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf] o; sn]hdf @)^) ;fndf lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnO{ :gfts :t/sf B.B.S. df $)) hgf ljBfyL{x? cWoog/t 5g\ . *_ Go" Soflk6n, Sj]i6 sn]h / lqmi6n sn]h k" j L{ lrtjgsf] /Tggu/ gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt Go" Soflk6n sn]h, Sj]i6 sn]h / lqmi6n sn]hdf klg +@ sf sIffx?sf ;fy} @)^$ ;fnb]lv lq=lj=af6 :jLs[lt lnP/ lghL tyf k|fOe]6:t/df B.B.S. sf] k7gkf7g eO/x]sf] 5 . (_ af]:6g sn]h af]:6g sn]h e/tk'/–!) df ;~rflnt 5 . o;df :6fkm g;{sf cltl/Qm B.B.S. sfo{qmd ;~rflnt 5. !)_ >L d]l8sn P08 6]lSgsn sn]h e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt of] sn]hn] k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnO{ :gfts:t/sf B.PH., B.Pharmacy, B.N., B.Sc. Nursing h:tf ljz'4 :jf:Yo lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]/ ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . !!_ cf]Pl;; d]l8sn sn]h k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnosf] :jLs[ltdf e/tk'/– !) df cf]Pl;; d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfngdf 5 . of] sn]hn] cfkm\g} Twin House df B.Sc. Nursing / B.P.H. sf sfo{ q mdx? ;~rfng u/] s f] 5 eg] xfn;fn} kf] v /f ljZjljBfnoaf6 :jLs[ l t lnP/ o'gfO6]8 6]lSgsn sn]hdf la=O= l;lensf] sfo{qmd ;'¿ ePsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . o;} u/L l5d]sL lhNnf gjnk/f;Lsf] lgs6jtL{ gu/f]Gd'v u}8F fsf]6 uf=lj=;=df kf]v/f ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ la=la=P=, la=l;=P= / la=O= -On]lS6«sn / l;len_ sf sfo{qmdx? cS;kmf]8{ sn]hdf ;~rflnt 90

5g\ . g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwgdf sflnsf ljBflk7df pQ/dWodf Jofs/0fdf / ;flxTo Hof]ltifdf zf:qL:t/sf sIffx? ;~rflnt 5g\ . u}F8fsf]6d} P;=lk=Pd= sn]h lq=lj=af6 ;DaGwg lnP/ la=P8= / la=P= / la=la=P;=sf sf]if{x? cWoog cWofkgdf 5g\ . tgx'F lhNnfcGtu{t b]j3f6sf] dx]z ;+:s[t ljBfkL7df g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ gJo Jofs/0fdf dWodf, zf:qL / cfrfo{ j]bfGtdf ;d]t k7gkf7g eO/x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfljt g]kfn klAns ljZjljBfno g]kfndf lqrGb| sn]h rn]b]lv g} snsQf / k6gf ljZjljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd k7gkf7g x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . @)!^ ;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePkl5 klg o;}nfO{ l;/fgL /fv]/ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . @)@* ;fndf gofF lzIff of]hgf nfu'ePkl5 ;d'bfoåf/f ;~rflnt ;a} sn]hx? lq=lj=sf] cflËs SofDk;sf] ?kdf ljno eP . s]xL ;do lzIffsf] cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo bfloTj ;/sf/n] lnof] t/ Ps bzs laTbf glaTb} hg;xeflutf vf]lhof] / Ps kl5 csf]{ klAns SofDk;x? vf]lnFb} cfP . xfn g]kfndf ;~rflnt lq=lj= cGtu{tsf SofDk;x?sf] ;+Vof *@^ k'us ] f] 5 . o; dWo] cflËs SofDk; ^) j6f dfq 5g\ eg] klAns SofDk;x? $)) eGbf a9L ;~rflnt 5g\ / ylkg] ;ª\Vofsf] qmd tLa| 5 . lzIffsf] ()Ü ef/ axg ub}{ cfPsf] a"9f] k'/fgf] / hh{/ eO;s]sf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cfkm}df ;ª\s6u|:t 5 . o;y{ hg:t/df ;~rflnt klAns SofDk;x?nfO{ r':t b'?:t / ;do ;fk]If agfpg Pp6f 5'§} g]kfn klAns ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf dx;'; eO{ Pp6f cjwf/0ff kq;d]t g]kfn klAns SofDk; ;+3 / klAns SofDk; k|fWofks ;+3n] ;/sf/ ;dIf k]; ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|f=8f= dgk|;fb jfUn] ;lxtsf] ( ;b:oLo ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] k|:tfljt g]kfn klAns ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfsf] cjwf/0ff kq g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 6]a'ndf ljrf/fwLg 5 . a;]{gL c/af}+ /fh:j :jfxf kf/]/ a]/f]huf/ lzlIftsf] hdftsf] pTkfbg ug]{ / sfuhL k|df0fkq dfq ljt/s lzIf0f ;+:yfx? o'usf] dfu cg'?k bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ r':t

tGb'?:t k|zf;lgs Ifdtfjfg\ sn]hx? x'g' jf~5gLo xf] . o;y{ g]kfn klAns ljZjljBfnosf] cf}lrTo / cfjZostfnfO{ x[boª\ud u/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{no lrtjg lhNnfsf] e/tk'/df x'g] ls6fgL;fy pNn]v eP/ xfn afns'df/L sn]h gf/fo0fu9df ;Dks{ sfof{no v'Ng' xfdL lrtjgjf;Lsf] lglDt v';L / uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . o;n] lgs6 eljiod} cfkm\gf] nIo cg'?k g]kfn klAns ljZjljBfnosf] ?kdf d"t{?k lbg ;sf];\ . xfd|f] z'esfdgf . cGtdf ;/sf/L, hg:t/ / lghL If]qaf6 ;fwf/0f lzIffdf nfufgLsf] k|ltzt a9\bf] b]lvPklg /fi6«sf] nflu cfjZos / cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df ;Ddfghgs kfl/>lds cfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfjfg\, bIf tyf k|fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5}g . ca lzIffdf ;ª\VofTds eGbf u'0ffTds ljsf;sf] ;fy} lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf km8\sf] dfg]{ nIosf ;fy /f]huf/d"ns lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' ;dosf] dfu ePsf] 5 .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

zª\s/ g]kfn cWoIf

lgdf{0f ;fdu|L Joj;foL ;+3 gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

lrqjg lk|G6;{ -k|f=_ ln= k|];dfu{, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg kmf]gM )%^–%&!&$* 91

lrtjgdf ;xsf/L ultljlw  ;xk|f= ejgfy ;8f}nf ;lrj, bLkHof]lt art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln= e/tk'/

!= ;xsf/Lsf] d"No / l;4fGt

:jfldTj, ;b:ox?s} lgoGq0f / ;b:ox?n] g} ;]jf ;xsf/L ;dfg cfly{s p2]Zo ePsf dflg;x?n] kfpg] Joj;fo dflgG5 . cfˆgf] cfly{s ;fd'bflos lxtsf nflu cfˆg} hf]lvddf @= cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L jif{ @)!@ sf ;Gb]z k|hftflGqs 9ª\un] ;fd"lxs ls|ofsnfkx? ;~rfng / p2]Zo ug]{ clek|fo /fv]/ :j]R5fn] :yfkgf u/]sf] Jofj;flos ;g\ !*$$ df a]nfotsf] /f]r8]naf6 ;'¿ ;ª\u7g xf] . ;xsf/L …;x’ / …sf/L’ b'O{ zAbsf] ePsf] ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ ljZjJofkL cfly{s / of]uaf6 ag]sf] zAb xf] . …;x’ n] ;Fu;u} ldn]/ / ;fdflhs cleofg dflgPsf] 5 . ;xsf/Ln] ljZj …sf/L’ n] sfo{ ug'{ eGg] cy{ a'emfpF5 . o; cfwf/df ;d'bfosf cfwf hg;+VofnfO{ ;d]6]sf] cg'dfg ;+o'Qm ;dfg:t/sf JolStx? cfk;df ldn]/ s'g} sfd u/L /fi6« ;ª\3n] u/]sf] 5 eg] cGt/{fli6«o ;xsf/L cfˆgf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg' g} ;xsfl/tf dxf;ª\3sf] tYofª\scg';f/ ljZjsf b; s/f]8eGbf xf] . cGt/{fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;ª\3 -International Co– a9L hg;+Vofn] ;xsf/Ldf /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . operative Alliance ICA_ sf] ;g\ !((% df a]nfotsf] ;xsf/L Joj;fon] ljZjsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs If]qdf d]gr]i6/df ePsf] ztfAbL dxf;efn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df ;+o'St cfwf/e"t Pj+ g}lts d"No / ;ft l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fi6« ;ª\3af6 ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L jif{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;~rfng ePsf x'G5g\ . cfTd;xof]u, (Internatinal Cooperative year_ sf ?kdf dgfpg :jpQ/bfloTj, k|hftGq, ;dfgtf / Gofo ICA n] cfx\jfg ePcg'?k ljZje/ g} ljleGg sfo{qmd u/L k|ltkfbg u/]sf ;xsf/Lsf cfwf/e"t d"No x'g\ eg] …;xsf/L Jofj;foLx?n] ;xsf/L Joj;fo dfkm{t\ ;d[4 OdfGbfl/tf, v'nfkg, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / c¿sf] ljZjsf] lgdf{0fÚ (COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISIS x]/rfx ;xsf/Lsf g}lts d"No x'g\ . o:t} ;xsf/Lsf BUTLD A BETTER WORLD) eGg] d"n gf/fnfO{ ;ft l;4fGt o;k|sf/ 5g\M cfTd;ft u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L jif{ dgfP . ;xsf/L zz:j}lR5s tyf v'nf ;b:otf Joj;fo dfkm{t–;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f u/f}+ eGg] d"n zz;b:ox?åf/f k|hftflGqs lgoGq0f gf/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L g]kfndf klg cGt/{fli6«o zz;b:ox?åf/f cfly{s ;xeflutf, ;xsf/L jif{ @)!@ dgfOof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L jif{ zz:jfoQtf / :jtGqtf @)!@ sf k|d'v ;Gb]z o;k|sf/ 5g\M zzlzIff, tflnd / ;"rgf s_ ;xsf/L Joj;fo ljZjdf g} ;kmn Joj;fosf zz;xsf/L ;+:yfx?aLr kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u ?kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf o;n] ljZjdf ;xsfl/tfsf] zz;d'bfok|lt rf;f] efjgfnfO{ km}nfpg] tyf j}wflgstf lbg] sfo{ ub{5 . log} d"No / l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;xsf/L v_ ;xsf/L Pp6f d"Nodf cfwfl/t ljljwLs[t Joj;fo ;+:yf ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . ;xsf/LnfO{ ;b:ox?sf] ePsfn] ;d'bfo tyf ;d'bfosf JolStx?sf nflu 94

lrtjgsf] avfgk'/ -zf/bfgu/_ df avfg C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eof] . oxL g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf xf] . lj=;+= @)!# b]lv @)$& ;Dd ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf ;femf k|sfzg, ;femf oftfoft, ;femf :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;femf e08f/, ;fgf ls;fg ;femf ;+:yf h:tf gfdaf6 ;xsf/Lx? ;~rflnt lyP . @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 @)$& df /fwfs[i0f d}gfnLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf u7g ePsf] …/fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;ª\3 k/fdz{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ tby{ ;ldlt u7g eof] . pSt /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df …;xsf/L P]g @)$*Ú / …;xsf/L lgodfjnL @)$(Ú nfu" ePkl5 b]zdf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? wdfwd v'Ng yfn] . o;} qmddf lj=;+= @)%) df /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eof] eg] g]kfnn] @)%$ df cGt/fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;ª\3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u¥of] . @)%& df s[lif dGqfnonfO{ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnodf ?kfGtl/t ul/of] eg] jt{dfg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] tLg vDa] cy{gLltsf] Ps vDafsf ?kdf ;xsf/LnfO{ lnPsf] 5 / ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu 5'§} ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno :yfkgf e};s]sf] 5 . @)%) af6 g]kfndf ljleGg ljifosf ljifout / ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L v'Ng] lta| x'g yfNof] h;sf] kmn:j?k @)^( cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dddf g]kfndf sl/a @%))) ;xsf/L ;+:yf 5g\ h;dWo] sl/a !@))) art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf sl/a $))) ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf sl/a, %))) hlt s[lif ;xsf/L #= g]kfndf ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Ldf $^ nfv eGbf a9L z]o/ ljZjdf ;xsf/L cleofgsf] yfngL ;g\ ;b:o cfa4 5g\ . @)^( cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd ;xsf/Ldf !*$$ df a]nfotsf] d]gr]i6/df @* hgf sk8f a'Gg] ! va{ #( c/a lgIf]k ;ª\sng 5 h'g ljQLo If]qdf dhb'/x?af6 vf]lnPsf] …/f]H8]n OlSj6]an kfof]lgo/ /x]sf] s'n lgIf]ksf] !% k|ltzt xf] . ;f];fO6LÚ af6 ePsf] xf] eg] cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L $= lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;xsf/L ultljlw dxf;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !*(% df ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf lrtjg ;xsf/Lsf] pb\ud lhNnf xf] . lj=;+= eg] lj=;+= @)!) df tTsfnLg of]hgf ljsf; tyf s[lif @)!# r}q @) ut] o;} lhNnfsf] zf/bfgu/df :yflkt … dGqfnocGtu{t ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5 lj=;+= avfg C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfÚ g]kfns} klxnf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf @)!# df ;/sf/af6 …;xsf/L u7g btf{ / ;~rfng xf] . g]kfndf ;xsfl/tfsf] yfngL ug]{ o; lhNnfsf] ;DaGwL cfb]z hf/L ePkl5 lj=;+= @)!# r}q @) ut] ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nodf @)^( dfu{ of] lbuf] cfo cfh{gsf] af6f] aGg ;S5 . u_ ;xsf/L ;b:os]lGb|t Joj;fo ePsfn] o;n] ;b:ox?sf] cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;b:osf] :jfldTjdf ;b:osf] lgoGq0f /xg] u/L ;b:ox?n] g} ;]jf kfpg] u/L Joj;fo ;~rfng u5{ . 3_ ;xsf/Ln] k};f sdfpg] nf]edf geO{ dflg;sf] cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eP/ Joj;fo ug]{ ePsfn] of] c¿ Joj;foeGbf km/s k|sl[ tsf] x'G5 . ª_ o; Joj;foaf6 cfh{g ul/Psf] d'gfkmfsf] ;a} /sd z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] efudf guP/ ;fd'lxs lg0f{oaf6 ;+:yfut ;fd'bflos / dfgjLo ;]jfsf] sfo{df nufOG5 . cGt/{fli6«o ;xsf/L jif{ @)!@ sf k|d'v ltg p2]Zo 5g\, tL x'g\M s_ ;xsf/L Joj;fosf] k|s[lt / o;sf kmfObfx? ;DaGwdf Jofks ?kdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ . v_ ;xsf/L ;ª\u7gx?sf] u7g / k|j4{g ug{ ;d'bfosf JolStx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . u_ ;xsf/L ;ª\u7gx?sf] k|j4{gsf nflu pko'St gLlt th'{dfsf nflu kxn ug]{ . ;xsf/Lsf] oxL efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;ª\3n] ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ ljZjdf ;xsf/Lsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ Pjd\ k|j4{g ug]{ cj;/sf ?kdf lnP/ ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df lrtjgsf ;xsf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx?n] klg ljleGg sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/L ;xsf/L jif{ @)!@ dgfP .

d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsf] k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yf ^$@, lhNnf ljifout ;xsf/L ;+:yf 5 / Pp6f lhNnf ;xsf/L ;ª\3 u/L ^$( ;xsf/L ;+:yf cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{no e/tk'/af6 k|fKt tYofª\scg';f/ pSt sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf ^$@ k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?dWo] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L @%), b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L !$(, ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L *!, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n pTkfbs ;xsf/L !%, s[lif ;xsf/L *$, pkef]Stf ;xsf/L !#, df}/L kfng ;xsf/L (, ;fdflhs pBdL ;xsf/L !#, ;~rf/ ;xsf/L–%, hl8a'6L pTkfbs ;xsf/L–!), df5fkfng ;xsf/L $, ko{6g ;xsf/L–# /]zd ;xsf/L–@, kz'kfng ;xsf/L–!, :jf:Yo ;xsf/L–!, ljB't ljt/0f ;xsf/L–!, zLte08f/ ;xsf/L–!, /x]sf 5g\ . oL ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] @)^( cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof / z]o/ k'FhL o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 – tflnsf g+= ! qm=;+=

;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] gfd

art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+=ln= b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+=ln= ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+=ln= s[lif ;xsf/L ;=ln= tfhf t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ;xsf/L ;+=ln= pkef]Stf ;xsf/L ;+=ln= df}/L kfng ;xsf/L ;+=ln= ;fdflhs pBdL ;xsf/L ;+=ln= ;~rf/ ;xsf/L ;+=ln= hl8a'6L pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+=ln= Dff5fkfng ;xsf/L ;+=ln= ko{6g ;xsf/L ;+=ln= /]zd ;xsf/L ;+=ln= kz'kfng ;xsf/L ;+=ln= :jf:Yo ;xsf/L ;+=ln= ljB't ljt/0f ;xsf/L ;+=ln= lzt e08f/ ;xsf/L ;+=ln= hDdf

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@)^& sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt tYofª\scg';f/ k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yf %!! /x]sf], ;b:o ;+Vof dlxnf $@)@^ / k'?if %))&@ u/L (@&^* /x]sf] / z]o/ k'FhL @,(#$%% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf lrtjgdf !#! ;xsf/L ;+:yf yk ePsf] ;b:o ;+Vof dlxnfdf !&%)* / k'?ifdf %*#% u/L @@#$# yk ePsf] / z]o/ k'FhL @,$(@^$ yk ePsf] b]lvG5 . 97

lrtjgdf ;xsf/L ;~rfngdf dlxnfx? klg ;lqmo 5g\ . dlxnfx?n] dfq ;~rfng u/]sf] ;xsf/L ;+:yf @)^( cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd *( /x]sf 5g] h;sf] ljj/0f tflnsf @ df lbOPsf] 5 . tflnsf g+= @ qm=;+= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|sf/ ;+Vof ;b:o ;+Vof z]o/ k'FhL ¿= !))) df 1 53 13393 23637 art tyf C0f ;xsf/L 2 7 1282 721 ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L 3 4 85 21 b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L 4 10 3912 4109 s[lif ;xsf/L 5 13 1582 2991 ;fdflhs pBdL ;xsf/L 6 1 31 310 pkef]Stf ;xsf/L 7 1 63 32 df5fkfng ;xsf/L 89 20348 31811 hDdf o;}u/L lrtjgsf ^ j6f lhNnf tyf ljifout ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ljj/0f tflnsf # df lbOPsf] 5 . tflnsf g+= # qm=;+= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] k|sf/ ;b:o ;+Vof z]o/ k'FhL ?= !))) df 1 75 1045 lhNnf ;xsf/L ;ª\3 2 113 827 art tyf C0f ;xsf/L 3 147 947 b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L 4 14 14 t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ;xsf/L 5 12 240 s[lif ;xsf/L 6 8 40 ;fdflhs pBdL ;xsf/L 369 3113 hDdf o;}u/L lrtjgsf #^ uflj;df !÷! j6fsf b/n] #^ j6f / e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= &,(,!) / !# df !÷! j6f u/L $ j6f clg /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! / ( df u/L @ j6fsf b/n] $@ j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] g]kfn ;sf/af6 ?= !))))).– cg'bfg lnO{ ;'ky d"No k;n ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . cf=j=@)^*–^( df lhNnfdf ljleGg ljifosf ^$ j6f gofF ;xsf/L ;+:yf v'n]sf 5g\ eg] ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{noaf6 @)^( cfiff9;Dd @( j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yf vf/]h ul/Psf] / @* j6f ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lnlSj8];g ;DkGg e};s]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{non] cf=j @)^*.^( df If]qLo :t/sf !% / lhNnf :t/sf #* u/L %# j6f tflnd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . h;df ^&% dlxnf / &@$ k'?if u/L !#(( hgfn] tflnd k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

%= lgisif{ ;du|df x]bf{ ;xsf/L ultljlwsf b[li6n] lrtjgnfO{ g]kfns} cu|0fL lhNnf dfGg ;lsG5 . ;xsf/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t / ;b:os]lGb|t :jfot Jofj;flos PsfO x'g\ . ;xsf/Ln] ;b:oeGbf aflx/ uP/ ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug{ ;Sb}g . cfˆgf] ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs pGgog ug'{ ;xsf/Lsf] d"n p2]Zo xf] tfklg lhNnfdf v'n]sf sltko ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;xsf/Lsf] d"No / l;4fGtcg'?k ;~rfng ePsf 5}gg\ . a9L gfkmf ug]{ p2]Zon] s]xL ;Lldt JolStx?af6 ;Dk"0f{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? dflyg} k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] 5 . ljQLo ;+:yfsf] eGbf a9L ;xsf/Ldf 98

hDdf ePsf] lgIf]k / ;xsf/Lx?n] 3/hUufdf u/]sf] nufgLk|lt /fli6«o ?kdf g} vf]hLlgtL x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ lrtjgsf ;xsf/Ldf klg kg{ ;Sg]5 . t;y{ ;xsf/Lsf] d"No / l;4fGtcg'?k ;~rfng gePsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ cg'udg u/L ;xsf/L d"No / dfGotfleq Nofpg ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f tyf l8lehg sfof{nosf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'g]5 . lrtjgdf w]/} dflg;x? ;xsf/Lk|lt cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ / ;xsf/L ;~rfngdf nfu]sf 5g\ tfklg oxfFsf s'g}klg ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] Pl;ofnL dfkb08 k'/f ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . l5d]sL u}+8fsf]6 uf=lj=;=sf] ljs" art tyf C0f ;xsf/L nufot g]kfnsf y'k|} ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] Pl;ofnL dfkb08sf] P;]; a|fG8 lng ;kmn ePsf 5g\ eg] bLkHof]lt, lrqjg, k|eft dlxnf, ;fsf]; h:tf lrtjgsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? g]kfn a|f08 k|fKt ug]{ qmddf 5g\ . Pl;ofnL dfkb08df k'Ugsf nflu Go"gtd dfkb08 ?= % s/f]8 z]o/ k'FhL, !)))

eGbf a9L z]o/ ;b:o / sDtLdf % hgf sd{rf/L cfjZos x'G5 eg] g]kfn a|f08sf nflu @ s/f]8 z]o/ k'FhL / %)) ;b:o ;ª\Vof rflxG5 . lrtjgsf ;xsf/Ln] ca ;ª\VofTds geO{ u'0ffTds k|ult ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . cfly{s ultljlwdf tLa| km8\sf] dfb}{ u/]sf] lrtjg ;xsfl/tfsf] b[li6n] cu|0fL lhNnf xf] / ;xsf/Lsf] d"No / l;4fGtcg';f/ Jojl:yt ?kdf oxfFsf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df lrtjgdf ;xsf/Lsf] eljio pHHjn /x]sf] 5 / lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]¿b08 ;xsf/L Joj;fo aGg ;Sg] 5 . df6f] xf] x'g tf tyflk ulx/f cf“vf x'g] ;Hhg bfgf ;'Gb/ :j0f{sf emnemnL b]Vnfg\ u'8]sf sk h] cfof] t/ jlif{O{ 3g36f sfnf]–lgnf]af6 of] hf]–hf] cfp“5 Tof] lagL ljltlng] ;f}hGosf] ;f]v xf] . – dxfslj b]jsf]6f

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

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o'gfO{6]8 g]kfn klAns]zg k|f= ln= jg:ynL, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gM )!–$#*%)@), df]=M (*%!)%@$&! 99

lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿  /dfsfGt ;fksf]6f pk k|f= ;Ktu08sL a= SofDk;, e/tk'/

k|ljlw s] xf] < Joj;fo s] xf] < u|Ls efiffsf] ‘6]lSgsf]h’ nfO{ c+u|]hx?n] ‘6]slgs’ eGb} hfFbf ‘6]Sgf]nf]hL’ zAb aGof] . g]kfnLdf k|ljlw elgof] . ;Lk, cEof; / ;fwg jf cf}hf/sf] ;+o'Qm ?knfO{ k|ljlw eGg] ul/of] . k|ljlw eg]sf] k4lt klg xf] . kl/efiff, dfGotf, wf/0ffdf kl/dfh{g x'g] qmddf lj1fg / snfsf] ;lDd>0f ePkl5 k|ljlw aGb5 . k|ljlwnfO{ k|ljlw lj1fg klg elgG5 . k|of]u / tYodf cfwfl/t 1fg, ;"rgf, l;4fGtnfO{ lj1fg elgG5 eg] Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|ltefnfO{ snf elgG5 . dª\un u|xdf ljgf dfgj k7fOPsf] ofgn] h;/L ;"rgf k7fO/x]sf] 5, Tof] :t/sf] l:k|6 ‘ckr'{lg6L’ / ‘So'/f]l;6L’ gfd u/]sf oGq dfgjx?nfO{ pRr k|ljlw elgG5 . ljgf rfns /]nx? u'l8/x]sf 5g\ . s]j'nsf/ h:t} u/L hfkfgdf /]n e'ml08P/ rln/x]sf 5g\ . sDKo'6/sf] ljsf; / ;]lG;· k4ltsf] ljsf;n] wf/f, aQL, cfkm}+ vl'Ng] aGb x'g] tyf d]lzg l/8]jn k4lt / e]l08· d]lzgx? nufotsf hfb'do s'/f b]Vg ;'Gg ;lsG5 . oL s'/fnfO{ dWod k|ljlwdf /fVg ;lsG5 . k'vf{n] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 9'·] cf}hf/b]lv wft'sf cf}hf/x?, uf8f, ;fOsn, l/S;f nufotsf ;fwgx? tyf ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] ;a} cf}hf/ / k4ltx?nfO{ cfh ;fdfGo k|sf/sf] dflg; klg k|ljlw g} dflgG5 . cfh h]nfO{ pRr k|ljlw eGb} 5f}+ ef]ln Tof] ;fdfGo k|ljlw x'g ;S5 . h:tf] ls cfh /]l8of], l6=le=, df]jfOn nufotsf k|ljlwnfO{ ;fdfGo dfGb} 5f}+ . cfhsf oGqdfgjx? ef]ln ;fdfGo k|fljlws ;fwg dfGg] lbg cfpg] 5 . ctM k|ljlw o'u ;fk]If, vf]h, cg';Gwfg / k|of]udf cfwfl/t x'G5 . h] 100

sfddf cfwfl/t eP/ hLjg rN5 Tof] g} Joj;fo xf] . s[lif, pBf]u, lzIf0f, Jofkf/ nufotsf sfd Joj;fo x'g\ h;n] lhpg] cfwf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ulgg] /fhgLltnfO{ ;d]t xfd|f] b]zdf clxn] Joj;fosf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|ljlw / Joj;fosf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw 5 . hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ k|ljlwn] ;lhnf] agfOlbG5, ;do 5f]6\ofO lbG5 . k|fljlws 1fg, ;Lkn] Jofj;flos Ifdtf a9fpF5, pTkfbsTj a9fpg d2t u5{ . of] ljZjJofkL dfGotf xf] .

k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] dfu / k|efj k9]n]v]sf] dflg; hf];Fu 1fg / ;"rgf k|z:t} eP/ klg b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;fdfGo sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf x'g ;S5 . Pp6f gk9]sf] t/ tflnd k|fKt dflg; lglZrt tflnd cg';f/sf] sfd ug{ ;S5 t/ cfˆgf] hLjg / hut\sf] ;DaGw a'‰g ;Sb}g . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|fljlws ;DaGwx? a'‰g} ;Sb}g . k9]nv ] s ] f], tflndk|fKt cyf{t\ lglZrt ;Lk l;s]sf] dflg;n] dfq} cfgGbdo hLjg pkef]u ug{ ;S5 . dfS;{jfbL lrGtgcg';f/ s'zntfk"j{s >d ug'{ Jofj;flos s'/f xf] eg] >dsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, j}1flgs ;DaGw a'‰g' k|fljlws 1fg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f xf] . cf]zf]n] ljrf/ u/]h:t} k|ljlwn] >dnfO{ lj:yflkt u5{ eGg] s'/f cfh ;+;f/df k|dfl0ft 5 . ;–;fgf On]S6«fl] gs lrkx?, j]e ;fO6x?, ;ˆ6j]o/x?, On]S6«fl] gs cf}hf/x?n] k/Dk/fut >d / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/nfO{ lj:yflkt u/]sf] 5 / a]/f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . k|fljlws lzIffn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f cfkm}+ k|Zg aGg k'u]sf] 5 . lxhf]sf] 1fg, l;k, tflndn] cfh k'Ub}g . cfhsf]n] ef]ln k'Ub}g .

ctM dflg;n] lhpg] snf l;ls/xg klg ;dofg's'nsf k|fljlws 1fg, l;k clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 / k|lt:kwf{df plqg g;Sg]x?sf] nflu lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; clezfk klg x'g] l:ylt 5 .

g]kfnL kl/j]z / lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff o'lg;]km tyf cfO=Pn=cf]=n] kl/eflÈt u/]cg';f/ x/]s lbg jftfj/0f;Fu k|ltlqmof ug{ cfjZos l;kx? hLjg pkof]uL l;k x'g\ h;leq k|fljlws, Jofj;flos Pjd\ k]zfut ;Lkx? kb{5g\ . Jofj;flos ;Lk tflndaf6 k|fKt x'G5 eg] k|fljlws l;kdf lzIff cyf{t\ ;}4flGts 1fg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . sf/vfgfsf] oflGqs agf}6, To;sf] ljz]iftf, To;sf] pTkfbsTj d"No lgwf{/0f k|lqmof nufotsf s'/f a'‰g] yk cg';Gwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; k|fljlws lzIff leq kb{5 . To:t} ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g nufotsf ;+:yfx?n] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo h:tf s'/fdf cfjZos l;ksf] ;"rL agfP/ juL{s/0f u/]sf] kfG5 . g]kfnn] lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zox?df cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt eO{ ljZj kl/j]zdf To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . l;ko'Qm hgzlQm tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zosf ;fy k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/Èb\ -@)$%_ :yfkgf eof] . pQm ;+:yfsf] kl5Nnf] tYof°cg';f/ d'ns ' e/ !@ cf]6f ;fj{hlgs, !#% cf]6f lghL / @ cf]6f lghL + ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bfl/tfdf u/L !$( cf]6f ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= cg'QL0f{ x'g]x?sf] nflu k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L= sf]È{ (TSLC) ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L d'n'se/sf !! cf]6f ;fj{hlgs, !&% cf]6f lghL / $ cf]6f ;fe]mbf/L u/L hDdf !() cf]6f ;+:yfaf6 l8Knf]df÷k|df0fkq txsf] dWod:t/Lo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k9fO eO/x]sf] 5 . oxfFaf6 pQL0f{ x'g]x? k|fljlws ljÈod} k9\g pRr lzIffdf lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;S5g\ . xfn;Dd $$ lhNnfsf] $* cf]6f ;+:yfdf rfn" /x]sf] Pg]S; sfo{qmd ca &% lhNnfdf g} ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt ag]sf] 5 . of] Pg]S; sfo{qmdcGtu{t @( dlxg] / !% dlxg] kf7\oqmd rnfOPsf]

5 . P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{nfO{ !% dlxg] / P;=Pn=;L= cg'QL0f{nfO{ @( dlxg] kf7\oqmd rfn" 5 . o;} jif{bl] v #) cf]6f ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sIff ( / !) df u/L Ps jif]{ cf]h]6L (OJT = On The Job Training) kf7\oqmd ;~rfng ug]{ of]hgf ag]sf] kfOG5 . s[lif, OlGhlgol/·, xf]6n Dofg]hd]G6, sDKo'6/ h:tf ljifodf of] sfo{ut tflnd (OJT) lbOG5 . sIff (–!@ ;Dd u/L @ jif]{ sfo{ut tflnd (OJT) k"/f u/]df cf]e/ l;k/ cyf{t\ k|df0f–kq txsf] k|fljlws k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt x]bf{ em08} $)) ;+:yfx?n] ljleGg ljifodf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t} u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno, k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno;Fu ;d]t ;DaGwg lnP/ d'n'se/ y'k|} ;+:yfx?n] :jf:Yo / OlGhlgol/· ljwfsf ljleGg ljifox?df dWod tyf pRr txsf] k|fl1s Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . Jofj;flos l;k k|dfl0ft ug]{ / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t cNksfnLg tflnd k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmdx? klg k|rngdf 5g\ . ca 5nkmn u/f}+ lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] ;Gbe{df ljZj kl/j]zdf ljrf/ u/f}+ / :yfgLo kl/j]zdf sfd u/f}+ (Think Globally and Act Locally) of] Joj:yfksLo lrGtgdf cfbz{ jfSo xf] . cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o cEof;x?sf cfwf/df lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffnfO{ rrf{ ubf{ jt{dfgsf] l:ylt lgDgcg';f/ kfOG5 M s_ l;l6Ole6Laf6 ;DaGwg lnP/ bh{geGbf a9L ;+:yfx? ljleGg ljifox?df ;~rflnt 5g\ . g]kfn kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro"6, :s'n ckm x]Ny ;fOG;, cfOcf]Pd6L, cf]Pl;;, >L d]l8sn P08 6]lSgsn sn]h, gf/fo0fL ;fd'bflos xl:k6n P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/, cfzf xl:k6n k|f=ln=, lrtjg c:ktfn k|f=ln=, cfOcf]Pn sn]h, lrtjg x]Ny kmfp08]zg, lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h nufotsf ;+:yfx? lrtjgdf 101

:yflkt b]lvG5g\ . ;fd'bflos sn]hdWo] afns'df/L sn]hn] klg gl;{· nufotsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . v_ :s'n ckm x]Ny ;fOG; -e/tk'/ xl:k6n xftf_ df tyf ;fj{hlgs / cGo lghL ;+:yfaf6 ;d]t u/L jflif{s %)) hgf eGbf a9L :6fkm g;{ pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ eg] lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h, gf/fo0fL ;fd'bflos xl:k6naf6 gl;{·df lj=P:;L / lj=Pg= sf] hgzlQm pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . Pr=P=, Nofj cl;:6]G6, lj=lk=Pr=, kmfd]{;Lh:tf ljifodf klg hgzlQm pTkfbg e}/x]sf] 5 . u_ sn]h ckm d]l8sn ;fOG; e/tk'/df Pd=lj=lj=P;, Pd=8L, Pd=l;=Pr, l8=Pd= / Aofrn/ Og 8]G6n ;h{/L, lj=P:;L gl;{·, lj=Pg=P;= ;~rfng e}/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] lrtjg d]l8sn sn]hdf Pd=lj=lj=P;= lj=Pg=, lj=P:;L gl;{·, Pd=Pg, Pd=lk=Pr= h:tf sIff rn]sf] kfOG5 . 3_ g]kfn kf]ln6]lSgS; OlG:6Ro'6sf] Joj:yfkgdf pRr lzIffdf l;len OlGhlgol/·, l8Knf]df Og OlGhlgol/·, l8Knf]df Og Plu|sNr/ leo6g/L ;fOG; nufotsf ljifox? ;~rflnt 5g\ eg] dfudf cfwfl/t cGo cNksfnLg tflnd / ;Lk k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ª_ o;} cfly{s jif{b]lv lrtjgdf s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno :yfkgfdf ljutb]lv ePsf] k|oTgn] ;fy{stf kfPsf] 5 . lk=l;= lgo'lQm, l8gx?sf] lgo'lQm, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f h:tf k|f/lDes sfd e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . ljutb]lv g} /fdk'/df rNb} cfPsf] s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgdf tyf jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg x]6f}+8fdf /x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm g} of] ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] tfklg :jfldTj x:tfGt/0fsf] ;jfndf lq=lj=;Fusf] s]xL ;d:ofn] oy]i6 ult lng g;s]sf] s'/fn] eg] rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . r_ s]xL lghL ;+:yfx?n] rf6{/ Psfp06]06 sf]z{ 102

;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ eg] xf]6n Dofg]hd]G6, ko{6g ljsf;÷ko{6g Joj;fo h:tf ljifodf !!÷!@ sIff ;~rflnt ePsf] kfOG5 . k"j{ lrtjgdf d]l8sn sn]h :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] t/ s]xL ;+:yfut ;d:ofn] aGb x'g k'u]sf] kfOof] eg] s]xL p8\8og tflnd (Pilot Training) rn]/ km]/L jGb ePsf] kfOof] .

lrtjgsf] k|fljlws tyf Jo;flos lzIffdf r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿ s_ g]kfnd} klxnf] k6s :yfkgf ePsf] s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno lrtjgd} :yfkgf x'g' /fd|f] cj;/ xf] . x]6f}+8fdf /x]sf] jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg / /fdk'/sf] s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgdf u/L @% x]S6/ -$)) lj3f_ eGbf a9L hdLg ;lxtsf] ef}lts tyf dfgj ;|f]t ;lxtsf] k"jf{wf/ of] ljZjljBfnosf] :jfdLTjdf cfpg] s'/f csf]{ cj;/ xf] . ;fy} o;sf] Sofrd]G6 Pl/of x]6f}+8f;Dd klg clxn] g} lglZrt x'g csf]{ cj;/ xf] . of] ljZjljBfnosf] ;~rfngdf ltj|tf cfPkl5 xfn rln/x]sf ljifo afx]s h}ljs ljljwtf, jGohGt', h8La'6L, s[lif OlGhlgol/·, Pu|f] km/]:6«L cflb ljifodf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / yk sIffx? ;~rfng x'g]5g\ . ljZjljBfno;Fu :jLs[lt / ;DaGwg lnP/ ;DalGwt ljifodf of] If]q / d'n's el/ g} y'k|} gofF ;+:yfx? hGdg ;Sg] 5g\ . xfn;Dd klg /fdk'/df ldl;ug nufotsf o'lgel;{6L;Fu låkIfLo ;xof]usf] nflu Pn=cf]=cfO= -dg;fo kq_ df x:tfIf/ e};s]sf]n] cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg, 5fqj[lQ cfbfgk|bfg nufotsf ;xof]usf] ;Defjgf tyf ljb]zL ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ;d]t lrtjg cWoog If]q aGg] ;'lglZrttf b]lvG5 . v_ em08} b'O{ bzs k'/fgf] d'n'sd} :yflkt / rlr{t g]kfn kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro"6n] :yfgLo dfudf cfwfl/t ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/

/x]sf] eljiodf l;l6Ole6Ln] cfˆg} nufgLdf ug]{ lgsfox?, ToxfF /xg] lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?sf csf]{ kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro"6 lrtjgd} ;~rfng ckf/bzL{ tl/sfx?k|lt k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . ug]{ of]hgf sfof{Gjo ug{ vf]h]sf] oxL jif{b]lv cjfl~5t tl/sfaf6 n]gb]gsf s'/fn] rrf{ kfpg] l;l6Ole6Ls} Pg]S; sfo{qmd klg lrtjgdf rNg] u/]sf] 5 . lzIff :j:Yo h:tf] ;fdflhs If]qsf] ePsf]n] dWoo lzIffsf] kx'Frdf Jofks lj:tf/ x'g] ;+:yfdf czf]egLo 9·n] cfly{s n]gb]gsf] s'/fn] b]lvG5 . rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ck|ToIf cfly{s ef/ u_ lgs} k'/fgf] cfFvf c:ktfn oxLF /x]sf] lghL If]qdf ljBfyL{x? / cleefjsdf k/]sf] a'lemG5 . ;d]tsf] kof{Kttf ePsf] k[i7e"lddf cKyfNdf]nf]hL o;nfO{ ;'wfg'{ kg]{ 5 . ljifosf sIffx? ;~rfng ug]{ cyf{t tT;DawL u_ sltko ;+:yfdf nufgLstf{x? tT;DaGwL lj1 sn]h ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . 5}gg\ . z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ul/Psf] nufgLaf6 sltko 3_ xfn rln/x]sf] ;fd'bflos sn]hx? hf];Fu /fd|f] pBf]udf h:t} tTsfn d'gfkmf rfxG5g\ h;n] ubf{ k"jf{wf/ 5, pgLx? klg k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos klg k|fljlws lzIff dx·f] ePsf] x'g ;S5 . lzIffk|lt cfslif{t ePsf] / tT;DawL of]hgfx? sltko nufgLstf{sf] jf ;~rfnssf] PsfPs agfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ablnPsf hLjgz}nLx?n] k|fljlws ;+:yfx?n] ª_ lrtjgdf csf]{ klAns ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf] tyf lzIff :jf:Yodf nufgL ubf{ dgUu] sdfOG5 kxn e}/x]sf] sltko lgsfodf lg0f{o;d]t e};s]sf] eGg] ;Gb]z klg uPsf] 5 . cfly{s ;fdflhs :t/ o:tf] ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf] nflu h'6kfgL k"j{ hLjgz}nLdf ;Gt'ng x'g' cfjZos 5 . hg;]gfsf] lzlj/ /x]sf] :yfg tyf lbofnf] 3_ /fhg}lts bnsf eft[ ;Ë7gx?, 6«]8 o'lgogx? a·nf /x]sf] hldgsf] ;d]t ;Defjgf / 5nkmn tyf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx?n] ;d]t rGbf p7fpg] ePsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ c? Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] csf]{ d'Vo s]Gb|x?sf] ?kdf k|fljlws lzIffnox? ljZjljBfno klg lrtjgd} x'g]5 / To;n] agfpg] x'g eGg] rrf{ 5 . To;f] eP ck|ToIf df/ kf7\oqmdx? :jefljs ?kn] o'ufg's'n k|fljlws ljBfyL{, cleefjsdfly k/]sf] 5g\ < s] ToxfF lzIff ;d]t x'g]5g\ . oL s]xL b[i6fGtx? dfq} x'g . sfd ug]{ lzIfs sd{rf/Lx? 7luPsf 5}gg\ < oL lrtjgsf] u'¿of]hgf lg0f{o x'Fbf oxfFsf Jofks k|Zg :jfefljs p7\g] u5{g\ . ctM nfut cfk"/0f ;Defjgfsf] rrf{ / gLltut b:tfj]h klg ag]sf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lng] / ;fdflhs 5 . To;sf cfwf/df / yk cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df k/LIf0f u/fpg] s'/f eljiodf cfpg] 5 . o;nfO{ c? cj;/x? e]l6g] 5g\ . r'gf}ltsf ?kdf :jLsfg{ cfjZos 5 . %= lrtjgsf] k| f ljlws tyf Jofj;flos ª_ pTkflbt hgzlQm / >d ahf/df dfusf] jLrdf ;Gt'ng 5}g . /f]huf/Lsf] s'/f t 6f9f 5 sltko lzIffdf b]lvg] u/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ hgzlQm :jod\ ;]jf ug]{ cj;/ kfpg klg sl7g s_ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf ;/sf/L 5 . of] l:yltn] s:tf] eljiosf] ;°]t u5{ < oL tyf lghL If]q nufgL ug{ tTk/ 5, ljBfyL{ s]xL ;fª\s]lts k|Zg dfq} x'g\ . c? y'k|} o:tf cleefjsdf cfsif{0f 5, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df r'gf}tL x'g ;S5g\ hf] ToxfF ;+nUgx?nfO{ yfxf rf/ u'0ff a9L ;Defjgf 5 tyflk olt dx·f] 5 5 . oL r'gf}tL kf/ ug{ ;Sg' eg]s} cj;/df ls h;sf] sf/0f ;a}sf] kx'Frleq 5}g . ?kfGt/0f x'g' xf] . v_ :jLs[tL lbg], ;DaGwg lbg], l;kmfl/; 103

lgisif{ d]/f] klxnf] lgisif{ xf] cfh h]nfO{ pRr k|fljlws dfG5f}+ Tof] ef]ln ;fdfGo x'g]5 . cyf{t k|ljlw o'u ;fk]If x'g5 ] . bf];f| ] lgisif{ xf] k|ljlwn] Ifdtf / cj;/ a9fpg'sf] ;fy} >d zlQmnfO{ lj:yflkt klg u5{ . t];|f] lgisif{ xf] k|fljlws ljZjljBfno / kf]ln6]lSgs OlG:6Ro'6 tyf d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] pkl:yltn] lrtjgnfO{ k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIffsf] If]qdf g]kfn / blIf0f Pl;ofs} Pp6f Jofks ;Defjgfsf] :yfg aGg] df}sf lbPsf] 5 .

ef] hfGg 6f8f k/

 huGgfy vgfn

rf}yf] lgisif{ xf] xfd|f ;fd' s]xL k]lrnf r'gf}ltx? 5g\ h;nfO{ ;fdgf ubf{ cj;/x?df ?kfGt/0f x'g ;S5 . pTkfbg / >d ahf/sf] c;Gt'ng xfd\f] csf]{ r'gf}tL xf] . clGtd lgisif{ xf] e}/x]sf k|oTgx? ;sf/fTds af6fdf 5g\ . b]lvPsf ljs[lt d'ns ' s} ljs[ltsf] kxf8af6 cfPsf x'g\ . cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u, r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / ;fdflhs bfloTj k'/f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf lrtjg;Fu 5 . ;+:yfut ?kn] / of]hgfjå 9ª\un] ;b'kof]u x'g ;sf];\ . efjL k':tfnfO{ /fd|f] lrtjg x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;lsof];\ .

/dfOnf] lrtjg

lk7'jf #

/f]k]sf] 5' oxf“ cg]s /Ësf :jKgf xhf/f}F y/L af]s]sf] 5' oxf“ cg]s y/sf af:gf xhf/f}“ e/L of] xf] cf>d b]jnf]s ;l/sf] :ju}{ 5 d]/f] 3/ 5f]8L ;'Gb/ k|f0f lrqjg of] ef] hfGg 6f8f k/

af]sL /fV5' hxfF x'Fbf klg ld7f] dfof ;“ufnL ;w} /fvL /fV5' lk|of s;]/ s/df vfnL cFufnL ;w} ltd|f] ;fy lagf d aG5' lj/xL d]/f] ltdL xf} e/ 5f]8L ;'Gb/ zfGt lrqjg of] ef] hfGg 6f8f k/ d]/f] b[li6 kljq 5f} gogsL gfgL ltdL xf} lk|of ;f/f ;[li6 5 Ps 5f} hutsL /fgL ltdL xf} lk|of ltd|f] ;'G/ sfvdf d t k/]+ u5f}{ ltdL h] u/ 5f]8L ;'Gb/ zfGt lrqjg of] ef] hfGg 6f8f k/ kfpFm /fVg ;b}j ;fy ;Fu d} ltd|f] ld7f] k|]d of] ltd|f] cfFrn b]j3f6 t6d} d]/f] ldnf];\ b]x of] d]/f] tfk / kfk leq dgsf] sfnf] / d}nf] x/ 5f]8L ;'Gb/ zfGt lrqjg of] ef] hfGg 6f8f k/ nf]leG5g\ husf ;a} hg oxfF df}/L /;}sf] ;/L kfg]{ df]lxt rfn, 8fn, /l;nf] afGsL ltdL xf} k/L tL rfFbL ;'g rflxFb}g d sg} xf];\ cf]t 5fgf v/ 5f]8L ;'Gb/ zfGt lrqjg of] ef] hfGg 6f8f k/ 104

 zDe'/fh hf]zL e/tk'/–!@, lrtjg

u9LdfO{sf] sfvdf cGg pAhfp e"ld hgdfg; oxfF cfpg] oxL e"ldnfO{ ;DemL vfg a:g ;a}nfO{ /fd|f] 7fpF ePsf] x]g{ 3'Dg lrtjg ef’5 ;f/} /dfOnf] 3'dlkm/ ug{ ko{6s cfpFbf /}5g\ oxfF g} hgdfg; lgs} xl;nf km'lt{nf p7\bf /}5g\ laxfg} xf]6n Jofkf/ lahg]; /fd|f];Fu rn]sf] x]g{ 3'Dg lrtjg ef’5 ;f/} /dfOnf] :jf:Yo lzIff ;'ljwf ;a}nfO{ ePsf] vfg]kfgL 6]lnkmf]g aQL 3/ 3/df k'u]sf] cfpg hfg htfht} af6f] /fd|f] ePsf] x]g{ 3'Dg lrtjg ef’5 ;f/} /dfOnf] cGgsf] e08f/ lrtjg el/G5g\ ;a}n] Jojl:yt tl/sfn] v]tLkftL ubf{ /}5g\ ;a}n] txfFtxL tf]/L kmfk/ b]lvg] km"n]sf] x]g{ 3'Dg lrtjg ef’5 ;f/} /dfOnf] d]nf pT;j dxf]T;j e}/xg] 7fpF 7fpFdf ;'Gb/ zx/ agfpg] rfxgf /}5 ;a}df Jojl:yt 3/ 38]/Lsf] ljsf; x'Fb} ufsf] x]g{ 3'Dg lrtjg ef’5 ;f/} /dfOnf]

ko{6gdf lrtjgsf uGtJo:yfgxÊ  ljZj/fh ;'j]bL dxf;lrj, lrtjg ko{6g ljsf; ;ldlt

kl/ro M

!_ ;f}/fxf

lrtjgsf] ljsf; ubf{ oxfF s f] ef} u f] l ns ljlzi6tfsf] cfwf/ lng' kb{5 . lrtjgsf] klxrfg k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s ;Dkbfx? ePsf]n] ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ubf{ logsf] df}lnstfnfO{ gi6 x'g lbg' x'bF g} . s[lif, lzIff, :j:Yo / ko{6g rf/ If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] lrtjgn] ko{6g ljsf; dfkm{t o:tf dxŒjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{ ;Sb5 . cUnfkxf8x?, xl/of 3gf hËn, gbL tyf tfn, km/flsnf kmfF6x?, l;d;f/ If]qx?, b'n{e jGohGt' Pjd\ r/fr'?ª\uL tyf ;du| h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;DkGg lrtjg lhNnf ;fd'lb|s ;txaf6 sl/a !$! ld= b]lv !($^ ld6/;Dd prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF r'/] efj/, t/fO k|b]z / dxfef/t n]v u/L tLg lsl;dsf] e"– efun] @@#* ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . h;dWo] lgs'~h nufot ljleGg jghËnn] sl/a ^@=^( k|ltzt 9fs]sf] 5, -lh=lj=;=, ;"rgf zfvf_ . kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv rlncfPsf ljleGg hfthfltsf cjz]if, d"NodfGotf, rfnrng, e]ife"iff, efiff, rf8kj{, ;+:s[lt, nf]suLt, nf]safhf Pjd\ cflbjf;L tyf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 cfPsf afl;Gbfx?sf df}lns ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fn] wgL lrtjg xjfO:yn tyf hndfu{af6 cfpg ;lsg] cfsif{s ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynsf] ?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . cg'kd ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg k|s[ltsf] pkxf/ o; /d0fLo lrtjgn] ;'Gb/tf / dgf]/~hgtkm{pGd"v u/fO/x]sf] cfhsf] ljZjnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;Sb5 . cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6ssf] k|d'v uGtJo:yn lrtjgdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] / gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynx? o;k|sf/ 5g\M

cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6sx?sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ uGtJo ;f}/fxf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] k|j]zåf/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . e/tk'/b]lv sl/a !* ls=ld= k"j{– blIf0f cjl:yt o; If]qdf af3df/f ;fd'bflos jg tyf lgs'~hdf xfQL;o/, /fKtL gbLdf xfQL;Fu} g'xfpg] Pjd\ 8'Ëf;o/, yf? ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u|xfno tyf h}ljs ;"rgf s]Gb| cjnf]sg, xfQL k|hgg\ s]Gb| Pjd\ ufpF e|d0f h:tf lqmofsnfkx?af6 ko{6sx?n] dgf]/~hg k|fKt u5{g\ . ;f}/fxf If]qdf cfpg] ko{6sx?nfO{ lhNnfsf cGo uGtJo :yndf k'¥ofpg ;s] ko{6ssf] a;fO cjlw j[l4 eO{ ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 .

@_ d]3f}nL g]kfnsf] klxnf] lgs'~h tyf b'O{ 7"nf gbL gf/fo0fL / /fKtLn] tLglt/af6 3]l/Psf] ;'Gb/ 6fk'sf] ?kdf cjl:yt ko6{sLo cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| d]3f}nL pbfpFbf] uGtJo:ynsf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ug'{ cufl8g} lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnb]lv g]kfnd} ;j{k|yd hËn ;kmf/Lsf] ;'¿jft ug]{ 6fOu/ 6K; hËn nhsf] k|j]zåf/ d]3f}nLdf * j6f ;fd'bflos jgx?, yf? ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u|xfno, @% ls=ld= b'O{ gbLn] 3]l/Psf lsgf/x?, 8'Ëf;o/ tyf ¥oflˆ6Ë, r/f cjnf]sg cGt/f{li6«o xfQLkf]nf] (Elephant Polo) Kof/fhlDkË, ljljw hfthfltsf ;f+:s[lts emnsx?n] k|Voft 5 . gf/fo0fL / /fKtL b'O{ ljzfn gbLsf] ;ª\ud:yn uf]nf3f6df ;fFemkv b]lvg] ;"of{:t b[Zofjnf]sgn] ko{6sx?nfO{ clj:d/0fLo k|fs[lts b[Zo k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . b]j3f6wfdb]lv lqj]0fLwfd;Ddsf] wfld{s ko{6sLo 105

hnofqfdf af; a:g'kg]{ o; :yndf cf/fdbfoL l/;f]{6 xf]6n, nh tyf yf? ;fd'bflos xf]d:6]df ;'ljwf ;DkGg a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . e/tk'/b]lv @% ls=ld= klZrddf cjl:yt d]3f}nL If]qdf ;+/If0fdf cfwfl/t ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'g] b]lvG5 .

#_ s;/f

P]ltxfl;s sª\sfnL sf]6, dlGb/, 3gf hËn, r/fr'?ËL cflb o; If]qsf cfsif{s ;Dkbf x'g\ . e/tk'/b]lv @% ls=ld= k"j{–pQ/ cjl:yt o; If]qnfO{ b'n{e r/fx?sf] nflu ;d]t jgdf k}bnofqf, d}bfgaf6 b[Zofjnf]sg, lkslgs Pjd\ dgf]/~hgfTds:yn cflbsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hleq kl6xfgL uf=lj=;= b]lv @ ls=ld= blIf0fdf cjl:yt s;/f wfld{s:yn ljqmdafaf tyf uf]xL k|hgg\ s]Gb|sf] ?kdf k|Voft 5 . r}t]+ bz}+df !% lbg;Dd nfUg] d]nf wfld{s Pjd\ dgf]/~hgsf] b[li6n] o; If]qsf] w]/} JolQmx? -cfGtl/s ko{6s_ n] e|d0f ub{5g\ . /f0ffsfndf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ejgdf /flvPsf] cfv]6f]kxf/ ;ª\ux| fno, b'ne { jGohGt' tyf r/fr'?ËL, ;k{, clhË/, k'tnL, u}+8f, xfQLsf cl:yk~h/x? cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L o; If]qdf /x]sf tfn tn}of ljleGg k|hfltsf df5f, peor/ hLj tyf b'n{e jGohGt' cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . uf]xL k|hgg\ s]Gb| cjnf]sg ug{ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf afXo ko{6sx?sf] cfudg b]lvG5 .

^_ 1fg]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jg

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&_ l;/fOr'nL pk/bfËu9L

e/tk'/b]lv sl/a ^ ls=ld= k"j{–blIf0fdf a/08fef/ hËnleq /x]sf] aL;xhf/L tfn ljZj /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] k|Voft uGtJo:yn xf] . ljleGg /fi6«af6 a;fO;/fO u/L cfpg] df};dL r/fx?sf] cf>o:yn o; tfndf uf]xL, df5f, clhË/ kfOG5 . To;}u/L u}+8f, xl/0f, /t'jf, afFb/, kf6]af3 ;d]t b]Vg ;lsG5 . lj=;= @)@@ ;fndf k"jL{ lrtjgaf6 NofOPsf] gx/sf] sf/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] o; tfn lj¿jfdf kfgL /fVg] xhf/L aL;xhf/L tfn egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;DalGwt kIfaf6 tfndf ePsf] hns'DeL tyf sfF8]emf/ x6fO ;+/If0f ug{ ;s] Night Safari s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 .

gf/fo0fu9 ahf/b]lv * ls=ld= klZrddf sl/a @)* x]S6/ If]qkmn cf]u6] s ] f] 1fg]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jg gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf] ?kdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . b'n{e Psl;Ë] u}8f, xl/0f, aFb]n h:tf jGohGt' Pjd\ r/fr?ËL cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] o; If]q lkslgs If]qsf] ?kdf k|Voft 5 . d[u, clhË/, b'D;L, afFb/, lugLlku cflb kz'kª\IfL ;lxtsf] ;fgf] lrl8ofvfgf (mini zoo) :yfkgf e};s]sf] o; ;fd'bflos jgdf gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lr;f] kfgL pkof]u u/L swimming pool lgdf{0f u/]df lrtjgs} cfsif{s lkslgs kfs{sf] ?kdf ljsf; eO{ cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ko{6sn] yk dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

dxfef/t kj{t z[ªv \ nfcGtu{t lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] -!($^ ld=_ :yfg l;/fOr'nL hfgsf] nflu k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] x'UbLaf6 % 306fsf] k}bn ofqfdf r]kfË, xf]d :6] ePsf] xfQLjfË xF'b} k'Ug ;lsG5 . To;}u/L blIf0ftkm{ lrtjg r]kfË kxf8L kbofqf dfu{sf] d'Vo k|j]zåf/ zlQmvf]/af6 HofG8fnfsf] psfnf] xF'b} sl/a & 306fsf] k}bnofqfaf6 k'Ug ;lsG5 . ;'of]b{ o x]g{] /d0fLo:yn l;/fOr'nLaf6 lxdz[ª\vnf, nflnu'/fF;sf] hËn, r]kfË a:tLx?, lrtjgsf] ;dy/ kmfF6 cflb b]Vg ;lsG5 . cflbjf;L r]kfË hfltsf] k/Dk/f df}lns ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff tyf ;'Gb/ kxf8L If]qdf b'n{e r/fx? cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] oxL If]qdf @%% jif{ klxn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf gftL zq'e~hg zfxaf6 lgdf{0f %_ sª\sfnL ;fd'bflos jg cfGtl/s ko{6s cfsif{0f ug]{ p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 7"nf] lsNnf pk/bfËu9L klg P]ltxfl;s uGtJo ul/Psf] 6x/f ;lxtsf] lkslgs :kf]6, :jLldË k'n, :ynsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)!^ ;fn;Dd lrtjg 106

lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd /x]sf] o; k|frLg If]qdf hËn ;kmf/L / ¥oflˆ6Ësf nflu cfpg] ko{6snfO{ 6]«lsËsf] cg'ej k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ko{6ssf] a;fO{ cjlw j[l4 eO cfly{s jftfj/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;S5 .

h;sf] bfofFtkm{ jfNdLls Clif / afofFtkm{ ;Ltf Pjd\ njs'zsf d"lt{x? :yflkt ul/Psf 5g\ . o; If]qdf ePsf oL k'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf j:t'x? ;+/If0f u/L b]j3f6wfd;Dd ;~hfn :yflkt ug{;s] wfld{s ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}u/L lqj]0fL wfddf nfUg] d]nf df3] cf}+zL d]nf, /fdgjdL d]nf cem Jojl:yt u/L *_ b]j3f6wfd gf/fo0fu9b] l v sl/j ^ ls=ld= pQ/df ef/tLo ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . lqz"nL / sfnLu08sLsf] kljq ;Ëd:yn b]j3f6wfd !)_ uf]4s–k/z'/fd s'08 P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] df8Lsf] /]jf gbLsf] blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;f]d]Zj/ el/k"0f{ 5 . zflGt / cfWoflTds pGgogsf] nflu clt kj{tsf] klZrdtkm{sf] clGtd lzv/df k/z'/fd s'08 dxŒjk"0f{ o; If]qdf gbL, xl/of kxf8x?sf ;'Gb/ /x]sf] 5 . k|frLg lsFjbGtL cg';f/ pQm s'08df kl/b[Zo nufot h}ljs ljljwtf cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . k/z'/fdn] tk:of u/]sf lyP . ;f]d]Zj/ kj{taf6 lxdjT;v08 g]kfn dxfTDodf pNn]v eP cg';f/ em/]sf dgf]/d em/gfx?af6 k/z'/fd s'08 ag]sf] xf] . b]jtfsf klg b]jtf dxfb]j z°/ cfˆgf u0fx?sf ;fy /fdgjdL kj{df 7"nf] d]nf nfUg] of] kljq:yn s'08sf] oxfF a:g'x'GYof] To;}n] o;sf] gfd b]jtL /xg uPsf] xf] . glhs} uf]4s kb{5 . hxfF ^ lbg;Dd r}t] bz}Fdf d]nf un]Zj/ cf>d rqm]Zj/zLnf, ;Ltf u'kmf, jlzi6 nfUb5 . b|f}kbL s'08, o'lwli7/sf] 5ftf, k|frLg /fhf u'kmf, xl/x/ dlGb/, dx]z ;Gof;–cf>d, /fd dlGb/ lj/f6sf] uf]7 tyf ckf/ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx? ePsf] pQm o1zfnf, s7:t'k, l;l4 u0f]z, uf]kLwfd, ;"os { 08 h:tf e"ldnfO{ jfNdLls cf>db]lv b]j3f6wfd;Dd hf]8]/ kljq:yn /x]sf] b]j3f6 If]qdf kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ k|j4{g u/L ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . cfpg] lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?nfO{ jf ef/tLo ko{6snfO{ !!_ ;f]d]Zj/ sflnsf cfsif{0f u/L hndfu{af6 uf]nf3f6 x'Fb} lqj]0fL wfd e/tk'/b]lv sl/a $) ls=ld= blIf0fdf @#* ju{ jfNdLls cf>d;Dd k'¥ofpg ;s] o;n] ko{6ssf] lrtjg ls=ld= If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] df8L pkTosfdf $ uf=lj=;= a;fO{ cjlw la:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . kb{5g\ . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfn] wgL x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lgs'~hsf] sfvdf (_ jfNdLls cf>d lqj]0fLwfd b]lv sl/a @ ls=ld= k"j{ r'/] /x]sf] df8L If]q cWoog cg';Gwfg / k|rf/k|;f/sf] kj{tdf hËnleq /fdfo0fsfnLg jfNdLls cf>d cefjn] cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . a3f}8f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( du'O{ vf]nfsf] lz/ /x]sf] 5 . q]tfo'udf lgjf{l;t ;Ltfn] njs'znfO{ hGd lbPsf] jfNdLls Clifn] Wofg u/]sf] njs'znfO{ lzIff 5/5/]af6 $ 306fsf] lxF8fOdf k'lug] ;f]d]Zj/ kj{taf6 bLIff lbPsf], ;Ltf kftfn k|j]z u/]sf] wfld{s hg dgf]/d ;"of]{bo b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;f]d]Zj/ sflnsfdf k"hf ljZjf; /x]sf] o; kljq wfld{s:yn cof]Wof, hgsk'/, ug{, 5/5/]df nfUg] PsfbzL d]nf x]g{ ljleGg :yfgaf6 ;]t'aGwg, n'lDagL h:tf ;dsfnLg If]qeGbf ;+/If0f / bz{gfyL{ cfpF5g\ . k|j4{gsf] b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf] 5 . !@_ nfdf]em/gf k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s, tyf P]ltxfl;s dxŒj gf/fo0fu9 – d'lUng dfu{sf] hnlj/] dlGb/af6 af]ss ] f] o; If]qdf sFl' bPsf 7"nf 9'Ëfx? tyf zLnfn]vx? @) ldg]6sf] k}bn ofqfdf sl/a ! ls=dL= psfnf] kf/ k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . cf>dleq xl/x/gfysf] dlGb/ 5 . u/]kl5 r08Le~ofË uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( cGtu{t nfdf] 107

em/gf kb{5 . ;dtn kmfF6x?n] el/k"0f{ lrtjg lhNnfdf k|fs[lts j/bfgsf] ?kdf of] em/gf k/fk"j{sfnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|km'lnt eP/ eml//x]sf] 5 . sl/a ^) ld= cUnf] :yfgaf6 l;w} tn r§fgdf k/]sf] o; em/gf k|fs[lts kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/fsf] ?kdf zf]efodfg b]lvG5 . xl/of kxf8x?sf] aLrdf zfGt jftfj/0fdf o; hnj[li6sf] b[Zofjnf]sg u/L ko{6sx?n] e/k"/ cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;}u/L oxfF /x]sf tLgj6f ;fgf kf]v/Lx?df :gfg ug]{ cj;/ klg k|fKt ub{5g\ . k|j4{gsf] cefjdf /x]sf] o; gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo :yndf e|d0f ug]{ ko{6sx?n] ofs/fª / hnlj/] ufpFsf u'¿ª a:tLx?sf] snf tyf ;+:s[ltsf] cjnf]sg u/L yk dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . kxf8L If]qsf] o; ct'ngLo pkxf/ ;dIf ;xh kx'Fr agfO{ k|rf/ ug{ ;s] :yfgLo hgtfn] xf]d:6] ;~rfng u/L ko{6gsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . o; nfdf] em/gf If]qnfO{ kfs{sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 .

!#_ lqj]0fL wfd lqj]0fL lrtjg lhNnfsf] blIf0f–klZrd efudf g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf glhs} kb{5 . gf/fo0fL gbL, ;f]gf gbL / tdf];f gbLsf] ;Ëdsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ lqj]0fL elgPsf] xf] . of] lxGb"x?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ tLy{:ynsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]gf gbL / tdf];f gbLnfO{ ;'j0f{eb| / k"0f{eb| klg elgG5 . r'/] z[ª\vnfsf] ;fldKodf kg]{ o; lqj]0fLwfddf k|To]s jif{ df3 dlxgfsf] cf}F;Ldf eJo d]nf nfUb5 . kfFr–;ft lbg cl3b]lv g} d]nfsf] tof/L x'G5 . oxfF :gfg ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 eGg] hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ef/t, ltAat, l;lSsd, e'6fgaf6 ;d]t 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf tLy{ofqLx? cfpF5g\ . df3];ª\qmflGt / r}t] bz}+df klg oxfF >4fn' eQmhgx?sf] 7"nf] pkl:ylt /xg] ub{5 .

dlGb/leq b|fk} bL ;lxt kfFr kf08jsf d"lt{x? /flvPsf 5g\ . o'lwli7/, eLd;]g, ch{'g, gxs'n, ;xb]j / /fgL b|f}kbLsf v;|f / s]xL 6'lqmPsf k|z:t d"lt{x? /flvPsf 5g\ . o; dlGb/sf k'hf/L u'/f} 5g\ . of] dlGb/sf] klZrdtkm{ Pp6f #& lkm6 ulx/f] 9'Ëfn] agfOPsf] Ogf/ 5 . o; :yndf dxfef/tsfndf ! jif{;Dd u'Ktjf; a;]sf] / ToxfFaf6 lj/f6gu/tkm{ nfu]sf] eGg] :yfgLo hgtfsf] egfO 5 .

!%_ j}s'07]Zj/ wfd Pjd\ dxfb]j dlGb/ lrtjg df8L If]qsf] cof]Wofk'/L uf=lj=;= j8f g++ ^ df cjl:yt j}s'07]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ g]kfnsf wfld{s kljq:yn dWo] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ :ynsf] ?kdf k|Voft ePsf] kfOG5 . ;j{k|yd o; j}s'07]Zj/ wfddf nÍfsf /fhf s'a]/n] Wofg tk:of u/]sf lyP / o;} 7fpFdf kl5 Jofwf /Tgfs/n] klg 1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 Clif jfNdLls x'g k'u]sf] syg /x]sf] 5 . of] h:tf] kljq :yn, pQ/jflxgL /]jf gbL, dx]Zj/L gbL, oqtq zflnu|fd kfOg] ;j{zlQmdfg OR5f k"0f{ x'g] :yfg, ljleGg /fhf, Clifx?sf] kljq cf>d cGoq st} gePsf] x'gfn] g} /fdn] cfˆgf efO nId0fnfO{ cx|fO ;LtfnfO{ oxfF NofO{ 5f8]sf lyP . oxL :yndf nj s'zn] lzIff bLIff k|fKt u/L ;j{zlQmdfg eO /fdn] cZjd]w o1 ug]{ qmddf 5f8]sf] 3f]8f ;dfTg'sf ;fy} 3f]8f 5'6fpg cfPsf zq'£g, xg'dfgnfO{ ;d]t aGbL agfPsf lyP . oBlk 3f]8f afFw]sf] lsNnf lqj]0fLwfddf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

!^_ ;LtfdfO{ -kl6xfgL_

e/tk'/b]lv !& ls=ld= blIf0fdf cjl:yt kl6xfgL uflj; ;fdflhs, ;f+ : s[ l ts, wfld{ s Pjd\ k|fs[lts b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . lgs'~hsf] sfvdf cjl:yt o; ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn dxfef/t kj{tsf] e"–efudf df};d cg';f/ kfOg] rl/r/gb]lv b'n{e !$_ kf08jgu/ jGohGt'sf] nflu k|Voft 5 . cflbjf;Lx?sf] a;f]af; df8Lsf] /] j f gbLsf] lsgf/df /x] s f] /xFb} cfPsf] o; If]qdf wfld{s ?kdf ;Ltf dfO{ kf08jgu/df kfOg] d"lt{, k'/fgf] Ogf/ tyf eUgfjz]ifx?n] b]jfno:yn nufot ljqmdafaf, sdnkf]v/L, lzjfno dxfef/tsfnsf] ememNsf] lbG5g\ . ToxfF Pp6f ;fgf] dlGb/, u'Daf cflb dxŒjk"0f{ :ynx? kb{5g\ . /fKtL 108

gbLsf] ;fldKodf cjl:yt j/08fef/ If]qsf] k|j]zåf/ kl6xfgLdf oxfFsf] ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, xfQL;f/, 8'Ëf ;o/, :yfgLo kl/sf/ tyf ljleGg tfnx?n] ko{6sx?nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sb5 .

!&_ ;Ltf u'kmf

@)_ df}nfsflnsf gf/fo0fu9 ahf/b]lv ! ls=ld= pQ/ u}+8fsf]6 l:yt e[s6' L sfuh sf/vfgfb]lv sl/a # ls=ld= psfnf] r9]kl5 df}nfsflnsf dlGb/ kl/;/df k'luG5 . oxfFsf] :yn, k"hf cf/fwgf u/]df dgf]sfª\Iff k'Ug], ljrngaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsg], lj£gafwf x6\g] eGg] hgefjgf /x]sf] kfOG5 . df}nfsflnsfsf] k"hf ug{] rng klxnf /fhf dl0fd's'Gb ;]gn] rnfPsf lyP eGg] egfO /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)#!÷#@ ;fnb]lv 8fF8f]df ;fgf] dlGb/ lgdf{0f ul/Ptfklg tLgtn] dlGb/ :yfgLojf;Lx?sf] ;lqmotfdf lgdf{0f ul/of] . k|fs[lts b[Zox? cflb b]j3f6 If]q Pjd\ gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] o; If]qdf s]a'nsf/sf] lgdf{0f u/L cfGtl/s ko{6ssf] ;ª\Vof a9\g] b]lvG5 . u}+8fsf]6 kl/;/df /xg] cGo wfld{s ;b:ox? klg wfld{s ko{6gsf] nflu cfsif{s uGtJo :yn x'g ;S5g\ .

cof]Wofk'/L uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & df cjl:yt ;Ltf u'kmf wfld{s lx;fan] lgs} rlr{t 5 . ule{0fL ;LtfnfO{ wf]aLåf/f cf/f]k nufOPsf] a]nfdf /fdn] o;} 3g3f]/ hËndf 5f]8]sf x'g\, ule{0fL ;Ltf cf>osf nflu j}s'07]Zj/wfd eGbf $ ls=ld= k"j{kl§sf] kxf8df /x]sf] u'kmfdf a;]sf]n] of] u'kmf ;Ltf u'kmfsf] gfdn] lrlgg uPsf] xf] . ;Ltf u'kmfleq !)) hgf dflg; a:g ldNg] 7fpF 5 . a|Xdf, lji0f', ;fljqL, kfj{tL, nIdL, eujtL / u0f]zsf] d"lt{ /x]sf] 5 . dx]Gb| u'kmf, l;4 u'kmf eGbf 7"nf] cfsf/sf] 5 . @)_ cGo uGtJo:ynx¿M !*_ ljqmdafaf s_ uf]nf3f6 v_ sljnf; u9L hutk'/b]lv blIf0f /fKtL gbL kf/L lrtjg u_ af3df/f ;f=j= 3_ gu/jg e=g=kf=–$ /fli6«o lgs'~hleq hËndf Pp6f ?vd'lg ljqmdafafsf] ª_ u0f]z:yfg, e=g=kf=–!! k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . ljqmdafafnfO{ yf?x?n] cfˆgf] r_ jfu]Zj/L, e=g=kf=–!) b]jtf dfgL k"hf u5{g\ . yf?, s'dfn, b/fO hfltsf 5_ rf}sL 8f8f–sljnf; h_ s'l/g6f/ dflg;x?n] ;Gtfg k|fKt xf];\ egL ljqmdafafsf] em_ gf]s u'kmf sf]/fs `_ tfnx? k"hf ug]{ u5{g\ . xfn cfP/ ;a} hft tyf ;d'bfosf 6_ ;ª\u|xfnox? 7_ gbLx? o'jf–o'jlt, lszf]/–lszf]/Lsf] ljqmdafaftkm{ cfsif{0f 8_ Hofgbfnfle/ a9]sf] 5 . eQmhgx? cf–cfˆgf] dgf]sfª\Iff k"/f xf];\ 9_ cuf{lgs s[lif kmd{, km"naf/L egL ljqmdafafsf] k"hf u5{g\, k/]jf p8fpF5g\, anL 0f_ k]l/9fk, e08f/f r9fpF5g\, o'jf–o'jtLx? ;'vb\ bfDkTo hLjg, ck]lIft t_ j]nx¶f ;fd'bflos jg -hutk'/_ ;Gtfg k|flKtsf nflu dgf]/~hgfTds / ef]h vfg] y_ ;tgr'nL ;fd'bflos jg b_ s'/Lg6f/ tl/sfn] ljqmdafaf hfg] u5{g\ . s'g} klg k|fs[lts ko{6sLo lqmofsnfk cfkb–ljkb cfOnfUbf, /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k a9\bf, hgtfnfO{ zz/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf ;fd'bflos jgx?df xfQL ;o/ . /f]u, b'3{6gfaf6 arfpg oxfF yf?sf kl08t u'/f}n] zzljleGg gbL tyf tfnx?df 8'Ëf ;o/ . k"hf ug]{ ub{5g\ . ljutdf ;/sf/n] u'/f}nfO{ hgtfsf] zzgf/fo0fL gbLdf ¥ofkm\l6Ë . pkrf/ ug]{, :yfgLo k|zf;g rnfpg], s/ ;Íng ug]{ zzb]j3f6wfd – uf]nf3f6 – lqj]0fLwfd hnofqf . lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . zzkxf8L tyf cflbjf;L ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx? . 109

zzxfQL;Fu} g'xfpg] tyf xfQL k|hgg s]Gb| cjnf]sg . zzuf]xL k|hgg\ s]Gb| cjnf]sg . zz;"of]{bo tyf ;"of{:t cjnf]sg . zzhftLo ;ª\u|xfno cjnf]sg . zzb'n{e jGohGt' tyf r/fr'?ËL cjnf]sg . zzuf8faf6 ufpF e|d0f . � hËn jfs . zz6]«lsË tyf xfOlsË . � SoflDkË . zzxfQL bf}8 . � xfQL kf]nf] . zz;fOsn kf]nf] . � Kof/fUnfOl8Ë . zzxgLxlG6Ë . zz;fd'lb|s lar v]nx? . zzhftLo ;+:s[lt cg'?k j}b]lzs hf]8Lsf] ljjfx . zzP]ltxfl;s Pjd\ wfld{s :ynx?sf] cjnf]sg .

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ;+;f/ aLrsf] b"/L 36\b} hfg' / hg;d'bfo ;f}Gbo{ / dgf]/~hgtkm{ cfslif{t x'Fb} uPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ckf/ ;Dkbfx? 5g\ eg]/ dfq ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs If]q ldn]/ ;xsfo{ ub{} :jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfn h:tf] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«n] ef/t / rLg;Fu cf}Bf]lus k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g To;}n] s[lif, hn;|f]t / ko{6g If]q g} g]kfnsf] nflu ;jf{]Qd b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ ko{6g dGqfno, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{, tf/fufp ljsf; ;ldlt, lghL If]q tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 ;do ;fk]If gLlt, lgod, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? tof/ u/L ko{6g pBf]udf nufgLsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 . lrtjgdf /x]sf log} ko{6sLo :ynx?sf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L lrtjgsf] a[xt u'¿of]hgf cg'?k ko{6gsf] ljsf;af6 cfly{s ;d[l4 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oxf“ 5g\ w/fdf cg]sf}“ cefj s8f j:t'sf b'MvbfoL :jefj oxf“ km"n sf“8flagf /flv“b}g lagf cf“;'sf] g]q sf]xL x'“b}g . – nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f 110

111

lrtjgdf df5fkfng Joj;fo, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLxÊ  lx/fnfn e';fn jl/i7 dT:o ljsf; clws[t

ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/]sf] g]kfn ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ljZj dfglrqdf lgs} 5 . k|fs[lts ?kdf /x]sf gbLgfnf, tfntn}of, ljB't ;fgf], e"kl/j]li7t d'n's xf] . s[lif Joj;fo oxfFsf lgsfNg agfOPsf l/h/jfo/x?, l;l~rt wfgv]tdf clwsf+z dflg;x?sf] hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] / d'n'ssf] df5f ;dfTg] jf dfg]{ -Capture Fisheries_ sfo{ u/]/ cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 klg xf] . oxfFsf sl/a ^^ k|ltzt klg vfg] df5f k|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 . cToflws ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, cj}wflgs ?kn] dflg;x? s[lif k];fdf cfl>t 5g\ . /fi6«sf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg ## k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . df5f dfg]{ sfo{, e"–Ifo, kfgLsf ;|f]tx? ;'Sb} hfg' df5fkfng Joj;fo k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] If]q / k|s[ltdf /x]sf df5fx?sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+j4{gsf] xf] . g]kfndf sl/a *,!*,!)) x]S6/ hnIf]q ljBdfg cefjdf o;/L k|fKt x'g] df5fsf] dfqf aif]{gL 36bf] 5 . If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df g]kfn :jR5 hn;Dkbfsf] s|ddf 5, eg] kf]v/Lx? lgdf{0f u/]/ df5fkfng, lx;fjn] ;+;f/s} bf];|f] wgL d'n's ePtfklg sl/a @ 3f]ndf df5fkfng, k|fs[lts tfnx?df lgolGqt ?kdf k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/L If]qnfO{ dfq xfdLn] df5fkfngdf s]h sNr/ tyf OGSnf]h/df df5fkfng ug]{ tyf lr;f] kfgLdf /];j] lgdf{0f u/]/ df5fkfng ug]{ sfo{ pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5f}F . d'VotM t/fO{sf] ;dtn e"–efudf /x]sf -Culture Fisheries_ a9\bf]] s|ddf 5 . b]zleq} pTkfbg ePsf] vfg] df5fsf] cj:yfnfO{ kf]v/Lx? g} df5fkfngaf6 k|fKt x'g] vfg] df5fsf] d'Vo ;|f]t:yn xf] . o;sf cnfjf 3f]n, tfn, l/h/jfo/ tyf x]g{] xf] eg] cf=j= @)^&÷^* df5fkfngaf6 #),(%) l;l~rt wfg v]tdf gu0o ?kdf df5fkfng ul/G5 d]=6g / k|fs[lts hnfzox?df df5f ;dfTg] jf dfg]{ eg] kxf8L If]qdf /x]sf l56f] aUg] lr;f] kfgLsf vf]nf sfo{af6 @!,%)) d]=6g u/L s'n %@,$%) d]=6g vfg] df5f tyf vf]N;fx? glhs /];j]x? lgdf{0f u/L a9L d"No kg]{ pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= !_ . o; tYof°df ' af6 cfpg] df5fsf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z /]Gjf] 6«fp6 hftsf df5fkfNg] sfd ;d]t e}/x]sf] 5 . aflx/af6÷cGo d'ns ;/sf/n] Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{s|dcGtu{t /;'jf, 5}g . xfd|f] pTkfbgn] k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ df5fsf] pkef]u !=( g'jfsf]6 lhNnfx?df lr;f] kfgLdf 6«fp6 df5fkfngnfO{ s]hLsf] xf/fx/Ldf dfq 5, h'g lgs} Go"g xf] . tflnsf g+= ! M g]kfndf pknAw hnIf]q, pkof]u Pjd\ pTkfbg l:ylt df5fkfng k|fs[lts hnfzo qm= hnfzosf lsl;d pknAw hnIf]q pkof]u ePsf] Fish Culture_ Capture Fisheries_ ;+= hnIf]q af6 k|fKt x'g] df5f af6 k|fKt x'g] df5f

k[i7e"ld

! kf]v/L @ 3f]n 112

&,%)) x] !!,!)) x]=

&,@&& x]= @,@)) x]=

@^,($! d]=6g #,#)) d]=6g

— %(() d]=6g 113

qm= ;+=

hnfzosf lsl;d

pknAw hnIf]q

pkof]u ePsf] hnIf]q

%,))) x]=

df5fkfng

k|fs[lts hnfzo -Fish Culture_ -Capture Fisheries_ af6 k|fKt x'g] df5f af6 k|fKt x'g] df5f — *%) d]=6g #^) d]=6g — !$) d]=6g — — #*% d]= 6g $% d]= 6g &!^% d]= 6g — &!!) d]=6g

# tfn s_ lk+h8f v_ OGSnf]h/ $ l/h/Ejfo/ % wfgv]t ^ gbLgfnf

!,%)) x]= #,(*,))) x]= #,(%,))) x]=

— ^),))) 3=ld= !)) x] — !)) x]= —

& /];j]df 6«fp6 df5f

%))) a=ld=

!$) d]= 6g

—

*= ;/sf/L kmfd{x?af6 pTkfbg / las|L df5f hDdf

—

@$ d]=6g

—

#),(%) d]=6g

@!,%)) d]= 6g

*,!*,!))

Source M Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2010÷2011 -@)^&÷@)^*_

df5f lsg kfNg] <  df5fkfngfn] v]/ u}/x]sf hn, hldg Pj+ ;fgf 7"nf hne08f/x?sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .  df5f Ps kf]l;nf] / :jflbnf] vfBj:t' ePsfn], vfB ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} o;n] xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] kf}li6s tŒjx? lbG5, z/L/ :j:Yo /xg d2t ub{5 / /f]uJoflw nfUg kfpFb}g .  df5fkfng ubf{ cGo afnLx?sf] t'ngfdf a9L kmfObf x'g], df5f a]r]/ /fd|f] cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .  s'lxPsf Pjd\ ;8]un]sf emf/kftx? kf]v/Ldf df5fsf] k|fs[lts cfxf/f pTkfbg ug]{ dnsf] ?kdf pkof]udf cfpFb5g\, xl/of] 3fF;÷emf/kft df5fn] vfG5, nfdv'§], ;fgf7"nf ls/fsf] km"n, nfef{, Ko"kf df5fn] ;f]em} vfOlbgfn] df5fkfngfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf 7"nf] d2t k'Ub5, o;n] xfdLnfO{ :j:y /xg ;d]t d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .  df5fkfng sfo{, df5f dfg]{ tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{x?df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? ;[hgf x'G5g\, yf]/} ePklg ul/aL 36fpg d2t ub{5 .  clxn] ck'u ePsf] df5f aflx/af6 cfpFbf 7"nf] 114

wg/flz÷ljb]zL d'b|f vfg] df5f cfoft ug{ aflx/ hfFb} 5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] b]zd} kof{Kt df5f pTkfbg ug{ ;s] aflx/ hfg] ljb]zL d'b|fx?nfO{ cGo ljsf; sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 / /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ub5 .

lrtjg lhNnfsf] dT:o ljsf;sf] cj:yf lrtjg lhNnf ljljw k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] wgL lhNnf dflgG5 . kfgLsf ;|f]tx?, vf]nf–gfnf, tfn–tn}of, s'nf], gx/, af]l/Ëx? kof{Kt ePsf] / lhNnfsf] klZrd–blIf0fL If]qdf s]xL bnbn hldg ;d]t /x]sf]n] df5fkfng / ljsf;sf nflu /fd|f] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] 5 . of] Joj;fo lrtjg lhNnfdf Tolt gofF klg xf]Og . oxfF klxnf] dT:o ljsf; cfof]hgfsfnsf] dWo efu @)$@ ;fnb]lv g} kmf6\6km'6\6 ?kdf s[ifsx?n] df5fkfng ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . t/ Tolta]nf xfd|f] lgjf{xd'vL v]tL k|0ffnLn] ubf{ o; Joj;fonfO{ s[ifsx?n] Tolt k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . df5fkfng lrtjg h:tf] t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"efudf s]lGb|t x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f xfdLn] df5fkfngdf k|of]u u/]sf sfk{hftsf df5fx?sf] nflu pko'Qm

lsl;dsf] Gofgf] xfjfkfgL Pj+ jftfj/0fsf] pknAwtf x'g' xf] . vf;u/L ;ft lsl;dsf sfk{ hftsf df5fx?M sdg sfk{, l;Ne/ sfk{, laux]8 sfk{, u|f; sfk{, /f]x', g}gL -d[un_ / efs'/f -sTnf_ df5f g} xfd|f] ax'hftLo dT:okfngdf k|f/Deb]lv g} k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . xfnsf s]xL jif{ otf t/fO{ If]qdf l6nflkof, clk|msg dfu'/, kfËf; -a}vL_ df5fkfng ;'¿ ul/Psf] 5 . ljut %–^ jif{b]lv eg] v]tL k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] ;'wf/, kf]if0fdf cfPsf] ;r]tgfn] df5fdf;'sf] dfudf j[l4, cGo afnLsf] t'ngfdf PsfO If]qkmndf a9L pTkfbg / a9L cfly{s cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] afnL tyf sfd ug{ ;Sg] hgzlQm cefj /x]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf Go"g >d nfUg] Joj;fo ePsf] / ;/sf/n] klg dT:o Joj;fonfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL cleofgd'vL dT:o pTkfbg sfo{qmd h:tf] ljz]if sfo{qmd;lxt cg'bfgsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf]n] lrtjg lhNnfdf o; Joj;fok|lt s[ifssf] cfsif{0f a9\bf] 5 . cleofgd'vL dT:opTkfbg sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ;+nUg s[ifsx?n] ;Lldt If]q lj:tf/ / kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf nflu cg'bfg t kfPsf 5g\ g}, To;sf] ;fy;fy} e}/x]sf ks]6 If]qsf] lj:tf/, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a[l4sf] k|efjn] To; Joj;fodf nfUg vf]Hg] gjk|j]zLx?nfO{ ;d]t ck|ToIf ?kdf cfsif{0f k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . lrq g+= ! lrtjg lhNnfdf df5f pTkfbg / kf]v/Lsf] If]qkmnsf] ljj/0f

o; lhNnfdf dT:okfng Joj;fosf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]bf{ cleofgd'vL dT:o pTkfbg sfo{s|d -cf=j= @)^$÷^%_ nfu" ePkl5 If]qkmn lj:tf/ tyf pTkfbg

Pj+ pTkfbsTj a[l¢n] yk ult lnPsf]] b]lvG5 . cfwf/ jif{ @)^$÷^% sf] tYof° cg';f/ !!% x]S6/ If]qkmnaf6 #^) d]=6g= vfg]df5f pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 eg] o;n] lj:tf/} ult lng] qmd;+u} cf=j= @)^*÷^( df !&% x]S6/ If]qkmndf df5fkfng eO{ ^$& d]=6g= vfg] df5f pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cjlwdf cf};t jflif{s !% x]S6/sf b/n] If]qkmn lj:tf/ / sl/a &@ d]=6g sf b/n] vfg] df5fsf] pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .

hnIf]qsf] ljj/0f cf=j=@)^*÷^( df lh=s[=lj=sf=sf] ;e]I{ f0fcg';f/ gofF tyf k'/fgf kf]v/Lx? / k|fs[lts 3f]ntfn u/L lrtjg lhNnfdf df5fkfngsf nflu s'n @)* x]S6/ pko'Qm hnIf]q /x]sf] 5 . lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs÷;fd'bflos :jfldTjdf sl/a ^)) s[ifs kl/jf/x?af6 pkof]udf NofPsf] pQm If]qdf ;fgf– 7"nf u/L !))) j6f kf]v/L÷3f]ntfnx? /x]sf 5g\ . k"jL{ lrtjgsf] lkKn], s7f/, s'd/f]h uf=lj=;= / /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf, klZrd lrtjgsf] u'~hgu/, zf/bfgu/ / lbJogu/ uf=lj=;=tyf df8Lsf] sNof0fk'/ / cof]Wofk'/L uf=lj=;= lhNnfsf] dT:o ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf lrlgG5g\ / oL If]qx?df Jofj;flos :t/df dT:okfng ul/Psf] 5 . If]qkmnsf] lx;fjn] u'~hgu/ s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| dftxtdf ;a}eGbf a9L ^!=$% x]S6/df dT:okfng ul/Psf] 5 eg] clwsf+z kf]v/Lx? ;fgf -s/];f kf]v/L_ /x]sf /x]sf sf/0f s[ifs 3/w'/L ;+nUgtf / kf]v/L ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] v}/xgL s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|df ;a} eGbf a9L @&# / #^* /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

ltdL b'MvL 5f}, bl/b| 5f} eg] To;df s;}sf] bf]if 5}g, bf]if ltdLleq g} 5 o;nfO{ vf]hL lgsfNg' ltd|f] g} sfd xf] . – vKt8 :jfdL 115

tflnsf g+= @ M s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|cg';f/ hnIf]qsf] ljj/0fsf] tflnsf qm= s[lif ;]jf ;+= s]Gb| a;Gtk'/, s df8L

uf=lj=;=/ g=kf= ! cof]Wofk'/L sNof0fk'/ # a3f}8f $ ubL{ hDdf ! d]3f}nL

lbAogu/ # hutk'/ $ kl6xfgL % u'~hgu/ ^ kfj{tLk'/ & zf/bfgu/ * dËnk'/ ( uLtfgu/ hDdf ! /=g=kf 2

v u

u'~hgu/ /Tggu/

kbdk'/ # zlQmvf]/ $ slanf; hDdf ! v}/xgL

s'd/f]h 3 v}/xgL # s7f/ $ r}gk'/ % jL/]Gb|gu/ ^ e08f/f & lkKn] hDdf s'n hDdf 2

s[ifs kf]v/L hnfzo ;+Vof ;ª\Vof If]qkmn -x]=_ 39

7.3

192

3.9

0.3

147

290

42.5

0.1

8.5

5.7

22.2

13.4

1.1

5.45

130

225

61.45

111

44.5

0.5

0.4

0.15

122

45.55

12.5

111

136

15.1

3.3

0.5

10.2

11.7

273

368

59.3

599

1005

208.8

nflu lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, dT:o aLh ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ?kdf dT:o ljsf; s]Gb| e08f/f / pRr bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/ /x]sf 5g\ eg] lghL If]qdf g]kfn dT:o Joj;foL ;+3 lhNnf ;ldlt lrtjg–!, dT:o s[ifs ;d"x–@% j6f, dT:o ;xsf/L–# j6f, lghL Xofr/L–$ j6f / lghL g;{/L–% j6f /x]sf 5g . ;/sf/L tyf lghL b'a} If]qaf6 lhNnfdf dT:o ljhsf] cfk"lt{ e}/x]sf] 5 .

df5fkfngdf b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx¿ df5fkfng / ljsf;df ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qx?af6 ljleGg lsl;dsf k|of;x? eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf afjh'b klg s[ifs Pj+ Joj;foLx?n] cgluGtL cK7\of/fx? em]Ng' kl//x]sf] 5 . tLdWo] d'Vo ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M  ;Lldt hftsf] df5fx? -ljz]if u/L sfk{ hft_ sf] dfq ljsf; x'Fbf ljsNkx? ;Lldt x'g',  t'?Gt} lju|g] j:t' ePsf]n] plrt k|zf]wg, Kofs]lhË, e08f/0f cflbsf] ;d:of,  jftfg's'lnt 9'jfgL ;fwgsf] Joj:yf gx'g',,  pTkfbg nfutsf] cg'kftdf :yfgLo ahf/df df5fn] plrt d"No gkfpg',  kf}li6s tŒjo'Qm dT:ocfxf/ pBf]u :jb]zdf gx'g',  cGo d'n'saf6 lelqg] u'0f:t/xLg df5fsf] sf/0f :jb]zL df5fsf], ahf/ ;'lglZrt gx'g÷' c;'/lIft x'g,'  lg/Gt/sf] nf]8;]l8ª,  bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL tyf k|of]uzfnfsf] cefj  v'nf l;dfgf  ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g

df5fkfngsf ;Defjgfx¿

cgluGtL ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? x'bF fx'bF } klg xfdL;Fu df5fkfng / ljsf;sf nflu k|z:t ;Defjgfx? klg ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] l:ylt /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ lhNnfdf dT:oljsf; / Joj;fo k|j¢{gsf ;lsG5M nflu ;/sf/L :t/df k|ljlw lj:tf/ / ;]jf, 6]jfsf  kof{Kt hne08f/ ljßdfg 5, h;nfO{ df5fkfng 116

/ ljsf;df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5,  PsfO{ If]qkmnaf6 a9L cfly{s cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] Joj;fo,  s[ifsx?sf] o; Joj;fok|lt a9\bf] cfsif{0f,  :jf:yk|lt a9\bf] ;r]tgfn] df5fdf;'sf] dfu a9\g',  lzlIft o'jf a]/f]huf/x? o; Joj;fok|lt cfslif{t x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf,  df5fkfng Go"g >d nfUg], sd hf]lvdo'Qm Joj;fo,  kof{Kt lghL tyf ;/sf/L ;|f]t s]Gb|x? :yflkt xF'b},  3f]nv]t, bnbn hldg / cGo To:t} hnfzox?df ljsNk/lxt v]tL–df5fv]tL  cfoft k|lt:yfkg Pjd\ lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] s[lif j:t'

lgisif{ Jofj;flos s[lif k|0ffnLdf dT:okfng Joj;fo k|r'/ ;Defjgf / cj;/x? af]s]sf] If]q xf] . vfB ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg], cfo cfh{gdf d4t ug]{, ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?sf] ;[hgf ug]{ / cfoft k|lt:yfkg u/L lgof{t k|a4{g ;d]t ug]{ ePsfn] s[lif k]zfdf cfl>t cfd s[ifs ;d'bfosf] hLjgofkgdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5, t/ o; Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, pTkfbs s[ifs tyf cGo Joj;foLsf] ;ls|o ;xeflutf, ;dy{g / ;xof]u ckl/xfo{ 5 .

cfkm"nfO{ a'emfpg ;Sg] cfkm\gf] cfTdfnfO{ of]Uo lzIfs dfGg';\, cfTdfeGbf 7"nf] u'? of] ;+;f/df sf]xL 5}g . k|of; gu/L tkfO{+ ;kmntfsf] 9f]sfdf k'Ug ;Sg'x'Gg . – ci6faqm

/dfOnf] lhNnf lrtjg  gd"gf zdf{ lrtjg ;fx|} g} /dfOnf] lhNnf, of] /dfOnf] ;+;f/d} s] ldNnf . gf/fo0fL lsgf/df, /Dg] lrtjg, ;f}Gbo{n] xfdL ;asf], lht]sf] 5 dg . km/flsnf] d}bfg 5 pj{/f of] e"ld, oxL e"lddf c8]sf] 5 ;'vdo h'gL . cfuGt's, cflbjf;L, yl/yl/ hflt, xfF;LxfF;L a;]sf 5g\, dfof ufF;LufF;L . cg]syl/ ;+:s[lt / efiffe]ifsf] wgL, l/;/fu j}/efj, 5}g st} klg . kljq 5 b]j3f6, xfd|f] k"0owfd, lrtjgf] o;n] ;w}F, /fv]sf] 5 gfd . pbfpFbf] ;"o{ /fd|f], l;/fOr'nLaf6, sljnf;af6 x]/f}F, lrtjgsf] kmfF6 . /fktL / gf/fo0fL, snsn ub}{ aU5g\ xl/of oL j[Ifx?, ;'Gb/tf yK5g\ . lgs'~h 5 /dfOnf], b[Zo dgf]x/ oxL x]g{ ko{6ssf], nfUb} 5 nx/ . aL;xhf/L tfnn] ;w}F xfdLnfO{ 8fS5, ;f}/fxfn] :jfut ub}{, d'6'leq /fV5 . jGohGt' kz'kG5L, gfR5g\ cg]syl/, hlt x]¥of] plt /fd|f], xfd|f] lrq;f/L . oxLF g} 5 rf/}lt/, hf]8\g] d"naf6f] ;j{/f of] lrtjgsf], d'6'h:tf] df6f] . k|s[ltn] lbPsf] 5, oxfF j/bfg s] s'/fdf sld 5 /, xfd|f] lrtjg . 117

lrtjgdf d'Qms²sfJo M ;Ã\lIfKt ljj]rgf  s]zj/fh cfdf]bL

@_ Jo'TklQ, cy{ / kl/efiff

?kdf :jtGq jf s'g} aGwgdf g/x]sf]nfO{ ‘d'Qms’df nu]/ hf]8L u0fx?sf] aGwg gePsf] 5Gbzf:qsf] Pp6f e]bsf ?kdf d'QmsnfO{ lrgfpg] k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; lsl;dsf] cy{ u|x0f ul/gfn] d'Qms låkbL, lqkbL x'Fb} bzdkbL;Dd km}lnPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . d'Qms sljtfsf] ;dfgfGt/ ljwfsf ?kdf xf];\ jf rt'ikbLo 9fFrfsf] ?kdf o;n] ;dy{g / ;xdlt h'6fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

;+:s[tsf] ‘d'r\’ wft'df Qm -t_ k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf] ‘d'Qm’ zAbdf ‘s’ k|Toosf] of]u eO{ d'Qms zAb lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf] Jo'TklQn] k|aGwljwfg/lxt n3'–cfsf/sf] cfkm}df kl/k"0f{ ePsf] sfJofTds cleJolQm eGg] 7flgG5 . k/Gt' ;+:s[t ;flxTodf ‘k"jf{k/lg/k]If]0ffblk lx o]g j0f{gf ls|ot] tGd'Qmsd\’ cyjf ‘d'Qms+ Znf]sM Pj}sZrdTsf/IfdM ;tfd\’ cflbsf cfwf/df k"jf{k/k|;ª\ulagf Pp6} Znf]ssf dfWodaf6 /;fg'e"lt tyf rdTsf/ pTkGg ul/lbg;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] ;"lQmdo Pjd\ >'ltdw'/ nfIfl0fs sf]dn cleJolQmnfO{ d'Qmssf ?kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L ‘d'QmdGo]gflnª\lut+ t:o ;+1fof+ sg\’ cyf{t\ tT;d ‘d'Qm’ zAbdf k'gM ‘sg\’ cg';u{ hf]l8P kl5 ‘d'Qms’ zAbsf] lgiklQ x'g] / o;sf] kfl/eflifs cy{rflxF n3' cfofdsf] To:tf] sljtf hf] :jo+df k"0f{ k"jf{k/–k|;·d'Qm x'Fb} PsZnf]s jf Pp6} sljtfk'~hdf sljsf] efj cleJoQm x'G5 . -a/fnx? @)%%, ^#&_ . d'QmsnfO{ sljtfsf] n3'td ?ksf ?kdf x]l/P klg jf:tjdf d'Qms n3'–cfs[lt, ;"qfTds ;+/rgf tyf ;"lQmdo dfgr]tgfsf] dgf]le/fd cleJo~hgf xf] . sltko g]kfnL sf]zsf/x?n] ‘d'Qm’sf] zflAbsfy{sf

uhn em}+ d'Qmssf] nf]slk|otf g]kfnL ;flxTodf dfq geO{ ljZj;flxTodf g} lj:tf/} km}lnFbf] cj:yfdf 5 . d'Qmssf] P]ltxfl;stfnfO{ k5\ofpFb} hfFbf j}lbssfndf k'Ug'kg]{ b]lvG5 . h:t}– æoHhfu|tf] b"/d'b}lt b}j+ tb\ ;'Kt:o ty}j]lt . b"/ª\ud+ Hof]ltiff+ Hof]lt/]s+ tGd] dgM lzj;ª\sNkd:t' ..Æ -oh'=, c= #$_ ærTjfl/ >[ªu\ fM qof] c:o kfbf] å] zLif]{ ;Ktx:tf;f] c:o lqwf a4f] j[ifef] /f]vLlt dxf]b]jf] dTof{d\ cfljj]z .Æ CUj]b $÷%*÷# pklgifb\df klgM ckfl0fkfbf] hjtf] u|xLtf kZoTorIf'M ; >[0f]Tos0f{M . ; j]lQ ljZj+ g r t:ofl:t j]Qf tdfx'/u|o\+ k'?if+ k'/f0fd\ dxlif{ jfNdLlssf] k|ydf]b\uf/– df lgiffb¤ k|lti7fTjdudM zfZjtLM ;dfM oTsf}~r ldlygfb]sdjlw sfn df]lxtd\ .. >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fdfM æ===d'x'/xf] ¤ /l;sfM e'ljefjsfM..Æ :km'6sdfM æ===xf xGt ¤ xGt glngL+ uh pHhxf/ .Æ

!_ k|:tfjgf lrtjgdf cGo ;flxlTos ljwfx? em}+ d'Qms– sfJo klg df}nfpFbf] cj:yfdf 5 . ctPj d'Qmssf] Jo'TklQ, cy{, kl/efiff tyf d'Qms k/Dk/fsf ;fy} lrtjgdf k|sflzt d'Qms–sfJox?sf] af/]df ;ª\lIfKt ljj]rgf ul/g] 5 .

118

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119

rf0fSo gLltdfM æl5Ggf]˜lk rGbgt?g{hxflt uGw+ j[4f]˜lk jf/0fkt]g{ hxflt nLnfd\ .. oGqflk{tf] dw'/tf+ g hxflt r]If'M Iff]0ff]˜lk g Tohlt zLnu'0f+ s'nLgM ..Æ h:tf c;ª\Vo Crf, ;"lQm / Znf]sx?df d'Qmssf] ;"Idfef; b[li6uf]r/ eP klg clUg k'/f0fn] cem} v'nf;f ub}{ ;x[bonfO{ rdTs[t kfg]{ /rgfsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . æd'Sts]if' k|aGw]l:jj /;aGwflelgj]lzgM sjof] b[ZoGt]Æ d'Qms cfkm}+df Ps :jtGq sfJofTds cleJo~hgf xf] . >JosfJosf] nIf0ffg';f/ æcGo Znf]s;Fu c;Da4 /x]/ :jtGq / cljefJo ?kdf kf7sx?nfO{ oy]i6 /;f:jfbg u/fpg] /rgf g} d'Qms xf] .Æ eg]/ clegj u'Ktn] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . sljtfsf ljwfx?sf af/]df cfrfo{ ?b|6n] w]/} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . h:t}– -!_ d'Qms -@_ ;Gbflgts -#_ ljz]ifs -$_ snfks -%_ k|zl:t÷s'ns -^_ kof{oof]u -&_ kl/sGof -*_ v8sfJo÷n3'sfJo -(_ dxt\ sfJo÷dxfsfJo . log}sf cfwf/df cfgGbjw{g / clegj u'Ktn] :ki6 ?k lbg] sfo{ u/] eg] cfrfo{ ljZjgfyn] 5l/tf] ?k lbg] sfo{ u/] . Ps} kBdf rdTs[t kfg]{ k|efjk"0f{ efj cleJoQm ug]{ sljtfsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] c+z d'Qms dflgG5 . d'Qmsdf k|foM kx]lnsf kBx? / ;'eflift kBx? kb{5g\ . sltko gf6sleqsf kBf+zn] klg d'Qmssf] :j?k k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf d'Qmsx?n] ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] e08f/nfO{ oy]i6 k"0f{tf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . ‘;'eflift /Tgsf]z, ;'efliftfjnL, ;b'lQm, s0ff{d[t, ;"lQm d'QmfjnL, ;"lQm xf/fjnL’ h:tf s[ltx?df pQdf]Qd d'Qms kBx? k|z:t 5l/Psf 5g\ . :km'6 -k|sL0f{_ sljtfcGtu{t sljtfsf kfFr e]b dflgG5g\ . logn] ;+:s[t ;flxTodf ljz]if dxŒj /fVb5g\ . oyf– -!_ d'Qms -@_ o'Uds -#_ ;Gbflgts -$_ snfks -%_ s'ns . Pp6f kB jf Znf]sn] dfq rdTsf/k"0f{ /;f:jfbg u/fpg] jf k"0f{efj emNsfpg]nfO{ d'Qms, b'O{ 120

Znf]ssf dfWodaf6 efj k|s6 ug]{nfO{ o'Uds, To;/L g} tLg Znf]ssf dfWodaf6 rdTsf/hGo /;fg'e"lt k|bfg ug]{nfO{ ;Gbflgts jf ltns, rf/ Znf]ssf dfWodaf6 Pp6f k"0f{ efjfleJolQm lbO{ n]lvg]nfO{ snfks / kfFr jf ;f]eGbf dflysf Znf]sx?n] dfq efj k|s6 ug]{ sljtfnfO{ s'ns elgG5 . oL ;a}nfO{ sljtfsf km'6s/ ?k dflgg] x'gfn] klg d'Qmssf] dxŒj ;+:s[t ;flxTodf a];L b]lvG5 . n3' cfs[ltsf sljtf / d'Qmsdf b]lvg] lemgf–dl;gf cGt/nfO{ dhfn] v'6\ofpg ;lsG5 tfklg b'j}df cg'e"ltsf] /;f]b|]stf / efjr]tgfsf] t/ntf /x] klg d'Qmsdf e]l6g] ?k, u'0f, zLn :jefjsf df]xgLn] jf cg'e"ltsf] /;l;Qmtfn] jf o;}sf] ;}4flGts ;+/rgfn] sljtfb]lv s]xL k[ys e]l6G5 tyflk d'Qmssf ;DaGwdf gf6\ozf:q / clUgk'/f0fn] cem} ;fy{s t'NofPsf 5g\ . h] xf];\, lxhf]sf gLltzts, j}/fUozts Pjd\ >[ª\uf/ztssf Znf]sx?, ljljw ;'eflift kBx?, sfnhoL cd/ ;"lQm;'wfx?, :km'6 sfJox? tyf cGo ljljw dgf]ljgf]bhGo xf;, kl/xf;, s"6, >[ª\uf/hlgt nfIfl0fs sljtfx? / nf]sf]lQmx?nfO{ k|f?ksf ?kdf x]g{ g;lsg] xf]Og . !%) O{=k"=eGbf klxn] dxfefiosf] /rgf ePsf] oyfy{tfsf ;fIo kt~hln / lkª\un 5g\ . $)) O{= s} nueu ;+:s[t ;flxTosf dxfslj sflnbf;sf] jr{Zj /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . ;+:s[t sfJo– dgLifL ef/lj, s'df/bf;, df3, b08L, ljNx0f, sNx0f, jf0f, z"b|s cflbsf uLltsfJo / ;'eflift ;ª\u|x, ;"STofTds / pkb]zfTds sfJo clg dgf]/~hgfTds :km'6 sfJox?n] lblUjho ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf log}sf] k|efj :j?k c/aL–kmf/;L–pb"{ ;flxTodf oy]i6 k/]sf] x'g;Sb5 . tl:aa / s;Lbfaf6 ljsl;t uhndf ax/sf] lrGtgn] ?Sg / c/sfgsf] lgdf{0f eO{ ;ftf}+ ztfAbLlt/ dSsf–dlbgfsf] j/k/af6 cf]d/ OAa cfla /la cfx / hfldn cn pw/Ln] k|f/De u/]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . tfklg bzf}+ ztfAbLlt/ uhnsf] k|f/De zfo/ /f]bsLaf6 ePsf] dflgP klg k|efjsf] c;/ eg] ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] a9\bf] pdf/nfO{ g} eGg ;lsg] cfwf/

eg] /lx/xG5 . ;fob o;}n] xf]nf ;+:s[tsf] ‘sHhn’ al9/x]sf] cfhsf] d'Qms ;+:s[t sfJosf nfIfl0fs sf] tb\ej ?k uhn xf] egL ;+:s[tsf ljåfg\x?n] eGb} kl/efiffdf eGbf c/aL–kmf/;L sfJosf] kfl/eflifstfdf cfPsf x'g;S5g\ . ljsl;t / kNnljt x'Fb} ltVv/efj tyf ljrf/sf] $_ g]kfnL ;flxTodf d'Qmssf] cf/De / uxgtf, lzNk k|ljlwsf] kl/isf/k"0f{ k|of]u Pjd\ Joª\Uo– ljwfgsf] nfIfl0fstfnfO{ sfod /fVb} o'uLg ;+r]tgtfsf jft{dflgs cj:yf g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;j{k|yd d'Qms n]Vg] ;fy kNnljt / kl/kf]lift x'Fb} ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . d'Qmssf/sf] vf]hL ub}{ hfFbf cflbslj efg'eQm -!*&!– cfhsf] d'Qmsn] ;+/rgfut lglZrt dfkb08dfq xf]Og !(@%_ k"j{o'usf jL/sfnLg zlQmaNne cof{n -!&*!– ljifout If]qnfO{ ;d]t Jofks / lj:t[t kfl/;s]sf] !*^#_ åf/f ;+:s[tsf] :jfutf -/=g=d= tyf b'O{ u'¿ x'g]_ 5 . /f0ffzf;g, zfxLzf;g / ;fdGtL lrGtgaf6 5Gbdf z'4 g]kfnL efiffdf jL/efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t ‘tgx'F blaPsf] g]kfnL hghLjgk|lt d'Qmsn] b/f] / v/f] es'G8f]’ df k'Ug'kg]{ b]lvG5 . 5Gbdf cfPsf]n] o;nfO{ cfjfh a'nGb ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . d'Qmssf/x?n] d'Qms– g]kfnL ?jfOsf] klg k|f?k dfGg ;lsG5 . d'Qmssf] sfJo k|0fo k|;Ë, ;f}Gbo{ dlxdf, k|fs[lts lrq0f, 5ljdf b]lvg] o; sljtfsf] P]ltxfl;s dxQfsf] Vofn b]zsf] jft{dflgs /fhgLlts cj:yf, åGå, lxF;f, cft°, dx·L, e|i6frf/, ;Ldf cltqmd0f, lzIffdf u/L tn k|:t't ul/G5 – x|f;, dfgjflwsf/df pTkGg IfoLs/0f, Wj+z–ljWj+z, d+lq ;fu/ vgfn 5 afnf a9\bf] nf]8;]l8ª\, u0ftGqsf] cjd"Nog h:tf ljs[lt kfFrsf] 5 ;j uflGtg rfnf / lj;ª\ulthGo ;fdflhs j:t'l:yltsf] ;ª\s]t, o'u sfn' h}l; vl/bf/t /fnf kl/j]zsf lj3l6t kl/l:yltx?sf] dfld{s lrq0f Pjd\ t]; 9+u tgx'F slt vfnf hLjg / hut\sf oyfy{tfnfO{ ;d'b\3f6g u/]sf 5g\ . wfPsf] 5 ndh'+u ds'08f] lxGbL, cjlw, ef]hk'/L jf j|h efiff–;flxTodf sfl:s afFw ;'gsf] 5 v's'G8f] k|rlnt rf}kfO, bf]xf, ;j}of, s'G8lnof, sljQ, /f]nf, lkp7flg sg b]p ;'s'G8f] a/a}, ;f]/7f / pNnfnf h:tf dflqs, c4{;ddflqs dfl/ n]p tgx"F t es'G8f] o;/L g} slj efg'eQm cfrfo{ -!*&!– / ;+o'Qmdflqs 5Gbdf cfwfl/t sljtfsf afGsLx?sf] !(@%_ sf] æ/f]h\ /f]h\ bz{g kfpF5' r/0fsf] ===Æ slj k|efjs} sf/0fn] klg g]kfnL ;flxTodf e]l6g] låkbLo, /fhLjnf]rg hf]zL -!()%–!(*^_ sf] ‘cfsfz\sf] h'g lqkbLo / rt'ikbLo d'Qmsx?sf] cfudg ePsf] xf] . z]/ xf] pklg tf ===’ sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofn d'Qmssf] klxnf], bf];|f] / rf}yf] r/0fsf] clGtd kb jf -!($!–@)@@_ gLltsljtf tyf ‘;To ;Gb]z’ sljtf kbfjnLsf] ljwfgdf ;fg'k|f; / t];|f]r/0f cg'k|f;d'Qm jf dxfslj b]jsf]6f -!(^^–@)!^_ sf k|Zgf]Q/ x'g' ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . xfd|f] nf]s k/Dk/faf6 sljtf h:tf cfkm}+df kl/k"0f{tfn] JoflKtPsf Znf]sx? k|fKt d'Qmsx?df e]l6g] cfg'k|fl;stf, nofTdstf, d'Qmssf] gfdn] lrgfO/xgfn] klg cfh d'Qmssf] lgZrofTdstfsf ;fy} clenIofy{tf jf Joª\Uofy{tf :j?kdf hl6ntf dfq ylkPsf] 5}g clkt' låljwfTds pvfg / jfUwf/fx?af6 ;dnª\s[t x'g'sf] sf/0fn] klg cGof]ntf klg plQs} ylkPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs d'Qmssf] g]kfnL d'Qms / pb"{–kmf/;L ‘sTc÷stf’ / ‘?afO{’sf] :j?kn] Pp6f ?k wf/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 / Pp6f ult cGt;{DaGwnfO{ cnUofpFb} :jo+ sf]7] kl08t agL 6'qmf, 5f]s, rf]O6f, t'Sts, y'Fuf, 5]:sf / lemNsf h:tf lnP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTodf nf]slk|otf xfl;n ub}{ cufl8 dgu9Gt] gfd lbg'n] klg d'Qmssf] :j?k lbUe|ldt 121

x'gk'u]sf] 5 . d'Qmssf] nx/ b]z}el/ JofKt 5 . ;d;fdlos d'Qmssf ;+/rgfdf ;h{sx?n] j:t'tM l;4 adf]lhd g} d'Qmssf] l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g\ . rt'ikbLo z}nLdf d'Qmssf] ;+/rgf ug'{kg]{ jf:tljstfsf] nx/ ;j{q km}ln;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnL d'Qms–;flxTodf ;ft bh{geGbf a9L d'Qmss]Gb|L s[ltx? k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . d'Qmsdf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ zf]wfyL{x?sf] ;ª\Vof klg a9\bf] ultdf 5 . d'Qmssf k|j[lQut ;dfnf]rsLo b[li6sf]0f aflx/ Nofpg cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . d'Qmsdf ?lr /fvL snd lvofpg]x?df eLdbz{g /f]sf, 6]saxfb'/ gjLg, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, df]xg lxdf+z' yfkf, jf;' zzL, xl/eQm s6'jfn, gL/ljqmd ‘Kof;L’, ofbj v/]n, ljdn lgef, ;? eQm, df]xg b'jfn, 1fg'jfs/ kf}8]n, ab|L kflnv], 8f= 3gZofd Gof}kfg] kl/>dL, s]zj/fh cfdf]bL, OGb|s'df/ ljsNk, cf/=s]= cbLKt lu/L cflb w]/} sljx?sf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg e"–efux?df k|sflzt ;flxlTos / va/ klqsfx?n] d'Qms ;°ng ug]{, 5fKg] / ljz]iff° lgsfNg] sfo{n] / ljleGg ;~rf/sf dfWodx?n] /]l8of] t/Ëdfkm{t ;d]t k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{n] d'Qms ljwfdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofpg] sfd ugf{n] klg d'Qms– sfJosf] k|ult / ;d'Gglt ePsf] xf] . d'Qmsdf ?lr /fvL obfsbf snd rnfpg]x?df lbg]z clwsf/L, /Tg zdz]/ yfkf, r]tg sfsL{, gu]Gb|/fh zdf{, s[i0f k|wfg ‘r6\ofª df:6/’ ljZj zfSo, ljof]uL a'9fyf]sL, lji0f'axfb'/ l;+x, zflGtgf/fo0f >]i7, lgbf]{if 8]la8, lg/~hg ad, /d]z kf}8]n, lszf]/ kxf8L, ljjz kf]v/]n, uf]v]{ ;fOFnf], gf/fo0f zdf{ u}/], slkn c1ft, /fdafa' l3ld/], wg/fh lu/L, k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’, ls;fg k|]dL, gf/fo0f d/fl;gL, s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnf, s[i0f kxf/L, ?b| 1jfnL, jgdfnL lg/fsf/, cd/ TofuL, wL/]Gb| dNn, dx]z k|;fO{, a"Fb /fgf, k|sfz ;fodL, k|sfz cfªbDa], vu]Gb| lu/L sf]lknf, ;'/]Gb| 122

c:tkmn, ljdnk|sfz b]jsf]6f cflb b]lvG5g\ . lrtjgsf d'Qms–sfJo / sfJosf/x¿M lrtjgdf a;]/ d'Qmssf] cWoog, cEof; / cf/fwgf ug]{ d'Qms ;|i6fx?sf] ;ª\Vof lbgf]Q/ a9\bf] ultdf 5 . o; n]vdf d'Qms s[lt k|sfzg ul/;s]sf d'Qmssf/ /fdafa' l3ld/], s]zj/fh cfdf]bL, wg/fh lu/L, k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ / slkn c1ft / ltgsf d'QmsLo ;+/rgf–k4ltsf af/]df ;ª\lIfKt cfsng k|:t't ul/g] 5 .

%_ d'Qmssf/ /fdafa' l3ld/] / cGo d'Qmsx¿ pkGof; / d'Qmsdf eGbf lgaGwdf clwstd ;kmn dflgg] lgaGwsf/ /fdafa' l3ld/] -@)!!_ sf] ‘l/Qf] cfsfz’ -pkGof; @)#@_ sf cltl/Qm ‘d x/]; vfg yfn]sf] 5'’ -@)$&_ n]Vg gkg]{ s'/fx? -@)%^_, cgu{n k|nfk -@)^%_ h:tf lgaGw ;ª\u|x k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf lgaGwsf dfWodaf6 lg/fzfjfbL / lj;ª\ultjfbL jf o'uLg ;ª\ultxLgtfsf ;fy ;dsfnLg kl/j]zsf] oyfg lrq0f ug{df dflx/ dflgg] l3ld/]sf] n]vfOdf hLjgaf]w, d[Toaf]w / bfz{lgs lrGtgsf] ulx/f] efjljDasf] k|:t'lts/0f kfOG5 . logsf] lj=;+= @)%^ ;fndf gfdsf] pNn]v gu/L Pp6f d'Qmsx?sf] ;Fufnf] k|sfzgdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . bLkf l3ld/]åf/f k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] pQm s[ltdf b'O{ x/km] d'Qmsx?sf] ;ª\Vof krf;j6f, tLg x/km] d'Qmsx?sf] ;ª\Vof afx|j6f, rf/ x/km] d'Qmsx? kGw|j6f, kfFr x/km] kfFrj6f, 5 x/km] b'O{j6f / ;ft x/km] Pp6f u/L hDdf krf;Lj6f d'Qmsx? ;Fufnf]df b]lvG5g\ . uhndf k|of]u ul/g] dTnf -cf/lDes ;]/_ / dStf -;dflksf ;]/_ jf cGo ;]/sf] kl/lwdf /x]/ klg ;]/df :jtGq PsfO :yfkgf eO{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf clws ;]/sf] /rgf x'g] /rgf x'g] ;]/nfO{ d'Qms elgG5 . d'Qmssf] :j?kLo ;+/rgfsf af/]df dfly g} oy]i6 rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . oxfF olt g} egf}+ d'QmsLo kl/efiffsf] aGwg–af/ eTsfO{ cfˆg} d'QmsLo :j?ksf cfwf/df cleJolQm lbg ?rfpg] l3ld/]sf

d'Qmsx?df kfOg] ?kut ljljwtf, efjut uDeL/tf, z}nLut ;/ntf, k|of]uut dw'/tf, cg'e"ltut tLj|tf / ljrf/ut bfz{lgstfn] a]hf]8 dflgG5 . pgsf d'Qmsx?df k|foM hLjgsf tdfd cf/f]x–cj/f]xx?d If0fx?df ;fIffTsf/ x'g k'Ubf kf]lvPsf j}olQms cfTdk|s6Ls/0fsf] ;'Gb/ k|:t'lt kfOG5 . cg'k|f;, b[i6fGt tyf pkdfsf] k|of]usf b[li6n] klg pgsf d'Qmsx?df a]Un} k|sf/sf] /;f]b|]stfsf] /;f:jfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . d'Qmssf dfWodaf6 d'Qmssf/ :jo+ kfqsf] ?kdf pkl:yt eO ;fdflhs ljb'k| tf, /fhgLlts lj;ª\ult, /fi6«sf] cwf]ult, /fli6«otfdf x|f;, k|hftGqk|lt b]vfOPsf] pk]Iffefj ;fy} k|]dk|0fohGo ljljw–efj k|If]k0f eO/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . gf/L / dlb/fsf] k|;Ë, cfTdj~rgfsf] k|tf8gf, o'uLg /fhgLlts kl/j]zsf sf]Sofx6 tyf 3/fo;L jf ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf nfu]sf 7];x? g} d'Qmsdf k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . ;d;fdlostfk|lt Joª\Uo–ljb|fx] ul/P klg z[ªu\ fl/stfsf] efjf]R5gndf k|s6 ePsf] b'O{ x/km] d'Qmssf] ck|do] snfTds k|:t'lt– æ3'D6f]df /fv cg'xf/ x] ;'Gb/tfsL b]jL ¤ x]bf{x]b}{ ltdLnfO{ sf]xL ;8s b'3{6gfdf gk/f];\Æ -k[i7–!#_ d'Qmsdf k|foM ljrf/, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, cfr/0f / :jefjsf af/]df cleJolQm k|s6 ul/g] k|rng 5 . ljifo jf ljifoL k|wfgsf b[li6sf]0fn] d'QmsnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ul/G5 . /fdafa' l3ld/]sf clwst/ d'Qmsx? ljifok|wfg /x] klg x[bo ;+j]BtfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug]{ k|efjk"0f{ lg/k]If :jtGq cleJolQmsf d'Qmsx? a];L, ;fy{s, >'ltdw'/, x[bo:kzL{ / dgf]/d /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgsf d'Qmsx? hglk|o t x'Fb}5g\ / ;fy} k7gLo / ;ª\u|x0fLo klg 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df ;dfhsf] lubf]{ cj:yfsf] dfld{s lrq0fdf l3ld/]sf] tLg x/km] d'Qmssf] Pp6f cfsif{s gd"gf – æs's'/ / 5f]/f]df lemgf] cGt/ 5 s's'/ rf]/dfly hfO nfU5 5f]/f] cfˆg} 7"nf] :j/dfly cfOnfU5 .Æ-k[i7–!^_

l3ld/]sf d'Qmsx?df cfTdk/stf / j:t'k/stfdf ;dLs/0f u/L dfgjLo hLjgsf] d"NoxLgtfsf] k|>o kfPsf] 5 tyflk ;ª\ux| df z[ªu\ fl/stfn] klg oyf]lrt :yfg kfPs} 5 . ;+hf]u / ljk|nDe b'j} >[ªu\ f/df d'Qmsf/n] l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ;+ef]u >[ªu\ f/df cfwfl/t rf/ x/km] d'Qmssf] Pp6f snfk"0f{ dfld{s pb\uf/sf] 5gs – æltd|f] :jR5Gb xfF;f] / k|blz{t gf/L k|b]z dbxf]zL cfFvfn] ltdLnfO{ x]bf{ lglg{d]if o:tf] nfUof] ltd|f] k|flKt kZrft\ OR5f xf]nf cjz]if .Æ -k[i7 !*_ dnfO{ nfU5 k|:t't d'Qmssf] rf}yf] kfpsf] ‘ltd|f] k|flKt kZrft\ OR5f gxf]nf cjz]if’ agfOPsf] eP emg} efj d'vl/t x'GYof] xf]nf . h] xf];\, oltv]/ b]zdf /fhtGqsf] cjzfg eO u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 5 . g]tfx? ;Qfsf] xfnLd'xfnLd} ljnfl;tfsf] cg'e"lt ul//x]5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] rf;f]eGbf cfˆg} b'gf] s;/L ;f]em\ofpg] eGg] 56k6L 5 . d'Qmssf/n] pgLx?nfO{ ctLtsf ;ª\3if{ / ;ª\3if{df xf]ldO{ ;xfbt k|fKt u/]sf If0fx?sf] :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5g\ . o;} cfzon] ;dfR5Gg kfFr x/km] d'Qmssf] Pp6f 3tnfUbf] afGsL x]/f}+ – æ;fob la;{g' eof] xf]nf lrKnf] sf/df lrlKnPsf] a]nf ;Qf;Lgx?n] l6Da'/]sf] hËn ;lDemg'k5{ /fd], nId0f ;lDemg'k5{ .Æ

&_ d'Qmssf/ s]zj/fh cfdf]bL / pgsf] ‘;Qf–;fwg’ M Ps kl/qmdf – d'Qmssf/ s]zj/fh cfdf]bL -@)!#_ d"ntM 5GbjfbL slj x'g\ . uhnsf cg';Gwfgdf /x]sf cfdf]bLsf xfn;Dd k|sflzt s[ltx? – -!_ lxdfn ?G5 -pkGof;M@)$&, ;=n]=_, -@_ c/0o /f]bg -v08sfJo–@)%$_, ;Qf–;fwg -d'Qms;ª\ux| –@)%*_, hn–t/ª\u -uhn sfJo–@)%(_, sd{e"ld -P]ltxfl;s v08sfJo–@)^)_, uhn–bLlksf 123

-zf]wsfJo–@)^) ;xn]vg_ sf ;fy} dfWolds txsf] ‘g]kfnL ;xTotf dfnf–efu ! -@)$!_ sf];]nL k|sfzg sf7df8f}+, g]kfnL ;xTotf dfnf efu–@ -sf]=k|=, sf7df8f}+_ d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ . ‘;Qf–;fwg’ lqj]0fL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, gjnk/f;Laf6 @)%* df k|sflzt d'Qms ;ª\u|x xf] . o;df kf/Dkl/s d'Qms ;+/rgf–wld{tfsf] cf+lzs kfngf ul/Psf] 5 . d'Qmssf/ /fdafa' l3ld/]sf b'O{ x/km] d'Qmsx?af6 cfslif{t ePsfn] ;fdfGo cg'k|fl;stfsf] kfngf ul/Psf] logsf d'Qmsdf b]lvG5 . st}st} cg'i6'kLo 5Gbsf] k|of]u klg kfOG5 . cfdf]bLsf] d'Qmssfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf slj uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] egfO /x]sf] 5– ægj :jR5GbtfjfbL k|j[lQsf slj ‘cfdf]bL’ sf] o; d'Qms;ª\u|xn] pxfFsf] cl:tŒjjfbL, dfgjtfjfbL Pjd\ k|ultzLn qmflGtsf/L ljrf/sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .Æ s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf b'O{ x/km] d'Qmsx? afx]s cGo rf/ x/km] d'Qmsx? klg ;dflji6 5g\, t/ ;a} d'Qmsx? l;4fGtaf6 ljd'v 5g\ eGg ;lsFb}g, Pp6f pbfx/0f – kl/jf/sf rfxgf 5g\ gd]l6g] tntn h:t} OR5fx? cfˆgf p:t} nf}/L3f]nsf] bnbn h:t} psfnL / cf]/fnLem}+ ;'v b'Mv ePsf 5g\ lhGbuL ef] kf]Nof’ 3fp cfnf] kmf]sf hnhn h:t}

*_ d'Qmssf/ wg/fh lu/L / pgsf] ‘cyf{t\’M ;fdfGo b[li6kft ax'k|ltefzfnL ;flxTosf/ wg/fh lu/L -@)!%_ ultzLn :jefjsf rl/q x'g\ . Ps} a;fOdf Ps bh{g ;fy{s uhn n]Vg] cfz' uhnsf/ klg x'g\ . lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf k|yd k6s lqj]0fL ;flxTo kl/ifbåf/f k|ultgu/df cfof]lht sfo{qmddf jflrt ‘d]/f] xflsd’ sljtfaf6 ;flxlTos ofqf k|f/De ug]{ wg/fh lu/Lsf xfn;Dd k|sflzt s[ltx?– ‘/fi6«} 6'x'/f] eof]’ -sljtf;ª\u|x–@)%$_, cyf{t\ -d'Qms;ª\u|x–@)%*_, uhnfd[t -uhn;ª\ux| –@)^)_, s'G;fª sfsf -gfgL uhn;ª\ux| –@)^@_, k'ikntfM ;fdflhs ;fg b}jL j/bfg 124

-uLltsfJo–@)^)_, ‘z/fx / ;f}/fx’ -;+oQ ' m uhn;ª\ux| – @)^&_ / cgGt kfOnf -pkGof;–@)^*_ k|l;4 /x]sf 5g\ . ‘cyf{t\’ lqj]0fL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, gjnk/f;Laf6 k|sflzt d'Qmssf/ wg/fh lu/Lsf] d'Qms ;ª\u|x xf] . o; s[ltdf k|f= ljgf]bs'df/ zdf{sf] dGtJosf ;fy} b'O{b]lv ;ft x/km];Ddsf nueu !*# j6f d'Qmsx? ;ª\slnt 5g\ . d'Qms, uLt, uhn, xfOs', sljtf, lgaGw, ;+:d/0f, b}lgs klqsfsf :tDesf/ tyf syf cflb ljljw ljwf tyf zf:qLo 5Gb / nf]s5Gbdf ;d]t lgTo lg/Gt/ n]lv/x]sf eP klg wg/fh lu/L d"ntM uhnsf/s} ?kdf a9L rlr{t /x]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do cfVofgdf ;d]t xft xfn]sf lu/LnfO{ uhn ljwfdf g} ;kmntf k|fKt 5 . pgL d'Qmsx?sf dfWodaf6 /fi6«r]t, o'ur]t / k|0for]tsf] lqj]0fL k|jflxt ug{df s'zn /x]sf 5g\ . ;xh cfg'k|fl;stfsf dfWodaf6 cToGt uDeL/ / tLj| Joª\Uo k|s6 ug'{ lu/L d'QmsLo sf}zn xf] . elgG5, ;flxTo ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] . ;flxTon] ;dfhnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] / k|ultsf nflu ult k|bfg ug]{ x'Fbf /fhgLltsf lglDt ;f]emf hgtfnfO{ em'SofO{ ;Qfdf k'u]sf g]tfx?k|lt d'Qmssf/ wg/fh lu/L b'O{ x/km -Ps ;]/_ af6 lagf cg'k|f;, lagf dTnf, lagf dStf lagf d'QmsLo ;+/rgfaf6 g} cfˆgf cleJolQmx? k|s6 ub{5g\ M æb]z 6f6 k/] lg s]xL lrGtf 5}g emf]nL lrD6f lhGbfjfb ¤Æ -k[i7–!&_ o;} ;Gbe{sf] /fhgLltk|lt s6fIf ul/Psf] tLg x/km] d'Qmssf] rdTsf/hGo cleJolQmM æ/fhgLlt Tof] snf xf] h;n] kfgL gau]sf] 7fpFdf klg k'n xfNb5 .Æ -k[i7–!)_ z}lIfs / ;flxlTos b'j} JolQmTjaf6 kl/lrt wg/fh lu/L lzIf0f–k];fnfO{ g} hLjgsf] k|flKt ;DemG5g\ . u'¿k|ltsf] wf/0ff rf/x/km] d'Qmsaf6 o;/L k|s6 ub{5g\ –

æu'¿sf] hLjg kfgL g s'nf] xf] kmut\ p8]/ hfg] v/Lsf] w'nf] xf] .Æ -k[i7–$%_ k|]dk|0fok|ltsf] sdgLo k|:t'lt /x]sf] ;ft x/km] d'Qmssf] gd"gfM æltd|f] lglDt kmut ltd|f] lglDt df]d em}+ klUnPF lbof]em}+ an]+ d ltd|f] lt/:sf/?kL ;fgf] xfjfsf] rf]6n] uNof{du'n'{d 9n]+ d .Æ -k[i7–(_

(_ d'Qmssf/ ‘c~hln’sf] ‘Ps c~h'nL 3fd’ k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ lrtjgsf lr/kl/lrt k|ltef x'g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf s]xL u/f}+ eGg] x'6x'6L lnP/ ‘uhnljDa, uhnbLk, uhn ofqf efu–! / @, uhnuª\uf, ;dosf :j/x? / ;dsfnLg g]kfnL uhn’ h:tf s[ltx?sf] ;Dkfbg÷k|sfzgsf ;fy} ‘xfd|f] dem]/L’ / ‘k'ikf~hln’ h:tf klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg÷k|sfzg ub}{ cfO/x]sf k'ik clwsf/L c~hln -@)@#_ slxn] gyfsL ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nflu /xg] ;|i6f x'g\ . pgsf xfn;Dd k|sflzt s[ltx?df ‘dg leqsf] dg’ -uhn;ª\u|x–@)^@_, ‘Ps c~h'nL 3fd’ -d'Qms;ª\ux| – @)^#_, :jlKgn gog -uhn;ª\u|x–@)^#_, ‘h"g km'n]sf] a:tL’ -d'Qms;ª\u|x–@)^%_ / ‘dgsf] t[i0ff’ -xfOs' ;ª\u|x–@)^*_ k|d'v 5g\ . ;Dk|lt d syf, lgaGw, ;+:d/0f, ;dLIff, xfOs', uhn / d'Qms h:tf ljljw ljwfdf ;zQm n]vgL rnfpg] ax'd'vL k|ltef;DkGg k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ sf] ‘Ps c~h'nL 3fd’ d'Qms;ª\u|xsf af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ ug]{ pkqmd ub}{5' . ‘Ps c~h'nL 3fd’ xfd|f] dem]/L ;flxTo k|lti7fgsf] 5}6f}+ k|sfzgdfnfsf] pkxf/ xf] . o; ;ª\u|xdf ;flxTosf >]i7 lk|of kTy/, slj bfdf]b/

k'8f;}gL, slj tyf uLtsf/ gj/fh nD;fn, uhnsf/ tyf ;dLIfs vu]Gb| lu/L sf]lknf / /]zd/fh a/fn h:tf JolQmTjx?sf] ;dLIffTds z'esfdgfn] :yfg kfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] o; l;h{gfdf ljifoj:t'sf] ljljw efjo'Qm k|]dk|0fo, 3ft–k|lt3ft, lxF;f–k|ltlxF;f, cft°, /fi6«–/fli6«otf / nf]stGqk|ltsf] rf;f], ;dsfnLg kl/j]zsf] jf:tljs lrq0f, hLjgaf]w, o'uaf]w / d[To'af]wk|ltsf] cfTdk|s6Ls/0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL ‘j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\’nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ‘hggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk u/Lo;L’df d'vl/t ePsf x'G5g\ . k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’sf /rgfx? d'QmsLo ;}4flGts ;fFrf]df 9flnPsf x'G5g\ / tL d'Qmsx? nIf0fflt/eGbf clewflt/ nlIft x'G5g\ . pgsf d'Qmsx? ;fdflhs ljs[ltk|lt 89]nf] em}+ ;NsG5g\ / /fhgLlts lj;·ltk|lt jiff{t\sf] af9Ln] em}+ aufpg p2t x'G5g\ . cft°jfbsf lj?4 xf];\ jf lgbf]{if g]kfnL dfg]{ O/fssf lj?4 xf];\ Hoft kftdf /fv]/ s'n{g] lgeL{s d'Qmssf/ x'g\ . ;+/rgfTds b[li6sf]0faf6 klg pgsf d'Qmsx? ;an 5g\ . /fdafa' l3ld/], wg/fh lu/L / slkn c1ftsf h:tf låkIfLo jf ;f]eGbf a9L kbLo d'Qmsx? e]l6Fb}gg\ . pgsf d'Qmsx? rf]l6nf, kf]l6nf, lvl/nf, hf]lznf / Joª\Uo–ljb|f]xn] el/Psf / ;fy} dTnf / dQmf jf cGo z]/sf ;+of]hgaf6 ;+/lrt x'G5g\ . h:t}– -s_ k|]dk|0fok|ltsf] ;'Gb/ / >'ltdw'/ cleJolQm– ærfFbgLsf] pHofnf]df wkSs an]sL lyof} ltdL ndtGg ;d'b|em}+ clj>fGt 9n]sL lyof} ltdL s:tf] ltvf{ dnfO{ cfh ltd|f] Tof] cw/sf] r'Dg vf]Hbf n'sLl5kL dnfO{ 5n]sL lyof} ltdL .Æ -k[i7–$!_ -v_ jt{ d fg /fhgLltdf b] l vPsf] lj;ª\ u ltk| l t nlIft d'Qmssf/ c~hlntsf] ljb|f]xhGo v/f] efjfleJolQmsf] Pp6f gd"gf– æb]zdf zflGt eP kf] t /dfpg ;S5 of] dg lhGbuLsf] 7]ufg 5}g s] ;dfpg ;S5 of] dg 125

1jfnLsf] ;dLIffTds z'esfdgf / hgdt k|sfzg xfF:g vf]H5' pNnf; / pdª\udf ;w}F ;w}F ag]kf g]kfn /x]sfdf k|sfzsLo n]vcGtu{t ;Dkfbs kL8fn] 8:5 hLjg s] sdfpg ;S5 of] dg <Æ -k[i7–^*_ tyf ;dfnf]rs df]xg b'jfnsf] cleJolQmn] ljz]if !)_ d'Qmssf/ slkn c1ft / pgsf] cg'el" tsf :yfg kfPsf] b]lvG5 . s[ltnfO{ z[ª\uf/–/fu, ;do– :j/, k|sL0f{–k|efj, cg'e"lt–pGd]z, ;+j]bgf–5fn, pkË lzIf0f k];fdf hLjgnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpFb} kNnj–efj / n3'sljtf–;f/ h:tf ;ftj6f v08df sljtf, uhn, d'Qms, lgaGw / ;dfnf]rgfsf dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t'nfO{ s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;ft b/f] pkl:ylt hgfpFb} g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\df b]vf k/]sf v08df ljefhg cfjZostfn] eGbf d'Qmssf/sf] Hof]ltlj{1fg ;flxTo / bz{gdf lg/jlR5Gg cWoog, /x/n] sfd u/]sf] 5 . ljifoj:t'sf] ljljwtf / ltgdf cGj]if0f / cg';Gwfgdf /x]sf ;flxTosf/ slkn zLif{ssf] rog ul/g'df d'Qmssf/sf] s'zntf xf] . c1ft -@)!$_ ax'k|ltefjfg\ JolQmTj x'g\ . ;Dkfbg– ljiforog u/L k9\g] efjs–kf7sx?nfO{ o; sfo{n] sfo{df ;d]t Jo:t /x]sf c1ftsf xfn;Ddsf k|sflzt ;xhtf k|fKt x'g]5 . d'Qmssf/ /fdafa' l3ld/] / s[ltx?df ‘c1ftsf sljtf’ -sljtf ;ª\u|x–@)$&_, wg/fh lu/Ln] em}+ slkn c1ftn] klg låkbLob]lv ;flxTo l;h{g k|lqmof -vf]hd"ns cg'zLng–@)%%_, cf7kbLo;Ddsf d'Qmsx? n]v]sf 5g\ . oBlk pgsf ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;Gbe{ -;dfnf]rgf;ª\u|x–@)%%_, kq clwsf+z d'Qmsx? d'QmsLo l;4fGtadf]lhd g} rt'ikbLo ;Gb]z -;flxlTos kq ;Gb]z–@)^$_, cg'e"ltsf z}nLdf 5g\ . ‘;Eotf’ zLif{ssf] b'O{ x/km] d'Qms – ænf}sf / km;L{ h:t} km}Nof] h'jf tf; pdË -d'Qms;ª\u|x–@)^$_, ;do;dosf :j/x? ha e§L leq} /Xof] Odfg / cf; .Æ -k[i7–$$_ -uhn;ª\u|x–@)^$_, e"nx?sf lj?4 -lgaGw;ª\u|x– @)^$_, ;dLIff ;Gwfg -;dLIff;ª\u|x–@)^$_, b]jsf]6f 5ftf zLif{ssf] tLg x/km] d'Qmssf] afGsL– ;/n jiff{sf] cfofd / k|j[lQ -;dLIff;ª\u|x–@)^%_, Hof]ltif / ljZjf; xf] 5ftf ;flxTo -vf]h, cGj]if0f–@)^^_, ;|i6f ljDaM JolQmTj hf] atf;df r'l8G5 . -k[i7–$@_ cf/]v -;dLIff;ª\u|x–@)^&_ / lgjf{tsf :j/x? cfˆgf] ufpF, cfˆgf] w/ftn, cfˆgf] ctLt, -sljtf;ª\u|x–@)^*_ k|d'v dflgG5g\ . lg/jlR5Gg cWoog, cg';Gwfg / n]vgdf cfˆg} aGw'–jfGwj, cfˆg} bn, cfˆg} b]z / cfˆg} cf:yf cEo:t g]kfnL jfª\do;]jL slkn c1ftsf] ;flxlTos / ljZjf;k|lt s[t£g aGb} uPsf g]tfx?k|lt cfqmf]z kf]vL ofqf cToGt tLj|–ultn] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . pgL rf/x/km] d'Qmsaf6 ‘:jfy{df’ zLif{s lbOPsf] cleJolQm – æ;x/ k;]kl5 dfG5]n] ufpF la;]{ ;dosf] dxŒj / ultnfO{ a'em]/ rNg] cys ;flxTo dfly k'u]kl5 tnsf] 7fpF la;]{ ;fws x'g\ . sljtf, uhn, d'Qms / lgaGwdf pgsf] clt g} cfzQm eP/ cfˆgf] :jfy{df n]vgL ;/;/fP klg pgL d'ntM ;dfnf]rs x'g / cfkm}n+ ] /fv]sf] cfˆgf] gfpF la;]{ .Æ -k[i7–@(_ ;dfnf]rgfd} pgsf] kl/ro v'Nb5 . o; n]vdf pgs} d'Qms ;ª\u|x ‘cg'e"ltsf pdË’sf af/]df Psfw cGtdf d'Qmssf] Jo'TklQ, kl/efiff / P]ltxfl;stfsf k|jfxdf axFbf–axFb} lrtjgsf d'Qms– cg'R5]bdf ;ª\lIfKt l6Kk0fL ul/g] 5 . ‘cg'e"ltsf pdË’ ;}4flGts ;+/rgfdf sfJox?sf] ljzb ljj]rgf ug]{ /x/nfO{ /x/d} ;Lldt a'lgPsf] s'zn d'Qms lzNkL slkn c1ftsf] d'Qms u/L c;fWo} xNsf kf/fn] h] hlt n]Vg ;lsof] Toltd} ;ª\u|x xf] . o; leq slj tyf ;dfnf]rs /fdk|;fb lrQ a'emfpFb} n]vgL yfDb5' . 126

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-o; :tDedf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf kl/sNkgfsf/ tyf ;+:yfks ;+of]hs pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf k"j{ cWoIf >L b]zL/fd k|wfg;Fu :dfl/sf k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs /fdz/0f l;njfnåf/f lnOPsf] jftf{nfksf] ;f/ ;ª\If]k k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 ._ /fdz/0f – tkfO{ + lrtjg dxf] T ;jsf] kl/sNkgfsf/ jf cem} egf}F hGdbftfsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . s'g ;f]r / p2]Zosf ;fy lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] ;'¿jft ug'{eof] < b]zL/fd – p=jf=;+ 3 –gf/fo0fu9 pBf] u L Jofkf/Lx?sf] dfq ;+:yf geO{ ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf klg kl/lrt ;+:yf xf] . of] ;+:yfn] vfg]kfgL, ;8s, :s'n, sn]h tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] nflu klg ;xof]u u/]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . oxL ;+:yfdf @)%@ h]i7df cfkm" cWoIf eO{ cfPkl5 o;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf o;sf] sfo{If]qdf yk s]xL j[l4 ug]{ / :yfgLo lgsfo / ;/sf/L lgsfodf ;DaGw ;'dw'/ kfg]{ p2]Zon] s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf af/Daf/ dgdf cfO/xGYof] . e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf k|d'vdf d'lQmnfn r's] / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg ;efkltdf s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6f ePsf] of] ;do cfk;L ;DaGw /fd|f] ug]{ pQd a]nf lyof] . ;fy} k|dv ' lhNnf clwsf/Ldf /dfb]j hf]zL, P;=lk= tflnd s]Gb|df /d]zrGb 7s'/L / P;=lk= lhNnf sfof{nodf /ljGb|k|tfk zfx ePsf] of] a]nf ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu ;DaGw ;'dw'/ klg Psbd /fd|f] df}sf lyof] . oxL df}sfsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ egL cfk;L 5nkmn kl5 @)%@ k'ifdf cfof]hgf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus d]nfsf] pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf] k|d'v cltly tTsfnLg cy{dGqL

/fdz/0f dxtsf] pkl:yltdf lrtjg dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug]{ s'/fsf] pb\3f]if ul/of] h;sf] nflu To;avt gu/kflnsf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9n] cfly{s nufgL ;d]t ug]{ lg0f{o eof] . ;a} lgsfo;Fu ;DaGw ;'dw'/ u/L lhNnfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} b]zsf] ljsf;df xft]dfnf] ub}{ cl3 a9\g] b[9tf JoQm ug]{ efjgf j[l4 ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] lyof] . dxf]T;jdf s[lif, s'v'/fkfng, pBf]u tyf Jofkfl/s :6n, hghfltsf] /xg;xg / Jojxf/af/] kl/ro ;d]t lrtjg lhNnfsf] ul/dfnfO{ uf}/jdo ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ / dxf]T;j d'gfkmf/lxt ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . /fdz/0f – lrtjg dxf] T ;jsf] k| T o] s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . lxhf] cfhsf lrtjg dxf]T;j oxfFn] Tolta]nf sNkgf ug'{ePsf] ;f]r / p2]Zo;Fu d]n vfPsf 5g\ t < ;+If]kdf atfOlbgf];\ g . b]zL/fd – lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] x/]s ;+:s/0f cfˆgf] uf}/jdo k|:t'ltsf ;fy x/]s k6s s]xL g s]xL ljifonfO{ hf]8 lbO{ k|:t't eO/x]sf] xfdLn] x]b}{ cfO/x]s} 5f}F . cfk;L ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug]{ k|d'v wf/0ffsf ;fy # ;+:yfaf6 % ;+:yf cfof]hssf] ?kdf k|:t't eO/x]sf] 5 eg] slxn] s[lif, slxn] s'v'/fkfng, slxn] b'w, slxn] 127

df5f, slxn] s]/fv]tLnfO{ k|d'vtf lbO{ dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] # k6s dxf]T;j SofDkfrf}/df ePsf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 gf/fo0fL lsgf/df xfn;Dd cfof]hgf eO/x]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf] pBf]u jfl0fHonfO{ ;xof]u x'g] tl/sfn] ePsf] dxf]T;j, lhNnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf lbg] k|:t'lt snf, ;flxTo, pBf]uL k|bz{gL cflb ;d;fdlos g} 5g\ . t/ kl5Nnf s]xL ;dob]lv eg] h'g p2]Zon] dxf]T;jsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] lyof] ToxLFlg/ cln km/s ePsf] cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . ;+:yfut lx;fadf cyf]{kfh{gsf] p2]Zon] dxf]T;jsf] dxŒjnfO{ hf]8\g' cjZo klg /fd|f] xf]Og . sfo{qmd 3f6fdf hfg x'Fb}g t/ gfkmfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf ubf{ cGo ;+:yfn] klg o;df cfFvf uf8\g] tyf s'b[li6 /fV5 h;n] ubf{ o;sf] p2]Zosf] ;kmntfdf g/fd|f] c;/ k5{ . /fdz/0f – @)%# ;fndf oxfFn] ;'¿ ug'e{ Psf] lrtjg dxf]T;j cfh /fli6«o:t/sf] dxf]T;jsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fbf oxfFnfO{ s:tf] cg'e"lt eO/fVof 5 < ;+If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . b]zL/fd – ;+:yfkssf] x}l;otn] s'/f ubf{ cfkm"n] ;'¿ u/]sf] sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng eO/x]sf]df s;nfO{ uf}/j dx;'; x'bF g} / < /fli6«o ?kdf g} of] dxf]T;jnfO{ @)%# df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn o;df ljb]zL :6n ;d]t ;xefuL x'g] / ;xefuL x'g] xf]8 rln/x]sf] b]Vg kfpFbf v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs} xf] .

t/ :6nnfO{ :6nsf] ?kdf geO{ u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf klg k|:t't u/]sf] rflxF x]g{ /x/ nfUbf] /x]5 . /fdz/0f – lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg oxfFsf] s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf ;'emfj eP 5f]6s/Ldf /flvlbgf];\ g . b]zL/fd – x/]sk6s pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– lrtjgn] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf lnP/ ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] x'Fbf Joj:yfkg sdhf]/ 5 eGg] t k|Zg g} x'Fb}g t/ eljiodf o;sf] nflu cem /fd|f] ug{ s] ug'{k5{ eGg]df rflxF d]/f] cfˆgf] s]xL wf/0ff 5, h:tf]M -s_ d]nfsf] ?kdf k|:t'lt x'g gx'g] -v_ a9L gfkmfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;~rfng x'g gx'g] -u_ cGt/f{li6«o?kdf k|:t'lts/0fsf] k|of; ug]{ -3_ % j6} ;+:yfn] ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ -ª_ ;:tf] gf/f, efif0f tyf rfs8Lsf] ynf]sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g gx'g] . /fdz/0f– cGtdf, lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] :6]l/Ë sldl6 ;b:o / ;+:yfks ;+of]hssf lx;fan] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < b]zL/fd– cGtdf, lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] :6l/Ë sldl6sf] ;b:o tyf ;+:yfks ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn] @)^( sf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ug{ rfxG5' / ;xefuLx?nfO{ o; dxf]T;jsf] e/k"/ ;b'kof]u ug{x' g' / cfgGb p7fpg cg'/f]w ub{5' . wGojfb .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

z'esfdgf ckm;]6 k|];

k|];dfu{, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg, kmf]gM )%^–%&!&*% /ª\uLg tyf ;fbf 5kfO;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf nflu=== 128

;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf /fli6Äo r]tgf  8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}td cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgfnfO{ k|:t't ug'{ / ;ª\lIfKt ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf eg]sf] cfhsf] g]kfnL cfsng ug'{ o; cfn]vsf] d"n ceLi6 xf] . sljtf xf] / jt{dfg ;Gbe{df @)$^ sf] kl/jt{gkl5sf @= ;dsfnLgtf / ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf ;dsfnLgtf ;do / ;flxlTos k|j[lQ;Fu ;Da4 g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtfsf gfdn] clelxt ug{ ;lsG5 . log} ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf b]lvPsf cjwf/0ff xf] . cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfdf wf/fut ?kdf ljleGg k|j[lQdWo] /fli6«o r]tgf klg d"n k|j[lQsf eGg'kbf{ g]kfnL sljtfsf] cfw'lgs sfnv08sf] kl5Nnf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;dosf] k|j[lQ ;d'Rrosf] k/Dkl/t gfd ;d;fdlos r]tgfsf] k|ltlaDagsf] nfdf] k[i7e"ld k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . wf/f xf] / oxL ;d;fdlos wf/fsf] ;dodf n]lvPsf s'g} klg ;|i6fsf ;[hgfdf /fi6« / /fli6«otf k|ltlalDat / ;dsfnLg r]tgf k|ltlalDat ePsf sljtf ;dsfnLg x'g', /fi6«k|ltsf] lrGtf / rf;f] cleJoQm x'g' tyf /fi6« sljtf x'g\ . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ a'em\g k|ydtM / /fli6«otfk|ltsf] ;dk{0f efj k|ltlalDat x'g' s'g} klg ;dsfnLgtf / o;sf clenIf0fx? a'em\g' cfjZos /fi6«sf] ;flxTosf] ;d[l4sf] ;"rs xf] . o;af6 ;|i6fn] x'G5 . kl/jlt{t ;docg';f/ cfh jf clxn]sf] jt{dfg cfkm\gf ;[hgfdf /fi6«nfO{ s;/L cleJol~ht u/]sf] 5 jf ;Dk|lt;Fu ;Da4 clenIf0f / ljz]iftf ePsf] sljtf ;dsfnLg sljtf xf] / o:tf] clenIf0f / eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . g]kfnL sljtfsf ;Gbe{df jL/sfnLg sljtfb]lv ljz]iftf sljtfdf ljBdfg x'g' sljtf ;dsfnLg x'g' g} /fli6«o r]tgfsf cfkm\g} lsl;dsf ljz]iftfx? b]lvG5g\ xf] . ;dsfnLgtfsf k|d'v clenIf0fx?nfO{ tn k|:t't eg] kl5 cfP/ cfw'lgs g]kfnL sljx?sf sljtfsf ul/G5 M ;fy} kl/isf/jfbL, :jR5GbtfjfbL, k|of]ujfbL / !_ ;dsfnLg÷;dsfnLgtf jt{dfg;Fu ;Da4 x'G5 . ;d;fdlos wf/fb]lv otfsf cGo w]/} sljx?sf @_ ;dsfnLg÷;dsfnLgtf kl/jlt{t ;do;Fu ;Da4 x'G5 . sljtfdf ;d]t s'g} g s'g} ?kdf /fli6«o rf;f] / lrGtf cyf{t\ /fli6«o r]tgf cleJoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . #_ ;dsfnLg÷;dsfnLgtf jt{dfgsf clenIf0f / ljz]iftfn] o'Qm x'G5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf /fi6« x/]s b[li6n] hh{/ eO/x]sf o;k|sf/ kl/jlt{t ;dos|dsf clenIf0fx?sf] cj:yfdf sljx? /fi6«k|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g' :jfefljs xf] . /fi6«k|ltsf] oxL lrGtf / rf;f] clg /fi6«k|ltsf] jf o:tf kl/jlt{t ;don] ;+jxg u/]/ cfpg] ljljw ;h{ssf] st{Jo;Fu ufFl;P/ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf ljz]iftf tyf kl/rfos clenIf0fx? g} ;dsfnLg /fli6«o r]tgf d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . ;dsfnLgtf / g]kfnL sljtfsf klxrfg, k[ys\tf / j}lzi6\o x'g\ . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf tyf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] ;ª\lIfKt o;sf/0f klg kl/jlt{t ;do / jt{dfgsf clenIf0f cfsng ub}{ ;fIox?åf/f ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf tyf ljz]iftf x'g' ;dsfnLg sljtfsf] clenIf0f xf] .

!= ljifof/De

129

;dsfnLgtfsf dfGotfx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M !_ ;dsfnLgtfdf ;dosf] ;Lldttf x'G5 . @_ ;dsfnLgtfdf tfTsflnstf x'G5 . #_ ;dsfnLgtfdf kl/j{tgzLntf x'G5 . ;dsfnLg sljtfdf oL dfGotf k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . Ps ;dosf] ;dsfnLgtf lglZrt ;do;Dd /xg] / kl5 csf]{ ;dsfnLgtf cfO{ of] s|d lg/Gt/ ;do;Dd rNg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cl:y/ cjwf/0ffsf ?kdf dflgG5 . jt{dfgdf n]lvFb}df ;a} sljtf ;dsfnLg x'Fb}gg\ . ;dsfnLgtfsf clenIf0f / ljz]iftf 3l6t x'g] sljtf dfq ;dsfnLg x'G5g\ . g]kfnL sljtfdf ;d;fdlos wf/fnfO{ ;dsfnLg ;do / o; wf/fsf sljtfnfO{ ;d;fdlos jf ;dsfnLg sljtf elgP klg jt{dfg ;Gbe{df @)$^ otfsf sljtfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtf dfGg' a9L o'lQm;ª\ut b]lvG5 / @)#^sf] kl/jt{g tyf ;8s sljtf s|flGtnfO{ b"/:y ;dsfnLgtfsf ?kdf dfGg ;lsG5 . lgs6:y kl/b[Zo / 36gfjnLx?n] tt\tt\ ;dosf sljtfnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf 5g\ . d"ntM @)$^ sf] cfGbf]ng / cfGbf]ng sljtf @)%@÷)%# sf] ;z:q åGå tyf @)^@÷)^#sf] cfGbf]ng / nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs sljtf cfGbf]ngx? o; ;dosf k|d'v k|efjs tŒj x'g\ . oL ;dodf n]lvPsf / cfhsf] o'uLg kl/j]znfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ n]lvPsf, oyfy{sf] k|s6Ls/0f ePsf Pjd\ jt{dfg o'uaf]wL r]tgfn] o'Qm cfhsf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf d"n k|j[lQsf ?kdf g} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«k|ltsf] lrGtf / rf;f]sf b[li6n] cfhsf g]kfnL sljtf a9L ;an 5g\ .

#= /fi6«, /fli6«otf / /fli6«o r]tgf /fi6« zAbsf] sf]zLo cy{ hgtf, ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{ef}d ;Qf;DkGg ePsf] s'g} b]z jf d'n's Pjd\ Ps} b]zsf Pp6} ;+:s[lt tyf cy{Joj:yfdf cfa4 ;d:t gful/s jf hgtf eGg] x'G5 / /fli6«otf eGgfn] /fi6«k|ltsf] cf:yf jf /fi6«lxtsf] efjgf, /fi6«k|]d, /fi6«sf] l:ylt jf cfkm\gf]kg eGg] a'lemG5 . o; sf]zLo 130

cy{eGbf k/ tfTko{ut cy{af6 /fi6«,/fli6«otf / /fli6«o r]tgfnfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 . /fi6«,/fli6«otf s'g} ;Lldt Pjd\ ;fdfGo kl/efiffdf afFlwb}g . ;fdfGo cy{df ;fj{ef}d ;Qf;DkGg ePsf] s'g} b]z /fi6« xf] / ToxL /fi6«k|ltsf] cf:yf, >4f, k|]d, /fi6«lxtsf] efjgf, /fi6«sf] l:ylt / ;Dk"0f{ cy{df /fi6«sf] cfkm\gf] kgnfO{ /fli6«otfsf ?kdf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; cGtu{t d"ntM /fi6«k|ltsf] rf;f], lrGtf h:tf efjx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . /fi6«sf] k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl:ylt, d"No, dfGotf cflb ofjt\ kIf klg o;df ;dflxt x'G5g\ . /rgf jf sljtfdf of] r]tgf cleJol~ht x'g' sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf k|ltlalDat x'g' xf] . /fi6«,/fli6«otfk|ltsf] lrGtg, ;f]r / ;du|df /fli6«o efjsf] clek|fo /fli6«o r]tgf xf] . slj, n]vs jf ;|i6f klg /fi6«sf] gful/s ePsfn] p;sf klg cfkm\gf] /fi6«k|ltsf st{Jo / bfloTjx? x'G5g\ . of] Ps lsl;dsf] /fi6«jfb klg xf] . cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] ;d'Gglt / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] l;4fGt jf /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|ltsf] ljz]if cf:yf jf To:tf] cf:yfsf] j}rfl/s r]tgf /fi6«jfb xf] / oxL /fi6«jfbL lrGtg /fli6«o r]tgf xf] . /fi6«k|lt gful/s jf ;|i6fsf st{Jo s] < pb\b]Zo s] < bfloTj s] < cflb cg]sf}F k|Zgx?sf] pQ/;Fu /fli6«o r]tgf g} ;Dk[Qm eP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o r]tgfsf pko'{Qm ;Gbe{;Fu ufFl;P/ n]lvPsf] /rgf jf sljtf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] sljtf xf] . ;|i6f jf slj klg /fi6«sf] gful/s ePsfn] p;sf] /rgf klg s'g} g s'g} ?kdf /fi6«;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 / x'g'k5{ . h;sf sljtfdf /fi6«k|ltsf] lrGtf / rf;f] 5, /fi6«k|ltsf] st{Jo 5, ;dk{0f efj 5, cf:yf / ljZjf; 5, ;Ddfg 5, lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf] ;'uGw 5, df6f]sf] uGw 5, g]kfnL df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] pGd]if 5, /fli6«o PsfTds efj 5, ;u/dfyfsf] 5fof, 5lj / pRrtf 5, b]z b'v]sf laDax? 5g\, /fi6«sf kL8f, ;+j]bgf, ul/aL, cefj, b'Mv, b'/j:yf, /fhgLlts ;ª\ultxLgtf cflb ofjt\ ;d:ofk|lt ulx/f]

;xfg'e"lt / ;+j]bgf 5 To:t} jf ltg} sljsf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] k|ltlaDag kfOG5 . of] /fli6«o r]tgf b]zk|]d;Fu ;Da4 eP klg o;sf] If]q lgs} ljzfn / km/flsnf] 5 .

>]i7 cflb cfw'lgs sljx?sf sltko sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf zfZjt / ;flj{s d"Nosf ;fy cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . of] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgfsf] k|fs\;Gbe{ / k[i7e"ld xf] .

$= g]kfnL sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] k|fs\;Gbe{ %= ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf / /fli6«o r]tgf Pjd\ lrtjg ;Gbe{ /fli6«o r]tgf / jL/efjsf] k|:t'ltsf b[li6n] k|fylds sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] k[i7e"ld / k|fs\ ;Gbe{nfO{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;df k|fylds sfnLg jL/wf/fsf sljtfb]lv g} /fli6«o r]tgf k|ltlalDat ePsf] kfOG5 . d"ntM zf;s:t'ltnfO{ cGtj{:t' agfOP klg k|fylds sfnLg sljtfdf kfOg] /fli6«o r]tgfsf] efj uDeL/ b]lvG5 . dfWolds sfnLg sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf s]xL Go"g ?kdf d'vl/t eP klg /fi6«k|ltsf] st{Joaf]w / /fi6«efjsf] pbfQ r]tgf eg] tTsfnLg s]xL sljtfdf d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . k|fylds / dfWolds sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf kfOg] /fli6«o r]tgf cfb{zåf/f cg'k|fl0ft ePsfdf cfw'lgs sfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cfOk'Ubf o;sf] :j?kdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . sf]/f cfb{z tyf zf;s:t'lt;Gble{t cfb{zo'Qm /fli6«o r]tgfsf :yfgdf Jofjxfl/s cfb{zåf/f cg'k|fl0ft Pjd\ o'uLg oyfy{k/s /fli6«o r]tgf cleJol~ht ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs sfnsf] k|f/Desf] s]xL ;dokl5 g} o'uLg kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df tTsfnLg sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfn] cGtj{:t'sf] :j?k k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} wf/fut k|j[lQ cg'?k :jR5GbtfjfbL / k|ultjfbL sljtfdf klg sxLF :ki6 sxLF ;fª\s]lts ?kdf /fli6«o r]tgf k|ltlalDat ePsf] kfOG5 . /fi6«n] ;ª\s6fkGg kl/ l:ylt em]Ng' k/]sf a]nf, /fi6«n] ljb|"k qf;bL a]xf]g'{ k/]sf a]nf / /fli6«o :jtGqtf tyf :jfwLgtfdf cfFr cfpg yfn]sf a]nf slj;+j]bgf /fi6«k|lt a9L ;zQm eP/ d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, afns[i0f ;d, l;l4r/0f >]i7, o'4k|;fb ld>, s]bf/dfg Jolyt, ljho dNn, e"kL z]/rg, dfwjk|;fb l3ld/], df]xg sf]O/fnf, pk]Gb|

;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf ljljw k|j[lQdWo] /fli6«o r]tgf klg Pp6f d"ne"t k|j[lQsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtf eg]sf] ax'n k|j[lQo'Qm sljtf xf] / ax'njfbL lrGtg tyf r]tgfaf6 o;sf] JofVof Gofok"0f{ x'G5 . tL ljljw ax'njfbL k|j[lQdWo] k|d'v k|j[lQsf ?kdf /x]sf] /fi6«jfbL r]tgfsf klg j}ljWodo :j?k b]lvG5g\ . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgf sf]/f cfbz{k/s geP/ b]zsf] o'uLg ;ª\ultxLgtfsf sf/0f pTkGg b]zsf] b'/j:yf / To; b'/j:yfaf6 cfxt sljr]tgfsf] kL8fhGo cleJolQmsf ?kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«k|ltsf] lrGtf / rf;f] g} ;dli6df ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] /fli6«o r]tgfsf ?kdf ;ª\s]ltt ePsf] kfOG5 . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] pb\b]Zo oyfy{sf] k|s6Ls/0f ePsfn] oxL oyfy{sf] k|s6Ls/0fsf ljljw cfofdx?sf ;Gbe{df g} sljx?n] cfkm\gfcfkm\gf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf ;Gbe{nfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6«k|lt sljsf] st{Jo, bfloTj / lhDd]jf/Lsf] clek|fo eGbf klg /fi6«sf] o'uLg qf;bLsf laDax? b]v]/, ef]u]/, cg'ej u/]/ tL ef]ufO / cg'e"ltsf oyfy{nfO{ sljx?n] cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . t;y{ /fi6«n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] cfttfoL ;dosf laDax?af6 ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] /fli6«o r]tgf kl/kf]lift b]lvG5 . /fi6«sf nflu s]xL lbg] eGbf klg /fi6«af6 ;j{:j lng dfq} hfg]sf ;Qfgfosx?, ;Qfsf cg'ufdLx? / ;Qfrf/0fx?af6 /fi6« n'l6Psf] b]v]/ cfs|fGt ePsf] slj;+j]bgf sljtfsf zAbdf ?kflot x'Fbf sljsf cGtZr]tgfaf6 o'uLg a]lyltsf lj?4 131

lg:s]sf sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgf g} cfhsf sljsf]÷sljtfsf] d"n ;Gbe{ xf] . /fli6«o k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf cflbsf] j}ejzfnL j0f{g+eGbf dfly p7]/ cfhsf ;dsfnLg sljx?n] /fi6«nfO{ ;ª\s6fkGg l:yltaf6 d'Qm u/fpg] pb\b]Zo /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL pb\b]Zo g} /fli6«o r]tgf xf] / of] r]tgf cfhsf cyf{t\ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] k|d'v jf d"n k|j[lQ klg xf] . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljx? dWo] clwsf+z sljx?sf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf ljljw :j?kx? kfOG5g\ . ljz]iftM O{Zj/aNne, ljdn sf]O/fnf, lji0f'lje' l3ld/], cz]if dNn, ;?eQm, ljZjljdf]xg >]i7, df]ldnf, piff z]/rg, lbg]z clwsf/L, If]qk|tfk clwsf/L, >j0f d'sf?ª, ljKnj 9sfn, uLtf lqkf7L, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, b]jL g]kfn, k"0f{lj/fd, uf]ljGb jt{dfg, s[i0f;]g OR5's, dft[sf kf]v/]n, 3gZofd sF8]n, /d]z >]i7, ljwfg cfrfo{, cd/ lu/L, lzj /]UdL, cljgfz >]i7, a]~h' zdf{, d~h' sfFr'nL, ljdn lgef, ceo >]i7, ;fDa 9sfn, cf/=Pd=8ª\uf]n, cf/=cf/= rf}nfufOF, dg' dl~hn, /d]z kf}8]n, e"lkg Jofs'n, sfnLk|;fb l/hfn, k'?iff]Qd ;'j]bL, gLnd sfsL{ lgxfl/sf, tLy{ >]i7, Zofdn, 7fs'/ a]naf;], uLtf sfsL{ cflb sljx?sf] ;dli6 k|j[lQaf6 l;ª\uf] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] /fli6«o r]tgf ;zQm 5 / To;sf nflu k'/fgf] k':tf, aLrsf] k':tf / gjk':tfsf sljx?sf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo 5 . lrtjgsf sljx?sf ;Gbe{df klg /fli6«o r]tgfsf] ;Gbe{ hf]l8P/ cfpF5 . lrtjgsf sljx?sf sljtfdf klg /fli6«o r]tgf k|an / ;zQm b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf sljx?dWo] /fhs[i0f sF8n] , s]bf/gfy vgfn, kf]if/fh kf}8n] , df]bgfy d/x§f, k|d] ljgf]b gGbg, /fdafa' l3ld/], uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bL, slkn c1ft, >LeQm cRo't jfUn], OGb|nfn >]i7 clåtLo, ;/:jtL l/hfn, s]zj/fh cfdf]bL, e"lkg Jofs'n, wg/fh lu/L, ;l/tf ltjf/L, OGb| /]UdL, k|sfz rfkfufO{+, xl/x/ vgfn, v'dgf/fo0f kf}8]n, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmn, ;ª\uLt cfofd, l;h{g clj/n, 132

afns[i0f yklnof, hL=zdf{, ls;fg k|d] L, 1fg' clwsf/L, l;Gw' uf}td, /d]z k|eft, 8L=8L= zdf{, /]zdnfn >]i7, r]tsfGt rfkfufO{+, k'ik clwsf/L c~hnL, uf]kfn kf}8]n, x';]g vfF, uf]v]{ ;fOFnf], /fh]Gb| 3fon, k|zGg l3ld/], ljdn b]jsf]6f, gd'gf zdf{ cflb sljx?sf sljtfsf ;fy} ufoqL >]i7sf uLtdf klg /fli6«o r]tgf ;zQm ?kdf d'vl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . cem To;df klg +@)^% df lrtjgsf ;flxlTos ;+:yfx?sf] ;ls|otfdf k|sflzt sljtfdf u0ftGq gfds ;+oQ ' m sljtf;ª\ux| df ;dfj]z ePsf lrtjgsf sljx?sf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] Hofb} ;zQm ?kdf kfOg] s'/f klg oxfF :d/0fLo 5 . sljtf;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf pko'{Qm sljx?sf sljtfsf cltl/Qm sljtf;ª\u|x k|sflzt gePsf / km'6s/ ?kdf sljtf n]Vg] sljx?sf sljtfdWo] ;'dg/fh >]i7, ;'jf; vgfn / ;fdgf kxf8sf sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgf ;zQm b]lvG5 . uLt uhn n]Vg] uLtsf/ tyf uhnsf/x?sf /rgfdf klg /fli6«o r]tgf plQs} k|an ?kdf kfOG5 .

^= jt{dfg ;Gbe{ / /fli6«o r]tgf /fli6«o r]tgf sljtfdf k|ltlalDat x'g' To; sljtfsf] ;|i6f jf sljdf /fi6«af]w x'g' xf] . oxL /fi6«af]wL r]tgfn] sljnfO{ /fi6«k|lt a9L ;+j]lbt agfpF5 . sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgfsf] s'g} Ifl0fs jf tfTsflns d"No x'Fb}g tfklg b]zdf / j}lZjs kl/j]zdf b]lvPsf 7'nf7'nf 36gfjnLx?n] sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g\ / o;af6 sljtfdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf ljljw :j?kx? b]lvG5g\ . ;flxTo jf sljtfdf /fi6«, /fli6«o Wo]o, lrGtg jf /fli6«o efj / /fli6«o r]tgf ;flj{s / zfZjt d"Nosf ?kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . of] :yfg, sfn / kl/j]zsf] ;Ldfaf6 dfly x'G5 tfklg s'g} j}lZjs, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fdl/s, /fli6«o cflb ljleGg kl/36gfx?n] sljnfO{ /fi6«k|lt ;+j]bgzLn agfpF5g\ . To:tf ljz]if / ljlzi6 kl/l:yltn] sljnfO{ ÷ kf7snfO{ /fi6«k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ klg agfpF5g\ . pko'{Qm 36gfjnLx?sf

sf/0f /fi6« ;ª\s6k"0f{ kl/l:yltdf k'Ug] / /fi6«sf] cf/f]x cj/f]xsf sf/s tŒj klg o:tf 36gfjnL x'g] ePsfn] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df g]kfnL sljx?sf] /fli6«o r]tgf / lrGtg, lrGtf / rf;f], st{Jo / bfloTj dg, jrg / sd{n] x[bosf] ulx/fOaf6 ul/Psf] /fi6«k|]d g} x'g'k5{ . dfly sljtfdf elgPem}F s/f/;]jfsf] b]zelQm ldYof cf8Da/ xf] . clxn]sf w]/} sljtf ldYof cf8Da/sf] ljkIfdf 5g\ . clxn]sf] ;do eg]sf] ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfsf] kl5Nnf] df]8 xf] . o; cjlwsf sljtf ;dsfnLg /fhgLlts ;fdflhs kl/b[Zoaf6 c;Dk[Qm 5}gg\ . b]zdf b]lvPsf ofjt\ ;ª\ultxLgtfsf sf/0f g]kfnL hLjg / ;dfh hl6n kl/l:yltdf 5 . o;y{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df Pp6} /fli6«o lrGtg / r]tgfn] g]kfnLx?sf aLrsf] efjgfTds PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofpF5 . hflt, wd{, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo, ;+:s[lt, e"uf]n, /Lltl:ylt cflb b[li6n] ljljwtfdf Pstf g]kfnLsf] ljz]iftf xf] / g]kfnsf] klxrgf xf] . o; ljljwtfdo ljz]iftfnfO{ /fhgLlts gf/fdf d'5\bf /fi6« ljv08gsf]] l:yltdf k'U5 . xfdL k|ydt M g]kfnL xf}F / To;kl5 dfq lxdfnL, kxf8L, t/fO{nL / dw];L xf}F eGg] efjgfnfO{ casf sljtfn] ;zQm ?kdf cfTd;ft\ ug'{kb{5 . If]q, hflt, wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, ;Dk|bfo cflb h]df 5l/P/ /x] klg ;j{k|yd xfd|f] klxrfg / kl/ro g]kfnL x'g'df 5 eGg] r]tgf / lrGtgnfO{ klg ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfn] lbzflgb]{z ug{'k5{ . jt{dfg g]kfnL sljtfdf of] k|ltWjlg ;fª\s]lts ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . ;xcl:tŒjljgf ;b\efjsf] ;[hgf x'g ;Sb}g / ;b\efj geP ef}lts cef}lts zflGt x'Fb}g . o;y{ ;xcl:tŒj, ;b\efj / g]kfnLTjsf] /fli6«o r]tgfn] g]kfnL efj, g]kfnL cl:tŒj / g]kfnLkg cd/ /xg ;S5 / sljtfdf log} jf0fLsf] cleJolQm cfhsf] ck]Iff xf] . jt{dfg ;gbe{df /fi6«÷b]z /fhgLlts ;ª\s|d0fsf] l:yltdf ePsfn] klg cfhsf ;|i6f ÷sljx? /fi6«k|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g' cfjZos 5 .

&= ljifofGt cfhsf g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ ;dsfnLg sljtf elgG5 / /fli6«o r]tgf cfhsf sljtfsf ljljw k|j[lQdWo]sf] Pp6f d"n k|j[lQ xf] . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL sljtfdf k|ltlalDat /fli6«o r]tgf d"ntM oyfy{sf] cleJolQmsf s|ddf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Jofks cy{df b]zsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs cflb If]qdf b]lvPsf ;ª\ultxLgtfsf] lj/f]w ug'{df klg ;ª\ultsf] ck]Iff n's]sf] x'G5 . e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]wdf klg ;bfrf/sf] cfzo x'G5 . cJoj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf klg ;'Joj:yfsf] ;Gb]z x'G5 . t;y{ gsf/fTds kIfx?sf] cleJolQmdf klg ;sf/fTds efj n'ssf] x'G5 . o; Jofks cy{df gsf/fTdstfk|lt cfnf]rgfTds b[li6 /flvPsf ;a} sljtfsf] clek|fo /fi6« / /fli6«otf xf], t/ oxfF cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgf x/]s gful/ssf] ÷;|i6fsf] /fi6«k|ltsf] st{Josf, pb\b]Zosf, uGtJosf nIox? s] x'g\ eGg]lt/ ;ª\s]ltt 5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ /fi6«sf] cl:tŒj;Fu of] ufFl;P/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfhsf g]kfnL sljtfdf cleJol~ht /fli6«o r]tgf klg ;xcl:tŒj / ;b\efjs} kl/k"/s / ;fk]If cjwf/0ff xf] / cfhsf sljtfsf] ck]Iff klg oxL xf] . cfhsf slj / sljtf o;} lbzflt/ cled'v x'g' cfjZos 5 .

/fHo 5}g t 7Ls} 5 t/ s'/fHo gxf];\, ldq} 5}g t 7Ls} 5 t/ s'ldq gxf];\, lzio 5}g t 7Ls} 5 t/ s'lzio gxf];\, :qL -kTgL_ gxf];\ a]; t/ b'i6 :qL -kTgL_ gxf];\ . – rf0fSo

133

;x/L jftfj/0fdf t/sf/L v]tL  z'qms'df/ k|wfg k"j{ pk–dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljefu

b]zdf a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof;Fu;Fu} vfBfGg afnL nufot tfhf t/sf/L tyf ;fu;AhLsf] klg dfu clt a9\bf] 5 . ljif]z u/]/ clxn] s]xL jif{b]lv g]kfnL ;dfh klg cfˆgf] :jf:ysf] Vofn u/]/ zfsfxf/L ef]hg tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] b}lgs vfgfdf t/sf/L / xl/of] ;fu;AhL a9L k|of]u x'“b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/]/ ;x/ ahf/df a:g] dflg;x? / /fd|f] cfo;|f]t ePsf dflg;x? lbgx'“ xl/of] tfhf t/sf/L cfˆgf] b}lgs vfgfdf k|of]u ug{ rfxG5g\ . To;}n] t/sf/Lsf] efpm klg lbgx'“ pRr x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . dfucg';f/ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ufx|f] eO/x]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] dfu / cfk"lt{ lgs} km/s x'g] u/]sf] 5 . a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] efpm klg lgs} dxËf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ufpF / a:tLx?df eGbf ;x/df a:g] dflg;x?sf] ;ª\Vof clt g} w]/} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clg ufpF / a:tLx?df eGbf ljz]if u/]/ t/sf/Lsf] dfu ;x/ ahf/df w]/} u'0ff a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/ ufpF, a:tLsf] bFfhf]df ;x/df t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ hUuf hldg eg] lgs} sd x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ufpF a:tLx?df pTkfbg u/]/ t/sf/Lx? laqmL ljt/0fsf] nflu ;x/df NofpF5g\ . 6f9f–6f9faf6 9'jfgL u/]/ ;x/df laqmLsf] nflu cfOk'Ug] t/sf/L dxËf x'g] ub{5g\ . lsgsL 9'jfgL / cGo w]/}hgf demf}lnofx?sf] xftaf6 pkef]Qmfx?;Dd ls;fgsf] v]tLaf/Laf6 cfOk'Ubf efpm lgs} dxËf] x'g] ub{5 . ;f]em} ls;fgaf6 pkef]Qmfdfem cfOk'Ug] t/sf/Lx? eg] s]xL ;:tf] x'g] ub{5 . t/ of] sfd g]kfndf lgs} ufx|f] 5 . lsgsL g]kfnL s[ifsx? ;f]em} cfˆgf] 134

v]taf/Lsf] t/sf/L ;x/sf ahf/;Dd k'¥ofP/ laqmL ljt/0f ug{ rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx? cfˆgf] pTkfbg larf}lnof -Middle man_ Jofkf/L dfkm{t laqmL ljt/0f u5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;:tf] efpmdf Jofkf/Lx?n] df]ntf]n u/]/ lsg]/ n}hfg] ub{5g\ . t/ xfn}sf] cj:yfdf eg] w]/}h;f] t/sf/L pTkfbg x'g] 7fpF tyf ufpF3/df eg] s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ldn]/ t/sf/L ;°ng s]Gb|x?dfkm{t\ t/sf/L laqmL ljt/0f eO/fv]sf] 5 . h;af6 s[ifsx?nfO{ s]xL kmfObf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L:t/af6 klg t/sf/L ;°ng s]Gb| agfpg k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . clxn] t/sf/Lsf] efpm lgs} dxËf] ePsf] 5 . s'g} klg t/sf/Lsf] efpm ?=$).– k|lt s]=hL= eGbf sd 5}g . ;fnel/ t/sf/Lsf] efpm pRr /xg] u/]sf] 5 . t/sf/L x/]s g]kfnLsf] b}lgs ef]hgdf geO{ gx'g] vfB j:t' xf] . cfhsn x/]s g]kfnLsf] efG5fdf cGo s'g} klg vfB j:t' -bfn, rfdn cflb_ eGbf a9L vr{ t/sf/Ldf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;x/df a:g] dflg;n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{ b}lgs ;fFem / laxfg geO{ gx'g] tfhf t/sf/Lsf] cfjZostf s]xL xb;Dd cfˆgf] 3/ j/k/ s/];faf/L agfP/ jf sf};L t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ klg cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;x/df v]tLof]Uo hldg w]/} sd dfqfdf x'g] u/]sf]n] Jofj;flos tl/sfaf6 t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ pTkfbg ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;Dej x'Fb}g . t/ ;x/df klg cfˆgf] 3/ j/k/ ;–;fgf au}Frf, s]xL vfnL 38]/L hldgx?df df};dcg';f/sf] t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . To;} u/]/ 3/ dflysf] 5tx?df klg udnf 135

/fv]/ jf vfnL af]/fx?df df6f] / k||fËfl/s dnx? e/]/ ljleGg lsl;dsf df};dL t/sf/Lx? pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 ljifflb/lxt tfhf t/sf/L b}lgs cfˆgf] ef]hgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;x/L jftfj/0fdf t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ rng klg ca a9\bf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof ;Fu;Fu} ;x/df ePsf] hUuf hldgdf 3/, cfjf; u[xx?, Jofkfl/s s]Gb|x?, dgf]/~hg :ynx? cflb lgdf{0fn] ubf{ v]tLof]Uo hldgx? 36\b} uPsf 5g\ . ;x/df a9L dflg;x? a;f]af; ug]{ t/ v]tLof]Uo hldg 36\bf] x'gfn] t/sf/L v]tLsf] nflu pko'Qm hldg kfpg sl7g x'g cfpF5 . t/ sd hUufdf a9LeGbf a9L tfhf t/sf/L jif{el/ pTkfbg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f / pko'Qm k|ljlwx?, pGgt dn lapmsf] k|of]u, k|fËfl/s dnsf] pTkfbg, k|of]u ljlw af/] hfgsf/L /fVg' ;a}sf] nflu pko'Qm x'gfn] t/sf/L v]tLaf/] oxfF s]xL s'/fx? pNn]v u/]sf] 5' . clxn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf cfˆgf] :jf:ydf b}lgs vfgkfgn] k'¥Øfpg] c;/af/] w]/} r]tgf hflu;s]sf] 5 . ctM a9LeGbf a9L dflg;x? ljifflb/lxt tfhf t/sf/L, ;fu;AhL cfˆgf] b}lgs vfhfdf k|of]u ug{ rfxG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;s];Dd cfˆgf] s/];f af/Ldf jif]{, lxpFb] tyf a]df};dL t/sf/L, ;fu;AhL pTkfbg ug'{ lgs} a]; x'G5 . sd hldgdf klg Jojl:yt t/sf/Ln] pGgt lapm, dn k|of]u / pGgt k|ljlw ckgfP/ a9LeGbf a9L pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . o; af/] tflnd lnP/ 1fg xfl;n ug'{ lgs} a]; x'G5 . ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s 1fgaf6 k|z:t t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ca d t/sf/L / ;fu;AhLsf af/]df s]xL j0f{g ug{ rfxG5' . xfdLn] b}lgs k|of]u ug]{ t/sf/L eGgfn] kmn, 8Ff7, kft / h/fsf t/sf/Lx? x'G5g\ . -s_ kmn t/sf/L eGgfn] – nf}sf, km;L{, lrlrG8f, l3/f}+nf, uf]ne]F8f, tg] af]8L, k/an, v';f{gL, ds} af]8L, s/]nf, l;dL, a/]nf, e06f, l3pm l;dL, e]F8] v';f{gL, ;'Ohg, sfFqmf], :s';, leG8L, 136

h'u'gL km;L{ cflb kb{5g\ . -v_ 8Ff7 / kft t/sf/L eGgfn] – sfpnL, aGbf, rD;'/, UofF7sf]eL, a|f]sfpnL, kfn'Ëf], Kofh, n;'g, /fof]sf] ;fu, tf]/Lsf] ;fu, n§], d]yLsf] ;fu, kmfk/sf] ;fu, km;L{sf] d'G6f, wlgof, s'l/nf] cflb kb{5g\ . -u_ h/f t/sf/L eGgfn]– d"nf, ufh/, cfn', lkF8fn' t?n, r'sGb/, ufG6] d"nf cflb kb{5g\ . oL dfly pNn]lvt ljleGg hftsf df};dL÷ a]df};dL t/sf/Lx?sf] k|fËfl/s dn k|of]u u/]/ v]tL u/L cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ b}lgs cfjZos kg]{ hlt cfˆgf] 3/ j/k/sf] s/];faf/Laf6} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . vf; u/]/ a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / hg;ª\Vof ePsf] :yfgx?df s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug'{ lgs} kmfObfhgs / nfek|b x'g cfpF5 . laxfg, a]n'sL cfjZos kg]{ tfhf t/sf/L pknAw u/fpg] ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo oxL g} xf] . ;x/ glhsdf v]tLaf/L x'gx] ?n] eg] Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ dgUo gfkmf sdfpg klg ;S5g\ . pGgt v]tL k|ljlw ;Fu;Fu} pGgt hftsf xfOla|8 lapx? klg k|z:t kfOG5g\ . pRr u'0f:t/sf] lap / k|fËfl/s dnx? k|of]u u/]/ tfhf t/sf/Lx? pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . xl/of] ;fu / tfhf t/sf/L b}lgs ;]jg ug]{x?sf] :jf:y lgs} /fd|f] x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg hftsf t/sf/Lx?af6 xfd|f] zl//nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ !* ;"Id vfB tŒjx? (18 Amino Acids) k|fKt x'G5g\ . oL vfB tŒjx?n] xfd|f] z/L/df nfUg ;Sg] ljleGg /f]ux?;Fu n8\g] Ifdtf a9fpF5 . tfhf t/sf/L b}lgs ;]jg ug]{ zfsfxf/L JolQmsf] zl// :j:y / x[i6k'i6 (Healthy) x'G5 . ;Fw} km"lt{nf] / xFl;nf] x'G5 . 3/sf] sf};Ldf udnfx? jf af]/fx?df df6f] e/]/ xf];\ jf s/];faf/Ldf ul/g] t/sf/L v]tLsf] nflu k|fËfl/s dnsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ctM 3/df g} cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fËfl/s dn klg tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] efG5faf6 b}lgs lgl:sg] t/sf/Lx?sf]

af]qmf, ;fukft / afFsL /x]sf vfgfx?nfO{ ;°ng u/]/ k|fËfl/s dn tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;8\g] uNg] ;a} j:t'x?nfO{ 3/af/Lsf] Pp6f s'gfdf vfN8f] vg]/ ;°ng ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;°lnt j:t'x?nfO{ s]xL dlxgf cyjf s]xL xKtf ;°ng u/]/ To;df s]xL dfqfdf 3/ /Ëfpg] r'gf /fv]/ ;8fpg / unfpg ;lsG5 / k|fËfl/s dn t}of/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] dn xfdLn] v]tL ug]{ af]6 lj¿jfdf ;lhn} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;x/L jftfj/0fdf klg lxpFb] xf];\ jf jif]{ t/sf/Lv]tL a]nfdf ug{ ;lsof] eg] x/]s 3/ kl/jf/sf] b}lgs cfjZostf kg]{ t/sf/Lsf] cfk"lt{ ug{ 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ub5 . lxpFbdf rfx] /fof]sf] ;fu, rD;'/, kfn'Ëf], wlgofF, ;f]k cflb xf];\ of sfpnL, aGbf, d"nf, ufh/, v';f{gL, lxpFb] l;dL, uf]ne]F8f, cfn', n;'g, Kofh, as'nf xf];\ a]nfdf v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 eg] jiff{t\df l3/f}+nf, lrlrG8f, leG8L, s/]nf, l;dL, af]8L, nf}sf, km;L{, :s'; h:tf t/sf/L v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{ k'Ug] t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfhsn xfd|f] b]zsf] 7"nf 7"nf ;x/x?df sf};L t/sf/L / s/];faf/L t/sf/L v]tLsf] Jofkstf cfPsf] 5 / pTkfbg klg k|z:t e} /fv]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/ h:tf 7"nf ;x/df of] k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u ePsf] 5 . xfn;fn} dfq ;x/L jftfj/0fdf ljifflb/lxt t/sf/L v]tLsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx?n] sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . of] lgs} v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf] ;fy;fy} xfd|f ;x/ / ufpF–7fpFdf klg Pu|f]e]6 (Agro Vet – shops) k;nx? k|z:t} v'n]sf 5g\ . oL k;nx?n] pGgt dn, lap, ljiffbLx? laqmL ug'{sf ;fy} k|fljlws ;]jf (Technical Service) klg k|bfg ub{5g\ . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg s[ifsx?sf] nflu pGgt lap, lahg tyf /f;folgs dn cg'bfgdf ljt/0f ug'{sf] ;fy} lgMz'Ns

k|fljlws ;]jf, 6]jf, tflnd cflb pknAw u/fpFb5 . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{t s[lif ljefu, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|af6 o:tf cfjZos cg'bfg, tflnd, k|fljlws ;]jf, 6]jf cflb pknAw x'G5g\ . ctM cfjZos kg]{ hf];'s}n] klg t/sf/L v]tL ug{ OR5f b]vfpF5g\ eg] tL ;a} lgsfox?n] lgMz'Ns ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb5 . o; ljifodf tflnd lng rfxG5g\ eg] klg lgMz'Ns tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/lbG5g\ . t/sf/L v]tL pGgt tl/sfn] ug]{ xf] eg] – k|fljlws 1fg xfl;n ug'{ pQd x'g hfG5 . ctM pGgt tl/sfn] v]tL u/]/ klg ;x/L hLjg ;lhnf];Fu dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] b}lgs tfhf t/sf/Lsf] cfjZostf cfˆg} af/Laf6 kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsG5 . clg :j:y / ;'vL hLjg latfpg ;lsG5 . cGtdf, olb s;}nfO{ xl/of] ;fu cfˆgf] af/Ldf l5§} pTkfbg u/]/ vfg OR5f 5 eg] tf]/L nufpg' xf];\– lapm 5/]sf] !$–!% lbgdf tf]/Lsf] ;fu vfg tof/ x'G5 .

uhn  k|efs/ kl08t lgGb|f lsGg ;ls+b}g ;'gs} cf]R5\ofg lsg] klg sfnhoL x'Gg dfG5] aGb's af]sL lxg] klg s;n] xf¥of] s;n] lhTof] sf] 5 /fhL v';L oxfF < dfg{] klg xfdL g} Yof}+ xfdL g} dfl/g] klg lsGg]x? d"v{ x'g\ ls w"t{ x'g\ tL a]Rg]x? ;'gs} efp lsga]r x'G5 lkQn egL lrg] klg sf]bf] af]sL sf]nlt/ wfpF5g\ ;a} t]nLx? lg:sFb}g t]n s;} sf]bf] hlt lkg] klg /fxt h:t} afFl8Fb}5g\ cfZjf;gx? cr]n gfª\u} b]V5' lng] klg gfª\u} 5g\ tL lbg] klg 137

/]ld6\ofG;sf] csf{] Êk g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ;':ttf ;'¿ePsf] s]lx jif{ eO;Sof] . s[lif If]q cem} klg lgjf{xd'vL g} 5 h;sf] cy{ x'G5 /f]huf/Lg} ;[hgf x'g] u/L o; If]q cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . af/Daf/ x'g] aGb / x8\tfnn] ylnPsf] ko{6g If]q tª\lu|g cem} ;s]sf] 5}g . lgof{td"ns pBf]ux? cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] cfofts klZrdf b]zdf nlDaFb} uPsf] cfly{s dGbLn] bf]xf]/f] c°sf] Jofkf/ lu/fj6 ef]lu/fv]sf 5g\ . jif{}lkR5] rf/ nfv o'jfx? g]kfnsf] >dahf/df cf]Ol/g] u/]sf] oyfy{tf / :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] lemgf] cj;/sf aLr g]kfnL o'jfnfO{ sfdsf] cj;/ lbg] lglj{sNk dfWod ag]sf] 5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/L . b}lgs Ps xhf/eGbf al9 g]kfnLx? /f]huf/Lsf] lznlznfdf dn]lzof tyf vf8L nufotsf ljleGg d'n'sdf k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/df k'Ug] g]kfnLsf] ;ª\Vof -ef/tafx]s_ em08} @% b]lv #) nfv gfl3;s]sf] cfFs8f ;/sf/s} 5 . cfly{s ultljlw ;':tfPsf] a]nf j}b]lzs d'b|fsf] ;l~rlt sfod /fVg] / ufpF ufpFsf lgw{g JolQmx?df ;d]t cfly{s x}l;ot a9fpg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 log} ljb]lzg] o'jfn] /ut / kl;gf aufP/ sdfPsf] k};f -ljk]|if0f_ cyf{t\ /]ld6\ofG;\ . xf], /]ld6\ofG;n] ufpFdf df]jfOn lsGg g;Sg]sf] xftdf df]jfOn lng ;Sg] agfof], ;/sf/L ljBfnodf ;d]t k9fpg g;Sg]n] cfˆgf 5f]/f–5f]/L af]l8{Ë k9fpg ;s]sf 5g\, ljs6 ufpFdf ;d]t l6=le= ;]6 / Nofk6k k'u]sf] 5, v/sf 5fgf l6g / 9nfgn] k|lt:yflkt ePsf 5g\, ufpF 3/df clxn] b'Mv ug{] / gld7f] vfg] sd} e]l6g yfn]sf 5g\ . aflx/L ?kdf x]bf{ l/ld6\ofG;n] x'Fbf vfg]nfO{ x'g] vfg] agfPs} xf], lgw{g kl/jf/df klg k};f leœofPs} xf] . b]zdf /f]huf/L x/fpFb} uPsf] a]nf g]kfnL o'jfn] l/ld6\ofG;sf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s uhf{] 6f/]s} x'g\ . b]zdf ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rtL x\jfQ} j9]sf] klg xf] l/ld6\ofG;s} sf/0f . Tof] eGbf 7"nf] t g]kfndf 138

 k|efs/ l3ld/] ul/aLsf] dfqf klg XjfQ} 36\g'df /]ld6\ofG;nfO{ g} >]o lbOPsf] 5 ljleGg cWoog kl5 . s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] nflu of]ubfgsf] b[li6n] ;g\ @)!! df g]kfnsf] /]ld6\ofG;n] @#=! k|ltzt cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))# df of] s]jn !! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf lyof] . /]ld6]]G; kfpg] /fi6«x?dWo] 5}6f}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 g]kfn s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf o;sf] of]ubfgsf] b[li6n] . ;g\ @)!! df cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf /]ld6\ofG; $!=* k|ltztn] a9]/ #%( cj{ k'u]sf] 5 . /]ld6\ofG;sf] a9\bf] k|flKt;Fu} g]kfnsf] u/LjL lgjf/0fdf klg pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'u]sf] tYof°n] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !((% df $!=* k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] u/LjL @)!! ;Dd cfOk'Ubf sl/a !^ k|ltztn] 36]/ @%=@ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf] lyof] . cg';Gwfgn] s] klg b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] k|lt JolQm !) k|ltzt /]ld6\ofG; k|flKt a9]df s'g} klg b]zsf] u/LjL #=% k|ltztn] 36\5 . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfn] g]kfn aflx/ sl/j &=% k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 ;g\ @))! sf] u0fgfn] s]jn #=@ k|ltzt dfq b]vfPsf] lyof] . sfdsf nlfu aflx/ hfg]sf] ;ª\Vof a9];UF f} /]ld6\ofG; k|fKt ug{] kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL klg a9\b} hfg' :jfefljs xf] . k|lt kl/jf/ /]ld6\ofG; cfDbfgL lj=;+= @)^* df ?= !,)%,$)) k'u]sf] 5 h'g @)^) df s]jn ?= #$,^(* lyof] . ptf ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rtL klg bz jif{ cl3 /]s8{ ul/Psf] ? !)* cj{ a/fa/af6 clxn] cfP/ ? $$@ cj{ k'u]sf] 5 h;sf] k|d'v of]ubfg klg /]ld6\ofG;s} xf] . log} ld7f / u'lnof b]vfj6L kmfObfaf6 l/ld6\ofG;nfO{ hLjgbftf / cGgbftf dfg]sf 5f}F xfdL a'emSs8 elgg]b]lv ;fdfGo;Ddn] . t/ l/ld6\ofG;sf] gb]lvPsf] s'?k cg'xf/ xfdLn] la;{g x'Fb}g h'g o;sf] aflx/L ?knfO{ 5fofFdf kf/]sf] 5 . lglZrt xf], /]ld6\ofG;n] dflg;sf] cfDbfgL a9fPsf] 5 h;sf] cy{ x'G5 pkef]u klg a9\g' .

cfly{s ultljlw a9]/ cfDbfgL a9\bf pkef]u a9\g' cy{ Joj:yfsf nflu ;sf/fTds dflgG5 . t/ l/ld6\ofG;n] g]kfndf cfly{s ultljlw a9fPsf] 5}g s]jn vr{ ug{] Ifdtf dfq a9fPsf] 5 h'g cy{tGqsf] nflu 3fts ;fljt xF'b} uPsf] 5 . g]kfndf PstLxfO kl/jf/n] /]ld6\ofG; leœofpg] u/]sf 5g\ . /]ld6\ofG;sf sf/0f pgLx?sf] cfDbfgL a9\of], vr{ ug{] Ifdtf klg a9\of] t/ sfd ug{] afgL eg] ;]nfpFb} uof] . clg o;sf] k|of]u cfly{s ultljlw a9fpg] If]qdf eGbf klg pkof]u h:tf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf a9\of] . g]kfnsf] hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0f @)!! n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] s'n /]ld6\ofG;sf] &( k|ltzt pkef]u, & k|ltzt C0f ltg{, % k|ltzt ;DklQ vl/b, $ k|ltzt lzIffsf nflu / @ k|ltzt k"FhL lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] s]jn !! k|ltzt lx:;f dfq pTkfbglzn If]qdf nufOPsf] kfOG5 . /]ld6\ofG; lelqg] qmd;Fu} jflif{s k|ltJolQm pkef]usf] dfqf klg XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf @)^& df k|ltJolQm jflif{s pkef]usf] dfqf ?= #$,*@( k'u]sf] 5 h'g cf7 jif{ cl3 s]jn ? !%*$* lyof] . To;}u/L /]ld6\ofG; k|fKt ug{] kl/jf/af6 >d ahf/df k|j]z !% k|ltztn] 36]sf], sfdbf/sf] Hofnf klg lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] / cfly{s a[l4 ;':t xF'b} uPsf] bf]if klg /]ld6\ofG; dfly g} cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . b]zd} a;]/ b'Mv u/L al9 cfDbfgL ug{ rfxg] eGbf lgDg:t/Lo sfdsf nflu C0f sf9]/ eP klg ljb]z k'Ug] o'jfsf] hdft a9\b} uP kl5 ufpFx? a[4f>d / afnu|fd h:tf] ag]sf 5g\ o'jf knfogn] . s[lif k|wfg xfd|f] b]zdf v]tdf sfd ug{] dflg; kfOg 5f8]sf] 5 . s[lifsf] nflu cu|0fL lrtjg h:tf lhNnfx?df t o;sf] c;/ emg\ a9L k/]sf] kfOG5 . v]tjf/L afFem} /fv]/ ;x/df a];fP/ vfg] k|j[lt a9]sf] 5 lsgls /]ld6\ofG; k|fKt ug{] kl/jf/ ufpFaf6 qmdzM ahf/ / ahf/af6 qmdzM /fhwfgLdf s]lGb|t

x'g yfn]sf 5g\ cfˆgf] v]tLof]Uo hldg afFem} 5f8]/ . l/ld6\ofG;sf] cfDbfgLn] cfo:t/ a9]sfx?sf] a9\bf] pkef]u afgLn] cfoft XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 eg] cf}Bf]lus ultljlw cwf]ultn] lgof{tdf dGbL cfPsf] 5 h;sf sf/0f s"n Jofkf/sf cfoft / lgof{tsf] cg'kft ! / &=$ c°df k'lu;s]sf] 5 cyf{t\ s"n Jofkf/df cfoftsf] lx:;f ** k|ltzt / lgof{tsf] of]ubfg s]jn !@ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] 5 . ut jif{ s'n Jofkf/df cfoft / lgof{tsf] of]ubfg qmdzM *% k|ltzt / !% k|ltzt lyof] . o;/L g]kfnsf] lgof{t Ifdtf v:sFb} hfg' / cfoft psfnf] nfUg'n] cfly{s jif{ @)!!÷!@ df s"n Jofkf/ 3f6f ?= $@$=)& ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . of] cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf]eGbf ?= ##@=(* ca{ a9L xf] . Psflt/ b}lgs xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnL ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{]lt/ g]kfnsf pBf]ux? hgzlQmsf] cefjdf pTkfbg Ifdtf g} 36fP/ rNg'kg{] afWotfdf 5g\ h;sf] sf/0f cf}Bf]lus ultljlwdf g} dGbL cfPsf] 5 eg] kl/0ffd:j?k lgof{t psfl;g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljz]if u/L lgof{td'ns pBf]ux? h:t} un}+rf, tof/L kf]zfs, x:tsnf tyf klZdgf Joj;foLx?n] /fd|} kfl/>lds lbg tof/ eP klg bIf sfdbf/sf] cefjdf pTkfbg Ifdtf gePsfn] lgof{t Ifdtf u'dfpFb} uPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] jif{df c/jf}+sf] /]ld6\fG; leœofP klg To;sf] clwsf+z lx:;f pkef]u / C0f ltg{df vr{ x'g] u/]sf] t/ o;sf] k|of]u cfly{s ultljlw / nufgL a9fpgdf gx'Fbf o;n] cfly{s a[l4df vf;} ;xof]u lbg g;s]sf] k|i6} 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] NofPsf ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf] kf6f] t emg\ ljs/fn 5 . hLjgsf] pRr k|hgg\ Ifdtfsf ;dodf o'jfx? ljb]lzg] qmd a9\bf hg;ª\Vofsf] 36\bf] b/df a[l4 ePsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfn] ;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . ljjflxt hf]8Lx?df kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg -sG6«f;]K6Le_ k|of]u ug{] qmd 36] klg g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)!! n] hg;ª\Vof a[l4b/ cl3Nnf] u0fgfsf] ;dodf eGbf 36]sf] b]lvg'n] klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf 139

sf/0f kl/jf/af6 6fl9g]sf] ;ª\Vof;Fu} hGdb/df ;d]t c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f >Ldfg / >LdtL nfdf] ;do;Dd 6fl9Fbf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw;d]t ljyf]lnPsf / ;DaGw ljR5]bsf 36gf ;d]t a9\g yfn]sf] / kmh'n vr{ ug{] qmd a9]sfn] ;fdflhs ljs[lt;d]t a9\g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . xfdLn] ;f]Rg'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 s] xfdLn] /]ld6\ofG;sf] nflu cfly{s Ifdtf u'dfpg] dfq xf]Og ls ;fdflhs tyf kfl/jf/Ls ;DaGwnfO{ klg la;{]sf t 5}gf}F < g]kfnsf] s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] em08} Ps rf}yfO lx:;f cf]u6\g] eP klg /]ld6\ofG;nfO{ ;sf/fTds 9Ëaf6 pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf cfly{s / ;dflhs ;d:of ulxl/Fb} hfg yfn]sf] 5 . ptf /f]huf/Ldf uPsf dWo jflif{s ^ ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf sfdbf/n] Hofg u'dfpg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] cgluGtL sfdbf/ cf}Bf]lus b'36{ gf, /f]huf/bftfsf] b'Jo{jxf/ / ;jf/L b'36{ gfdf cËeË ;d]t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . sltko dlxnf sfdbf/ t of}gzf]if0f / cGo zf/Ll/s oftgfaf6 ljlIfKt cj:yfdf 3/ kms{g] u/]sf] 36gf ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf 36gfaf6 pgLx?sf] kl/jf/df k/]sf] dfgl;s k|efjsf] s'g} d"Nog} 5}g . ;':tfPsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ / ko{6gsf sf/0f ljb]zL ljlgod a9fpg]b]lv kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL a9fpg]df /]ld6\ofG;sf] of]ubfgnfO{ dfq PstkmL{ ?kdf gx]/L /]ld6\ofG;sf sf/0f cfly{s ultljlw ;]nfpg', sd{7 o'jfx?sf] a9\bf] ljb]z knfogn] pTkfbgzLn sfdbf/sf] cefj v8\lsg'sf ;fy} o;af6 cf}Bf]lus Hofnf a9\g uPsf] / pkef]udf ;Lldt /]ld6\ofG;n] k|f]T;flxt ubf{ dxËL ;d]t rls{Psf] 5 . /]ld6\ofG;sf sf/0f a9\bf] ljlgdo ;l~rltn] nf]lePsf gLltlgdf{tfx? klg b]zaf6 o'jf knfog /f]Sg gLlt lgdf{0f ug{' eGbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ g} k|f]T;flxt ug{] gLltdf hf]8 lbg k'Ug' b'ef{Uo xf] . xf], tTsfnsf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ljsNk 5}g t/ ;/sf/n] cfˆg} b]zdf /f]huf/Ldfkm{t o'jfx?nfO{ 140

ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sg] bL3{sflng gLlt agfpg]tkm{ nfUg clgjfo{ eO;Sof] . gLlt lgdf{tfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ljsNksf] af6f] clxn] g} gvf]Hg] xf] eg] xfdLn] cfufdL lbgdf klg o;/L g} cfly{s / ;fdflhs d"No r'sfpFb} hfg' kg{] 5 . s'g} klg b]z cfˆgf pTkfbglzn pd]/sf o'jfnfO{ ljb]z k7fP/ ;Dj[4 ePsf] pbfx/0f 5}g . t/ klg b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ gePsf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg ;Sg] l:ylt klg 5}g . tTsfnsf nflu o;nfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ug{] eGg] r'gf}lt cufl8 5 . em08} rf/ vj{sf] xf/fxf/Ldf cf}krfl/s dfWodaf6 dfq cfpg] /]ld6\ofG;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u u/L pTkfblzn / /f]huf/d'ns Joj;fodf nufpg ;/sf/n] k|f]T;flxt ug{' Psflt/ 5 eg] xfnsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ /f]Sg g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf xfd|f sfdbf/nfO{ bIf agfO{ pgLx?sf] sfdsf] ;'/Iff / pko'Qm kfl/>lds kfpg] k|Tofe'lt klg ;/sf/n] ug{' h?/L 5 . ;fy} j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf / hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;DalGwt b]z;Fu >d ;Demf}tf / cGo s'6gLlts kxn ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljb]zdf sfdbf/ hfFbf k|ltef knfog– -j|]g 8«]g_ dfq ePsf] 5}g k|ltef k|flKt– -j|]g u]g_ klg ePsf] 5 . ljb]zdf l;s]sf ;Lkn] :jb]zdf ljleGg /f]huf/Ld'ns sfd u/]sf pbfx/0f xfdL;Fu 5g\ . ljb]zaf6 kmls{P/ :jb]zdf :jfjnDjL k]zf ug{]nfO{ xfdLn] ;Ddfg / cj;/ lbP/ pgLx?sf] l;knfO{ clwstd pkof]u ug{] jftfj/0f klg agfpg h?/L 5 . Jofkf/ tyf ljsf;;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;Dd]ng -c+6f8_ n] ;d]t o;sf] xfn}sf] l/kf]6{df b]zaf6 k|ltef knfog eP kl5 b]zdf cfjZos hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g uO{ cfly{s ljsf; / pTkfbglzntf dfq ;':tfpFb}g ls lj1fg, k|ljlw / gjLgtd cfljisf/ ;d]t k|efljt x'g] atfPsf] 5 . Tof] l/kf]6{n] cufl8 yk]sf] klg 5 ls t/ cfˆgf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/n] ljb]zdf xfl;n u/]sf] l;kaf6 7"nf] kmfObf p7fpg ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ klg gsfg{ ;lsFb}g h;sf] pbfx/0f lrg, ef/t, Oh/fon / cfo/Nof08 x'g\ .

o; :tDedf # j6f k|Zgx?sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /xL lrtjg dxf]T;jsf k"j{ ;+of]hsHo"x¿sf] efjgfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

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zzk|j]zåf/ / lg:sg]åf/ sd;]sd $ 7fpFdf /xg'

kb{5 . x/]s åf/af6 k|j]z klg / lg:sg ;Sg] klg k|fjwfg /xg' kb{5 . zzk|To]s k|j]zåf/df dxf]T;jsf] gS;f, s'g :6n sxfF 5, s'gs'g j:t'sf] Pavilion sxfF 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 a'‰g ;Sg] u/L /flvg'kb{5 . zzk|To]s k|j]zåf/df Today's Special sf] cfwf/df cfhsf] ljz]if cfsif{s sfo{qmd, h:tf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf ljz]if cfsif{0fx? egL :ki6?kdf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . zzSecurity Tower sd;]sd @÷# 7fpFdf /flvg' k5{ . zzx/]s Sector df j:t'ut Pavilion x? 'U' Turn sf] cfwf/df 5'§f5'§} lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . bz{sx?sf] OR5fcg';f/ Pavilion df hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . zzgf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df :6nx? lgdf{0f ubf{ gf/fo0fL gbL g5]lsg] u/L lgdf{0f x'g ;s]df bz{sx? cem a9L cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 . zzAuto Mobile Pavilion nfO{ gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df /x]sf] Rock Side kl§ display ug{ ;s] cem a9L cfslif{t x'g] b]lvG5 . zz7fpF–7fpFdf zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf clgjfo{?kdf ul/g' kb{5 . zzkl/;/leq /ª\uLg emG8fx?, a]n'gx? p8fpg] jf cGo cfsif{s j:t'x?sf] display ug{ ;s]df cem a9\g] b]lvG5 . zzr] t gfd" n s ;" r gfx? 7fpF 7 fpF d f Jofks?kdf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . h:t}– – s[kof kmf]x/ Dustbin df /flvlbg'xf]nf, 141

– kfs]6df/b]lv ;fjwfg, – cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ cfkm};Fu lxF8fpg'xf]nf, – dxf]T;j aGb x'g] ;do÷v'Ng] ;do, – zf}rfno hfg] af6f] cflb . -v_ afn pBfg afn pBfg k|j]zåf/ / lg:sg]åf/ b'3{6gf x'gaf6 ;d]t aRg ;Sg] u/L 7"nf] cfsf/df tof/ ul/g' k5{ . afn pBfgsf] xNnfaf6 ;'/lIft /fVg df}tsf s'jf h:tf] :6nnfO{ clt k/} /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . afn pBfgsf b/x?nfO{ Joj:yfkg kIfn] to u/]cg'?k nfu" ul/g' k5{ . -u_ ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] nflu :6]h zz:6] h nueu kl/;/sf] dWoefudf kg] { u/L bz{sx?n] /fd|/L cjnf]sg ug{ ;Sg] 7fpFdf agfpg' kb{5 . :6]hsf] k5fl8 kSsL?kdf Green Room tyf Toilet x'g' kb{5 . zzStage Light kof{Kt dfqfdf /flvg' kb{5 / :6]h leqaf6 On/Off ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . zzSound System :6]hsf] cufl8 ;'/lIft tl/sfaf6 /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . zz:6]h k/Dk/fut gagfO{ gofF 9fFrf jf gofF ;f]rdf lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . -3_ ;f+:s[lts k|j4{g ;f+:s[lts k|j4{gsf nflu algg] ljleGg hghfltx?sf] 3/cfFugnfO{ cem lj:t[t ?kdf 7"nf] cfsf/df agfpg' kb{5 / ToxL cfFugleq hghfltsf] j]ze"iffsf] k|bz{g, vfgkfgsf] Joj:yf;lxt df}lns g[Tox? k|bz{g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5, h;af6 hghfltx?sf] df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] k|:t'lt cem cfsif{s b]lvG5 . -ª_ Odh]{G;L :jf:Yo lzlj/ cfsl:ds pkrf/sf nflu Jojl:yt :jf:Yo lzlj/sf] Joj:yf Pjd\ PDa'nG] ;sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . -r_ l6s6sf] Joj:yf / l6s6 b/ zzl6s6 laqmL bz{sx?sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L 7fpF–7fpFdf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . k|j]zåf/ hlt 7fpFdf /xG5 Tolt 7fpFaf6} 142

l6s6 laqmLsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . zzl6s6b/ eL8 a9L x'g] lbgdf 5'\§} / ;fdfGo lbgdf 5'§} b/ sfod ul/g' kb{5 . zz^ jif{;Ddsf] afnaflnsfnfO{ Free Ticket / ^ jif{bl] v !@ jif{;Ddsf] nflu %)Ü 5'6sf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . zzljBfyL{x?sf] nflu %)Ü 5'6sf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . -5_ kf; tyf kl/rokq sf8{sf] Joj:yf . zzkf;sf] Joj:yf k"j{ tof/L cj:yfdf g} :6]l/Ë sld6Lsf] lg0f{og';f/ s;nfO{ slt;Dd lbg'kg]{ cflb s'/fsf] to ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . zzk|bz{snfO{ $ cf]6f ID sf8{sf] Joj:yf e};s]kl5 kf;sf] Joj:yfsf nflu s]xL k|ltzt 5'6sf] Joj:yf u/L l6s6 g} pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . zz:jod\;]jsx? k|foM kf; kfpgsf nflu dfq ag]sf] h:tf] b]lvPsf]n] kf; ljt/0f jf ID sf8{ ljt/0fdf ljz]if /0fgLlt (Strategy) tof/ u/L To;cg'?k ID sf8{ ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . zzcfjZostfg';f/ dfq ID sf8{ k|of]u u/L One Day Pass k|of]u u/]df kl/l:ylt cem ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . cGo sfo{qmdx? klg kl/dflh{t ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf af/]df d}n] lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] :dfl/sfdf cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cfsf/ eGbf ;fsf/ agfpg u'0f:t/ a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} gofF gofF kl/sNkgfx? ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . x/]s jif{sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j Lay Out g} kl/jt{g u/L gofF If]q jf Lay Out tof/ ul/g' k5{ . ;xefuLx?n] dxf]T;j leq l5g]{ lalQs} Pp6f 5'§} ;+;f/df k'u]sf] cfef; lbnfpg ;Sg' k5{ . clgdfq o:sf] k|efj a9\b} hfg]5 . cGtdf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx?nfO{ lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( nfO{ cjnf]sg ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub} oxL kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ut];Dd x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn cf}Bf]lus Jofkf/ d]nfsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

k|r08nfn k|wfg d"n ;+of]hs

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%& != lrtjg dxf] T ;jsf] k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf / clxn]sf dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] 5 < lrtjg dxf]T;j ;'¿df ;du| lrtjgsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs Pjd\ ljsf; lgdf0f{sf] ultljlw emNsfpgsf ;fy} lrtjgnfO{ b]z ljb]zdf ;d]t lrgfpg lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'ltsf] ?kdf ;du| pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, :jf:Yo, lzIff, wd{, snf, ;fF:s[lts k|:t'ltsf ;fy} lhNnfsf cflbjf;L Pjd\ cGo hghfltx?sf] ;+:s[lt / /xg;xgsf] ;hLj k|:t'ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ eljiodf s]xL cfo cfh{g ;d]t x'g] u/L cfof]hgf ul/Psf]df kl5Nnf] k6sx?df æuf}/j / ul/dfdoÆ eGg] gf/f eg] rsf]{ t/ To;leq ;d]l6g] ljifoj:t'x? qmdzM ;d]l6g] gfddf ;d]l6P klg ;'¿jftsf dxf]T;jx? h:tf] jf:tljs lrtjg s} zf]wvf]h eGbf klg d]nfs} ?kdf ;xeflutf a9L u/fO{ cGo s'/f eGbf cfocfh{gtkm{ a9L s]lGb|t ub}{ nluPsf] kfPsf] 5' . ljutsf] eGbf sfo{z}nLdf cfPsf] kl/j{tgn] ;fgfltgf ;d:ofx? klg hl6n aGb} uPsf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf] lhDd]jf/ kIfn] u[xsfo{ /fd|f];Fu u/L ;'lgof]lht sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] Strategy tof/ u/L Team Work / Team Spirit sf] tfnd]n ldnfO sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]v]sf] 5' .

@= lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf ;'emfj eP ;+If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . lrtjg dxf]T;jnO{ cem a9L Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] :6nx?sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ u/L ;ª\Vof ;Lldt /fVg], /dfOnf] d]nfdf h:t} lsga]r / v]nx?df dfq s]lGb|t geO{ lrtjgsf] pTkfbg, ;]jfx?, x:tsnf tyf k|ljlwx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ vf]hL u/L

k|:t't ug]{ . afXo gofF k|ljlwx?sf] k|:t'tLs/0ftkm{ ljif]z Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . wd{, snf, ;f+:s[lts tyf ;+:s[ltsf] k|:t'tLs/0f pbfx/0fLo agfpFb} nfg] lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if k|bz{sx?sf] vf]hL x'g'kg]{ cyf{t\ cfof]hsaf6 klg To;sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g'kg]{ . dxf]T;jsf] sfo{ut ;ldltx? JolQm ;d]6\g] cfwf/df eGbf cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eP/ k|lqmofut 9Ëaf6 Jojl:yt ?kdf u7g ul/g' cfjZos 5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;Fu;Fu} xfdL aLr ;dofefj ePsf] sf/0f dxf]T;jsf] tof/Ldf xfdLn] ljutdf h:tf] kof{Kt ;do lbg g;s]sf] dx;'; ePsf] 5 . t;y{ dxf]T;j Joj:yfkgsf] nflu k]zfut bIftf ePsf ;d"xnfO{ Hire ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] xf]sL < eGg] af/]df ;d]t ;f]Rg' kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] dx;'; ePsf] 5 .

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < lrtjg dxf]T;j kl/;/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ x]bf{ o;sf] eJotf ljzfn b]lvG5 . tyflk Joj:yfkg sfo{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g t;y{ k|efjzfnL Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;dod} Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . lbpF;f]sf] eL8 sd ug{sf] nflu laxfgs} ;dodf bz{sx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 ls < k|bz{ssf] ?kdf ;xefuL x'g' x'gx] ?n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx?sf] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L ;lxt plrt d"Nosf] Joj:yfkg ug'k{ g]{ s'/fdf cg'/f]w ub{5' . gf/fo0fL lsgf/sf] ljsf; tyf gbLsf] Jofj;flos k|of]usf] ;f]r tyf cjwf/0ff lrtjg dxf]T;jaf6} cfPsf] x'Fbf dxf]T;jsf] ;dflKt kl5 klg Jofj;flos k|of]un] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] jftj/0f agfOg' k5{ . cGtdf, olt 7"nf] sfo{qmd cfof]hsx?sf] k|of;af6 dfq ;kmn x'g ufx|f] 5 . cfof]hs, ;xefuL, k|bz{s, bz{s ;a}sf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq o;sf] ;kmntf ;Dej x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf xfdL ;a}sf] ;xof]uaf6 o;nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ cfXjfg ug{ rfxG5' . 143

/d]zs'df/ lkof d"n ;+of]hs

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%( != lrtjg dxf] T ;jsf] k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf / clxn]sf dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] 5 < pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg / e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf ldn]/ gu/ / lhNnfsf] cfly{s ultljlw, ;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts ljljwkIfnfO{ phfu/ ug'{k5{ egL @)%# df ;'¿ ePsf] lrtjg dxf]T;j cfh of] ?kdf b]Vg kfOG5 . @)%% / @)%& sf] dxf]T;jdf d]nf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf sfd ubf{ d]/f] ;ldltdf vf;u/L vfg]kfgL, ljB't, 6]lnkmf]g / cGo ;/sf/L clws[tx? ;ldltdf ;b:osf] ?kdf /xg] t/ ef}lts ?kdf pkl:yt gx'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ / dxf]T;jdf ;se/ vr{ sd ug'{k5{, ldtJolotf ckgfpg'k5{ eGg] ;f]rsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ x/]s 7fpFdf cfkm" g} bf}8g' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . :6nx?sf] ss{6 NofP/ agfpg' kg]{, Jofj;flos ?kdf jfOl/ª ug]{ JolQm Joj;foLx?sf] sdL, ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf] cefj, k|fof]hsx? h'6fpg ufx|f] cj:yf lyof] . of] # j6f dxf]T;jkl5 cfof]hs ;fyLx?aLr 5nkmn ubf{ @)%( sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j ca SofDkfrf}/df ;Dej 5}g, gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/f ug'{k5{ eGg] ;xdlt eof] . t/ gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/sf] cj:yf /fd|f] lyPg . w]/} agfpg'kg]{, vr{ w]/} cfpg], ;+3;Fu ;|f]t lyPg . ;+3sf] g]t[Tjdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf cg'/f]w ubf{ l;+rfO ljefu, gf/fo0fL lnˆ6 l;+rfO, ;8s ljefu, lh=lj=;=, gu/kflnsf h:tf ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]un] JCB, nf]8/, 8Dk/ h:tf pks/0fx?sf] ;xof]uaf6 of] ;Dej eof] / @)%( sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j kl5 cfh;Dd klg oxL k|bz{gL:yn, gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/d} dxf]T;j x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] 144

;do cfP/ dxf]T;j :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . vfnL o;nfO{ s;/L l;Ëfg]{, a'§f eg]{ eGg] sfd xf] h:tf] nfU5 . clxn] cfP/ kl5Nnf] dxf]T;jx?eGbf k[ys\ ?kdf s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo / cGo ljljw If]qnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / Jofj;flos ?kdf k|j4{g / k|blz{t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] dxf]T;jdf Invest Mid Nepal sf] sfo{qmd x'Fb} 5 h;df lrtjg dWodf~rn If]q leqsf p=jf=;+3 / d'n'ss} jl/i7 pBf]uklt nufgLstf{x?sf] ;]ldgf/ cGt/f{li6«o zf]w JolQmx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng x'g uO/x]sf] 5 . of] cfkm}Fdf dxf]T;jsf] ul/df / pRr 5lj dfly 56f yKg] sfd xf] . o;sf] yf]/} ;kmntfn] klg lrtjg / o; If]q jl/kl/sf] cfly{s ultljlw, /f]huf/L, ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ljsf; lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j ug'{sf] k5fl8 o:t} cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug'{ xf] h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . @)^! df d]nf :yn / :6n lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs / @)^#, @)^%, @)^&, @)^( sf] dxf]T;jsf] cfly{s ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn] sfd ubf{ cfhsf] lbgdf lrtjg dxf]T;jn] cfˆgf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt oltdfly k'¥ofO;s]sf] 5 ls cfh :6n ;dod} a'lsË eO yk :6sf] dfu eO/xG5, dxf]T;jsf] k|fof]hgsf] nflu s]xL ufx|f] dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5}g, x/]s dxf]T;jdf cjnf]sg ug]{ bz{ssf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{gdf rf;f] / sfo{qmdx? cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] lbgdf dxf]T;j w]/} km/s 9Ën] /fd|f];Fu cufl8 a9]sf] cg'ej eO/x]sf] 5 .

@= lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf ;'emfj eP ;+If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . ;a}eGbf klxn] lrtjgdf Pp6f /fli6«o :t/sf] :yfoL k|bz{gL :ynsf] cfjZostf 5 . o;sf] cefjdf jif]{gL nfvf}F ¿k}ofF c:yfoL lgdf{0fdf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

h;sf] sf/0f hlt vr{ u/] klg hlt /fd|f] vf]h]klg xfdLn] ;f]r]hlQsf] ;'ljwf ;DkGg / u'0f:t/Lo :6n / ;]jf lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}gf}F . To;}n] xfdL lghL If]q / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] o;df Wofg lbO{ cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 . oBlk x/]s lrtjg dxf]T;j cfkm}Fdf gofF gofF kg lbFb} ;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . t/ klg ca xfdLn] x]g]{ a]nf eg]sf] :6nsf] ;ª\Vof sd ug]{, ljljw j:t'sf] k|bz{g ug]{ :6nsf] sf]6fcg';f/ 5gf]6 ug]{, ;+:s[lt k|bz{g hLjGt x'g] vfnsf] b]vfpg], ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx?df cem} ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g], Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ cem Jofj;flos ?kdf kl/dflh{t ug'{kg]{, dxf]T;j :6nleq vfln efu sd x'g] x'gfn] k|j]z l6s6 laqmLdf lbgdf clwstd olt ;ª\VofnfO{ dfq k|j]z lbg] eGg] k"j{ ;"rgf lbg], hn oftfoft / /]i6'/]G6 kl/;/df d"No, u'0f:t/Lotf, ;'/Iffsf s'/fx?nfO{ cem Jojl:yt ug]{ / ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf] ;fGble{s ljifonfO{ lnO{ uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ ug]{, ;a} ;ldltsf] ;'emfj, bz{sx?sf] nflu feedback kmd{ e/]/ cfPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ Wofgdf lbO{ sfo{ ug{ ;s]df dxf]T;j cem Jojl:yt / eJo x'g] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hs ;fyLx? of] dxf]T;j eJo ;kmn ug{sf nflu cxf]/fq vl6/fVg'ePsf] 5 . k"/f hf]z / hfFu/n] cem} ;lqmo /xg / cfkm" dftxtsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx?nfO{ cg'zfl;t / eb| tl/sfn] gLlt lgoddf /xg lgb]{zg lbg / cg'udg ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLnfO{ of] lrtjg dxf]T;j xfd|f] xf], o;nfO{ ;kmn kfg'{ xfd|f] klg bfloTj xf], oqf] 7"nf] dxf]T;jdf s]xL sdL sdhf]/L x'g ;Sb5, To;f] b]lvPdf t'?Gt} ;lrjfnodf jf ;DalGwt JolQmx?df ;dod} va/ ul/lbg'eO{ k|bz{s / cjnf]sgstf{sf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/L ;xof]u ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

dbg nfn hf]zL d"n ;+of]hs

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^! != lrtjg dxf] T ;jsf] k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf / clxn]sf dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] 5 < pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf] g]t[Tjdf ;du| lrtjgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; Pjd\ k|j4{gsf] k|d'v p2]Zosf ;fy ;'–;DkGg x'Fb} cfPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jx?df leq x[bob]lv g} ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0fn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUgtf /flv cjnf]sg ub}{ cfPsf] 5' . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf pknlAwx?df ;/f]sf/ ;+:yfx? aLrsf] ;xsfo{, cfly{s ultljlwdf ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf, pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;, Joj;fosf] ljljlws/0f, dlxnf Pjd\ o'jf ju{df Joj;fo ug]{ cle?lr, ;]jf tyf Joj;fox?df Jofj;flos/0f, ;fgf nufgLsf cj;/x?sf] klxrfg cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx?sf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt, ljleGg efiff / hfltx?sf] dxŒj, ;dfhk|lt Joj;foLx?sf] bfloTj af]w, lhNnfsf] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] cfjZostf cflb ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . @)%# ;fnb]lv ;DkGg x'Fb} cfPsf lrtjg dxf]T;jx? oxL p2]Zo / pknlAwx?nfO{ kl/is[t ub}{ cufl8 al9/x]sf] d]/f] cg'ej /x]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{z}nLsf] If]qdf klxn]sf dxf]T;jx? cfof]hgfdf cg'ejsf] sdL, ;f]rfOx?df :ki6tfsf] sdL, cfly{s cefj, cfly{s ;°ngdf sl7gfO / Jofj;flos Joj:yfkgsf] sdLn] ubf{ dxf]T;j ;Dkfbgdf s]xL q'l6x? ePsf lyP . ;do / jf:tljstf;Fu} oL sdhf]/Lx?df ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . gofF–gofF r'gf}tL klg ylkFb} uPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] dxf]T;jx?df pBdL / Joj;foLx?sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 cfPsf] 5 . ljutsf lbgx?df cfof]hsx?n] cfly{s ef/ axg ug'{kg]{ lyof] eg] clxn]sf dxf]T;jx?af6 145

cfly{s ;l~rt / ;°ngsf] 7"nf] cj;/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

pbos'df/ >]i7 d"n ;+of]hs

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^#

@= lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf != lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] ;'emfj eP ;ª\If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 lrtjg dxf]T;j cfkm}Fdf Ps eJo / ljzfn cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf / clxn]sf sfo{qmd eO;s]sf] 5 . ca o;nfO{ 7"nf] jf eJo dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] 5 < agfpg'eGbf klg Jofj;flos/0f ub}{ a9L Jojl:yt, pknlAwd"ns / lhNnfsf] cfly{s qmflGtdf ;xof]uL agfpg' kg]{5 . dxf]T;j h:tf sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ug]{ Jofj;flos lghL If]qsf sDkgLx? cfO;s]sf] 5 . ca lrtjg dxf]T;j ;DkGg ug{ o:tf Jofj;flos sDkgLx?nfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L lbg'kg]{ ;do cfO;s]sf] 5 .

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < cfof]hsx? lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;+:yfx? ePsf]n] ca lrtjg lhNnf / o;sf cf;kf;sf If]qx?df x'g ;Sg] cfly{s cj;/x? phfu/ u/]/ nufgLstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{t u/fO{ pBf]u, Joj;fo, of]hgf tyf cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0fdf cfˆgf] ;an e"ldsf ;sf/fTds ?kdf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] nflu ;/f]sf/ ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;j{;DdtLo ;+/rgf tof/ u/L cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ d]/f] wf/0ff 5 . o;df lhNnfsf o'jf k':tfx?nfO{ a9L ;+nUgtf / lhDd]jf/ agfpFb} hfg' kb{5 . o;n] lhNnfsf] ;d'lrt cfly{s qmflGt Nofpg] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( df ;xefuL x'g'ePsf ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] ;+:yfx?df ;+nUgtf, ;xeflutf ub}{ ;+:yfx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s lqmofzLn agfpg ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' . lrtjg dxf]T;j– @)^( eJotfsf ;fy ;'–;DkGg / pknlAwd"ns /xf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5' . 146

:yfgLo lgsfox?;Fu ;dembf/L a9fpFb} ljsf; lgdf{0f ;fdflhs ;]jf Pjd\ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df klg xft]dfnf] ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] k'gLt p2]Zo /fvL @)%# ;fnsf] kf}if dlxgfb]lv cfh;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf lrtjg dxf]T;jn] :yfgLo lgsfox?, ;/sf/L sfof{nox? tyf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3aLr Public Private Partnership sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 pTk|]l/t eO{ Ps;fy sfo{ ug{ e/y]u d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . @)%# ;fndf ;'¿ ePsf] of] dxf]T;jdf k|To]sk6s :6n, bz{s / k|fof]hsx?sf] ;ª\Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . t/ dxf]T;jn] Jofkfl/s d]nfsf] ?k lnFb} uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo pBf]ux? / pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfdf sdL x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . lrtjgnfO{ kf]N6«Lsf] /fhwfgL dflgP klg ljutsf s]xL dxf]T;jx?df kf]N6«L Joj;foLx?sf] ;xeflutfdf lgs} sdL cfPsf] b]V5' . ko{6g, :jf:Yo, z}lIfs, dxsf :6nx?sf] ;ª\Vof klg sd x'bF } uPsf 5g\ t/ /]l8d]8 sk8f / Jofkfl/s :6nx? eg] XjfQ} a9]sf 5g\ . bz{s lxF8g\ ] rf}8f af6f]x?, :6n ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nUg] k|of;n] ubf{ v'lDrg uPsf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] k'gLt p2]Zox?af/] cfof]hsx?n] ;do–;dodf x]Ssf lng ;S5 .

@= lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf ;'emfj eP ;ª\If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . lrtjgsf] pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;]jf, ko{6g, wfld{s:yn, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo ;ª\3–;+:yfx? cflb Ps}

lrtjg dxf]T;jsf cfof]hsx?n] dxf]T;jdf dfq geO{ cGo If]qx?df klg Public-Private Partnership sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . ljutdf Joj;fo s/ p7fpg] ;Demf}tf, gu/ jg hfg] emf]n'Ë]k'n, NRN b]j3f6 a[4f>d, ;x/L ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? cflb Ps cfk;df xft]dfnf] u/]/ sfof{Gjog ug{ cufl8 a9\of}F, cr]n emg\ al9, ;f] ;b\efjgf, lgs6tfsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] b]V5' . k|To]s lrtjg dxf]T;jdf /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo:t/sf dxŒjk"0f{ uf]i7Lx? cfof]hgf x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . x/]s uf]i7Lsf lgrf]8 jf 3f]if0ffx?af/] ;do– ;dodf ;DalGwt lgsfox?nfO{ 3R3Rofpg] kmnf]ck sldl6 u7g ul/g' kb{5 / o:tf ;ldltsf a}7sx? af/Daf/ af]nfpg] sfd cfof]hsn] ug'{ kb{5 . ;xefuLx?n] dxf]T;jsf lgodx? kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf ;d:ofx? lnlvt ?kdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf k]z ug'{ kb{5 . dxf]T;jdf u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf ;fdfgx? ;'ky d"Nodf laqmL ug'{ kb{5 . :6nx? leqsf kmf]xf]/, ;fFemkv 8i6lagdf /flvlbg' kb{5 . dxf]T;jdf bz{s cfpg'eGbf ! 306f cufl8 / ;fFem sDtLdf & ah];Dd cfˆg} :6ndf x'g' kb{5 . cfˆgf] kl/ro–kq c?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ #= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df lbg'x'Gg . dxf]T;jdf ;xefuL x'g] dfq xf]Og dxf]T;jdf cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg k|bfg ul/g] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ k|of;/t x'g' kb{5 . dxf]T;j ;dfkg x'g] lbgdf cfof]hsx?nfO{ lnlvt rfxg'x'G5 < cfˆgf] ;'¿sf] p2]Zox?nfO{ eJotfsf ;fy ;'emfjx? lbg' cfpFbf] dxf]T;jdf ;Rofpg ;lsG5 . ;DkGg x'g] dxf]T;jsf z[ª\vnfx?n] cf]em]n kfg{ lbg'x'Gg . u'0ffTds :6nx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ . ldq/fh bjf8L :6nx?df a]lrg] j:t'x?sf] d"Noaf/] lbgx'F cfof]hsx? d"n ;+of]hs ;r]t x'g'k5{ . dxf]T;j cjlwe/ ;ldltsf ;+of]hsx? / lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^% ;a} cfof]hssf k|d'vx?sf] pkl:yltdf b}lgs Review dxf]T;jsf] a}7s x'g' kb{5 . ljutsf dxf]T;jx?df zf}rfnosf] != lrtjg sdL ePsf]af/] k|fKt lnlvt ;'emfjx?nfO{ dgg k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 ug'{k5{ . dxf]T;j ljz]if1sf] ;xof]udf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf / clxn]sf nIo÷kl/sNkgf÷p2]Zoaf/] cfof]hsx?af6 cfpFbf] dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] 5 < a}zfvleq of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L cfof]hgf ul/Pdf cfpFbf lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%# sf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fb]lv dxf]T;jx?nfO{ cem} eJo / ul/dfdo agfpg ;lsG5 . cf7f}+ ;+:s/0f ;DkGg eO{ of] gjf}+ ;+:s/0f;Dd cfOk'Ubf

kl/;/df /fvL lrtjg kl/;/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . dxf]T;jn] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn a9fpg' kb{5 . /]8qm; rf]s, p=jf= ;ª\3 :j0f{åf/, afns'df/L Oª\ln; :s'n rf]s Pjd\ /fOgf] Sna rf]sdf $ j6f k|j]z / lgsf;åf/ x'g' kb{5 . gf/fo0fL gbLtkm{ !)÷!) j6f :6n Ps nfOgdf /fv]/ !)÷!) ld6/ vfnL 7fpF /fv] gf/fo0fL gbLsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ klg kfOG5 . Water Activities 36\b} uPsf] 5 . a9fpg' kb{5 . :6nsf] n]–cfp6 tyf k|To]s lbgsf] sfo{qmdx?sf] ljj/0f rf/, kfFr 7fpFdf /flvg' kb{5 . w'nf] gp8\g] Joj:yf ug{ ldld{/] laxfgdf g} kfgL 5s{g' kb{5 . 8i6lag kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf /flvg'kb{5 . /f]huf/Ld"ns / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ k|lti7fgx?nfO{ :6n ef8fdf 5'6 lbOg' kb{5 . dxf]T;j kl/;/leq kof{Kt :jod\;]js cfjZos kb{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf !) lbg !) j6f pRr df=lj= jf sn]hsf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 . hd{gaf6 cfpg'ePsf d]nf ljz]if1 (SES-Expert) Mr. 8a= z' n] lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^# cjlwe/ cWoog ug'{ eO lbg'ePsf ;'emfjx? cfof]hsx?n] cWoog ug'{eO sfof{Gjogtkm{ nfUg l9nf eO;s]sf] dx;"; u/]sf] 5' .

147

o;sf] ?kdf km/s b]lvPsf] 5 ;f/df s'g} kl/jt{g 5}g eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j lrtjgjf;Lsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt xf] . o;sf] d"ne"t p2]Zo ;DkGg, ;'b[9 cfly{s l:ylt ePsf] lrtjg agfpg' g} xf] . o;sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ phfu/ ug]{ To;df nufgL clej[l4 ug]{, pTkfbsTj a9fpg], /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/fpg] tyf lrtjgdf pTkflbt j:t'x? u'0f:t/Lo / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg' xf] h'g lxhfb]lv cfh;Dd sfod g} 5 . t;y{ ;f/df lxhf]sf] / cfhsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] p2]Zodf s'g} km/s 5}g . t/ ?kdf x] g ] { xf] eg] lrtjg dxf] T ;j lrtjgjf;Lsf] Pp6f kj{sf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . lxhf] :6n vf]h]/ lxF8\g' kb{Yof], To;nfO{ ;x'lnot lbP/ cfdGq0f ug'{kb{Yof], :6n yf]/} x'Gy] t/ cfh To;sf] pN6f] :6ndf k|lt:kwf{, ;f}hGotf / k|fof]hgdf k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] 5 . lxhf] Ps If]qdf @–$ j6f :6n x'Gy] eg] cfh k|To]s If]qsf kl/;/ agfpg' kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] 5 . lxhf] ! nfv bz{s lyPgg\ cfh % nfveGbf a9L bz{sn] o;nfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . lxhf]sf] ;Lldt ;|ft] ;fwgaf6 cfof]hgf ul/Psf dxf]T;jn] clxn] cfP/ dxf]T;jn] s]xL art ;d]t ug{ ;kmn x'g'df cfh lrtjg dxf]T;jn] cfˆgf] 5'§} klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j cfkm}Fdf Pp6f a|fG8 aGg ;s]sf] 5 h'g o;sf] ljsf;sf] Bf]ts xf] eGg] nfUb5 . t/ klg of] cj:yfdf cfpg ;a} k"j{ dxf]T;jsf] a/fa/sf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ltgLx?sf] ;kmn cfof]hg g} cfhsf] cj:yfsf] nflu vDaf ag]sf x'g\ h:tf] nfUb5 .

dxf]T;jb]lv ljb]zdf cfof]lht d]nf dxf]T;j x]/]sf 5f}F . ltgLx?sf] xfd|fd] f t'ngf ubf{ xfd|f dxf]T;j cJojl:yt / eJo gePsf] nfUg ;Sb5 . t/ xfd|f cfˆgf k|fyldstf / xfd|f cfˆgf k|ljlwx?nfO{ x]/]/ xfd|f] cfˆgf ;|f]tnfO{ x]/]/ cfof]hgf ul/g] dxf]T;j tyf d]nfnfO{ pgLx?sf] k|fyldstf, pgLx?sf] k|ljlw / ;|f]t;Fu bfFHg ldNb}g eGg] nfUb5 . hxfF;Dd xfd|f] Joj:yfkg 5, cfhsf lbg;Dd /fd|} /x]sf] 5 . t/ s] of] ;w}F o:t} /xg ;Sb5 t < dnfO{ nfUb5 ;Dej 5}g . of] ;]jf ef]ln sfod g/xg ;Sb5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ;kmn cfof]hgsf nflu xfdL Jofj;flos aGg ;Sg'kb{5 . lrtjg dxf]T;j cfof]hgf x'g] jif{ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{;ldltsf ;fyLx?, sd{rf/Lx?sf] nueu ^ dlxgfb]lv To;df nfUg'x'G5 s]jn ;]jfefjn] . casf] kl/jf/ Psn;/f] x'Fb}5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf oL ;fyLx?n] ;do lbg ;Sg'x'Gg of] lglZrt 5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf o;sf] cfof]hgsf nflu cfh}af6 ;f]Rg' kb{5 . of] eg]sf] :jfoQ ;Ifd ;lrjfnosf] Joj:yf xf] . ;+3df Joj:yfkg ljz]if1x? /fVg'k¥of] . sfo{;ldltn] gLlt lgdf{0f u/]/ ;lrjfnonfO{ lbg] xf], sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f] ;lrjfnonfO{ lbg] xf] . tadfq d]nf tyf dxf]T;j Jojl:yt x'Fb} hfG5 h:tf] nfUb5 . hxfF;Dd eJotfsf] k|Zg 5 s] xf] eJotf eg]sf] < w]/} :6n, /fi6« k|d'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vaf6 pb3f6g, nfvf}F bz{ssf] cf]O/f]nfO{ eJo dfGg] xf] eg] lrtjg dxf]T;j oxfFeGbf eJo ca agfpg ;lsFb}g eGbf x'G5 h:tf] nfUb5 . eJotf eg]sf] s'zn Joj:yfkg;lxt @= lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / d]nf dxf]T;jn] /fv]sf] p2]Zodf slt ;kmn eof] eGg];uF eJo agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf x]l/g' kg]{ ljifo xf] . xfd|f] dxf]T;j To; a]nf eJo x'g]5 ;'emfj eP ;ª\If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g . ha xfd|f] lhNnfsf ;DefjgfnfO{ dxf]T;jdf phfu/ ug{ ljsf; lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\5 o;nfO{ s;}n] ;Sb5f}F, To;nfO{ lhNnfsf] cfly{s ;d[l4df ;dflxt /f]s]/ /f]lsFb}g . To;}n] lxhf]eGbf cfh / cfheGbf u/fpg ;Sb5f}F . lrtjg dxf]T;j cfhsf lbg;Dd lsg ef]ln /fd|f] x'bF } hfG5 g}, dfq To;nfO{ slt rfF8f] agfpg] eJo eO/x]sf] 5 o;sf %)Ü eGbf a9L sfo{qmdx? eGg] s'/fdf tkfO{F xfd|f] e"ldsf /xG5 . xfdLn] xfd|f ljsf; lgdf{0f, cfly{s ;Defjgf, Joj;fo / To;sf] 148

ahf/Ls/0f / lhNnfd} /f]huf/L ;[hgf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} of] lrtjg dxf]T;j pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg cfof]hs agL c? rf/j6f ;+:yfnfO{ ;x– cfof]hs agfOg' kb{5 . lsgeg] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof / sfd ug{ ;lhnf] / c? ;+:yfn] k'¥ofpg] ;xof]u cfbLnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] lgtfGt h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . cGoyf ef]ln s'g} lbg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf g} gx'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;sf] bL3{hLjgsf nflu o;f] x'g' h?/L 5 .

agfpg] tkfO{F xfd|f] cleofgnfO{ ;kmn kf/f}F . sfd ;'¿ ug{ l9nf ePsf] 5}g . sfd tkfO{+nfO{ kv]{/ a;]sf] 5 hlt l9nf ug'{x'G5, Tolt tkfO{+ kl5 kg'{ x'g]5 . lsgsL ;don] tkfO{FnfO{ kv{Fb}g au]sf] vf]nf kms{Fb}g . To;}n] nf} nfluxfnf}F x} ¤ oxL egfO ;a}nfO{ lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] pknIodf .

pQd nfn r's] d"n ;+of]hs

lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^&

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df :dfl/sf ;+ o f] h sHo" n ] cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg lbg'ePsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'eGbf rfxg'x'G5 < klxnf d}n] s]xL efjgfx? JoQm ug{ rfx]sf] x'bF f ljifoj:t' ;j{k|yd t cfof]hsnfO{ z'esfdgf 5 o; dxf]T;jsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu . of] dxf]T;j Ps To:tf] d~r xf] hxfF ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . xfdL lrtjg dxf]T;jn] xfdLnfO{ s] lbG5 eg]/ eGg' eGbf lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ xfdLn] s] lbg] eg]/ ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 . km]l/ o;kflnsf] dxf]T;j b]z Psbd} cl:y/ /x]sf] a]nfdf cfof]hg x'Fb}5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg xfdL xfd|f ;Defjgfx?nfO{ cj;/df abNg ;Sb5f}F eGg] ;Gb]z lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . 7"nf] k|bz{ssf] hdft vf]Hg' x'Fb}g yf]/} tyf u'0f:t/Lo k|bz{s eP klg k'Ub5 . h;sf] sf/0f ax';ª\Vos bz{sx? nfeflGjt x'G5g\ . of] dxf]T;jnfO{ Joj;fosf] Jofj;flosLs/0fsf nflu, pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu / a]/f]huf/sf nflu :j/f]huf/ ;[hgfsf nflu pkof]u u/f}F . cfof]hs o;af/] rgfvf] x'g h?/L 5 . xfdL;Fu cyfx ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . sfd s'g} klg 7"nf] / ;fgf] eGg] x'Fb}g . sfdnfO{ 7"nf] / ;fgf] eg]/ eGg] dfG5] ljs[t dfgl;stfsf] dfG5] xf] . t;y{ sfdnfO{ ;'¿ ug{ slxNo} l9nf x'Fb}g . hf] dflg; sfd ug{ l9nf] eof] eg]/ sfd ;'¿ ub}{g To;n] slxNo} sfd ;'¿ ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] cGtdf xfdL;Fu ePsf ;DefjgfnfO{ cj;/df abNb} ;dosf] ;b'kof]u u/f}F . lrtjgnfO{ ;d[4

k|j]z ug'{eGbf klxnf s]xL s'/fx? oxfF /fVg rfxG5' . g]kfndf dxf]T;j ug]{ k|rng ;'¿ ePsf] w]/} nfdf] Oltxf; 5}g . sf7df8f}F pkTosf aflx/ Jojl:yt ?kn] dxf]T;j ;~rfng @)%! ;fndf tTsfnLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] cf}Bf]lus d]nf xf] . To;kZrft\ ljleGg :yfgx?df :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?n] dxf]T;jx? ;~rfng ug{ yfngL u/]sf] kfOG5 . b]zsf] dWo efudf /x]sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgdf cjnf]sg e|d0fdf cfPsf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3x?sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] g} d]nf dxf]T;j;DaGwL 1fg xfl;n ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o pTkfbgx?sf] k|bz{g u/L u|fxs;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ kfpg], lrtjgsf] k|fs[lts, wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] lrgf/L lbg], lhNnfsf] ljljw ;+:s[lt emNsfpg], pBf]u Joj;fosf] cj:yf, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, / cGo ljljw If]qsf] o'ufg's'n ljsf; Pjd\ To;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo af]s]/ @)%# ;fnb]lv x/]s @–@ jif{sf] cGt/fndf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ k/Dk/f yflnPsf] xf] .

!= lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] k|To]s ;+:s/0fnfO{ glhsaf6 cjnf]sg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . klxnf 149

/ clxn]sf dxf]T;jx¿df s] km/s kfpg' ePsf] sfnfGt/df lrtjg dxf]T;j cf]em]ndf kg]{ ;Defjgf 5 . dxf]T;j cfof]hssf] ?kdf Ps ;+:yf /xL cGo 5 < lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:'tltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j cfh gjf}F ;+:s/0f cfOk'Ubf lgs} kl/kSj ePsf] b]lvG5 / ;]jf efjgfn] cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf xf]ldPsf cfof]hsx?sf] Joj:yfkg kIf klxn]eGbf lgs} r':t b]lvG5 . qmlds?kn] bz{s / k|bz{s a9\g} hfg' klg dxf]T;j ;kmntfsf] ;sf/fTds kIf /x]sf] 5 . bz{s / k|bz{ssf] ;ª\Vof a9\g'sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%( b]lv gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . :yfg kl/jt{gn] ubf{ SofDkfrf}/ ljsf;qmd cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 eg] gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/sf] ljsf; qmd tLj| ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg cfof]hsx?n] Wofg lbg'k5{ . dWo g]kfndf nufgLsf cj;/x?sf] vf]hL ug{, nufgLsf ljifo / If]qx?sf] vf]hL ug],{ nufgLstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ / nufgLsf ljifo / If]qx?sf ;DefjgfnfO{ Jofks cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L nufgL leœofpg] p2]Zo af]s]/ o; jif{ lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( df ‘nufgL dWo g]kfn’ -Invest Mid Nepal_ tLg lbg] cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] ;]ldgf/n] dxf]T;jsf] ul/df cjZo klg a9fpg] 5 . ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ dxf]T;jx?df km/skg cfpg' / kl/dflh{t x'Fb} hfg' :jfefljs klg xf] h:tf] nfUb5 .

;+:yfx? ;x–cfof]hssf] ?kdf /xg' kg]{ . k|f]km];gn ?kdf dxf]T;j ;~rfng u/L Jofj;flos/0f ug'{kg]{ h:tf of]hgfx?nfO{ cufl8 ;f/L dxf]T;jnfO{ cem a9L kl/dflht{g / Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

#= lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf cj;/df cfof]hs tyf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 <

casf lbgx?df dxf] T ;j ;~rfng ubf{ cfof]hsx?n] cfjZos dfq ;ldltx? u7g u/L ;ª\VofTds eGbf u'0ffTds ;b:ox? ;ldltdf ;dfj]z ug]{ / cfjZos dfq hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng ug'{ kb{5 . gfdsf] nflu dfq ;b:o /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;ldltx? cg'zfl;t / Jojl:yt ?kn] rNg' kb{5 . ah]6sf] ;LdfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L sfo{qmdx?nfO{ kl/rflnt ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . casf lbgx?df cfof]hsx?n] o:tf s'/fx?df Hofb} Vofn ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] k|bz{sx?n] klg cfˆgf] ;fyLefO, Oi6ldq, 5 egL ga;L ;dodf g} :6n a'lsË ug]{ afgL a;fNg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ ;a} s'/fdf kf/blz{tf b]lvg] 5 . cGtdf ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuL tyf cjnf]sgstf{x?nfO{ o; k6ssf] dxf]T;jdf Ps k6s cjZo kfNg'eO{ ;kmn lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo t'NofOlbg' x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

@= agfpg oxfFaf6 s'g} bL3{sfnLg of]hgf jf ;'emfj eP ;ª\If]kdf atfOlbg';\ g .

lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / eJo agfpg cfof]hs ;+:yfx? cem r':t eP/ nfUg h?/L 5 . clxn] dxf]T;j ;~rfng eO/x]sf] s]xL :yfgnfO{ c:yfoL k|bz{gL d}bfgdf kl/0ft u/L cGo efudf kfs{sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ h?/L 5 / :yfoL k|bz{gL d}bfgsf] vf]hL u/L lgdf{0f ug{ kxn ug'{ kg]{ 5 . xfn b'O–{ b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf x'bF } cfPsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ jflif{s ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ ;f]r /fVg' h?/L 5 . gq 150

l5d]sL >Ldfg\sf 3/ ha eof] pT;j clg s7} sª\ufnLsf ca'em ljr/f afns klg s6fO{ cfdfsf] dg–;sn ;fx|} s'6's'6' /8L u5{g\ ¿G5g\ ko/lar x'G5g\ n'6'k'6' . – n]vgfy kf}8\ofn

w/tLsL k/L  /fhs[i0f s+8]n e=g=kf=–&, s[i0fk'/

5n 5}g s'g} dgleq hxfF clg :jR5 ;bf lbn aU5 hxfF g t /fu s'g} g t å]if s'g} ;l/tf ;l/ s~rg efj log} :j/ sf]lsnsf dw' 5g\ logsf b[u 5g\ slt ;'Gb/ oL d[usf dg e'N5 oxLF tg 8'N5 oxLF olt df]xs ?k t 5}g sxLF

slt zfGt logL slt ;f}Do logL slt :jR5 ;bf slt lbJo logL w/0fL e/sL ;'vsL gu/L cxF 5}g st} olt lbJo k'/L dg s}b x'g] tg s}b x'g] /;leq 8'aL dg d:t x'g] ;/nf, rknf, d[b'nf ;snf zlz ;'Gb/ oL kl/k"0f{ snf /ljn] lgt k|ft k'u]/ hxfF l;pFbf] el/ l;Gb'/ xfN5 oxfF w/tL el/ g} emndNn anL slt l:gUw dgf]/d zfGt snL

sl6df xl/of kml/of 5 hxfF lz/ zf]let :j0f{doL uxgf jgk"mn k'mnL 9sdSs hxfF w/tL b'lxtf slt /Do oxfF g s'efj s'g} ;xefj ;a} g s'g} s6'tf d[b'efj ;w}+ el/nL xFl;nL /l;nL w/tL slt ;'Gb/ l5g\ :d[ltlaDa k/L w/tL clg cDa/ ldN5 hxfF Ct' cfO ;w}+ k'mln/’G5 oxfF dg–efj ;z+lst 5}g /tL lbnb]lv k|sflzt :jR5 5lj

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

ef]h/fh kf}8]n cWoIf

rl/sf] :j/df lbn af]N5 hxfF d[u zfjs r~rn 8'N5 hxfF d[b'efif ;'efif ;'uGw oxfF dgbLKt k|bLKt ;w}+ oxfF

ls/fgf Joj;foL ;+3 gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

151

lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df a}lÆ¶ If]qsf] e"ldsf  ;"o{gf/fo0f kf}8]n pk–k|f=, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;

ljifok|j]z s'g} klg b]zsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;df a}l°Ë If]qsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . a}° / a}l°Ë k|0ffnLljgf cfw'lgs cy{Joj:yfsf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . o; n]vdf a}°sf] pTklQ / ljsf;af/] ;fdfGo rrf{ ug'{sf] ;fy} g]kfndf a}l°Ë ljsf;af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 lrtjgsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro ;lxt lrtjgdf a}l°Ë ljsf;, jt{dfg cj:yf, a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgLsf ;Defjgfx?, ;d:of Pjd\ r'gf} tLx?sf ;fy} xfn pgLx?n] nufgL ul//x]sf] If]qx?sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ lrtjgsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu a}°x?n] nufgL ug'k{ g]{ If]qx?af/] ;ª\lIfKt ?kdf cf}N+ ofOPsf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld s'g} klg b]zsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;df a}l°Ë If]qsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . a}° / a}l°Ë k|0ffnLljgf cfw'lgs cy{Joj:yfsf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . a}°sf] pTklQ / ljsf; slxn] / sxfFaf6 eof] eGg] ;Gbe{df cy{zf:qLx?aLr Psdt 5}g . cy{zf:qL qmfpy/n] æshf{ lbg] / lng] sfo{ d'b|f hlQs} k'/fgf]Æ ePsf] eg]sf 5g\ . df}lb|s Oltxf;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|frLg ;dob]lv g} c;Ël7t ?kdf a}l°Ë k|yf cl:tŒjdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|mG] r n]vs /]lenkf]6n] a]ljnf]gdf O{zfk"j{ ^)) jif{ klxn]b]lv g} a}° tyf a}° gf]6x? k|rngdf lyP eGg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ a}° zAbsf] k|of]u eg] ;g\ !!%& df O6nLsf] e]lg; a}°sf] :yfkgf kl5 dfq ePsf] dflgG5 -kf}8]n / zdf{, @)^$, k[= !&@_ . a}° tyf a}l°Ë k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df ;fx'dxfhg, C0fbftf / ;'gf/ tyf ;/f{kmx?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 152

/x]sf] kfOG5 . logLx?n] ljBdfg a}° tyf ljQLo ;+ : yfn] h:t} Jofkfl/s sfuhkqx? hf/L ug] { , ;'/If0fx? / ;'grfFbL h:tf ax'd"No wft'x? ;'/If0fdf /fvL /l;b lbg] ub{y] . pgLx?n] hf/L u/]sf o:tf Jofkfl/s sfuhkq / /l;bx? d'b|fs} ?kdf k|of]u x'Gy] . k|frLg tyf dWoo'udf lu|; tyf /f]dsf rr{ / dl:hbx?df klg lgIf]k hDdf ug]{ / C0f lbg] h:tf sfo{x? ul/GYof] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf o:tf] C0f lbg] / lng] sfo{ eg] afx|f}F ztfAbLdf cfP/ O6nLsf] e]lg; a}°n] klxnf]k6s ;'¿jft u¥of] . To;}u/L a}l°Ë tyf ljQLo sf/f]jf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ rLgdf !# cf}F ztfAbLdf / o'/f]kdf !% cf}F ztfAbLdf a}° :yfkgf x'g] qmd rn]tf klg ;g\ !^($ df a}° ckm OËNof08sf] :yfkgf kl5 dfq cfw'lgs a}l°Ë k|0ffnLsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] dflgG5 -hf]zL, @)%%, k[= !($_ .

g]kfndf a}lÍË ljsf; g] k fnsf] ;Gbe{ d f cfly{ s sf/f] j f/sf] ;~rfngsf] nflu C0f lbg] / lng] sfo{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k|f/Deaf6} ;'¿ ePsf] ePtfklg cfw'lgs a}l°Ë k|0ffnLsf] Oltxf; eg] Tolt nfdf] 5}g . JolQmut ?kdf hldGbf/, ;fx' dxfhg / Jofkf/Lx?af6 ls;fg, dhb'/ Pjd\ ;j{;fwf/0fn] k|frLg ;dob]lv g} C0f n]gb]gsf] sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] ePtfklg ;Ël7t ?kdf a}°sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . /fhf u'0fsfdb]jn] ;g\ &@@ df sf7df8f}F ;x/sf] k'glg{df{0f ug{sf] nflu C0f lnPsf tyf sflGtk'/sf Jofkf/L z+vw/n] ;g\ &*) df /fHosf] ;a} C0f e'Qmfg ul/lbPsf eGg] h:tf s'/fx? Oltxf;df kfOG5 -cf]emf / cf]emf, @)%$, k[= $^*_ . 153

dNnsfndf ‘6°wf/L’ -d'b|fwf/s jf wgL JolQm_ eGg] ;d"xn] dfn;fdfg tyf u/uxgf lwtf]df /fvL Pp6f lglZrt Aofhb/df C0f lbg] tyf d'b|f ;6xL ug]{ sfo{ ub{y] . Tolta]nf d'b|fnfO{ 6° elgGYof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL /0ff]åLk l;+xsf] kfnfdf -;g\ !**)_ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ C0f lbg] p2]Zon] ‘t]hf/y’ c8\8f gfds Ps ljQLo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;'¿df o;n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ dfq % k|ltzt Aofhb/df C0f lbg] u/]sf]df kl5 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;d]t ;'g–rfFbLsf] lwtf]df C0f ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] ePtfklg o;sf] lqmofsnfk sf7df8f}Fdf dfq ;Lldt lyof] . kl5 /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf t]hf/y c8\8fsf] zfvfx? b]zsf] cGo efudf ;d]t lj:tf/ u/L o;;DaGwL cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf klg u/]sf] kfOG5 -P]hg, k[= $^(_ . b]zdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] d'b|f / C0fsf] dfunfO{ t]hf/y c8\8fn] dfq wfGg ;s]g . kmn:j?k ;g\ !(#& -lj=;+= !(($ sflt{s #)_ df cfw'lgs a}°sf] ?kdf g]kfn a}° lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] cfudg tyf lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf of]hgfj4 cfly{s ljsf;sf] yfngL;Fu} a}l°Ë k|0ffnLnfO{ klg Jojl:yt / ;'b9[ ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo a}°sf] cfjZostf dx;"; eof] . oxL qmddf g]kfn /fi6« a}° P]g @)!@ cGtu{t lj=;+= @)!# j}zfv !$ -@^ clk|n ;g\ !(%^_ df s]Gb|Lo a}°sf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}°sf] :yfkgf eof] . nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfn a}° ln= sf zfvfx? b]zsf k|d'v ;x/x?df s]lGb|t /xL a}l°Ë ;]jf k|bfg u/] . b]zdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu} u|fdL0f If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] k'FhLsf] ;°ng tyf kof{Kt C0f pknAw u/fpg lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf ;/sf/L If]qdf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}°sf] :yfkgf eof] -Gof}kfg], @)%#, k[= #&)_ . ljZj cy{tGqdf cfPsf] e"d08nLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] nx/;Fu} g]kfndf klg :j:y k|lt:kwf{ tyf ;'ljwfo'Qm a}l°Ë k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ 154

;/sf/L gLltcg'?k cGo a}°x?sf] :yfkgf / zfvf lj:tf/ x'g yfNof] . oxL qmddf ;j{k|yd lj=;+= @)$! df c/a a}°, g]kfnsf ljQLo ;+:yf / lghL If]qsf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf g]kfn c/a a}°sf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)$@ df k|mfG;sf] OG8f]:j]h a}°, lj=;+= @)$# df a]nfotsf] u|LG8n]h a}°, lj=;+= @)#( df :6\ofG88{ rf6{/ a}° / lj=;+= @)%) df lxdfnog a}°sf] :yfkgf eof] -cf]emf / cf]emf, @)%$, k[= $&!–$&@_ . g]kfn /fi6« a}°sf cg';f/ xfn g]kfndf #@ j6f jfl0fHo a}°x?, ** j6f ljsf; a}°x?, && j6f ljQ sDkgLx?, @# j6f n3' shf{ ljsf; a}°x?, !^ j6f art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? / #& j6f /fi6« a}°af6 Ohfht k|fKt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? u/L @&# j6f a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? / @,@^% j6f logLx?sf zfvfx? la:tf/ ePsf 5g\ -cy{ dGqfno, @)^(, k[= %#–%$_ . g]kfndf a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df tLj|tf cfPklg cem}klg u|fdL0f If]qdf logLx?sf] ;]jf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @)!)÷!! df ul/Psf] t];|f] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f cg';f/ b]zsf s]jn $) k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] dfq #) ldg]6leq glhssf] jfl0fHo a}°sf] ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L $$ k|ltztnfO{ of] ;]jf ! 306f jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;dodf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;j]{If0fcg';f/ ;x/df a:g] *( k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/nfO{ a}l°Ë ;]jf k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 eg] s]jn @& k|ltzt u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/nfO{ dfq a}l°Ë ;]jf pknAw 5 . ;x/df a:g] dflg;x? cf}iftdf !^ ldg6leq a}° k'Ub5g\ eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf a:g] dflg;x?nfO{ o;sf] * u'0ff a9L -!#% ldg]6_ ;do nfUb5 . To;}u/L ! 306fleq a}l°Ë ;]jf kfpg] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof t/fO{df &% k|ltzt 5 eg] kxf8df of] ;ª\Vof $% k|ltzt / lxdfndf s]jn !& k|ltzt dfq 5 -s]Gb|Lo tYof° ljefu, @)!!, k[= %#–%$_ .

lrtjgdf a}lÍË ljsf; g]kfnsf] &^ cf}+ lhNnfsf] pkgfdn] lrlgg] lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ cfh ljleGg hfthflt, efiff /

;+:s[ltsf] ;Ëd:ynsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cfheGbf %) jif{ cl3;Dd sfnfkfgL, d[To' pkTosf / cf}nf] k|sf]k If]qsf] ?kdf lrlgg] of] lhNnf cfh d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| / j}slNks /fhwfgLsf] ?kdf rlr{t 5 . oxfF s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo nufot pBf]u, Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf] tLj| ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6, cjl:ylt, xfjfkfgL, /fhwfgL;Fusf] lgs6tf, ;fwgsf] k|r'/tf, ;'ljwfo'Qm ;x/Ls/0f cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ b]zel/af6 a;fOF–;/fO u/L cfpg]x?sf] /f]hfOdf lrtjg klxnf] uGtJo:yn aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfnfO{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ko{6sLo / Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . ;Lldt cflbjf;Lx?sf] a;f]jf; ePsf] of] lhNnfdf cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf a:tL a;fpg] p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf /fKtL b"g ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" ul/Pkl5 / cf}nf] pGd'ng ePkl5 b'u{d kxf8L If]qx?df a:g] dflg;x?sf] nflu lrtjg cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb|ljGb' aGof] -kf}8]n, @)^*, k[= *^_ . lrtjgsf] a}l°Ë Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ ;j{ky| d lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf gf/fo0fu9df g]kfn a}° lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)@( ;fndf s[lif ljsf; a}° ;'=lg=sf=sf] e/tk'/df :yfkgf eof] . u|fdL0f s[ifsx?nfO{ ;/n / ;'ne Aofhb/df s[lif C0f pknAw u/fO{ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zocg'?k lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf klZrd lrtjgsf] u'~hgu/df / lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf /fKtL kf/L df8Ldf ;d]t s[lif ljsf; a}°sf zfvfx? v'n] . lhNnfdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu} lj=;+= @)#$ ;fndf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}° rf}lj;sf]7L e/tk'/df v'Nof] . g]kfn a}° lnld6]8n] la:tf/} klZrd lrtjgsf] /fdk'/ / uLtfgu/df tyf k"jL{ lrtjgsf] e08f/f / v}/xgLdf ;d]t zfvf la:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L lj=;+= @)$# ;fndf gf/fo0fu9df s[lif ljsf; a}°sf] a}l°Ë sfof{no, jL/]Gb|gu/df s[lif ljsf; a}°sf] If]qLo tflnd s]Gb| / lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf k;f{df s[lif ljsf; a}°sf] csf]{

Pp6f zfvf v'n]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn k"j{ lrtjg lhNnfdf lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf s'g} klg a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOFb}g -;fksf]6f, @)^#, k[= %$_ . b]zdf k|hftGqsf] k'ga{xfnL;Fu} lrtjgdf lghL:t/af6 a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? v'Ng] qmd a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ljut åGåsf] ;dodf lghL If]qsf ljQLo ;+:yfx? Psflt/ u|fdL0f If]qdf hfg ;s]gg\ eg] csf]{lt/ ;/sf/L:t/af6 ;~rflnt s[lif ljsf; a}° / g]kfn a}° lnld6]8sf zfvfx? klg ;b/d'sfdtkm{ :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . åGåsf sf/0f ljQLo ;+:yfx? o;/L lj:yflkt x'Fbf ljsNksf ?kdf hg:t/af6} :yflkt tyf k|al4{g ;d"xx?, 6f]n;'wf/ ;+:yfx? / ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ;|f]t / ;fwgx? kl/rfng u/L uhf]{ 6fg'{ k/]sf] lyof] .

jt{dfg cj:yf lj=;+= @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 b]zsf c? If]qn] h:t} a}l°Ë If]qn] klg s]xL /fxt dx;"; u/] . To;kl5sf lbgx?df lrtjgsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf tLj| ?kn] rxnkxn b]vfk¥of] . ljz]if u/L 3/hUufsf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] j[l4 / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 lelqg] /]ld6\ofG;n] ubf{ lrtjgdf ljleGg a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx? v'Ng] qmddf cf]O/f] nfUof] . sltko ljsf; a}°x?n] lrtjgnfO{ d'Vo s]Gb|laGb' agfP . /fi6« a}°n] s]Gb|df v'n]sf jfl0fHo a}°x?nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf zfvf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ gLlt cjnDag u/]kl5 k|foM ;a} a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] /f]hfO lrtjg aGg k'Uof] . g]kfn /fi6« a}°n] xfn} k|sfzg u/]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/ lrtjgdf jfl0fHo a}°sf $* j6f zfvf, ljsf; a}°sf ^@ j6f zfvf, ljQ sDkgLsf !& j6f zfvf / n3' ljQ ljsf; a}°sf @% j6f zfvf u/L hDdf !%@ j6f a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . oL a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] @)^( c;f/ d;fGt;Dddf ?= @ ca{ ^) s/f]8 #) nfv a/fa/sf] lgIf]k ;°ng tyf ?= @ ca{ @ s/f]8 % nfv a/fa/sf] shf{ nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}°, @)^(_ . 155

lrtjg lhNnfdf a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;ª\ V ofdf j[ l 4 ePklg ;du| g] k fndf h:t} logLx? s]jn ;x/L If]qdf dfq ;Lldt 5g\ / logLx?sf] nufgL pTkfbgzLn If]qdf eGbf cg'TkfbgzLn If]qdf k|jflxt eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] nufgLn] bLuf] cfly{s ljsf;df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] lhNnfdf cf]O/f] nfu]/ dfq pkef]QmfnfO{ ;]jf / cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug ;Sb}g . pkef]Qmfx?sf] a[xQ/ xLt / lhNnfsf] pGglt k|ultsf nflu pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL jif{ cufl8;Dd b'O{–rf/ nfv ?k}ofF C0f dfUg hfFbf gfs v'DrfP/ a:g] a}°x? clxn] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ ljleGg of]hgfsf] axfgf agfO k|rf/fTds?kdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ a}° / pgLx?sf] ;]jf /f]Hg] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt ePklg ;x/L / dWodjuL{o kl/jf/nfO{ ;'ljwfef]uL / ljnf;L agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt ;Defjgf / cj;/ x'bF fx'bF } klg To;sf] vf]hL g} gu/L a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] nufgL s]jn 3/hUuf, xfo/kr]{h tyf cGo l6sfp ;'ljwfo'Qm cfw'lgs ;fdu|Lh:tf cg'TkfbgzLn If]qdf k|jfx eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

lrtjgdf nufgLsf ;Defjgfx¿ lj=;+= !((* ;Dddf ;Lldt cflbjf;Lx?n] dfq a;f]jf; u/]sf] lrtjg lhNnfsf] s"n hg;ª\Vof s]jn @^,@#( dfq lyof] . lj=;+= @)!) ;fndf oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof a9]/ $@,&@$ / lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf ^&,**@ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf lnOPsf] klxnf] hgu0fgfdf oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof !,*#,^$$ dfq lyof] eg] lj=;+= @)%* df ul/Psf] hgu0fgfdf s"n hg;ª\Vof $&,)&,!!# / hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ @=*$Ü lyof] . k|yd hgu0fgfdf oxfFsf] hg3gTj k|ltju{ ls=ld= !( JolQm dfq ePsf]df @)%* df of] a9]/ @)! k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)^& sf] k|If]lkt hg;ª\Vof ^,@#,^^& / hg3gTj k|lt ju{ ls=ld= @&( JolQm 5 . oxfF $)) eGbf a9L u|fdL0f j:tL / @ j6f gu/kflnsf 5g\ . ;x/L 156

If]qsf] hg3gTj !,@^) / u|fdL0f If]qsf] hg3gTj @&* JolQm k|lt ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof;Fu} pRr hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ ePsf e/tk'/ / /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf nufot d'lUnª, /fdk'/, uLtfgu/, lzjgu/, zf/bfgu/, ljhogu/, rgf}nL, k;f{9fk, kfj{tLk'/, cd[trf]s, kl6xfgL, hutk'/, j;Gtk'/ df8L, jL/]Gb|gu/, v'/v'/], vf]n];Ldn, e08f/f, zlQmvf]/ cflb If]qx? ltj|?kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsfn] oxfF a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ kof{Kt ;Defjgf / cj;/x? 5g\ . d'n'sdf pTkfbgzLn nufgLsf If]qx? clxn] klg k|z:t 5g\ . aQLd'lg cFWof/f] eg]em}F hn;|f]tdf wgL b]z g]kfndf nf]8;]l8Ësf] ;d:of ljs/fn 5 . ljB't cfk"lt{ lgoldt x'g g;Sbf pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, ko{6g, Jofkf/, Joj;fo cflb If]qdf gsf/fTds c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o :t/sf 7"nf tyf jfl0fHo a}°x?n] hnljB'tsf] If]qdf ;+oQ ' m?kdf nufgLsf xftx? cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff, :jf:Yo, jgk}bfjf/, snf, hgzlQm ljsf; cflb pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 ug{ ;s]df o;n] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 . lrtjgsf] ;Gbe{ d f oxfF s f] lbuf] cfly{ s ljsf;sf] nflu s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qdf a}°x?n] ;Defjgfx?sf] vf]hL u/L nufgL ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL ;Defljt If]qx?sf] af/]df oxfF ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . zzs[lif tyf kz'kfng s[lif tyf kz'kfng lrtjg lhNnfsf] k|d'v cfly{s ultljlw xf] . oxfFsf s[ifsx?n] s[lif k]zfnfO{ Jofj;flos?kdf cFufNg yfn]sf 5g\ . oxfF s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fo Pjd\ pBf]ux? lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ . s[ifsx? vfBfGg afnLeGbf t/sf/L v]tL tyf gub] afnLtkm{ cfslif{t x'bF } uO/x]sf 5g\ . ufOkfng tyf b'Uw pTkfbg of] lhNnfdf lgs} km:6fpFb} uPsf]

5 eg] vfBfGgjfnL, t/sf/L v]tL, gub]jfnL Pjd\ bnxg jfnLx?df of] lhNnfn] k|d'v :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 -lh=lj=;=, @)^!, k[= #(_ . s[lif If]qnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ dn, lapm, cf}hf/ cflb;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]u tyf e08f/0f, uf]7 cflb h:tf s[lif k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0fdf a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf 5g\ . zzs'v'/fkfng s'v'/fkfng Joj;fon] xfn g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf sl/a # k|ltzt tyf s'n s[lif pTkfbgdf * k|ltzt c+z cf]u6]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 eg] lrtjg lhNnfdf dfq o; Joj;fon] s'n !* xhf/ JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . lrtjg lhNnfn] s'n s'v'/fsf] df;' pTkfbgsf] #% k|ltzt / c08f pTkfbgsf] ^) k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] tYofÍaf6 o; lhNnf s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] nflu g]kfns} k|d'v :yfgsf] ?kdf kl/lrt eO;s]sf] k'i6L x'G5 . g]kfndf s'n (* j6f Xofr/L kmd{x? /x]sf]df lrtjg lhNnfdf $^ j6f kmd{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L s'n !!! j6f bfgf pBf]ux? dWo] lrtjg lhNnfdf !^ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 g]kfndf s'v/' fkfng Joj;fosf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/df lrtjg lhNnfsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}°, @)^(, k[= !!_ . o;/L s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] lj:tf/;Fu} o;sf] k:RoufdL ;DaGw -Aofsjf8{ ln+s]h_ ePsf Xofr/L kmd{, bfgf pBf]u, Pu|f] e]6 h:tf Joj;fox? Pjd\ ;Knfo;{, sf]N8 :6f]/]h, df;' laqm]tfx? h:tf cu|ufdL ;DaGw -km/jf8{ ln+s]h_ ePsf Joj;fox?sf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/df a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf]] b]lvG5 . s[lif tyf kz'kfng / s'v'/fkfngsf cltl/Qm lrtjgdf s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt df}/Lkfng, df5fkfng, /]zdv]tL, km"n Joj;fo, cuf{lgs v]tL cflb;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fo / pBf]usf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, pks/0f tyf cf}hf/x? lgdf{0f ug]{ pBf]ux? Pjd\

Joj;fox?df a}°x?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf 5g\ . zzko{6g ko{6g If]q a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ csf]{ ;DefJo If]q xf] . lrtjg g]kfn cfpg] ko{6ssf nflu t];|f] uGtJo:yn xf] . oxfF jif]{gL nfvf}F cfGtl/s / afXo ko{6sx? 3'Dg cfpg] ub{5g\ . oxfF wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fxl;s, dgf]/~hgfTds, :jf:Yo pkrf/, cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ ko{6sx?nfO{ leœofpg;Sg] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ko{6sx?sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ xf]6n, nh, :jLldË k'n, dgf]/~hg, kfs{, lrl8ofvfgf cflb;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]ux?df nufgLsf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . zzlzIff tyf :jf:Yo lrtjg z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo gu/Lsf] ?kdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 . oxfF ;/sf/L / lghL b'a} If] q af6 ul/Psf] nufgL tyf k| o f;n] 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, g;{, cGo k|fljlws / z}lIfs hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uO/x]sfn] o; If]qdf a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ljz]if u/L oL z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo k|lti7fgx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfw'lgs ejg, k':tsfno, k|of]uzfnf, pkrf/sIf, zf}rfno tyf v]n d}bfgb]lv lnP/ :jf:Yo tyf z}lIfs pks/0fx? lgdf{0f ug]{ pBf]ux?df a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] nufgLsf xftx? cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . zzpBf]u s'g} klg b]zsf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf; cf}Bf]lusLs/0faf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . lrtjgdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] l:ylt Tolt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . oxfF s]xL 7"nf pBf]ux? nufot k|z:t dfqfdf ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux? ljBdfg 5g\ . ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefjdf cltsf+z pBf]ux? ¿U0f 5g\ . hl8a'6L, sf7, a]t+ afF;, 9'Ëf nufot jgk}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBf]u / snf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 157

x:tsnf, d"lt{snf tyf lrqsnf;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]ux?sf] ;Defjgf vf]hL u/L nufgL u/]df o;n] lhNnfsf] lbuf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . zzhgzlQm ljsf; cfh d'n'ssf] cy{tGq d'Vo ?kdf /]ld6\ofG;n] wfg]sf] 5 . b]zdf jif]g{ L $ nfv @% xhf/ >dzlQm ylkFb} uPsf] 5 eg] b}lgs !@)) b]lv !&)) o'jfx? /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzPsf 5g\ . utjif{ em08} #^) ca{ ¿k}ofF /]ld6\ofG;af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf tflnd k|fKt bIf hgzlQm / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cled'vLs/0f tflnd h:tf gofF If]qx?sf] vf]hL u/L a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm lrtjgdf jg k}bfjf/ If]q, uf]j/ UofF;, ;f]nf/, j}slNks pmhf{ cflb h:tf If]qx?df klg a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf 5g\ .

;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx¿ lrtjg lhNnfdf tLa| hg;ª\Vof j[l4, pRr hg3gTj, ;x/f]Gd'v j:tLx?sf] ljsf;, j}slNks /fhwfgLsf] rrf{ cflb sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ljleGg a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] zfvf la:tf/ ug]{ Ps lsl;dn] xf]8afhL g} rn]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu a}l°Ë If]q;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx?nfO{ lgDglnlvt ?kdf a'Fbfut ug{ ;lsG5 M zzb]zdf a9\bf] /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] ubf{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf vf;} nufgLdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvFb}g . zzaGb x8tfn, c;'/Iff / u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] cefjsf sf/0f cem} klg !$ j6f uf=lj=;=x?df a}°x? k'Ug ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . zzpmhf{ ;°6 lrtjgsf] a}l°Ë tyf ;du| cfly{s ljsf;sf] afwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . zzlrtjgdf lghL:t/sf a}°x? cfPkl5 dfq pBf]usf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'u]sf] b]lvP tfklg åGå kl5 of] If]q psfnf] nfUg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] t/ ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 158

zzs[lif / kz'kfng lhNnfsf k|d'v cfly{s ultljlw

eP klg lghL:t/sf a}°x?n] o; If]qdf cem} nufgLd}qL xft a9fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . zzlrtjgnfO{ s'v'/fkfngsf] /fhwfgL dflgP tfklg 7"nf tyf lghL If]qsf a}°x?sf] o; If]qdf nufgL gu0o /x]sf] 5 . zzko{6g If]q ;Gtf]ifhgs eP tfklg dgf]/~hgsf k"jf{wf/x? h:tf If]qx?df nufgL clej[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zz/fi6« a}°sf] c;dfg gLltsf sf/0f :yfgLo / If]qLo a}°x?n] 7"nf / jfl0fHo a}°x?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . lrtjgdf /fi6« a}°sf] zfvf gx'Fbf klg cg]sf}F ;d:ofx? cfPsf] a}°;{x?sf] u'gf;f] 5 . zza}°x?aLr c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9\gs ' f ;fy} a]nfavtdf a}l°Ë If]qdf 36\g] 36gfx?n] u|fxsx?sf] a}°k|ltsf] ljZjf; 36\g uPsf] 5 . zza}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4 ePklg logLx?n] lbg] ;]jf u'0f:t/xLg ePsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] u'gf;f] 5 . u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/L ;'zf;gdf hf]8 lbFb} pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 ug'{ a}°x?sf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

ultljlwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ a}°x? u|fdL0f If]qdf eGbf ;x/df dfq s]lGb|t 5g\ / pgLx?sf] nufgL pTkfbgzLn If]qtkm{ eGbf cg'TkfbgzLn If]qtkm{g} a9L s]lGb|t ePsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] nufgLn] lrtjgsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}g . lrtjgsf k|d'v nufgLsf If]qx? s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo nufot cGo ;Defljt pTkfbgzLn If]qsf] klxrfg u/L nufgL u/]df dfq a}l°Ë If]qn] lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg u/]sf] 7xb{5 . a} l °Ë If] q n] artstf{ s f] 5l/P/ /x] s f] k"FhLnfO{ ;°ng u/L To;df Aofh;d]t yk]/ k"FhL lgdf{ 0 fnfO{ k| f ] T ;fxg ub{ 5 eg] nufgLstf{ n fO{ cfˆgf] Jofkf/ Joj;fo, pBf]u k|lti7fg ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos C0f pknAw u/fpFb5 . a}l°Ë If]qn] artstf{ / nufgLstf{ aLr pko'Qm dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . logLx?n] s]jn nufgLstf{sf] dfu k"/f ug]{ dfq xf]Og, ljQLo ;fwgx?sf] plrt kl/rfng klg ug'{ kb{5 . ljQLo ;fwgsf] cefjdf

;Dk"0f{ cfly{s ultljlwdf ;ª\s'rg cfpFb5 . h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts / g}lts v/faLx?sf] ljz[ª\vntfx? ;[hgf x'g uO ;du| cy{tGq cwf]ultlt/ nfUb5 . d'b|f cfkm}F ;~rflnt x'g ;Sb}g eGg] df}lb|s l;4fGtnfO{ dgg\ u/L a}°x? hgtfsf] ldq, bfz{lgs / kyk|bz{s eO sfo{ ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . a}°n] cfkm";Fu hDdf x'g cfPsf] lgIf]k / cfˆgf u|fxsx?nfO{ pko'Qm pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ clek|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . nufgLsf] nflu s]jn k/Dk/fut, ;'ljwfhgs / ;'/lIft If]qdfq gvf]hL s]xL hf]lvd / r'gf}ltk"0f{ eP klg dfly pNn]v ul/Psf lrtjgsf ;Defljt / pTkfbgzLn If]qx?df nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] nufgLn] dfq a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? bL3{sfnLg?kdf ;kmn x'G5g\ / lhNnfsf] lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; klg ;Dej x'G5 . clg dfq a}°x?n] cfˆgf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fli6«o bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 7xb{5 .

lgisif{ lrtjgdf ;Ël7t ?kdf a}l°Ë k|0ffnLsf] yfngL lj=;+= @)!& ;fnaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] eP tfklg nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfn a}° lnld6]8, s[lif ljsf; a}° / ;/sf/L:t/af6 ;~rflnt jfl0fHo a}° / ltgLx?sf zfvfx?n] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . v'nf cy{tGq, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/;Fu} k| h ftGqsf] k' g :yf{ k gfkl5 lghL If] q df jfl0fHo a}°x?, ljsf; a}°x? / cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] lrtjgdf cf]O/f] nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . a9\bf] a;fOF;/fO, ltj| hg;ª\Vof a[l4, b]zsf] s]Gb|ljGb'df cjl:yt o; lrtjg lhNnf ljleGg b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ ePsfn] oxfF a}° tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ kof{Kt cj;/ / ;Defjgfx? /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfn;Ddsf] a}l°Ë

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

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159

a'4sfnLg ;+:s[lt

s] lrlsT;f k];fdf Jofj;flostf a9]s} xf] t <  8f= ef]h/fh clwsf/L

 8L= cf/= kf]v/]n

lkmlhl;og, e/tk'/ c:ktfn

;dfhdf lrlsT;f k];f Pp6f ægf]an k|fk] m];gÆ cyf{t\ pRr ;Ddfgof]Uo k];f elgFb} cfPsf] 5 . x/]s afnaflnsfsf] cfˆgf] eljiosf] nIo s'zn 8fS6/ aGg] eGg] /xGYof] / cfh klg ;fob sdL 5}g Tof] ;f]rfOsf] . 7"nf] nufgL / d]xgtaf6 kfOg] lrlsT;ssf] l8u|Ldf cfh cg]sf}F k|Zg lrGxx? 5g\ . ;dfh o;/L tLj| ultdf Jofj;flostfdf tflgPsf] 5 ls OHhtn] k};f sdfpg] xf] jf k};fn] OHht a6'Ng] xf], k];fnfO{ sd{ / dd{ dfGg]x?sf] nflu åGåfTds k|Zgjfrs lrGx ag]/ v8f ePsf] 5 . ;fwf/0ftof lrofukmsf] cy{ nufpg] xf] eg] cfˆgf] k];fsf] dd{nfO{ e"n]/ To;sf] cf8df ul/g] wg cfh{gsf] cy{df g} Jofj;flostf zAbnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;dfh w|'jLs[t 5, x]g]{ gh/ / To;sf] d"Nof°gdf ;bf b'O{ ljkl/t wf/ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . lrlsT;ssf] cfkm"n] lbg] pkrf/ / la/fdL jf ;]jfu|fxLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ gh/df ePsf] cGt/n] hfgL ghfgL Jofj;flostf df}nfPsf] a9L efg x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, Pp6f lj/fdL /utsf] sdL lnP/ lrlsT;ssf] ;fd' pleFbf Ps b'O{ dlxgfnfO{ /ut a9fpg] cfO/g rSsL lbP/ k7fPdf nueu p;sf] pkrf/ lgMz'Ns ePsf] dfGg ldN5 . ToxL lj/fdLnfO{ lrlsT;sn] z/L/df /utsf] sdL lsg ePsf] x'g;S5, To;sf] sf/0fx?;Dd k'u]/ cg';Gwfgd"ns pkrf/ ug{lt/ nfu]df nfv;Ddsf] vr{ x'g;S5 . cl3Nnf] pkrf/ ;lhnf] lyof], ;:tf] lyof] t/ Ifl0fs lyof], kl5Nnf] pkrf/ cK7\of/f] lyof], dxFuf] lyof] t/ bL3{sfnLg lyof] / klg bf];|f] pkrf/df w]/} cGt/sf] Jofj;flostf b]lvG5 . g]kfnL w/ftndf eg] t];|f] k|sf/sf] pkrf/ cToGt} l56f] df}nfPsf] kfOG5 g ;lhnf] af6f]af6 dfq x'g] g cg';GwfgfTds tl/sfn] /fd|f] u5'{ eg]/ x'g], dWodfuL{ vf]N6L cg';f/sf] ‘sDk|f]dfOH8\’ pkrf/, lj/fdL klg cfkm";Fu ePsf] s]xL 160

/sd vr{ ug]{ / lrlsT;s klg Tof] k};fdf x'g];Ddsf] k/LIf0f kZrft\ pkrf/ lbg] . oxL s'/fnfO{ csf]{ pbfx/0faf6 x]/f}FM s'g} ;8s b'3{6gfdf NofOPsf] la/fdL–h;df OG:o'/]G; jf cGo axfgfdf w]/}eGbf w]/} vr{ u/fpg] rng / o;df :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?n] klg lng ;Sg] Jofj;flos kmfObf . To;sf/0f :jf:Yodf /fHo:t/af6 aLdf, cg'udg tyf k/LIf0fdf ;d]t 5'6sf] Joj:yf gx'Gh]n lghL c:ktfnx?df k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf Jofj;flostf b]lvg' :jfefljs ePsf] 5 . la/fdLx?df / lrlsT;sdf x'g] /f]usf] a'emfOsf] cGt/n] emg\ Jofj;flostf df}nfPsf] b]lvG5 . hlt lrlsT;sx? / :jf:Yo ;+:yfx? dfly xftkft / xdnfx? a9] Tolt lrlsT;s / ;+:yfx? x/sbd /f]usf] af/]df ga'emL, k"0f{ k/LIf0fx? geO{ jf la/fdL /fd|f] eP/ l8:rfh{ gx'Gh]n af]Ng 8/fpg] jftfj/0f ePsf] 5 . cfˆgf] tkm{af6 s'g} s;/ afFsL g/xf];\ eGgfsf] nflu /f]usf] x/]s kf6fx?sf] cg';Gwfg / gofF k|ljlwaf6 pkrf/ ubf{ la/fdLnfO{ kg{ hfg] vr{ eg] cfsfl;Psf] 5, /fHon] gofF gLlt Nofpg ;Sb}g / of] Jofj;flostf ag]/ df}nfPsf] 5 . sdLsdhf]/Lx? b'j} kIfdf 5g\ . c;n lrlsT;s c;n sfpG;]n/ jf lzIfs klg ag]/ la/fdLsf] /f]usf] gf8L / cfly{s kIfnfO{ a'‰g] / a'emfpg] x'g' h?/L 5 eg] cfˆgf] nflu k/LIf0f / To;sf] pkrf/nfO{ vr{sf] ?kdf dfq ga'emL :jf:Yosf] nflu wg eGg] dd{ la/fdL kIfn] a'‰g h?/L 5 . oL b'O{ kIf ldn]/ :jf:Yo If]qdf sld;gvf]/L, bnfnL ug{ vf]Hg] cj;/jfbLx?nfO{ ;fy glbO{ OGSnfa ag]/ s[lqd?kdf b]vfOg] Jofj;flostfsf] :yfoL ;dfwfgsf] nflu /fHosf] :jf:Yo afu8f]/ ;DxfNg]x?nfO{ emSemsfO{ g]kfn ;'xfpFbf] Jofjxfl/s :jf:Yo gLlt n]vfpg' 5 / gful/ssf] :j:y x'g] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug'{5 .

!= k|f/lDes

@= l;4fy{ uf}td

l;4fy{ uf}tddfkm{t j}lbssfnLg ljrf/ / ;+:s[lteGbf leGg h'g cnu ljrf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] k|fb'ef{j eof] o;}nfO{ g} o; n]vdf a'4sfnLg ;+:s[lt elgPsf] 5 . a'4sfnLg ;+:s[lt klg a'4sfnsf] ;dfh / ;Eotfsf] pbfQ k|s6Ls/0f xf] . cfh a'4sfnLg ;Eotf / ;+:sf/sf h'g cjz]ifx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . n'lDagL, b]jbx, /fdu|fd, ltnf}/fsf]6 jf slknj:t'df h'g k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x?–ef}lts ;+/rgfx? -czf]s :tDex?, dfofb]jL dlGb/, ltnf}/fsf]6 b/af/ kl/;/ ljleGg k|sf/sf :t"kx?, k'isl/0fL kf]v/L, ljxf/x?, kvf{nx?, vfO{, Ogf/, OToflbsf h'g cjz]ifx? nufot pTvggaf6 h'g efF8fs'8fx? / o;sf 6'qmfx?, O{+6fsf 6'qmfx?, d"lt{x?, 9'ª\ufsf ;+/rgfx?, d'b|fx?, l;;fsf 6'qmfx?, kmnfdsf] xFl;of, v/fgL, dfs{/–:6f]g, a'4hGdsfnnfO{ hgfpg] 9'ª\u]d"lt{ / cGo d"lt{x?, dfnfx? OToflb_ kfOPsf 5g\ . / h'g clen]vx? – n'lDagL / czf]s:tDedf ePsf] czf]ssf] clen]v, l/k' dNnsf] clen]v, lrlgofF tLy{ofqL kmfoxfg / x'ofg ;fª\sf] ofqf ljj/0f, v8\u zdz]/, km'x//, lk=;L= d'vhL{, s]z/ zdz]/, b]jnf ldq, g]kfn k'/ftŒj ljefu, n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if, a'l4i6 km]8/] z ] g ckm hfkfgsf cGj]if0f k|ltj]bgx?, afa'/fh l/hfn, j;Gt la8f/L, 8f= lut' lu/L, xl/ /fO{, ebGt ;Dos ;Daf]wL k|f0fk'q, sf]08Go cflbsf vf]h k':tsx?_ h'g k|fKt ePsf 5g\ ;fy} n'lDagL lak:ogf Wofg s]Gb| / o;sf cfrfo{ nufot cfrfo{ cSsnWjh u'¿ª ;lxt o; kª\lQmsf/sf] a'4 :ynx?sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f -@)^(, kf}if_ ;d]tsf] cfwf/df o; n]vdf a'4sfnLg ;+:s[ltaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd O=k"= %^# df cyf{t\ cfheGbf @%&% jif{ klxn] n'lDagLdf ePsf] lyof] . n'lDagL clxn] ?kGb]xL lhNnfcGtu{t kb{5 . klxn] of] zfSo u0f/fHocGtu{t lyof] . zfSo u0f/fHosf] /fhwfgL slknj:t'df lyof] . xfnsf] ltnf}/fsf]6nfO{ Toltv]/ slknj:t' elgGYof] . l;4fy{uf}tdsf afaf– z'4f]wg slknj:t'sf /fhf lyP . cfdfsf] gfd dfofb]jL lyof] . Toltv]/ slknj:t'df zfSo u0f/fHo lyof] eg] xfnsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf sf]nLo u0f/fHo lyof] . sf]nLosf] /fhwfgL b]jbxdf lyof] . l;4fy{ uf}tdsL cfdf b]jbxsL /fhf ;'ka'4sL 5f]/L lyOg\ . dfofb]jL slknj:t'af6 b]jbx jf /fdu|fd dfOt hfg] qmddf l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGd n'lDagLdf ePsf] lyof] . n'lDagL Toltv]/ pQ/fkysf] / slknj:t' / sf]nLo b'O{/fHosf] ;femf jf; a:g] kf6Lkf}jf ePsf], vfg a:g ;'ljwf ePsf] / k|fs[lts lx;fan] klg ;fn, czf]s, cfFk, sfa|f], j/, kLknsf j[Ifx? ePsf] / km"nx?n] ;'jfl;t ePsf] ;'Gb/ :yfg lyof] . l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hGdnfO{ lnP/ w]/} ldysx? klg hf]l8Psf 5g\ . slknj:t' /fHosf k|Voft Hof]ltifLx?n] pgnfO{ ls rqmjtL{ /fhf, xf]Og eg] ;a}sf] dËn ug]{ dª\nsf/L ;fw' aGg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . pgsL cfdfsf] eg] pgL hlGdPsf] ;ft} lbgdf d[To' ePsf] lyof] . ptf /fhf z'4f]wgn] eg] /fhs'df/ l;4fy{ ;fw' aGg] xf] ls eg]/ b/afl/of ;'v;ondf pgnfO{ aGb u/]/ /fv]sf lyP . tLgj6f eJo / e'ne'n}ofo'Qm dxnx? l;4fy{s} lglDt agfOlbPsf] klg pNn]v kfOG5 . 161

l;4fy{ uf}tdn] Ps /fhs'df/sf] lx;fan] wg'lj{Bf, j]bj]bfª\u, cg]s lnlk / efiff l;ls;s]sf lyP . ;fy} pgL w]/}h;f] ;dorflxF hfd'gsf] ?vd'lg a;]/ Wofg ug]{ uy]{ elgG5 . cfiff9 pT;j -/fhfn] xnf] hf]Tg] pT;j_ sf lbg klg l;4fy{ hfd'gs} af]6d'lg al;/x]sf / 3fd jf0fuª\ufsf] lt/tkm{ 9lNs;Sbf klg / c? ?vx?sf] 5fof 3fdcg';f/ nfdf eP/ 6f9f k'lu;Sbf klg l;4fy{ Wofga;]sf] hfd'gsf] ?vsf] 5fof eg] klxn]sf] h:t} h:tfsf] t:t} /x]/ pgnfO{ zLtntf lbO/x]sf] b]v]/ o;nfO{ b}jLo 36gf dfgL z'4f]wgn] 5f]/fnfO{ gd:sf/ u/]sf lyP eGg] ldysLo ls+jbGtL klg kfOG5 . h] xf];\ !^ jif{sf] pd]/df l;4fy{sf] sf]nLo j+zsL c~hgsL 5f]/L ozf]w/fl;t ljjfx eof] . ljjfxkZrft\ !# jif{;Dd ozf]w/fl;tsf] bfDkTo hLjg klg laTof] . af}4 ;flxTocg';f/ Pslbg /ydf r9]/ aflx/ 3'Dg] qmddf l;4fy{n] Ps j[4, ladf/L, nf; / Ps ;Gof;L b]v] . o;af6 pgnfO{ j}/fUo pTkGg eO{ pgL 3/ 5f]8]/ zflGtsf] vf]hdf lxF8] eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . ;fy} pgsf] 3/ 5f]8\g'sf] sf/0fdf /f]lx0fL gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ lnP/ zfSo / sf]nLo /fHosf] emu8f x'Fbf o:tf] emu8fdf cfkm" ;dfj]z gx'g] egL pgL b/af/ Pjd\ /fHo Tofu]/ lxF8]sf x'g\ eGg] ts{ klg kfOG5 . l;4fy{ @( jif{sf] pd]/df b/af/, /fHo, & lbgsf] 5f]/f /fx'n, ;'Ts]/L ozf]w/f, sfG5Lcfdf k|hfklt uf}tdL, afaf z'4f]wg ;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/ slknj:t'sf] b/af/sf] k"jL{ 9f]sfaf6 dWo/ftdf sGys 3f]8fdf r9]/ 5GbsnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ cfiff9 k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf lgl:sP eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dxflelgiqmd0f elgPsf] 5 af}4 ;flxTodf . /fHo ;Ldf kf/ u/]kl5 ‘cgf]df’ -pQd_ gbL cfof] . gbL kf/L uP/ cfˆgf sk8fx? 5GbsnfO{ lbP/ slknj:t' kmls{g / cfkm"n] u[xTofu u/]sf] va/ lbg eg] eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . To;kl5 cfˆgf] skfn t/af/n] sf6]/ pgn] ;Gof; wf/0f u/]sf, cg'lk|of gu/df PsxKtf latfP/ /fhu[x k'us ] f, of] s'/f ToxfFsf /fhf ljlDa;f/n] klg yfxf kfPsf, l;4fy{n] cnf/sfnd / pbs /fdk'ql;t Wofg l;s]sf, To;kl5 162

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k|fKt b/af/ kl/;/, pTvggåf/f k|fKt b/jf/sf] k"jL{ / klZrdLåf/, OF6fsf] kvf{n, vfO{, Ogf/, :t"kx?, ljxf/v08, kfnf] a:g]x?sf] sf]7f, ljleGg ;dosf k|frLg d'b|fx?, df6fsf efF8fx?, l;;fsf 6'qmf, kmnfssf sL6, a'§f xfg]sf kTy/sf ;+/rgfx?, ;d|f6\ czf]såf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf] hf]8L :t"k nufotsf cgluGtL ;f+:s[lts j:t'x? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L uf]6Lxjfdf czf]s:tDe / l9:sfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ToxfF ;g\ !*(* df pTvgg u/L s'FlbPsf] u|]gfO6 kTy/, kSsf OF6x?, cl:ywft', sf]Onfsf 6'qmfx?, s'jf, OF6fsf] v08x/ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L s'bfgdf k|frLgsfnsf] OF6fsf] kvf{n, laxf/sf] v08x/, Ogf/, kf]v/L, #÷$ j6f l9:sfx? /x]sf 5g\ . tf}lnxjf ahf/sf] pQ/kl§ lglUnxjf 5 . hxfF czf]sn] /fv]sf] czf]s:tDe kf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf n8]sf] cj:yfdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;Fu} efFlrPsf] :tDesf] 7'6f]efu klg /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ sgsd'lg a'4sf] hGd:yn elgG5 . oxfF cem} 7"nf] kf]v/L ljdfg /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L c/f]/fsf]6df k|frLg df6f]sf] lsNnfsf] lj:tfl/t ?k b]Vg kfOG5 . o;afx]s ;d/xjfdf sf]zn/fhf lj?bsn] zfSox?sf] jw u/]sf] :d[ltdf lgld{t bh{gf}F :t'kx? cBfjlw /x]sf] kfOG5 . slknj:t' jf:tjdf v'nf ;ª\u|xfno h:tf] xf] . hxfF x/]s ufpFdf s]xL g s]xL k|frLg j:t'x?, k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x? s'g} v'nf / s'g} l5k]sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfh;Dd ePsf cg';Gwfg, pTvgg sfo{x?sf] ;d]t kx'Fr gk'u]sf cgluGtL 7fpFx? / cgluGtL l9:sfx? htftt} b]Vg kfOG5 . o;/L a'4sfnLg ;f+:s[lts j:t'x? gjnk/ f;L, ?kGb] x L / slknj:t' lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgx?df sltko 5l/P/ /x] s f 5g\ , sltko pTvggsf] kvf{Odf 5g\ / sltko pTvggåf/f k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . oL ;a} xfd|f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'g\ . a'4sfnLg ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ku]{Ng oL ;f+:s[lts j:t'x?n] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ . a'4sfndf log} ;f+:s[lts j:t'x?nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL n'lDagLnfO{ o'g]:sf]n] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] s'/f klg 1ftJo 5 . 163

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k'/ftŒjljb\x?sf] pTvgg, cg';Gwfg cflb ;+:s[ltsf] cWoogsf lglDt cfwf/ ;fdu|Lx? x'g\ . cfh hfkfgsf k|Voft jf:t'ljb\ k|f]= tfª\u]sf] df:6/Knfg cg';f/ n'lDagLdf cGt/f{li6«o ljxf/x? / k|zf;lgs ejgx?, dlGb/ kl/;/sf] ;+/If0f cflb h'g ePsf] 5 tL klg xfd|f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx? x'g\ . $=# a'4sfnLg ;+:sf/x¿ a'4sfnLg ;+:sf/x?df ue{d+un ;+:sf/ Ps lyof] . %÷^ dlxgfsf] ue{ ePkl5 k]6df /x]sf] aRrfsf] ;+:sf/ agf];\ eGg] x]t'n] of] ;+:sf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;df ule{0fL dlxnfnfO{ ‘a'4d\ z/0fd\ uR5fdL wDdd\ z/0fd\ uR5fdL / ;ª\3d\ z/0fd\ uR5fdL’ eGg nufO{ -clx+;f, crf]/L, cJolerf/, ;Tojrg / ;ToJojxf/sf] k~rzLn kfngf ug{ nufpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . aRrfsf] gfds/0f cfdfsf] k]6d} x'bF f jf hGd]kl5 /fVg;lsg] / ;s];Dd kfnL efiffdf gfd /flvg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . aRrf %÷^ dlxgfsf] ePkl5 p;sf] cfGb|f df]6f] x'Fb} cfpg] x'gfn] aRrfnfO{ 7f]; vfg]s'/f v'jfpg] ;+:sf/ cGgk|fzgsf] ljwfg ePsf] kfOG5 . ljBf/Desf] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . aRrfnfO{ låh agfpgsf nflu p;nfO{ lq/Tgkf7 u/fpg Nofpg] ;fy} n]Vg / lrq agfpg l;sfpg] ul/g'kb{5 eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . k|j|Hof -u[xTofu_ a'4n] h:t} aRrfnfO{ u[xTofu ug{ l;sfpg] ;+:sf/ klg /x]sf] 5 . aRrf & jif{ k'uk] l5 sDtLdf klg & lbgsf] nflu u[xTofu u/L aRrfn] s]z vf}/g] / ljxf/df uP/ a'4 lzIff u|x0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;kl5 @) jif{ k'u]kl5 OR5f x'g]n] leIf' aGg ;Sg] / leIf' aGg grfxg]n] ljjfx sd{ ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . ljjfx ubf{ b'nxf b'nxLn] leIf'nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ b'nxfn] d cfˆgL hxfgsf] ;Ddfg u5'{, ckdfg ulb{g, Jolerf/ ulb{g, Ifdtfcg';f/ kf]if0f u5'{ / Ifdtfcg';f/ cfe"if0f k|bfg u5'{ eGg] k|lt1f u/]kl5 b'nxLn] klg ‘d 3/sf] sfd x]5'{, kl/jf/ / gf]s/rfs/sf] ;d]t x]/rfx

u5'{, Jolerf/L x'g] 5}g, hxfgn] sdfPsf] ;DklQsf] /Iff u5'{, 3/sf] sfddf cN5L ulb{g eg]/ k|lt1f ug'{kg]{ / lq/Tgsf] ;Dos\ kf7 u/L wd{b]zgfåf/f cfzLj{rg lbP/ labfO ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . d[To';+:sf/df d[To' x'g] a]nfdf lrQ zfGt z'4 x'g'kg]{, leIf' jf cu|h JolQmn] ;Dos\ lzIff ;'gfpg'kg]{, klxn] u/]sf k'0o sfo{x?sf] :d/0f u/fpg'kg]{, dgnfO{ b'Mlvt / lrlGtt kfg{ lbg' gx'g], dbf{ cf/fd 9Ën] d/f];\ eg]/ cf/fdbfoL la5\of}gf NofOlbg'kg]{, dg]{ a]nfdf 3/leq} jf sf]7fdf dg{ lbg' x'Fb}g eg]/ emN6\ofª / em'N6'ª kf/]/ aflx/ lgsfNg] gu/L hxfF eP klg cf/fd;Fu} dg{ lbg] / dl/;s]kl5 nf;nfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s ;+:sf/:yndf k'¥ofO{ d/0fcg':d[lt kf7 u/]/ nf;nfO{ hnfpg], uf8\g], kfgLdf 8'afpg] jf lu4x?nfO{ vfg lbg] h'g k|lqmof ;lhnf] nfU5 ToxL ug]{ / dnfdLnfO{ ef]hg u/fP/ labf ug]{ ;+:sf/ /x]sf] 5 . d[tssf] gfddf leIf' jf dfGohgnfO{ bfg lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . bfg ubf{ ul/g] ;Dos\ kf7 – æsfn stfg+ cDxfs+ ~ffltg+ k'~~fTyfo Od+ ldSv+ -bfg_ leSv' ;+3:; b]d .Æ -xfd|f cfkmGtsf] ;Demgfdf of] bfg leIf';ª\3nfO{ jf leIf'nfO{ lb+b}5f}+F_ lxGb"x?sf] h:t} bfg ug]{ Joj:yf eP klg h'7f] afg'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg rflxF af}4 ;+:s[ltdf /x]sf] b]lvGg . ef]s} a:g] -j|t a:g]_, ;'Ts]/L afg]{, g5'g] afg]{ h:tf sd{sf08x? klg o; ;+:s[ltdf /x]sf] 5}g . z/L/sf] ;kmfO ug]{, ug'{kg]{ s'/f eP klg d'Vo u/L lrQ z'l4 / kfkx?af6 aRg' g} af}4 ;+:s[ltsf] d"n nIo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . $=$ af}4 rf8kj{ af}4 rf8kj{ eGgfn] af}4 ;d'bfon] dgfpg] u/]sf ofjt\ rf8kj{x? -cfhsf] Nxf];f/ ;d]t_ eGg] a'lemG5 . t/ o; n]vsf] p2]Zo eg] a'4sfnLg rf8kj{ ePsfn] l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hLjgsfndf b]vfk/]sf ;f+:s[lts kj{x?sf] dfq oxfF rrf{ ul/G5 . cfˆgf afaf z'4f]wgsf] b/af/df x'Fbf l;4fy{n] v]tL–pT;jdf efu lnPsf], /fhf eP/ klg z'4f]wgn]

v]tdf uP/ ;'gsf] xnf]n] v]t hf]t]sf], Tof] x]g{ ;d:t hg;d"x pkl:yt ePsf] pNn]v kfOG5 . o:t} u/L u[xk|j]z kj{, v]tL leœofpg] kj{ nufot hGd / ljjfx Gjf/g, eftVjfOnfO{ klg kj{s} ?kdf lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} cf}+;L / k"l0f{dfnfO{ klg kj{sf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . uf} t d a' 4 sf] ;dodf Psflt/ klxn] b ] l v rlncfPsf rf8kj{x? 5g\ eg] a'4sfnd} / a'4kl5 ljz]ifu/L a'4l;t ;DalGwt z'e lbgx?df ljz]if pT;jx? dgfpg] k|rng klg b]lvG5– $=$=! j}zfv k"l0f{dfM of] k"l0f{df a'4sf] hGd ePsf] k"l0f{df ePsfn] x/]s jif{ j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg a'4sf] hGdhoGtL dgfpg] ul/Psf] cfhko{Gt kfOG5 . $=$=@ cfiff9 k"l0f{dfM dfofb]jLsf] ue{df l;4fy{sf] jf; x'g cfOk'u]sf]n] of] lbgnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbFb} leIf' ;d'bfo o; lbgnfO{ jiff{jf;sf] lbgsf] ?kdf lnP/ jiff{jf;sf] clwi7fg ug]{ ub{5g\ . $=$=# c;f]h k"l0f{dfM of] lbg tLg dlxgfsf] jiff{jf; ;lsPsf] lbg xf] . jiff{jf;df hfgL ghfgL ePdf sdL sdhf]/Lx?k|lt cfTdfnf]rs eP/ Ifdfofrgf ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;nfO{ k|jf/0f elgG5 . of] ljxf/x?df k|To]s Pp6f ljxf/df Ps kN6dfq sflQ{s k"l0f{df;Dd ! dlxgfleq dgfpg] rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . $=$=$ df3 k" l 0f{d fM uf} t d a' 4n] cfˆgf] kl/lgjf{0f tLg dlxgfkl5 x'g] s'/f cfh}sf lbgdf 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cfˆgf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f -d[To'_ x'g'eGbf tLg dlxgfcl3sf] o; 3f]if0ffsf] lbgnfO{ klg af}4 ;d'bfon] dxŒjk"0f{ lbg dfgL ljz]if pT;j dgfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . $=% a'4sfnLg lzi6tf jf cfrf/;+lxtf a'4sfnsf] ;+:s[lt eg]sf] lzi6tfsf] ;+:s[lt xf] . gd| eP/ af]Ng', la:tf/} af]Ng', dw'/ af]nL af]Ng', c;To jrg gaf]Ng', c?nfO{ lk/ kg]{ u/]/ gaf]Ng', zfGtefjnfO{ dxŒj lbg', cu|hx?sf] ;Ddfg÷>4f ug'{, cg'hx?nfO{ :g]x ug'{, ;a}sf] d·n lrtfpg', ;a}k|lt s¿0ff efj, ;a}kl| t d}qLefj /fVg' cflb s'/fx? a'4sfnLg ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx? x'g\ . zflGt, clx+;f, d}qL, s¿0ff, 165

a'4sf d'Vo lzIffx? x'g\ . a'4sfnLg lzi6tfdf jGbgf ug]{, bfg lbg], ;efdf a:g], c?;Fu s'/fsfgL ug],{ vfgf v'jfpg] / vfg], vfgfsf nflu lgdGq0ff lbg], ;fdfgx? nfg] n}hfg], ;fdfgx? ;hfP/ /fVg], cfk;L ;fy ;xof]u ug]{, cflbsf cnu 9Ëx? /x]sf] kfOG5 . laxf/df k|j]z ubf{ / u[x k|j]z ubf{sf klg lglZrt ;+lxtfx? /x]sf 5g\ . cfkmGt dbf{ klg ¿g' gx'g], x/]s sfd s'/f] ubf{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s ul/g'kg]{, 7"nf JolQm a;]sf] cj:yfdf p7L p7L s'/fsfgL ug{ gx'g], b'O{ JolQm s'/fsfgL ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf t];f| ] JolQmn] KjfSs af]Ng] / aLraf6 lxF8g\ ' gx'g,] s'/fsfgL ubf{ glhs} uP/ ul/g'kg],{ 6f9}af6 7"nf] :j/n] s'/fsfgL ug'{ gx'g], k"hgLo JolQml;t s'/fsfgL ubf{ xftnfO{ gxNnfO{ zfGt /flvg'kg]{, s'/fsfgL ubf{ c?n] af]Nbfaf]Nb} aLr}df cfkm"n] af]Ng' gx'g], cxª\sf/k"j{s s'g} s'/f ug'{ gx'g], vfgf vfFbf klg zfGt 9Ën] rkfP/ la:tf/} vfg'kg]{, efF8fjt{g p7fpFbf /fVbf la:tf/} cfjfh gcfpg] jf sd cfpg] u/L /flvg' kg]{, s'g} s'/f 6f]Sbf n'5\bf 7"nf] cfjfh cfpg] u/L / vfPsf] lrhlah 5l/g] u/L jf c?nfO{ cK7]/f] x'g] u/L ug'{ gx'g] . a'4 jf leIf'x?nfO{ k|Zg ubf{ pxfFx? Jo:t ePsf] ;dodf gu/L, c? ;do zfGtefjdf, lh1f;'efjdf k|Zg ug]{ . laxf/df, lb;f lk;fa u/]kl5 kfgLn] ;kmf ug],{ xft w'g,] bfFt dfem\g] / h'gh'g :yfgaf6 h'gh'g ;fdfgx? lemlsPsf] 5, sfo{ ;dflKt kl5 tL ;fdfgx? tLtL 7fpFdf /fVg'kg]{ cflb OToflb lzi6tfsf jf cfrf/;+lxtfsf s'/fx? a'4sfndf /x]sf] kfOG5 . $=^ bz kf/ldtf bfg, zLn, g}isDo{, k|1f, jLo{, zflGt, ;To, clwi7fg, d}qL / pk]Iff u/]/ oL bz s'/fx?nfO{ bz kf/ldtf eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kf/ldtf eg]sf] cfbz{sf] nIf0f xf] . oL bz cfbz{x?df bfgn] Tofusf], zLnn] g}ltsu'0fsf], g}isDo{n] j}/fUosf], k|1fn] oyfy{1fgsf], jLo{ n ] pT;fxsf] , zflGtn] ;xgzLntfsf] , ;Ton] oyfy{jflbtfsf], clwi7fgn] k|lt1fsf], d}qLn] ;dtfefj / ;dfgefjsf] / pk]Iffn] dWo:ytfsf] cy{ af]s]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf oL s'/fx?n] af}4 ;d'bfosf] cnu hLjg 166

d"NonfO{ hgfPsf 5g\ . o;afx]s klg a'4sf ;d:t lrGtg k|lqmof g} zLnx?df jf cfr/0fx?df plePsf] 5 . 1fg, zLn, ;dflwdf ;d]t 7Ls b[li6, 7Ls ;°Nk, 7Ls arg, 7Ls sd{, 7Ls hLljsf, 7Ls k|oTg, 7Ls :d[lt, 7Ls ;dflw elgPsf] kfOG5 . oL eg]sf g}lts cfbz{x? x'g\ . sflos, jflrs / dfgl;s s'g} klg lx;fan] a]7Ls gug]{, cdËn sfo{ gug]{, lx+;f, rf]/L, Jolerf/, ldYofefif0f, r'SnL, aSjf;, nf]e cflb gug{, a|Xdro{ kfng ug{ ;d]t ;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . $=& a'4sfnLg j]ze"iff a'4sfndf cfhsf] h:tf] sk8fx?sf] pknAwtf geP klg rLj/ wf/0f ug]{, skg wf/0f ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . rKkn h'Qfsf] st} pNn]v kfOFb}g . jt{dfgdf ePsf pTvgg sfo{af6 O{=k"= ^, & ;o jif{ klxn] b]lv O{= sf] t];|f] rf}yf] ztfAbL;Ddsf d"lt{x? x]bf{ tL d"lt{x?df afh'x? v'§fdf sNnL h:tf] uxgf, dfnfx?, s]z z[Ëf/ / kf/bzL{ k|sf/sf ;f8L h:tf jf wf]tLh:tf sDd/k]6LeGbf tn nufpg] sk8f nufPsf] kfOG5 . dflyNnf] efu v'Nn} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k'?ifx?n] klg rLj/ klxl/g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sk8f l;nfpg] rng rflxF st} b]lvFb}g . u/uxgf rflxF unfdf cg]s k|sf/sf dfnfx?, kfv'/fdf wft'sf afh'x?, sfgdf wft', l;;f / sf7sf cfe"if0fx? nufPsf] kfOG5 . pQ/fkysf] d'Vo 7fpFdWo] slknj:t' Pjd\ n'lDagL klg ePsfn] adf{b]lv lbNnL;Ddsf Jofkf/Lx? / Jofkfl/s dfn;fdfgx? cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ejtM sflZd/tkm{af6 pmgL / /]zdL sk8f klg cfpFYof] xf]nf eGg ;lsG5 . s'bfgsf] laxf/df Ps >4fn'n] w]/} dxËf] d"No kg]{ un}Frf bfg ug{ NofPsf] ;d]t pNn]v kfOG5 . $=* ljljw a'4sfn cl3g} b/af/ ag]sfn], Ogf/, kf6L, kf}jf ag]sfn], /yx?sf] lgdf{0f ePsfn], 3f]8f xfQLsf] k|of]u ePsfn] / v]tL pT;j dgfOg] u/]sfn] To;sfndf lzNksnf, sfi7snf, d"lt{snf, s[lifsnf, kz'kfng, Jofkf/ OToflbsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . ;dfh Joj:yfsf] lx;fan] bf;–dflns o'u ePsfn]

bf;x?sf] hLjg eg] si6s/ lyof] . w]/} k|sf/sf s/x? ltg'{kb{Yof] . dflnsx?sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ >d ug'{kb{Yof] eGg ;lsG5 . /fHox? Ps cfk;df o'4 ul//xg] x'gfn] :yfloTj geP klg Ps k|sf/sf] ;]gf lyof] . /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu cg]s k|sf/sf lsNnfx? agfpg] rng lyof] . dlxnfx?sf] l:ylt Tolt /fd|f] lyPg . ?vx?sf] k"hf ug]{ k|rng lyof] . j}lbs b]jtfx? dfGg] rng klg x'Fbf] xf] – z'4f]wgsf] kfnfdf . t/ a'4sfn ;'¿jft ePkl5 k'/fgf] j}lbs rng d]l6P/ uPsf] b]lvG5 .

%= pk;+xf/ a'4sfnLg ;+:s[ltnfO{ hgfpg] s'/fx? vf; afFsL 5}gg\ . h]hlt laxf/, :t"k b/af/ / dlGb/ x?sf eUgfjz]ifx?af6 / k'/ftflTjs :yn, j:t' / clen]vx?af6 k|fKt ePsf 5g\, h]hlt cGj]ifs, pTvgs, n]vs, ko{6sx?sf k|ltj]bg, k':tsx?af6 ;"rgfx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ / :ynut cjnf]sg e|d0faf6 h]hlt s'/fx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ To;sf cfwf/df a'4sfnLg ;+:s[ltnfO{ vf]Hg] of] k|oTg ePsf] 5 . a'4sfnLg ;+:s[lt j}lbs ;+:s[lteGbf leGg k|sf/sf] ;+:s[lt /x]sf] 5 . a'4sf hLjgb[li6x? g} leGg ePsfn] ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;Eotf klg leGg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

a'4sf ;f]rx? clgToaf]wdf cfwfl/t 5g\, oyfly{s 5g\ . Ifl0fsjfb, k|tLTj–;d'Tkfb, cgfTdjfb, clgZj/jfb, cef}ltsjfb, bz csygLo, ljrf/:jtGqtf, ;j{1tf unt / lgjf{0f h:tf gf}j6f bfz{lgs ljrf/x?df cfwfl/t a' 4 sf] ;f+ : s[ l ts hLjg w] / } dflyNnf] b]lvG5 . zLn, ;dflw / k|1f tLg dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx?sf] cfwf/zLnf klg zLn g} /x]sf] 5 . cfrf/;+lxtf g} /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f cfrf/sf lx;fan], g}lts hLjgsf lx;fan], zLn kfngfsf lx;fan], l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] ;'–;dGjosf lx;fan], Tofusf] lx;fan], To;}sfndf klg j:t'ut lrGtg / kl/jt{gzLntfsf] bz{gsf lx;fan] a'4 clåtLo 5g\ . a'4sf ljrf/x? dxfg\ 5g\ / a'4sf] ;f+:s[lts hLjg Jojl:yt, noa4 / ;';+:s[t b]lvG5 . Tofu, zLn, ;dflw, k| 1 fsf] cjnDag ;ª\3sf] cjwf/0ff, b[9tf, ;ª\sNkzlQm, nugzLntf, ;Tolgi7tf, w} o { t f, j} r fl/stf, l;h{ g fTdstf, sd{zLntf, sd{7tf, lgj}{olQmstf, cgfzlQm, clx+;f, h:tf pGgt ;f+:s[lts d"Nox?n] a'4sfnLg ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;d[4 t'NofPsf] 5 . a'4, wDd / ;ª\3sf] z/0f, dfgj hfltsf lglDt cfh klg cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvG5 . ejt' ;Aa dª\und\ .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

r08]Zj/L k|sfzg k|f= ln= sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

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afnaflnsfxÊdf b]lvPsf ljs[ltxÊ, To;sf sf/0f / lg/fs/0fsf s]xL pkfoxÊ  /]zdnfn >]i7 gf/fo0fu9 a;kfs{, e=g=kf=–@

b]zsf] eljio ToxfF rln/x]sf] /fhgLltn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . of] w'j|;To s'/f xf] . x/]s lbgsf] ldl8ofx?n] /fhg}lts ;dfrf/ / 36gfx?nfO{ d'Vo :yfg lbg] To;} sf/0f x'g'k5{ . ljB'tLo ;xof]un] rn]sf] xf];\ jf sfuhL ;dfrf/ dfWodx?df xf];\ o;sf] cu|efusf] d'Vo ;dfrf/ /fhg}lts ljifoj:t'df g} cfwfl/t x'G5 . b]zsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf /fd|f] /x]df b]z / To; b]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf hgtfx?sf] klg eljio /fd|f] x'g] x'gfn] xfdL cfd gful/sx?n] c;n g]tf 5fGg ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . o;df xfdL xf]l;of/ x'g ;s]gf}+ eg] To;sf] g/fd|f] c;/ cGttf]uTjf xfdL cfd gful/sx?nfO{ g} k5{ . c;n g]tfn] cfd gful/ssf] enf] x'g] sfd dfq ;f]R5 / ToxL cg'?k sfo{;Dkfbg u5{ . To:tf g]tfn] JolQmut :jfy{df gnfuL b]z / hgtfsf] nflu x/bd s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ lrGtg ul//xG5 . ctM ha ha g]tfsf] rog ug]{ a]nf jf kl/l:ylt cfpF5, Toltv]/ x/]s gful/sx?n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf of]Uo g]tf 5fGg x/]s lsl;dn] k|oTg/t x'g'k5{ . To;f] x'g ;s]df xfdLn] klg b]z ljsf;sf] nflu s]xL 6]jf lbPsf] 7x5{ . cGoyf xfdLn] 7"nf] e"n u/]sf] ;flat x'g;S5 . cfhef]ln lbg k|ltlbg clwsf+z cleefjsx?sf] lrGtf ljz]if Pp6f s'/fdf s]lGb|t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Tof] xf] cfˆgf ;Gtltx?df a9\b} uO/x]sf] gsf/fTds k|jl[ Q . 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n] afa'cfdfsf] s'/f g;'Gg', eg]sf] gdfGg', cgfjZos j:t'x?sf] dfu ug'{, Psf]xf]/f] lhl4 ug'{, k};f w]/} vr{ ug'{, 7Ls ;dodf g;'Tg', 7Ls ;dodf gp7\g', 7Ls ;dodf gvfg', Wofg lbP/ gk9\g', l6eL sf]7fdf dfq a:g ?rfpg', rl/q lgdf{0fdf eGbf e8\lsnf] 168

km];gsf] k|of]u ug'{, sDKo'6/ jf df]afOndf 3G6f}+ ;do latfpg', cfˆgf] cfjZos j:t' -h:t}M n'uf, lstfa, h'Qf OToflb_ 7Ls 7fpFdf g/fVg', 3/df 7Ls ;dodf gkms{g', 9fF6\g', cfdfa'afnfO{ t;f{pg cToGt} 8/nfUbf] wDsL lbg', emgSs l/;fpg', :jfyL{ :jefjsf] k|bz{g ug'{, 3/sf] kl/l:ylt / cfdfafa'sf] b'Mv;Fu kl/lrt gx'g', cfˆgf] :jf:Yosf] Vofn g/fVg', kl/jf/;Fu sd 3'nldn x'g', cfkm"eGbf 7"nf]sf] cfb/ gug'{, cg'zfl;t gx'g' OToflb / o:t} cGo w]/} gsf/fTds k|j[lQx? cfhef]lnsf clwsfª\z s]6fs]6Lx?df b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 h'g cleefjsx?sf] nflu 7"nf] lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . x'g t o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf Pp6f a[xt ;]ldgf/sf] th'{df u/L o;sf sf/0fx? / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ xf] . s'g} a]nf of] ;do klg cfpmnf . of] n]vdf o; kª\lQmsf/n] o;sf sf/0f / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?sf] cfˆg} cg'ejsf cfwf/df ;fgf] vf]hL u/]sf] s'/f kf7sx?df ;ljgd| cjut u/fpg rfxG5' . w]/} s'/f / kl/l:yltx?n] of] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePsf] x'g;S5 . d'Vo sf/0f jt{dfgdf lbgk/lbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] clgolGqt e8\lsnf] jftfj/0fsf] c;/ x'g ;S5 . cfhef]lnsf s]6fs]6Lx? s'g} klg gofF s'/fsf] gSsn ug{ l;kfn' 5g\ . e8\lsnf] kf];fssf] k|of]u, c:j:Yos/ vfgf vfg', :jR5Gb ?kdf lxF88'n ug'{ h:tf gsf/fTds k|jl[ Qsf] gSsn pgLx? ;lhn} u5{g\ . cWoogzLn x'g,] d]xgt ug],{ ;fdflhs lgodsf] cg';/0f ug]{, ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ h:tf sfdx? -h'g ufx|f] x'G5 t/ sfnfGt/df dfgj 169

hLjgsf] nflu clt kmnbfoL x'G5_ k|lt cfhef]lnsf gu0o afnaflnsfx?sf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvG5 . Ifl0fs cfgGbdf /dfpg', eljiosf] hLjgaf/] yf]/} dfq ;f]Rg' cfhef]lnsf clwsf+z s]6fs]6Lx?sf] k|jl[ Q g} b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;+j]bgzLn ;d:ofsf lgDglnlvt sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\ . h;nfO{ df]6fdf]l6 ?kdf o;k|sf/ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

a9L g}ltsjfg\ x'g' clgjfo{ 5 cGoyf o;sf] pN6f] c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 . s]xL ljBfyL{x?n] k9\g' cfˆgf] nflu xf]Og cfdfafa'sf] nflu xf] eGg] ;d]t wf/0ff /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cJofjxfl/s ;f]rn] s;}sf] sNof0f ub{}g ctM ha;Dd 5fq5fqfx?nfO{ g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg lbnfpg ;lsGg ta;Dd s'g} klg JolQm, ;dfh jf b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g .

!_ c:j:Yo /fhg}lts kl/l:ylt

#_ cleefjsx¿sf] Jo:t hLjg / pgLx¿sf] x]nrqm\ofO{ b]zdf gofF /fhgLlts kl/l:ylt nf]stflGqs

Joj:yfn] kbfk{0f u/]sf] klg ;ft jif{ k"/f x'g nflu;Sof] . bnx?sf] aLrsf] a9\bf] lvrftfgL / c;dembf/Ln] d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf cl:y/ 5 / b]zsf] kl/l:ylt c:tJo:t 5 . /fd|f]n] xf]Og xfd|f]n] k|>o kfO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . t]/f] / d]/f] eGg] efjgfn] ;j{q h/f uf8]sf] 5 . d}n] jf d]/f] kIfn] u/]sf] ;a} 7Ls c?n] jf csf]{ kIfn] u/]sf] ;a} s'/f a]7Ls eGbf eGb} b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ l:ylt cf]/fnf] nfUb}5 . b]z emg–emg b'/fj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . s] 7Ls s] a]7Ls eGg] s'/f xfdL ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfx?n] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5f}+ / ug}{ k5{ . g]tfx?n] hgtfx?nfO{ e]8f agfO/x]sf] s'/f xfdLn] dx;'; ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] dfq Pslbg g]tfhLx? ;ts{ x'g] 5g\ . cGoyf xfdL hgtfx?nfO{ ;w}+ Ps cfk;df emu8f u/fP/ pgLx? ;w}+ 3'Dg] s'rL{df al;/xg] 5g\ .

@_ g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s lzIff ;DaGwL 1fgsf] sdL s]xL bzs cufl8;Dd klg ljBfnox?df g}lts lzIffsf /fd|f /fd|f kf7\ok':tsx? lyP / To;sf] dfWodn] To;a]nf;Dd ljBfyL{x?df ;fdflhs tyf g}lts r]tgfsf] clej[l4 x'g] ub{Yof] . k9fOk|lt ljBfyL{x?sf] cfsif{0f a9L x'g] ub{Yof] . xfn;fn ljBfnox?df g}lts lzIffnfO{ sd dxŒj lbg] ul/G5, h;n] ubf{ cg'zf;g ;DaGwL ;d:of, k7gkf7g k|lqmofk|lt ljsif{0f / clgolGqt z}lIfs jftfj/0f kf7zfnfdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . x'gtM g}lts lzIffsf] cWoog u/fpg' a8f] sl7g s'/f xf] . lsgsL g}lts lzIff lbg] lzIfs cfkm}+ 170

cfhef]lnsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] ubf{ xf]nf x/]s s'/fdf dfgj hLjg klxn]eGbf a9L k|lt:kwf{Tds x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . To;}n] clwsf+z dfG5]x? a9LeGbf a9L sdfpg] wGbfdf Jo:t 5g\ . logLx?sf] Jo:ttfn] sfqf]df uf]hL x'G5 ls eGg] l:yltsf] efg u/fpF5 . To;n] ubf{ k|foMh;f] cfdfafa'x?n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?sf] b}lgs hLjgrof{nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg ;s]sf 5|}gg\ . d]/f] 5f]/f jf 5f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] :s'ndf k7fPsf] 5', kl9xfN5, ;a} 7Ls x'G5 eg]/ 9'Ss x'g] w]/} cfdfafa' d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx? :s'ndf k'U5g\ ls k'Ub}gg\, sltv]/ 3/ kms{G5g\, sltv]/ vfgf vfG5g\ / ;'T5g\ To;af/] Wofg lbg] ;do pgLx?df sd b]lvG5 . sd;]sd dlxgfdf Psk6s cfdf jf a'jf :s'n k'u]/ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k7gkf7g af/] a'em\g], laxfg jf a]n'sf cfwf 306f eg] klg ;Fu} a;]/ lrof jf vfgf vfFb} pgLx?sf] k|ult jf ;d:of af/] a'em\g] k|oTg ug]{, sf]7fdf pgLx?n] u/]sf] lqmofsnfk af/] hfgsf/L lng] / cfjZos ;sf/fTds ;'emfj lbg] u/]df s]6fs]6Lx? cfkm} ;hu x'g5 ] g\ / pgLx?sf] :jefjdf la:tf/} la:tf/} ;sf/fTds k|j[lQsf] j[l4 x'Fb} hfg] 5 . of] k|lqmof ckgfpFbf cleefjsx?n] afnaflnsfx?;Fu Hofb} ld7f] efiff k|of]u ug'k{ 5{, cGoyf pgLx?df gsf/fTds efjgf hfu[t eP/ cfpg ;S5 . xfdL s]xL cleefjsx?n] slxn]sfxLF s]6fs]6Lx?sf] cufl8 ceIf rLh ;]jg u5f},+{ cfk"mn] grfx]sf] kl/l:yltaf6 hf]lug s]6fs]6Lx?sf] cufl8 kmf]gdf e'm7f] ;+jfb u5f{}+ -o:tf] kl/l:yltdf

s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ s'g} axfgf agfO 6f9f /fVg'k5{_ . o; ePsf] /fd|f cfr/0f jf k'?iffy{sf] cg';/0f xfdLn] klg af/] xfdL ljz]if xf]l;of/ aGg'k5{ cGoyf o;sf] g/fd|f] ug{ l;sf}+ eGg' xf], g ls cGwf] e} ljleGg wd{df ljZjf; c;/ pgLx?df kg{ ;S5 . ug'{ . ctM xfd|f afnaflnsfx?nfO{ 7"nf]nfO{ cfb/ ug{ l;sfpg', ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{ l;sfpg', dfgjwd{k|lt $_ k}t[s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ xfd|f] b]zsf] sfg'gn] cfdf afa'n] cfh{g u/]sf] cf:yf hufpg' / wfld{s r]tgf lbg' ;'–;+:s[t ;dfh ;DklQsf] xsbf/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ agfPsf] 5 . of] Hofb} lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos dx;'; ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . k'/ftg k|yf xf] . w]/} ljb]zL d'n'sx?df of] sfg"gL &_ b08xLgtf a9\b} hfg' clwsf/ xl6;s]sf] 5 . 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n] b'Mv kfpnf xfn b]zdf htftt} c/fhstfsf] cfef; x'g eg]/ cfdf a'jfn] g}lts jf cg}lts h'g;'s} tj/n] xf];\ yfn]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/n] lbgk/lbg h/f uf8\b} uPsf] ;DklQ y'kfg'{k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff xfd|f] ;dfhdf JofKt 5 . h;sf] zlQm p;sf] elQm eGg] pvfg rl/tfy{ 5 . ha;Dd of] sfg'gL cj:yfsf] cGTo x'Fb}g efjL ePsf] pbfx/0fx? w]/} 7fpFdf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . dfG5] ;GttLx?df æd]/f] nflu d cfkm}+n] ug'{k5{, cfˆgf] v'§fdf sf6]/ cfPklg cfˆgf] dfG5]nfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff d cfkm}+ pleg l;Sg'k5{Æ eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'bF g} . ctM ljz]if u/L bnx?df JofKt ePsf] kfOG5 . 3'Dg] s'rL{df o:tf] sfg'gL k|fjwfg l56f]eGbf l56f] x6fpg' h?/L 5 . a:g] dfG5]n] æd]/f] dfG5] xf] h:tf] ;'s} ck/fw u/] klg 5f]l8lbg"Æ eGg] cfb]z k|fKt ePkl5 lhNnfsf xflsdx? %_ st{Jo / clwsf/sf] klxrfg cfhef]ln h'g;'s} If]qdf cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ;d]t xlRsg'kg]{ g/fd|f] kl/l:ylt of] b]zdf 5 . x'g t b'wsf] b'w kfgLsf] kfgL ug{ ;Sg] gu0o kfngf af/] k6Ss} Wofg glbg] t/ clwsf/sf] dfq vf]hL ug]{ k|j[lQsf] xfaL x'Fb} u/]sf] kfOG5 . 3/sf] k'?iffyL{x?n] slxn]sfxLF km"nsf] dfnf ;d]tsf] :ofaf;L l;Gsf] otfplt g;fg]{ t/ p;}nfO{ ld7f] ld7f] 6qm\ofpg'kg]{ kfPsf] pbfx/0fx? klg xfdLn] b]v] ;'g]sf 5f}+ . o:tf eg]em}+ cfkm"n] lgefpg'kg]{ st{Joaf/] Ps/QL g;f]Rg] ;b\k'?ifx?sf] ;Vt vfFrf]sf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ lg/Lx k|j[lQ x/]s If]qdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . xfdL cg'zfl;t hgtfx? / cd'v b]zn] . eO{ st{Jo kfng ug'{sf] dtna xfd|f efjL ;Gtltx?nfO{ *_ af}l4stfn] eGbf u'08fubL{n] k|>o kfpg' klg To:t} af6f]sf] cg';/0f u/fpg' xf] . h'g b]zsf slxn]sfxL+F o:tf] cfef; x'G5 of] nf]stflGqs hgtfx? cg'zfl;t 5g\, b]z / sfg'gk|lt akmfbf/ x'G5g\ g]kfndf sfg'g 5}g jf sfg'gn] sfd u/]sf] 5}g . Tof] b]zsf] k|ult lbg b'O{u'0ff, /ft rf/u'0ffsf] lx;fan] dnfO{ Psk6s :yfgLo PkmPdsf Ps ;~rf/sdL{åf/f j[l4 ePsf] xfdLn] b]v] ef]u]sf 5f}+ . cGtjf{tf{sf] qmddf ætkfO{+ t k"j{ lzIfs, cfhef]ln lsg ljBfyL{x? cWoogdf Tolt Wofg lbFbg} g\Æ eg]/ ;f]lwPsf] ^_ wfld{s k|j[lQ x6\b} hfg' kfgLsf] wd{ lztntf k|bfg ug'{, df6f]sf] wd{ k|Zgdf d]/f] pQ/ o:tf] /x\of] ælsgsL cfhef]ln cGg pTkfbg ug'{, cfuf]sf] wd{ tfk k|bfg ug'{, 3/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf u'08fubL{ of]Uotfn] bfd / gfd wd{ cf]t k|bfg ug'{ xf] eg]em}+ dfgjdfqsf] wd{ c?k|lt b'j} sdfO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cfhef]lnsf lk+9L z}lIfs dfof, bof, s?0ff, k|]d, ;b\efj, ;xof]u, ;b\cfr/0f of]Uotflt/ xf]Og, u'08fubL{ of]Uotflt/ cfslif{t ePsf cflb k|bz{g ug'{ xf] . h'g s'/f cfh ef]ln ;dfhaf6 w]/} 5g\ .Æ d'n'sdf alnof] sfg'gL /fHosf] cefjdf o:tf k/ xl6;s]sf] 5 . u0f]z, s[i0f, lji0f', lzj, ;/:jtL, lqmofsnfkx?n] k|>o kfO/xg] 5g\ . /fd, ;Ltf, b'uf{eujtL, Oz'lqmi6, a'4, cNnfx OToflbsf] (_ df]afOn kmf]g, sDKo'6/ / 6]lnlehgsf] b'¿kof]u laxfg ;a]/} bz{g ug'{ jf :d/0f ug'{ eg]sf] pgLx?df @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ *$Ü g]kfnLx? 171

df] a fOnsf] k| o f] u u5{ g \ . o;n] b} l gs sfo{ d f b'|ttf / ;xhtf t NofPsf] xf]nf t/ 7fpF s'7fpF, a] n f s' a ] n fdf o;sf] cgfjZos k| o f] u ePsf] kfOG5 . To;/L g} sDKo' 6 /, 6] l nlehgsf] klg w]/} 3/x?sf afnaflnsfx?n] ;xL k|of]u u/]sf] e]l6+b}g . o:tf ljB'tLo pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u cfˆgf afnaflnsfx?n] s] s:tf] lsl;daf6 ul//x] s f 5g\ . To;sf] plrt Vofn /fVg ;lsPg eg] sfnfGt/df o;n] 7"nf] ;fdflhs ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5 . afnaflnsfx?nfO{ sDKo'6/sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ l;sfpg', l6eLdf k|;f/0f x'g] lzIffk|b sfo{qmdx? cfˆg} ;fydf /fvL x]/fpg ;lsG5 eg] sDKo'6/ / l6eL k|of]u ug{] ;do tflnsf agfOlbg' / To;sf] ;d'lrt /]vb]v ug'{ pgLx?sf] nflu nfebfoL x'g ;S5 .

afnaflnsfx?sf] dgf]j[lQ ;sf/fTds x'G5 / s] 7Ls s] a]7Ls xf] elg 5'6\ofpg pgLx? ;dy{ x'G5g\ . x/]s ;r]t kl/jf/n] afnaflnsfx?sf] of] k|f/lDes kf7zfnf -3/_ nfO{ dlGb/sf] ?kdf x]/L ToxL cg'?k Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]df jt{dfgdf b]vfk/]sf oL ljs/fn ;d:ofx? qmdzM x6\b} hfg] s'/fdf cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 .

 ;bfgGb cefuL -h};L_

pk;+xf/

x'gtM oL dfly pNn]lvt a'Fbfx? -ts{x?_ afx]s cGo a'bF f jf ts{x?n] k|:t't ljifoj:t'df sf/0fL e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . o;af/] lj1x?af6 sfo{kq k|:t't u/L To;dfly j[xt\ 5nkmn ug'{ h?/L 5 . æjfb]jfb] hfot] tŒjjf]wÆ . tyflk olt dfq s'/fx?df s]xL ;'wf/ tyf lgoGq0f x'g ;s]df jt{dfg ;dfhdf eO/x]sf] ljs[ltx?nfO{ s]xL xbdf eg]klg sd u/L ;fg} ?kdf ePklg Ps ;Eo / cg'zfl;t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ !)_ 3/sf] jftfj/0f afnaflnsfx?sf nflu cfdf klxnf] u'¿ xf] ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . elgPem}+ 3/ pgLx?sf] nflu klxnf] kf7zfnf xf] . afnaflnsfx?n] g}lts / Jofjxfl/s lzIffsf] klxnf] kf7 3/af6 l;S5g\ . 3/sf] jftfj/0f ;'Gb/ ePdf afnaflnsfx?sf] dgl:ylt klg :j:Yo / ;'Gb/ x'G5 . cfk"meGbf 7"nfn] s] u5{, s;/L af]N5, s:tf] 9·n] cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf] b}lgsL u'hf/f ul//x]sf 5g\ lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt To;sf] k|ToIfbzL{ pgLx? x'G5g\, /ft lbg pgLx? lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] cfˆgf] cleefjsx?sf lqmofsnfkx? cjnf] s g k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] ul//xG5g\ / pgLx? klg To;}sf] cg'z/0f ug{ l;S5g\ xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F . ctM cleefjsx?n] ;j{k|yd cfˆgf] 3/sf] jftfj/0f ;'Gb/, :j:Yo, :jR5, ;Eo / ;'–;+:s[t /fVg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . 3/ kl/jf/df /fd|f] ;dembf/L sfod ug'{, ld7f] / ;fgf] :j/n] af]Ng', ;se/ ;fgf s]6fs]6Lx?;Fu klg k|f]= ljsf; ltjf/L cfb/fyL{ zAbx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;+jfb ug'{, 3/df cfpg] kfx'gfx?nfO{ gd:t] u/]/ jf e'ms]/ ;Ddfg k|bfg ug{ l;sfpg', 3/sf] x/]s lqmofsnfkdf 7"nfx? gd"gfsf] k'tnLahf/, gf/fo0fu9 ?kdf k|:t't x'g', afnaflnsfx?sf] lh1f;fsf] pQ/ kmf]gM )%^–%#!)$^ emsf{] gdfgL ;se/ plrt ?kdf lbg k|oTg ug'{, Pscfk;df xflb{s Jojxf/ cfbfg k|bfg ug'{ OToflbn] ;Dk"0f{ :6]zg/L tyf k':tsx¿sf] nflu Pp6} ynf]===

;+ud a'S; P08 :6]zg/L

172

afnL pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{ t®jxÊ / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ljleGg afnLaf6 pTkfbg lngsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ afnL pTkfbg tŒjx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 . afnL pTkfbgsf d'Vo tŒjx?df df6f], dn, l;FrfO, lap, afnL ;+/If0f / k|ljlw kb{5g\ . oL tŒjx?sf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]u ug{ ;s]df dfq afnL pTkfbg cfzfltt x'g ;S5 . xfjfkfgL, ahf/sf] ;'ljwf / HofdLsf] pknAwtfn] klg s'g afnL nufpg] / slt pTkfbg a9fpg] eGg] s'/f lge{/ /xG5 tyf pTkfbgdf c;/ kb{5 . xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] afnL of afnLsf] hftsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} afnL df};dcg';f/ v]tL ubf{ ;xh ?kdf pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 eg] ToxL afnLnfO{ a]df};ddf v]tL ubf{ w]/} s'/fx?df -dnsf] dfqf, /f]u / ls/fsf] cfqmd0faf6 hf]ufpg', lapsf] b/ cflbdf_ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'' kb{5 .

df6f] Joj:yfkg ;fwf/0ftof c;n df6fsf] ;+/rgfdf vlgh kbfy{ $%Ü, k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{{ %Ü, xfjf @%Ü / kfgL @%Ü x'g' /fd|f] dflgG5 t/ g]kfnsf] df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ 36\bf] qmddf 5 . kxf8L e]udf eGbf k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] dfqf t/fO{ If]qdf -^)ÜeGbf dfly_ Go"g 5 . o;/L g} afnLnfO{ rflxg] cfjZos vfBtŒjx? -sfj{g, clS;hg / xfO8«f]hg, gfO6«f]hg, km:km/;, kf]6f;, SoflN;od, DofUg]l;od\, uGws, kmnfd, tfdf, h:tf, DoflUgh, df]lnA8]gd\, ;'xfu / Snf]l/g u/L_ !^ j6f 5g\ . oL tŒjx?df g]kfnsf] df6f]df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf sdL b]lvG5, km;km/;sf] dfqf sdb]lv dWoddf b]lvG5 eg] kf]6f;sf] dfqf klg sdL x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . uGws tŒjsf] sdLsf] nIf0f t]nxg afnLdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . ;'xfu tŒjn] klg h/fo'St afnL -d'nf ufh/ cflb_

sfpnL hft afnL -sfpnL, aGbf, cflb_, ux'FafnL, kmnk"mn cflbdf sdLsf nIf0f b]vfpg yfn]sf] 5 . h:tf tŒjsf] sdLsf nIf0f wfgafnLsf] ;fy} kmnk"mn -;'Gtnf_ df b]lvPsf] 5 . df]lnA8]gd tŒjsf] sdL k|foM sfpnL hft afnLdf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L afnLdf vfBtŒjsf] sdLsf nIf0f b]lvg' eg]sf]] df6f]df Tof] tŒj lgs} sd x'g' xf] . df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s tyf /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]uaf6 vfBtŒjsf] dfqf df6f]df yKg ;lsG5 .

df6f] cg';f/ afnL Joj:yfkg df6f]sf] s0fx? v;|f÷7"nf s0f ePsf] df6f]nfO{ xfdLn] anf}6] df6f] eGb5f}F . g v;|f g t clt dl;gf s0f ePsf] -dem\of}nf s0fsf]_ df6f]nfO{ xfdL bf]d6 df6f] eGb5f}F / w]/} dl;gf s0f ePsf] df6f]nfO{ xfdL lrD6] df6f] eGb5f}F . df6fsf] s0fsf] lx;fan] x]bf{ h/fo'St afnLsf] nflu anf}6] ;d"xsf] df6f] -anf}6], anf}6] bf]d6_ /fd|f] dflgG5 . ;a} afnLsf] nflu bf]d6 df6f] /fd|f] x'G5 . kfgL hDg] 7fpFdf ul/g] v]tLsf] nflu h:t} wfgsf] nflu lrD6] tyf lrD6] ;d"xsf] df6f] /fd|f] dflgG5 . s0fsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] k|of]u ub}{ hfFbf df6f]sf] ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .

l;FrfOsf] Joj:yfkg g]kfnsf] v]tL ul/Psf] hldg #),(!,))) x]S6/df l;Flrt If]qkmn @)!)÷)!! ;Dd !@,%$,@&@ x]S6/ 5 / afFsL hldgdf cfsfz] e/df v]tL ul/G5 . afnLn] cfjZostf cg'?k lr:ofg kfpFb}g eg] /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsFb}g . h'g;'s} afnLsf] nflu klg pd|g] ;dodf, a9\g] qmddf -ufFh /fVbf_ / k"mn k'mNbf / kmn a9\bf df6f]df lr:ofg cfjZos kb{5 . lr:ofg sd x'g] 7fpFdf v8]/L ;xg ;Sg] afnLsf hftsf] ljsf; x'g' 173

cfjZos 5 / lr:ofg sd eP klg pTkfbg x'g] afnL agfpg] u'0f:t/ dnnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlSt lbuf] ?kdf a9fpg ;lsG5 / pTkfbg klg nufpg' k5{ . lbuf] ?kdf g} a9\g hfG5 . g]kfnL s[ifsn] a9L eGbf a9L lapsf] Joj:yfkg pGgt lapsf] k|of]u dfqn] klg xfd|f] pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug]{ eg]sf] uf]7]dn xf] . uf]7]dnsf] u'0f:t/ lgdf{0f @) b]lv @%Ü j[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . c;n lap 5fGbf / k|of]u g} df6f]sf] pj{/fzlSt a9fpg] d'Vo pkfo xf] . xfdLn] hftLo z'4tf, ef}lts z'4tf, lapsf] hLljtkg uf]a/ / ux'Ftsf] ;b'kof]u / ;+/If0f g} uf]7]dndf Nofpg / pdf/ zlQm, lapsf] cf]h;, lapdf kfOg] lr:ofg, ;lsg] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ xf] . o;f] ug{sf] nflu xfn s[ifsn] lapsf] :j:ytf, lapsf] tf}n of kf]l6nf]kgf, lapsf] ckgfpFb} cfPsf] ufO{ e};L] afFWg] uf]7sf] e"OFnfO{ ;'wf/ cfsf/–k|sf/ / lapsf] rdskgnfO{ Wofg lbg ;s] ug{ cfjZs 5 . ux'Ftsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] uf]a/df dfq lapsf] u'0f:t/o'St 5gf}6 x'G5 . o:tf] u'0f:t/o'St eGbf ux'Ftdf bf]Aa/ gfO6«f]hg kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ufO{ e}F;LnfO{ !)) k|ltzt efu gfO6«f]hg ePsf] lapsf] k|of]uaf6 dfq /fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 . 3fF;÷bfgf v'jfof] eg] *) k|ltzt efu uf]a/ / ux'Ftdf dnsf] Joj:yfkg pTkfbg a9fpgsf] nflu dnsf] k|of]u clt kms{G5 / z/L/ agfpg s]jn @) k|ltzt dfq k|of]udf cfjZos 5 . dn lj?jfsf cfjZos vfBtŒjx?sf] ;|ft] cfpFb5 . of] c;L efudf %@ k|ltzt efu ux'Ft dfkm{t\ xf] . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\– k|fª\ufl/s ;|f]t / /f;folgs / @* k|ltzt efu uf]a/df kmls{G5 . o;} u/L km:km/; ;|f]t . cfhsn /f;folgs dnn] df6f] lauf5{ k|of]u ug{ / kf]6f;sf] xsdf klg oL tŒjo'St vfgf v'jfPsf] x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fx? klg ;'Ggdf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ ;fy} cfwf/df ^!–*& k|ltzt km:km/; / *@ – (@ k|ltzt k|fª\ufl/s v]tLsf] cjwf/0ff klg cfPsf] 5 . k|fª\ufl/s kf]6f; uf]a/ / d'qaf6 aflx/ kms{G5 . oL dfq ge} ;"Id v]tLdf nfUg' /fd|f] xf] . k|fª\ufl/s v]tL ubf{ s]jn tyf ;xfos tŒj klg uf]a/ / d'qaf6 aflx/ kmls{G5g\ . k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] dfq k|of]u ul/G5 . k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] uf]a/ / d'qnfO{ u'0f:t/o'St agfpg' / k|of]u ug'{ clt k|of]un] df6f]sf] ef}lts /f;folgs / h}ljs u'0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . d'q ;ª\sng 6\ofª\sL agfP/ d'q ;ª\sng ug{ dfq geP/ pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] u'0fdf, e08f/0fdf, ;lsG5 h:t} tnsf] lrqnfO{ x]/f}+ . vfgfsf] :jfbdf tyf dfgj, kz'kª\IfLsf] :jf:ydf klg ;'wf/ NofpF5 t/ k|fª\ufl/s dndf vfBtŒjx? olt yf]/} x'G5 sL o;sf] k|of]u dfqf a9L rflxG5 . s[ifsnfO{ k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] cfk"lt{ lj¿jfnfO{ rflxg] hlt k'¥ofpg sl7g kb{5 . k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] clwstd\ k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] df6f]df lj¿jfsf cfjZos vfBtŒjx? yKg ;lsG5 hlt vfBtŒjx? df6f]df yKg ;lsG5, df6f] Tolt pj{/s aGb5 tyf df6f]sf] cj:yfnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf pa{/s tyf pTkfbgzLn agfP/ /fVg ;lsG5 . uf]7sf] leq e}F;L a:g] 7fpF k|fª\ufl/s dnsf ;|f]tx¿ / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg s[ifssf] cfo Ifdtf cg'?k uf]7sf] e'OF 9nfg uf]7] dn uf]a/ dn / sDkf]i6 dn, e]8fafv|fsf] ug]{÷9'ª\uf la5\Øfpg'÷lrD6]df6f]n] e'OF Jojl:yt kf/]/ h'tf] -la/lsDnf_, s'v/fsf] ;'nL, xl/of] dn, Phf]nf, gnL agfP/ lk;fj hDdf x'g] 6\Øf°L agfP/ 6\Øf°L lkgf, jwzfnfsf] /ut, df;', xf8, l;Fu, v'/ cflb -vfN6f_ df hDdf u/]/ d'q ;°ng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'s]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dnsf ;|f]t x'g\ . log} dnnfO{ u'0f:t/o'St ;f]Q/sf] k|of]un] klg d'q v]/ hfgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . 174

dnsf] ;xL k|of]u dn tof/ u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ubf{ klg Wofg lbg' kb{5 . dn 3fddf g;'sfpg], ;'sfpg} k/] 5fofdf ;'sfpg] . v]tjf/Ldf nu]/ lkmhfP/ of y'k|f] kf/]/ g;'sfpg] dn v]tdf nuL v]tdf 5/L tTsfn hf]t]/ k'g]{, olb k'g{ ;lsFb}g eg] v]tdf 7"nf] y'k|f] kf/L emf/, kft, tyf df6f]n] To;nfO{ 5f]kL lbg] / hf]Tg] lbg lkmhf/]/ hf]lt lbg] ug'{ kb{5 lsgls dn !@ 3G6f 3fddf ;'sfPsf] v08df ^ k|ltzt, #^ 3G6f ;'sfPsf]df @# uf]7sf] leq} d'q ;°ng 6\of°L k|ltzt / & lbg ;'sfPsf] v08df #^ k|ltzt gfO6«f]hg o;/L sd;]sd () k|ltzt Tolt ;Dej geP *) k|ltzt gf]S;fg x'G5 . Pp6f s[ifsn] b'O{j6f e}F;L kfNb5 eg] d'q ;°ng ug'{k5{ . p;n] jif{df sl/j %* s]hL gfO6«f]hg kfpg ;Sb5 . of] gfO6«f]hg p;n] /fd|f];Fu Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]g eg] () k|ltzt uf]7af6} gf]S;fg eP/ hfG5 . ;fwf/0ftof xfnsf] gf]S;fgLnfO{ x]/f}F– lk;fjaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL @(=^ s]hL, r'x]/ ^ s]hL, xfjfdf p8]/ !$=$ s]hL gf]S;fgL x'G5 / dndf hDdf afFsL * s]hL /xG5 of] * s]hLdf lj¿jfn] ^ s]hL lnG5 / @ s]hLdfq df6f]df /xG5 . xfnsf] k|of]u cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] sl/j *% k|ltzt vfBtŒj gf]S;fgL ePsf] x'G5 / s]jn !% k|ltzt dfq pkof]udf cfpF5 . o;nfO{ ;+/lIft ubf{ of] gf]S;fgLnfO{ *% k|ltztaf6 36fP/ @* k|ltztdf emfg{ ;lsG5 / o;} d'q ;°ng ub}{ u/L &@ k|ltzt gfO6«f]hg lj¿jfn] lng ;Sg] cj:yfdf nfg ;lsG5 .

df6f]sf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu PsLs[t vfBtŒj Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]u df6f]sf] u'0f:t/df c;/ klg gk/f];\ clg pTkfbgdf klg x|f; gcfcf];\ eGb} PsLs[t vfBtŒj Joj:yfkg k4lt cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ cjwf/0ff cfPsf] 5 . o; k4ltsf] cjnDagdf ;j{ky| d df6f]sf] cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . df6f]sf] cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] sdLsf] 5fgf] lbP/ agfPsf] ;'wfl/Psf] dn df6f] Joj:yfkg -cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/_ ug'{ kb{5 . dfgfF} ;°lnt d'qnfO{ ls;fgx?n] ljljw jg:kltx?;Fu df6f]df cDnLokgf a9]sf], b]lvof] eg] l;kmfl/; cg';f/sf] ld;fP/ h}ljs ljifflb klg agfP/ k|of]udf NofPsf s[lif r'gsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . o;/L g} vfBtŒjx?sf] 5g\ . ux'Ftsf] cfnf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df ! efu d'qdf sdL b]lvG5 . s'g afnLsf] cg'dflgt pTkfbg slt ug]{ xf] < Tof] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu df6f]df ePsf] df}h'b *–( efu kfgL ld;fP/ dfq k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . 175

vfBtŒjaf6 lj¿jfnfO{ slt lbg ;S5 / afnLnfO{ slt gk'u x'G5 . Tolt gk'u dfqf :yfgLo k|fª\ufl/s dnx?af6 cfk"lt{ ug{ g;s]sfdf dfq /f;folgs dnaf6 lbg' kb{5 . dnsf] k|of]u cfjZostfcg';f/ lbg' kb{5 . df6f]sf] agf]6 tyf e"–agf]6sf] l:ylt, ;"Id hLjf0f'sf] pkl:ylt e"Ifosf] tLj|tf, vfBtŒjsf] pknAwtfdf sdL cflb ;d:of b]lvg ;S5g\ . oL tŒjx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ub]{ nfg' kb{5 . df6f] Joj:yfkg kl5 afnL Joj:yfkgdf klg Wofg lbg' kb{5 . afnL Joj:yfkgdf xfdLn] slt pTkfbg lng] -nlIft pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg_, Tof] afnLn] lng] vfBtŒjsf] cg'dfg, cGt/afnL k|0ffnL, /f]Kg] ;do / tl/sf lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf, emf/kftsf] Joj:yf s:tf] afnL nufpg], s:tf] hft nufpg], s'g afnLrqm ckgfpg], /f]usL/fsf] cfqmd0f slQsf] x'G5 To;sf] /f]syfd s;/L ug]{, cflbdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 . vfBtŒj Joj:yfkgdf vfBtŒjsf] ;|f]t -uf]7] dn, sDkf]i6 dn, xl/of] dn, afnL cjz]if, h}ljsl:y/Ls/0f, 3/fo;L kmf]xf]/_ s'g xf] k|fª\ufl/s dn slt rflxG5 / /f;folgs dn slt rflxG5 / o;sf] cfk"lt{ sxfFaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 cflbnfO{ xfdLn] Wofg lbg' k5{ . of] k4lt vf; u/L d"Nofª\sg -dfly elgPsf pTkfbg tŒjx?sf] ;fy} df6f]sf] cj:yfsf] klxrfg, df6f], afnL / vfBtŒjsf] Joj:yfkg_, lg0f{ o -ahf/sf] kx' F r , sfdbf/sf] pknAwtf, ;fdflhs l:ylt, k|fs[lts ;|f]t cflb_ / sfof{Gjogdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . of] k4ltsf] cjnDjgn] s[ifsn] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg cfkm}Fn] u5{, ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf] vf]hL klg cfkm}F u5{ / lg0f{o lng] Ifdtf klg ls;fgdf ljsl;t eP/ cfpF5 . cfhsf] cfjZostf /f;folgs dnsf] s6f}lt, k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] cfk"lt{df a9f}lt, lbuf]?kdf df6f]sf] pa{/f zlQm a9fpFb} hfg] / pTkfbg klg lbuf] ?kdf lng' xf] .

afnL ;+/If0f Joj:yfkg afnL pTkfbgdf afnL ;+/If0fsf] klg uxg e"ldsf 5 . afnLdf /f]u, ls/f, r/f, d';f, hËnL tyf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x?sf] cfqmd0faf6 afnLsf] 7"nf] Iflt k'u]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 /f]syfd ug{sf] nflu klg /f;folgs ljifflbsf] s6f}tL h}ljs ljifflbsf] k|of]u, 176

/f]u ;xg ;Sg] hftsf] k|of]u, s[lif kmd{df ;'wf/ h:t} afnL rqmsf] cjnDjg, lap 5g]{ tyf /f]kfOsf] ;dodf km]/abn, hf]tfO vgfOdf Wofg lbg', afnL s6fgL tyf e08f/0fdf Wofg lbg', km]/f]dg] 6«ofk, k/hLljsf] k|of]u, ;/;kmfO cflbsf] k|of]u u/L afnLnfO{ arfpg'' k5{ . o;f] ubf{ klg afnLnfO{ ls/f tyf /f]usf] cfqmd0faf6 arfpg ;lsPg eg] dfq /f;folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . /f;folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ubf{ sd 3fts / 5f]6f] cjlw;Dd ljif l6sfp x'g] ljifflbsf] k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . afnL ;+/If0fdf klg Plss[t vfBtŒj Joj:yfkg eg] h:t} PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . of] afnL lj¿jfsf zq'x?nfO{ cfly{s ?kn] Gofof]lrt Pjd\ kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] lbuf] ?kdf afnL ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsg] ljlw xf] . of] ljlw rf/j6f l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . :jf:y afnL pAhfcf}F, v]taf/Lsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg u/f}F, s[ifsnfO{ bIf agfcf}+ / ldq hLjsf] ;+/If0f u/f}F .

s[lifsd{df k|ljlwsf] canDjg afnL pTkfbgdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u klg Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;df xfdLn] afnL slxn] s'g tl/sfn] slt b'/Ldf nufpg], slxn] vghf]t tyf sfF65fF6 ug]{ s;/L afnL leœofpg] cflbsf] hfgsf/L x'g' k5{ . x/]s afnLsf] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] k||ljlw x'G5 . ;f]xL k|ljlw cg'?k canDjg ug'{ kb{5 . s]xL zf]ef xl/0f lzz'sf g[To ;~rf/df 5 s]xL zf]ef jg s';'dsf :jR5 ;+;f/df 5 s]xL zf]ef z/b Ct'sf Jof]d pBfgdf 5 ;Kk} zf]ef gjo'jtLsf dGb d':sfgdf 5 . – d's'Gbz/0f pkfWofo

Sof¿“ d of] b]z lgldQ Sof¿“ xf“;"“ ls ufpm“ ls unf ldnfpm“ ;xif{ sf6L lz/ g} r9fpm“ of Zjf; hDd} o;d} ld;fpm“ – l;l4r/0f >]i7 177

lzIff If]qsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg M g]kfnL kl/j]z  ZofdhL cltly e/tk'/–!@, yfgLrf]s, lrtjg

P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld k|frLg lzIff k|0ffnLdf /fhs'n, lkt[s'n, Clifs'n k4lt tyf u'¿s'n lzIffsf] cfef; lbg] lzIff s]Gb|x? ;~rflnt lyP . To:t} dWosflng g]kfndf u'Daf / ljxf/sf] :yfkgf eO{ lzIffn] ;+:yfut ?k lnof] . ;+:s[t / kfnLefiff To; a]nfsf] lzIff lbg] dfWod lyof] . ls/fFt, /fO{, lnDa"x? :jhftLo k'/f]lxtåf/f af}4 d7df lzIff k|fKt ub{y] eg] a|fXd0f u'¿x? sd{sf08 / j]b j]bfËsf] cWofkg u/fpFby] . To;tfsf lzIffk|lt /fHosf] vf;} bfloTj lyPg . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxn] cfˆgf ;}lgssf 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 k9fpg] Joj:yf ldnfP . lj=;+= !(!) df >L # hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn] b/af/ :s'nsf] :yfkgf u/L dfl;s tna tf]s/] ;/sf/L lzIfs lgo'Qm u/] . To;kl5 efiff kf7zfnfx?, cª\ u|]hL ljBfno / lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;df x'g] ;a} tna eQf / d;nGb ;/sf/L 9's'6Laf6 vr{ x'GYof] . >L # h'4 zd;]/sf] zf;gsfndf lzIffsf] Ol:txf/ !((^, lzIffsf] klxnf] sfg'gsf] ?kdf NofOof] / kf7\Øqmd, lzIffsf] dfWod g]kfnL efiff, ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmof, ljBfno lg/LIf0f, lx;falstfasf] hfFr ;/sf/L OG:k]S6/n] ug]{ Joj:yf, of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df lzIfs lgo'lQm, a9'jf, vf];'jf / b08 k'/:sf/ h:tf gLltx? sfg'gd} pNn]v ul/of] . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq cfPkl5 lzIffdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g cfof] . @)!) ;fndf >L ?b|/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf ‘g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cof]u’ u7g eO{ To; cfof]un] lzIffdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] k|ltj]bg k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|fylds–dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff, lzIff dGqfnon] / pRr lzIffsf] Joj:yf /fli6«o ljZjljBfnosf] dftxtdf x'g'sf ;fy} ljBfno txdf Psd'i7 cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf eof] . 178

lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf ;'¿ ePkl5 b]zdf of]hgfj4 9Ëaf6 dfWolds lzIff / pRr lzIffsf] ;jf{lË0f kIfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ gofF lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@* nfu' ul/of] . To;df cfly{s cg'bfg gLlt aGof] / ljBfno txb]lv pRr lzIff;Dd /fHoaf6 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug]{ of]hgf aGof] . /fli6«o lzIff k|ltj]bg @)$( n] klg lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt kof{Kt cfly{s nufgL ug]{ If]qx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . @#* jif{ b]lvsf] /fhtGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] cGTo kl5 g] k fn Pp6f ;ª\ 3 fTds nf] s tflGqs u0f/fHosf] ?kdf k|lt:yflkt ePsf] 5 . d"nsfg'gsf] ?kdf cfPsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df lzIffdf cfly{s nufgLsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ag]sf] 5 . dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff / dft[efiffd} cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . @)^^ ;fnb]lv sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] lzIff If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ cem a9fPsf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu lzIff -EFA_ / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? k|fKt ug]{ o;} of]hgfsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 nlIft lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqdf lzIff If]qsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg -Financing of Education Sector_ nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . clxn] lzIffdf ;fj{hlgs ah]6sf] s/La !^=^ k|ltzt tyf ;/b/ ufx{:y pTkfbg -GDP_ sf] s/La $=# k|ltzt /sd lzIffdf jif]{gL vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ah]6sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] c+z ^$ c/aeGbf a9L ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . To;df ;/b/ @% k|ltzt of]ubfg cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;fem]bf/ -Development Partners_ x?sf] /x]sf] 5 . -8f= /fd:j?k l;Gxf, @)^*_ ;~rfns ;ldlt, ;xof]u ;ldlt / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] gfd lbP/ ;/sf/n] ljBfno ;~rfngdf ;/sf/L ljQ / ;fd'bflos 179

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cGtdf g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf; tLj|ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] ljdlt 5}g . ;j{dfGo tYorflxF s] 5 eg] h'g?kdf ;ª\VofTds ljsf; ePsf] 5 To;sf] cg'kftdf u'0ffTds ljsf; x'g ;s]g . lzIffdf bft[ /fi6« / cGo ljb]zL Ph]G;Lx?af6 ;xof]u ePsf] 5 tyflk pQm ;xof]u ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO / sIff sf]7fdf gk'uL a}7s eQf, e|d0f / of]hgfdf ;Lldt 5 . b]zsf] cfjZostf eGbf ljb]zLsf] k|of]u / 9fFrfdf z}lIfs of]hgfx? cNem]sf 5g\ . k|zf;lgs l9nf;':tL / /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f ;dodf cfly{s lgsf;f x'g g;Sbf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]lht /sd nlIft ju{ / sfo{df k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . ef}lts lgdf{0fdf vr{ x'g] /sd ;dodf sfd x'g g;Sbf lk|mh eO/x]sf] 5 . kf7\Øk':ts / 5fqj[lQsf nflu lgsf;f ePsf] /sd ;a} ljBfyL{sf] xftdf k'Ug;s]sf] 5}g . ljBfnoaf6 b'¿kof]u ePsf] klg 5 . ljlgof]lht /sd ;dod} ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k'u/] To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]df ljBfno:t/df ca cfly{s ;°6 kg]{ 5}g . of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf l56f]

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gf/fo0fL ;fOsn xfp; ;Ëd/f]8, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

kmf]gM )%^–%&!*%#, df]=M (*%%)%*#%# 182

lrtjg lhNnf g]kfnsf] dfglrqdf Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ lhNnfsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] j}slNks /fhwfgL d]l8sn l;6L, kf]N6«L kmd{sf nflu ks]6 Pl/of, b'Uw pTkfbs If]q, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] lhNnf, z}lIfs hfu/0fsf] lhNnf cflb cflb ljz]iftfdf kl/lrt ljsf; cleofg Tolt nfdf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . /f0ff zf;gsf] clGtd ;do;Dd klg lrtjgsf] ;dy/ e"efudf yf?, b/fO{, s'dfnx?sf ;Lldt j:tLx? lyP . clwsf+z e"–efu lgh{gk|foM lyof] . lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf /fKtL pkTosf ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|f/De;Fu} lrtjgsf] ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'Nof] . cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ eof] . ctM /fKtL pkTosf ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g'k"j{ lrtjgsf] ljsf;df ePsf] k|of;x? s]–s] eP eGg] ;DaGwdf 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg' o; n]vsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . lrtjg kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv g} Ps kljq wfld{s:ynsf ?kdf rlr{t /xFb} cfPsf] eP klg dfgj j:tLsf] ljsf; slxn]af6 ;'¿ eof] Plsg ;fy eGg ;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . xfn;Ddsf] cWoogdf /fhf dfgb]jsf] zf;gsfndf g} lrtjgdf yf? hfltsf] a;f]jf; /xFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ /f0ffsfn;Dd klg lrtjgsf] ;dy/ e"efu yf? hfltsf] cltl/Qm b/fO{ s'dfn hfltsf] ;Lldt j:tLafx]s cGo hfltx?sf] a;f]jf; x'g ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . /fHosf] cfDbfgLsf] k|dv ' ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfnkf]t a9fpgsf nflu /f0ff zf;sx?n] lrtjgdf j:tL ljsf;sf nflu k6s–k6s k|of; u/] . o; qmddf hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn] lrtjgdf cfP/ hUuf cfjfbL u/L a;f]jf; ug]{x?nfO{ ;'¿sf # jif{;Dd e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_ 5'6 ug]{, o:tf] 5'6 a9fpFb} nu]/ df6f]sf] pj{/tf x]/L % b]lv & jif{;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsg] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;} u/L hËaxfb'/sf elthf rGb|zdz]/n]

klg lrtjg uP/ a;f]jf; u/]df bf;bf;Lx? bf;Tjaf6 d'Qm x'g] 3f]if0ff u/L lrtjgdf a;f]jf; ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf lyP . cf}nf]sf] 8/sf] sf/0f lrtjgdf a;f]jf; ug{ xDd];L sf]xL tof/ gePkl5 rGb|zdz]/n] lj=;+= !(*@ df la|l6z ;/sf/dfkm{t\ 8f= lkmlnknfO{ cf}nf]sf] cWoog u/L cfjZos ;'emfj lbg g]kfndf lemsfPsf lyP . t/ pko'Qm cf}iflwsf] cefjdf ;f] ld;gn] klg ck]lIft ;kmntf kfpg ;s]g . eLd zdz]/sf] ;dodf pQm of]hgf :ylut u/L lj/f6gu/df emf]/f of]hgf nfu'eof] . h'4 zdz]/sf] ;dodf /fKtL pkTosfdf /x]sf] @÷$ j:tLsf sf/0f l;sf/ sfo{qmddf c;/ k/]sf] eGb} tL @÷$ j:tL vfnL ug{ x's'd hf/L eof] . t/ kl5 e"ldlxg ls;fgx?sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] / sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf eljiodf kg{ ;Sg] vfB ;°6 ;dfwfgsf nflu lj=;+= @))@ df x]6f}F8f j/k/df s]8]i6«n ;e]{ ug'{sf ;fy} lj=;+= @))^÷& df ;du| /fKtL pkTosfdf xjfOhxfhdfkm{t\ t:jL/ lnOof] . o;}u/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 sf7df8f}Fdf vfB ;°6 k/]sf] ;dodf lj=;+= @))# df s[lif kl/ifb\sf k|ltlglw a|Dx zdz]/af6 lrtjgsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu bf}8fxf ;e]{ ePsf] lyof] eGg] egfO klg kfOG5 . t/ of] cleofgn] klg s'g} ;fy{s kl/0ffd kfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . lj=;+= @))% sf] cGtlt/ sfnLu08sL hnljB't\ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t ;e]{ l/kf]6{ tof/ eof] . ;f] l/kf]6{df lrtjgdf ul/g] ;8s lgdf{0f tyf cf}nf] pGd"ng sfo{qmd klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ e/v/ PdljljP; kf; u/L g]kfn kmls{Psf 8f= e/t/fh j}BnfO{ cf}nf] pGd"ng sfo{qmdsf] cleef/f;d]t ;'lDkO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ lj8Dagf, ef/tLo /fhb"tn] sf]zL of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn u/fpgsf nflu k|wfgdGqL df]xg zdz]/ ;dIf 183

sfnLu08sL of]hgf dxËf] x'g], g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljB't\ sf]zL of]hgfaf6 ;:tf] / ;'ne?kdf k|fKt x'g] :jfFlunf] / 3ftsL s'/f u/], h;af6 sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k'u]sf] ;f] sfnLu08sL of]hgf To;} :ylut eof] . ;f] of]hgfsf] :yugn] ;f]xL of]hgf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] lrtjgsf] ;8s lgdf{0f tyf cf}nf] pGd"ng sfo{qmd klg :jtM :yug eof], h;n] ubf{ lrtjgsf] ljsf;sf] csf]{ Pp6f cj;/ u'Dg k'Uof] . lj=;+ = @))^ df ljho zdz] / n] lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf;sf] k|of; k'gM cufl8 a9fP . lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf; ePsf] v08df ;:tf] vfBfGg k|fKt eO k|To]s jif{g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ vfBfGg vl/bdf eO/x]sf] 3f6f ;xg' kb}{gYof] eGg] ljho zdz]/sf] ts{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L k|f/lDes sfo{sf nflu k|wfgdGqL df]xg zdz]/åf/f * nfv ¿k}ofF lgsf;f ;d]t eof] . /fKtL pkTosfdf pTkfbg ePsf] vfBfGg sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf k'¥ofpg 3'l;ª\ dftftLy{ /f]kj]n] dfq 9'jfgL ug{ g;Sg] b]v]/ sf7df8f}F x]6f}F8f hf]8g\] /fhdfu{sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L lj=;+= @))^ af6 x6f}8F f sf7df8f}F /fhdfu{ -lqe'jg /fhky_ lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] . lj=;+= @)!) h]7df ;f] /fhdfu{sf] pb\3f6g ;d]t eof] . ljho zdz] / sf] of] h gfcg' ; f/ lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf;sf nflu lgsf;f;d]t ePsf] elgPsf] ?= * nfv sxfF–sxfF vr{ eof], s] slt sfo{ eof] jf ePg Plsg eGg g;lsPklg tTsfnLg ;dodf df]xg zdz]/sf] cg'/f]wdf :jL; ;/sf/n] s]xL k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf], lrtjg pkTosfsf] xjfO ;e]{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL jif{ lrtjgsf] ljsf;sf] ;jfndf hf]l8Psf] cf}nf] pGd'ng sfo{qmd klg :jL; ;/sf/af6 ;'¿ eof] t/ lj8Dagf, sfo{qmdn] ult lng gkfpFb} /f0ff zf;g lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng rls{of], h;sf] sf/0f o;k6ssf] k|of; klg layf]lng k'Uof] t/ of] cjwf/0ff lj=;+= @))* df eLdaxfb'/ kf08] of]hgf ljsf;, s[lif / u|fd ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /xFbf k'gM cufl8 a9\of] . 184

lrtjg pkTosfsf] ljsf; cleofgdf :jod\ /fhf lqe'jgsf] klg rf;f] /x]sf] lyof] eGg] egfO klg kfOG5 . b/af/df ;}lgs sfo{df hflu/] ePsf avfgl;+x u'¿ªnfO{ /fhf lqe'jgn] lrtjgdf j:tL a;fpg] lgb]{zg lbP cg';f/ avfgl;+x u'¿ª lrtjg cfP/ If]qk'/df hËn km8fgL u/L a;f]jf; cleofg ;'¿ u/fP . lrtjgdf a;f]jf; u/fpg] avfgl;+xsf] of] k|of; cflwsfl/s of]hgf cGtu{t t lyPg tfklg j:tL a;fpgsf nflu hg:t/af6 ;'¿ ul/Psf] Ps ;Ël7t k|of; lyof] . oBlk o; cleofgdf cufl8 a9\bf jg kmF8fgL u/]sf] cf/f]kdf pgn] jgd'2f ;d]t Joxf]g'{k¥of] . t/ kl5 ;/sf/s} tkm{af6 a;f]jf; cleofg cufl8 a9fOFbf hgk|ltlglwsf] tkm{af6 pg} avfgl;+xnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/fOPaf6 klg avfgl;+xaf6 lrtjgsf] If]qk'/df ;'¿ ul/Psf] gofF a;f]jf; sfo{qmd of]hgfa4 sfo{qmd cGtu{t lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . lrtjgsf] ljsf; cleofgdf k6s–k6s ePsf pk/f]Qm Psf°L k|of;x?n] s]xL dfu{ lgb]{zg ul//x]sf] ePklg @)!@ df /fKtL pkTosf ljsf; of]hgf nfu' eP/ ;f] of]hgf cGtu{t PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;'¿jft ePkl5 dfq lrtjgsf] ljsf; cleofgsf] ;du| 9f]sf v'Nof] . PsLs[t ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t cf}nf] pGd"ng sfo{qmd nfu' eof] . gofF a;f]jf; sfo{qmd k|f/De eof], h;cGtu{t e"ld ljt/0f sfo{qmd, ;8slgdf{0f sfo{qmd nfu'eof] . ;xsf/L sfo{qmd k|f/De eof] . jf:tjdf g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;xsf/L sfo{qmd lrtjgaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . s[lif ljsf; tyf l;+rfO sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmd, z}lIfs sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmdnfO{ of]hgfa4?kdf cufl8 a9fOof] . jf:tjdf /fKtL pkTosf ljsf; of]hgf cGtu{t ePsf ljsf;sf pQm sfo{qmd lrtjgsf] cfw'lgs ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf ?kdf /xg k'Uof] .

u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / lrtjgsf] cj:yf  s[i0fhoGtL kf}8]n ;fdflhs ljsf; clws[t, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg

/fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/L sfof{non] dfq jf:tljs hgrfxgf, nlIftju{ / ;[hgzLn sfo{qmdx? gful/ssxfF k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, ;/sf/L ;]jf k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] If]qdf k'Ug, cfjZostf cg';f/ hg;xeflutfdf sfo{ ug{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO) x?sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ k~rfotsfndf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Ps ;Ël7t x'g] / Joj:yf lj/f]wL ;Ë7g xf] eGg] dfgl;stfn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf btf{ u/L rnfpg cTolws sl7g / o;nfO{ ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf ;~rfng ug]{ ;dfh sNof0f /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb g} tTsfnLg /fhtGqsf jl/i7 JolQmaf6 kl/rfng u/L ;dGjo xf]Og lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ u/]sf] kfOG5, pQm ;dodf hDdf g]kfnel/ #& j6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO) btf{ ePsf] guGo?kdf sfo{u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$^÷)$& sf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 :yflkt ax'bnLo k|hftGqaf6 cGo If]qdf h:t} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO) sf] If]qdf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] kfOG5 . h;df b/jf/af6 lgolGqt ;dfh sNof0f /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xL / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf kl/0ft eO{ ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt cfPsf] j}b]lzs ;xof]u b/af/ / ;/sf/ s]lGb|taf6 l;wf Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] dftxtdf cfpg' k|d'v kl/jt{g dfGg ;lsG5 . of] kl/jt{g;Fu} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf btf{ ug]{ qmd Jofks?kdf rNof] . o; aLrdf @)^& ;fn;Dd #& af6 #),@*$ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf g} btf{ ePsf] kfOG5 eg] o; a]nf !*% j6f cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (INGO) klg g]kfndf sfo{/t /x]sf lyP . xfn cj:yf x]bf{ ! nfv u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf btf{ ePsf] kfOG5 / ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf btf{ gePsf] ;of}F u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? sfo{/t /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf oltla£g ;ª\ V ofdf u} / ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? b]lvP klg o;sf] pknAwtf / sfo{ u/fOsf If]qdf x]bf{ ax't ;f]rgLo cj:yf b]lvG5 . To;}n] Pg=lh=cf]= eGg] lalQs} k|foMh;f]sf] d'vdf g]kfnsf] ;d:of a]r]/ 8n/ sdfpg]x?sf] dfuL vfg] efF8f] eGg] klg cf/f]k nufpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 tyflk ;a} ;+:yfx?nfO{ Pp6} 8fnf]df /fVg ;lsGg . jf:tjdf cfˆgf] nufgL, kl/>d / Tofu dfkm{t ;+:yfåf/f kl/rfng u/L ;dfhdf cToGt ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofPsf ;+:yf / ;dfh;]jLx? klg xfdL ;dIf k|z:t /x]sf pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . ;zQmLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ cfˆgf] ljsf; cfkm}F ug{;Sg] agfpgsf ;fy} :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/L :jMljsf;, clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff, :jfoQ zf;gsf] cfwf/df /xL sfo{ ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf sfo{ u/L /x]df ;+:yfx? k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L ;/sf/L ;]jf kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] If]qdf l;h{gzLn sfo{s|d dfkm{t ljleGg sfo{s|d ;~rfng ul//x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 wGojfb lbg' k5{ . lrtjg lhNnfsf] xsdf x]bf{ nueu #)) j6f ;+:yf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] kfOG5 eg] tL dWo] lgoldt gjLs/0f ug]{ %)) eGbf a9L kfOFbg} . o; lhNnfdf ljz]iftM dlxnf afnaflnsf, blnt, 185

cflbjf;L hghflt, lzIff, :jf:Yo, Pr=cfO=eL=÷P8\;, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, ;fd'bflos ljsf;, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cflb ;DaGwL sfo{ ul//x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? (NGO) 5g\ . lrtjgdf sfo{ ug]{ Pg=lh=cf]=÷cfO=Pg=lh=cf]= x]bf{ oxfF INGO / UN Organization x? UNICEF, UNDP sfo{/t /x]sf] / INGO x?df ljz]iftM s]o/ g]kfn, x]km/ OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, k|flS6sn PS;g, PS;g P8, GIZ nufotsf INGO x? lhNnfdf g} /xL ;xof]uL ;+:yfx? dfk{mt ;xsfo{ u/L/x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo lhNnf jf s]Gb|df /xL ck|ToIf?kdf sfo{/t /x]sf k|z:t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? (INGO) 5g\ pbfx/0fsf] nfuL FHI, Save the Children, cflbn] o; lhNnfsf ;xofqL ;+:yfx?dfkm{t\ sfo{/t 5g\ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;ª\Vof x]bf{ lrtjgdf k|z:t ;+:yf ePklg jf:tjdf lkmN8df sfo{/t ;+:yfx? gu0o g} b]lvG5 . lgoldt?kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;ª\Vof hDdf #%–$) j6f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO dfq b]lvG5 . o; lhNnfdf btf{ eO sfo{/t ;+:yfx?df sfo{If]q, kf/bzL{ / nlIftju{ , ;dGjo h:tf kIf ;Gtf]ifhgs g} b]lvG5 . tyflk sf7df8f},F nlntk'/, sf:sL lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|zf;gdf btf{ eO{ lrtjg lhNnf sfo{If]q agfpg] s]xL u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf (NGO);+:yfx?sf] eg] 7"nf] ;d:of b]lvG5 . ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifbdfkm{t\ bftfx?;Fu ;Demf}tf x'G5, ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifbn] sfo{ If]q tf]lsPsf] lhNnfsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf af]wfy{ k7fpF5 t/ pQm ;+:yf lhNnfdf ;Dks{df cfpFb}g / olb cfPdf klg lh=lj=;= / uf=lj=;=;Fu ;dGjo / gug]{ k|rng / bftfnfO{ s] u/]/ v'zL agfpg] bftfd'vL dfq x'g] ;a}eGbf 8/nfUbf] ;d:of oxfF b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgod / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ g=kf=÷uf=lj=;= / lh=lj=;=sf] ;dGjodf pQm lhNnfdf sfo{ ug'{ kg]{df To;f] gu/L cfˆg} lx;fan] sfo{ ug]{ / ;dGjo Nofpg sf]lz; ubf{ pN6} xfdLn] bftf -donor_ v'zL agfP k'U5 dfq elg/xg] 186

;+:yfx? klg o; lhNnfdf ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf k6s–k6s ;dGjo u/]df pQm ;+:yfx?nfO{ g} sfo{ ug{ ;xh x'g] / Tof] g;s]df klg sDtLdf @ k6s Ps lhNnf kl/ifbsf] l;nl;nfdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{t ;fdflhs ljsf; ;ldltn] ;fj{ h lgs?kdf cfXjfg u/] s f] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] a}7sdf pkl:ylt eO{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ug]{ cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfk / ah]6 k|:t't u/L lhNnf kl/ifb\åf/f g} :jLs[t jf kf; ug{sf] nflu clgjfo{ pkl:ylt x'g'kg]{ / csf]{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt x/]s jif{sf] efb| dlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtf leqdf ul/g] ut jif{sf] ;dLIff sfo{qmd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfsf ljlzi6 JolQmx?, /fhg}lts bnsf k|d'v, k|ltlglwHo"x?sf] pkl:yltdf cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg k|:t't / k]z ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf clgjfo{?kdf pkl:ylt x'g'kg]{df o; lsl;dsf w]/} ;+:yfx? k5fl8 kl//x]sf 5g\ . lrtjg lhNnfdf u} / ;/sf/L ;+ : yfx?sf] cj:yf, If]q / u/]sf] sfo{ cflb ljZn]if0ffTds ?kdf x]bf{ ;sf/fTds, ;'wf/ug'{ kg]{ kIfx?, cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?sf]] cj:yf o; k|sf/sf] kfOG5 .

;an kIfx¿ -Strengthen_

• nueu #,))) u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf btf{ eO sfo{ ug{ OR5's b]lvPsf] . • sfo{ ug]{ sfo{ If]q cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf ;xh / kxf8L If]q;d]t /x]sf]n] bftfx?;Fu ;xof]u lng ;xh . • r]kfË, af]6], s'dfn cflb nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t cflbjf;L hghflt / blnt ;d'bfo cflb ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLdf Nofpg'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ nlIft ju{ /x]sf] . • ljleGg If]qaf6 a;f]jf; ug{ o; If]qdf cfPsf]n] ;a}sf] sf]xL g sf]xL lrg]hfg]sf] JolQm x'gfn] sfo{ If]q agfpg ;lhnf] .

• /fhwfgLaf6 6f9f sfo{ If]q eGg ldNg] t/ cfjthfjt ;DalGwt JolQm / bftfx?sf] cg'udgnfO{ ;d]t ;xh . • ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] jftfj/0f /x]sf] . • g]kfnsf] t];|f] ko{6sLo lhNnf ePsf]n] klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ oxfF w]/} sf/0fn] sfo{ ug{ ;xh b]lvPsf] . • t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf{ o; lhNnfdf cGo lhNNfdf eGbf INGO x? Pjd\ UN ;+:yfx?sf] sfof{no ePsf] . • r]tgzLn JolQmTjx?sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] . • d]l8sn l;l6sf] cjwf/0ff /x]sf]n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;lhnf] . • pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 nufot ;Ël7t ;+:yfx? cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf lbuf] / ;+:yfut ljsf;df w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] . • /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ljsf;df ;lqmo ;xeflutf, ;xof]u / k|lta4tf /x]sf] . • /fhg}lts ;r]tgfsf] ;sf/fTds ljsf; ePsf]n] klg sfo{ ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] . • dlxnfx?sf] ;d"x ;~hfn, ;ldlt ;xsf/Lx? k"0f{ / ;lqmo /x]sf] x'Fbf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfo{ ug{ ;an b]lvG5 . • u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] kxnaf6 w]/} kl/jt{g k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' h:t} s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yf $& af6 !%Ü emfg{ ;kmn x'g', dlxnf ;r]tgf ;zQmLs/0f clwsf/, afnclwsf/, kx'Fr, ;xeflutfdf ljsf; x'g', lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s / k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf ;Gtf]ifhgs ljsf; x'g g;s] klg 7"nf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsPsf] .

• sfo{If]qsf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{, bftfd'vL x'g gx'g] . • /sd -ah]6_ sfo{df kf/blz{tf x'g'kg]{ . • ;DalGwt lgsfodf lgoldt ;dGjo x'g'kg]{ . • bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg' kg]{ . • xfn;Dd klg ;+:yf P]g @)#$ cg';f/ g} btf{ ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -NGO_ egL 5'6\Øfpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf h:t} pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, 6f]n ljsf;, dlGb/, u'7L, s'n–aGw' ;a} Pp6} btf{ ljlwaf6 x'g] x'gfn] of] x6fpg g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu kxn ug'{kg]{ . • sfo{qmd ubf{ / sfof{no /fVg] qmddf dfq ;dGjo xf]Og ls sfo{qmd ;lsPsf] / sfof{no g/x]sf] ;d]t ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ . • 5ftf ;Ë7gs} ?kdf /x]sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3, lhNnf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dGjo ;ldltx?n] ;dGjosf/L, bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg] e"ldsf v]Ngkg]{ / ;DalGwt ;+:yfx?n] klg 5ftf ;Ë7gnfO{ ;'b9[ u/fO pQm ;+:yfsf] ;dGjodf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ . • lrtjgdf sfo{If]q agfO{ oxfF pkl:ylt g} ghgfO{ jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dgjodf sfo{ gug]n{ fO{ cfjZos sf/jfxL rnfpg'kg]{ . • jftfj/0f glau|g] lsl;dsf of]hgf jf lqmofsnfk dfq ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . • :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ cem} ;r]t u/fO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf / kx'Fr gk'u]sf] If]qdf k'¥ofpg kxn u/fpg] / tTsfnsf] nflu pQm If]q klxrfg u/L sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

cj;/ -Opportunity_

• ;+:yf -u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf_ btf{ u/L sfo{ ug{ OR5's / lgoldt?kdf btf{ k|lqmof rln/x]sf] . ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx¿ -To be Improve_ • sfo{If]q ljkGgtf gS;f°gsf] cfwf/df clt k5fl8 • ;/sf/L ;]jf / kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf] 7fpFdf cem} k'Ug'kg],{ pko'Qm nlIft ju{;uF sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] cj;/ k/]sf uf=lj=;=x? l;4L, nf]y/, r08Le~Hofª, /x]sf] . sf]/fs / cGo kxf8L / df8LnfO{ sfo{If]q / s]Gb|ljGb' • ;LdfGts[t / nf]kf]Gd'v ju{ /x]sf] o; lhNnfdf agfO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ . 187

cj:yf yfxf gkfO{ ;'ud / ljsl;t lhNnf egL sfo{qmd / bftfx? Tolt /fhL gx'g' . • ef}uf]lns cj:yf / a;f]jf;sf] k|s[lt x]bf{ -Ps • 3/af6 csf]{ 3/df hfg 306f}F nfUg]_ ;]jf / ljsf;af6 jl~rt eO/xg' . • • /fhg}lts l:y/tf gePsf] / :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljxLg x'Fbf bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf ;f]r • cfpg / ;~rfng ug{ gSg' . • of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lhNnf :t/sf • tYof°x? Jojl:yt ug{ g;Sg' . To;sf/0f lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg kmfObf / ljsf; k'¥ofpg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] / r'gf}tL -Threat_ • u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 hlt nufgL u/]df klg nlIft ;/sf/n] cj:yf ljZn]if0fcg';f/ ;f]rdf kl/jt{g NofO{ ;sf/fTds kIfaf6 Pscsf{sf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ ju{sf] cj:yf vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] gkfOg' . • ;[hgzLn of]hgf / kl/jt{gsf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng kIfsf] ;'wf/ u/L sfo{ u/]df ;|f]tsf] cg'kftdf nlIft ju{;dIf pknlAwd"ns sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ug{ g;Sg' . • kxf8, df8L / oxfFsf] clt ;LdfGts[t nlIft ju{sf] bftfx? klg nufgL ug{ s]xL dfqfdf pT;'s b]lvPsf] . t];|f] ko{6sLo lhNnf / :yfg /x]sf]n] klg bftfx? cfjthfjt ;xh / sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] . 7"nf] / /fd|f] k|sf/sf of]hgfx? ug{sf] nflu k"jf{wf/x? tof/ ePsf] . s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g cflbdf ;Ël7t ;+:yfx? ;dGjosf/L ?kdf ldn]/ sfo{ ug{ pT;'s . ;a} If]qaf6 a;f]jf; eO{ ;a} ;f+:s[lts /xg;xgx? ldl>t ePsf] cj:yfdf ;dfj]zL ;dfh;Fu h'g;'s} sfo{ ug{ ;xh .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F . gj/fh 9sfn

j[x:klt k':ts k|sfzg afuahf/, sf7df8f}F kmf]gM )!–$@$^@$) 188

lrtjg lhNnfdf gf/L ;flxTosf/xÊsf] pkl:ylt M ;Ã\lIfKt cfsng  1fg' clwsf/L

kl/ro lrtjg P]ltxfl;s, ;+:s[lts, z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] dfq geO{ ;flxlTos ultljlwsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . lrtjgdf ;flxTo n]vgsf] k/Dk/f @)@) sf] j/k/af6 yflnPsf] eP klg cyf{t\ w]/} kl5af6 ;flxTo n]vgsf] ofqf cl3 a9]sf] eP klg jt{dfg ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;flxlTos If]qdf lrtjgsf] pkl:ylt ;zQm b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf] ;du| ;flxTosf] cWoog ubf{ gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkl:ylt tyf lqmofzLntfn] eg] Tolt ult lng;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . lrtjgdf ;flxlTos ultljlw / n]vgk/Dk/fsf] ;'¿jft ePsf] b'O{bzs;Dd klg gf/L ;flxTosf/sf] pkl:ylt k|foM z"Go g} b]lvG5 . rfln;sf] bzs;Dd lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos jftfj/0fdf k'?if ;flxTosf/x?sf] dfq jr{:j / afx'No /x] klg rfln;sf] bzsaf6 qmdzM gf/L ;|i6fx? klg km'6s/ /rgfsf ;fy;fy} s[ltx?sf] k|sfzgsf dfWodåf/f klg kl/lrt x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;du| g]kfnL ;flxTodf g} gf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt w]/} kl5 qm=;+= s[ltsf/sf] gfd != ;'j0f{ sIfklt @= ufoqL >]i7

;/:jtL l/hfn

zf]ef /fgf

sNkgf s+8]n

ePsf] cy{df lrtjgsf] o;k|sf/sf] pkl:yltnfO{ klg :jfefljs dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L rfln;sf] bzsaf6 ;'¿ePsf] lrtjgsf] gf/L ;flxTosf] Oltxf;n] b'|t ult lng ;s]sf] gb]lvP klg cGo lhNnfsf gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] pkl:yltsf] t'ngfdf eg] ;Gtf]if ug'{kg]{ / cfzfjfbL x'g'kg]{ 7fpF k|z:t b]lvG5 . km'6s/?kdf snd rnfpg] gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] pkl:ylt dxŒjk"0f{ / pNn]vgLo x'bF fx'bF } klg o; ;ª\lIfKt cfn]vdf lrtjgsf k':tsfsf/ s[lt k|sflzt ul/;s]sf gf/L ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ dfq cWoogsf] d"n ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 . syf, pkGof;, sljtf, uLt, uhn, v08sfJo h:tf ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwf, pkljwfdf s[lt k|sfzg ug]{ gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] pkl:ylt b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L b]lvg' dxŒjk"0f{ k|flKt xf] . lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos prfOnfO{ dfly k'¥ofpg] sfo{df gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] pkl:ylt / of]ubfg cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf gf/L ;flxTosf/ / ltgsf] ;flxlTos pkl:yltnfO{ ljj/0f;lxt o;k|sf/ :ki6 kfl/G5 M

s[lt d]/L wjnf b]js'df/L yfkfsf] JolQmTj / s[ltŒjsf] ljZn]if0f afbnsf] 3'D6f]leq ;flxTodf gf/fo0fL c~rnsf gf/L ;flxTosf/x? s]xL s[lt cfˆg} b[li6 Ps em'Nsf] 3fd ;flxTodf gf/fo0fL c~rnsf gf/L x:tfIf/x? k|af]wg k|;ª\u, e|d / kfqx? a]jfl/;] l;sf/ k|s[lt–:d[lt

ljwf sljtf / syf ;dfnf]rgf uLt ;dfnf]rgf ;dfnf]rgf sljtf ;dfnf]rgf sljtf n3'syf pkGof; pkGof; sljtf

k|sfzg ldlt @)$) @)$^ @)^@ @)^@, ;x= @)^% @)%! @)^@ ;x= @)^# @)^% @)%@ @)%^ @)%# ;x= 189

qm=;+= s[ltsf/sf] gfd ^= /fwf kf}8]n &= *= (= !)=

d}gf l3ld/] rGb|jbgf l3ld/] nIdL 9sfn ;l/tf ltjf/L

!!= ;/nf hf]zL !@= gd'gf zdf{ !#= xL/fb]jL kf}8o\ fn !$= k|ef a/fn !%= sNkgf clwsf/L !^= ljBf e08f/L ‘lr/fu’ !&= !*= !(= @)= @!=

;ljtf a/fn zLtn sfblDagL s[i0fs'df/L dxt hd'gf clwsf/L uLtf nfld5fg]

@@= tf/f a/fn @#= 1fg' clwsf/L

@$= l;Gw' uf}td @%= @^= @&= @*= @(=

s[i0fs'df/L kf}8]n uLtf ;]9fO{+ ‘s+8]n’ lji0f' ltjf/L ‘piff’ zflGt zdf{ /df l3ld/]

s[lt tLhsf] sf]z]nL gf/L r]tgf b'MvLsf] k'sf/ Zj]tf zAbx? clj/fd ofqfsf a'4 / nfefx? cl:tŒjsf] 3f]if0ffkq clGtd :jLsf/ zAbsf] ;'jf; s'/LltnfO{ kmfnf}F sf]z]nL pGd'lQmsf kfOnfx? hLjg kvf{n k|]dbLk cfdf pQfpnL OGb|]0fLsf] u]6 g]kYosf s'/f df8L zf]s ;d'b| ;'uGw ofqf ;+of]u–ljof]u gog d klg u'/fF; x'g kfP c;dfg dg cfqmf]z zAbd[To' / ;kgfsf] xTof k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgfM s]xL k|lt?k g]kfnL gf/L ;dfnf]rgfM k/Dk/f, k|j[lQ / ljZn]if0f g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf; zAb d[To' / ;kgfsf] xTof ss{nfsf] zLt :kGbgsf 5fnx? efjf~hnL w'ldn w'ldn ;kgfx? klxnf] k|]ldsf r]nLnfO{ tLhsf] sf];]nL -efu !, efu @ / efu #_

ljwf uLt uLt sljtf v08sfJo sljtf sljtf sljtf pkGof; uhn uLt uLt uLt sljtf sljtf syf syf syf afnsljtf uhn uLt uhn uhn uhn sljtf syf sljtf sljtf ;dfnf]rgf ;dfnf]rgf ;dfnf]rgf sljtf n3'syf sljtf sljtf uhn syf uLt

k|sfzg ldlt @)%$ @)%^ @)%^ @)%& @)%&, ;x= @)%& @)^& @)%* @)^# @)^! @)^$ @)^& @)^! @)^! @)^@ @)^$ @)^$ @)^@ @)^$ @)^@ @)^@ @)^# @)^# @)^$ @)^% @)^$ @)^&, ;x= @)^& @)^* @)^(, ;x= @)^&, ;x= @)^* @)^& @)^& @)^* @)^* @)^^

lj=;+= @)$) b]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;dofjlwdf b'O{ bh{g eGbf a9L gf/L ;|i6fx?n] lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos kmfF6df cfˆgf] cl:tŒj agfO;s]sf b]lvG5g\ . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf oL gf/L ;flxTosf/x?dWo] s]xLsf] lqmofzLntf kl5Nnf] ;dodf b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] clwsf+z ;flxTosf/x? clxn];Dd klg ;lqmotfsf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . uLt, uhn, sljtf, sfJob]lv pkGof;, syf, n3'syf, ;dfnf]rgf cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpg] s]xL gf/L 190

;|i6fx?n] /fli6«o:t/df g} rrf{ kfO;s]sf 5g\ . o;/L gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] ;zQm pkl:yltn] lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos ul/dfnfO{ cem plhNofPsf] 5 . lrtjgsf gf/L ;|i6fx?nfO{ ljwfut?kdf juL{s/0f u/L tn ;ª\lIfKt?kdf rrf{ ul/G5M -s_ sljtf ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fx¿sf] pkl:ylt lrtjgdf gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] ;a}eGbf a9L pkl:ylt sljtf ljwfdf g} b]lvG5 . ;ª\VofTds / u' 0 ffTds b' j } b[ l i6sf] 0 faf6 gf/L ;| i 6fx?sf] lqmofzLntf o; If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . sljtf ljwfdf km'6s/ ?kdf n]Vg] ;|i6fx?sf] pkl:ylt klg ;Gtf]ifhgs g} b]lvG5 . sljtf ljwfdf ;zQmtfsf ;fy pkl:ylt hgfpg] lrtjgsf gf/L ;flxTosf/x?df ;'j0f{ sIfklt, ufoqL >]i7, ;/:jtL l/hfn, ;l/tf ltjf/L, gd'gf zdf{, 1fg' clwsf/L, l;Gw' uf}td, uLtf nfld5fg], tf/f a/fn, uLtf ;]+9fO{+ ‘s+8]n’ cflb b]vfk/]sf 5g\ eg] km'6s/?kdf sljtf n]Vg] sljx?df ;fdgf kxf8, ;hn gog, ljGb' kf}8]n, ufoqL clwsf/L ‘c>'’, clgtf lu/L, /fwf sf]O/fnf, ;l/tf u'¿ª, ;fljqL ;fksf]6f ‘;GWof’, ldgf l/dfn, k'ikf kf}8]n cflb b]lG5g\ . sljtf ljwfnfO{ g} s]Gb| agfP/ ;flxTo l;h{gf ug]{ ;l/tf ltjf/Lsf] pkl:ylt o; If]qdf cu|0fL b]lvG5 eg] pgsf] ‘cl:tŒjsf] 3f]if0ffkq’ -@)^&_ sljtf ;ª\u|x / 1fg' clwsf/L / l;Gw' uf}tdsf] ‘zAbd[To' / ;kgfsf] xTof’ -@)^&_ sljtf If]qsf pNn]vgLo s[lt x'g\ . -v_ uLt / uhn ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos kmfF6df gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] sndaf6 kmf6km'6?kdf uLt uhn n]lvFb} cfP klg krf;sf] bzsaf6dfq o;n] s[ltsf ?kdf k|sflzt x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qdf uLtsf ?kdf cfw'lgs uLt / tLh uLt b'j} n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘afbnsf] 3'D6f]leq’ -@)^@_ uLt;ª\ux| cfw'lgs uLtx?sf] ;ª\ufnf]sf ?kdf b]lvG5 eg] /fwf kf}8]n, gd'gf zdf{, /fwf l3ld/] cflb gf/L ;|i6fx? tLh uLt n]vgdf a9L ;lqmo b]lvG5g\ . o;}u/L lrtjgdf uhn n]vg / k|sfzgdf klg gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] afSn} pkl:ylt b]lvG5 . uhn ljwfdf ;lqmo eO s[lt k|sfzg ug]{

gf/L ;flxTosf/x?df – ljBf e08f/L ‘lr/fu’, zLtn sfblDagL, s[i0fs'df/L dxt, hd'gf clwsf/L, lji0f' ltjf/L ‘piff’ cflb kb{5g\ . o;}u/L km'6s/?kdf uhn ljwfdf snd rnfpg] cGo gf/L ;|i6fx?df ;fdgf kxf8, efjgf kf7s, ldlynf Kofs'/]n, ;l/tf u'¿ª, ;hn gog cflb b]lvG5g\ . -u_ syf, n3'syf ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fx¿sf] pkl:ylt lrtjgsf gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] syf n]vgsf] k/Dk/f rfln;s} bzsaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;'j0f{ sIfkltåf/f g} syf n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] eP klg o; ljwfdf ;lqmotf eg] ;f7Lsf] bzsaf6 dfq a9]sf] b]lvG5 . lrtjgdf syf / n3'syf b'j} ljwf pkljwfdf s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qdf b]vf k/]sf gf/L ;|i6fx?df ;'j0f{ sIfklt, sNkgf clwsf/L, ;/:jtL l/hfn, l;Gw' uf}td, zflGt zdf{ cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;dWo] klg sNkgf clwsf/Lsf] ‘k|d] bLk’ -@)^@_, ‘cfdf’ -@)^$_, ‘pQfpnL’ -@)^%_ / zflGt zdf{sf] ‘klxnf] k|]ldsf’ -@)^*_ nfdf] syfsf ?kdf b]lvG5g\ eg] ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] ‘k|;Ë, e|d / kfqx?’ -@)^%_ / l;Gw' uf}tdsf] ‘ss{nfsf] uLt’ -@)^*_ n3'syfsf ?kdf b]lvG5 . km'6s/?kdf syf n3'syfdf snd rnfpg] cGo ;|i6fx?df clgtf lu/L, ufoqL clwsf/L ‘c>'’, k'ikf kf}8]n, ljGb' kf}8]n cflb b]lvG5g\ . -3_ ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fx¿sf] pkl:ylt ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘b]js'df/L Gof}kfg]sf] JolQmTj / s[ltŒjsf] ljZn]if0f’ -@)$^_ af6 ;'¿ ePsf] lrtjgsf] ;dfnf]rgf n]vgn] w]/} ;do ult lng ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . kmf6km'6?kdf n]lvPsf ;dfnf]rgfsf] k| s fzgdf g} lrtjgsf] gf/L ;dfnf] r gfsf] Ps bzseGbf a9L ;do lat]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f7Lsf] bzsaf6 ;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf gf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt a9\g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . lrtjgsf] ;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf d'Vo?kdf ufoqL >]i7, 1fg' clwsf/Lsf] pkl:ylt pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘b]js'df/L yfkfsf] JolQmTj / s[ltŒjsf] ljZn]if0f’ -@)$^_, ‘s]xL s[lt, cfˆg} b[li6’ -@)^%_ / 1fg' clwsf/Lsf] ‘k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgfM s]xL k|lt?k’ -@)^&_, ‘gf/L ;dfnf]rgfM k/Dk/f, k|jl[ Q / ljZn]if0f’ -@)^*_, 191

‘g]kfnL syfsf] Oltxf;’ -@)^( ;x_ cflb g} o; If]qsf] d'Vo pknlAw x'g\ . s[lt k|sfzg afx]s km'6s/?kdf ;dfnf]rgf n]vL o; ljwfnfO{ Jofks agfpg of]ubfg lbg] cGo gf/L ;|i6fx?df ;/:jtL l/hfn, ;l/tf ltjf/L, zflGt zdf{, l;Gw' uf}td cflb b]lvG5g\ . -ª_ pkGof; ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt cGo ljwfsf t'ngfdf pkGof; ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] ljwfut Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ xfn;Dd zf]ef /fgf / ;/nf hf]zL u/L b'O{hgf gf/L ;flxTosf/x?sf] dfq o; If]qdf pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . zf]ef /fgfsf] ‘a]jfl/;]’ -@)%@_ / ‘l;sf/’ -@)%^_ u/L b'O{ pkGof; / ;/nf hf]zLsf] ‘clGtd :jLsf/’ -@)%*_ pkGof; u/L hDdf tLg pkGof; k|sflzt b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ kl5Nnf] Ps bzs;Dd klg s'g} gf/L ;|i6fn] o; ljwftkm{ ?lr b]vfPsf] gkfOg'n] pkGof; ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt v6\lsPsf] cg'ej x'G5 . o; afx]s lrtjgdf v08sfJosf] k|sfzgdf klg gf/L ;|i6fsf] pkl:ylt b]lvG5 . rGb|jbgf l3ld/]sf]

‘Zj]tf’ -@)%&_ v08sfJon] o; ljwfdf gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] k|ltlglwd"ns pkl:yltnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . o;/L sljtf, uLt, uhn, syf, n3'syf, pkGof;, v08sfJo cflb ljwfdf cfˆgf] kl/ro agfPsf gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] pkl:yltnfO{ x]bf{ lrtjgsf] gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] eljio cfzfjfbL b]lvG5 .

 s[i0fxl/ b]jsf]6f

lgisif{ ;flxTonfO{ ;do lbg / To;df g} ;dlk{t eP/ nfUg gf/L ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ ;xh 5}g . ljljw cfGtl/s / afXo ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f ;flxTo l;h{gfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg / o;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg gf/L ;|i6fx? ;kmn b]lvFb}gg\ . gf/L ;flxTosf] 7"nf] sdhf]/L g} oxL xf] . t/ cfˆgf ljljw ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?nfO{ kG5fpFb} lrtjgdf h'g lsl;dn] gf/L ;flxTosf/x?n] ;flxTo n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf 5g\ Tof] cToGt} ;x|gL nfos 5 . lrtjgsf] gf/L ;|i6fx?sf] ;lqmotf / nugzLntf ;flxTodf o; lsl;dn] cl3 a9\b} hfg] xf] eg] ;du| ;flxTodf gf/Lx?sf] e"ldsf / of]ubfg klg ljlzi6 aGb} hfg] b]lvG5 .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt

lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf]

xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

csa/ O{n]lS6«s k|ultky, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg df]= (*$%)@$)@!

192

lrtjgsf] kof{j/0fLo ko{6g

lrtjg b]zsf] dWoefudf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 . of] pBf]u, jfl0fHo, s[lif, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] ljsf;sf] ult ;dfpg ;kmn lhNnf xf] . clw/fHosf krxQ/} lhNnfaf6 a;fO{F ;/fO{ u/L cfPsf ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x?, klxn]b]lv o; 7fpFnfO{ cfˆgf] :yfoL a;f]af; agfpFb} cfPsf cflbjf;L ;d'bfo h:t} yf?, r]kfª, b/}, s'dfn, af]6] cflbsf] ;d]t pNn]Vo pkl:yltn] ljleGg hfhftLsf] km"njf/Lsf] ?kdf klg of] lhNnf kl/rt 5 . To;}u/L k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] b[li6n] klg of] lhNnf ljZjdf g} rlr{t 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / aL; xhf/L tfn / oxfF kfOg] h}ljs ljljwtf, o; lhNnfsf dxŒjk"0f{ uxgf x'g\ . oL afx]s klg /fKtL, gf/fo0fL, l/p h:tf gbLx?, gGb efph', a}s'07], tdf]/ h:tf tfnx?, b]j3f6, afu]Zj/L, afNdLsL cf>d, ljqmdafaf, uf]b\bs h:tf wfld{s tyf kf}/fl0fs dxŒjsf 7fpFx?, lzjflns / dxfef/t kj{tsf dgf]/d b[Zox? o; lhNnfsf cfsif{s :yfgx? x'g\ . ;f]d]Zj/, pk/bfª\u9L, sljnf;u9L h:tf 7fpFx?, jL/ uf]vf{nLx?sf jL/ ufyf;Fu ;fO{gf] hf]l8Psf 7fpFx? x'g\ . ltgLx?sf] dxŒj clxn] klg 5Fb}5 . oL ;a} s'/fx?n] lrtjg ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ko{6g pBf]usf] lx;fjn] lrtjg sf7df08f} / kf]v/f kl5sf] t]];|f] k|d'v lhNnfsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . g]kfn cfpg] ko{6sx? dWo] sl/j Ps ltxfO{ ko{6s lrtjg cfpg] ub{5g\ eg] /fli6«o lgs'~hx?df hËnL hgfj/ tyf r/f cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg] ko{6sx? dWo] sl/j @) k|ltztn] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] e|d0f u/]sf]

kfOG5 . o; lhNnfsf] ko{6g ljsf;qmdnfO{ x]bf{ oxfFsf] 3gf k|fs[lts hËn g} d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . olx hËnnfO{ /f0ff zf;sx?n] cfkm'x? / cfˆgf cltlyx?sf] nflu lzsf/ u/L dgf]/~hg lng] :ynsf] ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf lyP . vf; u/L lxpFbsf] ;do oxfF cfO{ af3, u}+8f, xflQ, d[u, ag]n cflbsf] lzsf/ u/L cfgGb n'6\g] ub{y] . lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf /fKtL gbLsf] blIf0f kl§sf] If]qdf u}F8f cf/If0f s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L kl5 @)#) ;fndf To;nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/] kl5 ljZjsf b'n{j hGt'x? af3, u}+8f h:tf hgfj/x? x]g{ ljZjsf s'gf s'gfaf6 klg ko{6sx? cpg yfn] . o; lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ;Fu} lrtjgdf kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'Ng yfn]sf] xf] . hj ko{6sx? lrtjgdf cfO{ s]xL ;do Aoltt ug{ yfn] lrtjgsf cGo uGtJo:ynx?sf] klg klxrfg x'g yfNof] . wfld{s ko{6g eg] lrtjgdf klxn] b]lv g} ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . clxn] cfP/ z}lIfs, s[lif / :jf:Yo ko{6gsf] nflu klg lrtjg pko'Qm :yn aGg k'u]sf] 5 . lrtjg ljleGg hfthfltsf] a;f]jf; s]Gb| x'g'sf] ;fy} hLjhGt'x?sf] klg /fhwfgL xf] . To;}n] of] :yfgdf ko{6sx? hËnL hgfj/x? x]g]{, r/f cjnf]sg ug]{, uf]xL, df5f, k'tnL cflb hLjx?sf] ;fy} ljljw jg:ktLx?sf] cWoog cjnf]sg ug]{ p2]Zon] cfpg] ub{5g\ . To;}n] lrtjgsf] ko{6g eg]s} kof{j/0fLo ko{6g xf] . b'n{e hgfj/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt kf6]af3, Psl;Ë] u}F8f h:tf hgfj/ x]g]{ p2]Zon] cfpg] 193

ko{6sx?sf] nflu lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, dWojtL{ If]q, a/08fef/ If]q, afudf/f jg, s+sfnL jg, s'd/f]h jg cflb :yfgx? pko'Qm dflgG5g\ . To;}u/L jL;xhf/L tfn, zlQmvf]/, lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, a/08fjf/ If]q h:tf 7fpFx? r/f cjnf]sgsf nflu pko'Qm dflgG5g\ . uf]xLsf] nflu ;f}/fxf uf]xL k|hgg s]Gb| k|l;4 5 eg] 8lNkmg / df5f cjnf]sgsf nflu gf/fo0fL gbL dxŒjk"0f{ uGtJo:yn xf] . j/08fjf/ If]qdf /x]sf] sfnLvf]nf, xl/k'/, ;tgr'nL cflb :yfgx? /+uLr+uL k'tnL / vk6] sL/fsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eg] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / af3df/f h+un n'gfdof]y -Psk|sf/sf] k'tnL h:t} sL/f_ nufot 7"nf 7"nf ljleGg vfn] df]y / /ËLrª\uL vk6]sL/fx?sf] nflu k|l;4 :yfg x'g\ . To;}u/L s7f}/L / l;ªs'; h:tf df}/Lsf nflu oL 7fpFx? g} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . r/f cjnf]sgsf nflu s'd/f]h jg, lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, aL;xhf/L tfn, zlQmvf]/, pk/bfª\u9L, /fktL / gf/fo0fL gbLsf j/Lk/Lsf If]qx? k|l;4 dflgG5g\ . jg:klt tyf h8La'6L cWoogsf nflu dw]z, r'/] / dxfef/t kxf8sf ;a}h;f] hËnx? clt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . lrtjgsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] ^#=( k|ltzt e"—efu -!,$@,$@@ x]S6/_ oxfF h+unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf] s"n h}ljs ljljwtfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f t lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hn] g} cf]u6]sf] 5, h'g !,@(,(%$ x]S6/df km}lnP/ /x]sf] 5 / oxfF dfq} %) k|hfltsf :tgwf/L hgfj/x?, %@% hfltsf r/fx?, %% peor/ / ;/L;[k (Reptiles) / !^)) hlt sL/fsf k|hfltx? kfOG5g\ . jg:klt ljljwtfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ lrtjgdf pGo" ;d"xsf #$ k|hfltx?, ;Nnf] ;d"xsf #, åLjLhLk (Dicot) &%*, PsbnLo (Monocot) ;d"xsf @%^ k|hfltx? u/L hDdf !)%! k|hfltsf lj?jfx? kfOg] ub{5g\ .lrtjgsf] kof{ko{6gnfO{ ;3fpg] k|d'v :yn lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h xf] . csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ :yn eg]sf] a/08fef/ hËn xf] . h;n] /fli6o lgs'~hsf 194

hgfj/x? kxf8 / t/fO{ ug]{ h}ljs dfu{sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 / /fli6«o lgs'~hdf af9L cfpFbf, 89]nf] nfUbf / 3fF;sf]] cefj x'Fbf hËnL hgfj/nfO{ cf>o k|bfg ub{5 . To;} u/L lrtjgsf] kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;df ;fd'bflos jgx?n] klg of]ubfg lbO/x]sf 5g\\ . k|d'v rrf{df cfPsf] ;fd'bflos jg af3df/f ;fd'bflos jg xf] / o;n] @)%@ ;fndf :yfkgf eP/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L h}ljs ljljwtfdf g} cfwfl/t ko{6g k|j4{g sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . lrtjgdf cGo ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] bfhf]df ko{6g k|jw{gsf] If]qdf 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;kmn klg ePsf] 5 . hËnL hLjhGt'sf] cjnf]sg ug{ drfg, e|d0fsf] nflu xflQ ;kmf/L, af]l6ª\usf] nflu 8'ª\uf, / jg ofqf / r/f cjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . To:t} d]3f}nLdf klg Toxf+Fsf] ;fd'bflos jgn] hËnL hLjhGt'sf] cjnf]sg ug{ drfg, e|d0fsf] nflu xflQ ;kmf/L, jg ofqf / r/f cjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . d]3f}nL t ;+;f/s} klxnf] xflQkf]nf] v]n v]nfpg] :yfgsf] ?kdf ;+;f/e/d} rlr{t 5 . lrtjgsf cGo rlr{t ;fd'bflos jgx?df s+sfnL ;fd'bflos jg, 1fg]Zj/ ;fd'bflos jg, /fdj]n ;fd'bflos jg, b'wsf]zL ;fd'bflos jg, ;tgr'nL ;fd'bflos jg, hnb]jL;fd'bflos jg cflbn] hËnL hLjhGt'sf] cjnf]sg ug{, lkslgs ug{, h+unL hLjhGt'sf] kfng ug]{ / cfGtl/s tyf afXo b'j} vfnsf ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t u/L ;d"xsf] cfo cfh{g j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] sfo{df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .

kof{fj/0fLo ko{6g k|j4{gdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿M zzk|efjsf/L ;/sf/L gLltsf] cefj

h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] 7f]; gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . jg ljgf;df jgsfof{nosf clwsf/L, ;fd'bflos jgsf kbflwsf/Lx?s} ;+nUgtfsf vj/x? lbgx"Fh;f] cfpF5g\ t/ sfjf{xL bfo/fleq sd} cfpF5g\ . hËn cltqmd0f ePsf 5g\ . lgoGq0f ug]{ 7f]; gLltsf] cefj 5 .

/fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] ;xdlt agfO{ cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg] /fli6«o gLlt xfn;Dd agfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . pN6f] cltqmd0fsf/LnfO{ ;+/If0f lbgfn] jg ljgf; tLj| 5 dWojtL{ / a/08fef/ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ hËnx? klg cltqmd0fsf rk]6fdf 5g\ . ;+/If0f;DaGwL r]tgfsf] clej[l4 ug]{, /fd|f] ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ / e|i6x?nfO{ b08;hfo h:tf s'/fsf] k|i6 dfu{ lgb]{zg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . h;n] ubf{ klg h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 / kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;df ;d:of em]Ng kl//x]sf] 5 . zzu}/ lhDd]jf/ /fhgLlt /fhgLlt1x?sf] /fhgLlts ;'ema'em, k|s[lt / jftfj/0fk|ltsf] k|i6 b[li6sf]0f, h}ljs ljljwtf jg / jftfj/0fk|ltsf] dxŒjaf]w, k|i6 gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfn] jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ub5 . t/ of] geP ljgf; lgDTofp“b5 . xfdLsxf“ jg ljgf;df ;ª\nUg jgdflkmof, jg clts|d0f ug]{x?, hLjhGt'x?sf] rf]/L lzsf/L ug]{ lu/f]x / hl8a'6L tyf sf7 t:s/L ug]{ t:s/x?sf] 7"nf] laulauL 5 . k~rfotsfn xf];\ of ax'bnLo Joj:yf, clxn]sf] nf]stGqdf ;d]t tL t:s/ tyf dflkmofx? plQs} ;lqmo 5g\ . ;/sfn] To:tfx?nfO{ g t sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 g t lgoGq0f g} . pN6f] sltko t:s/x?, t /fhgLlt1x?sf] ;+/If0fdf g} /x]sf s'/fx? a]nfavtdf ;'Ggdf cfp5 “ g\ . clxn];Dd b]lvPsf] u}/lhDd]jf/ /fhgLltn] o; If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sb}g . zzclgolGqt r/g k|0ffnL ufOj:t'x?nfO{ hËndf nuL r/fp“bf hËnL hgfj/n] vfg] 3f“; vfO{ hËnL hLjx?nfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ eg] sltko jg:klt tyf dxŒjk"0f{ hl8a'6L vfP/ / s'Nr]/ gf]S;fg ub{5g\ . 3/kfn'jf hgfj/af6 hËnL hgfj/df /f]u klg ;g{ ;Sb5 . o;/L clgolGqt rl/r/0fn] h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; Nofpg] ub{5 . zzhgr]tgf tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cefj ;dfhsf] tNnf] ju{ vf;u/L clzlIft ;d'bfo, dlxnf tyf o'jfju{df ;+/If0f lzIffsf] cefj v8\ls/x]sf]

5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxŒjnfO{ bzf{pg k|ofKt dfqfdf ;r]tgf tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ xfdLsxf“ o;sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsf]n] kof{Kt dfqfdf hgr]tgf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 . zzcJojl:yt ko{6g jghËnleq clgolGqt 9Ën] ko{6sx?nfO{ 3'Dg lbg', ko{6sx?af6 hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmflnlbg', hgfj/ tyf kª\IfLx?sf] jf;:yfg tyf u'“8nfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg', af]6 lj?jf tyf emf/kft clgolGqt ?kn] r'8\g' tyf sf6\g', hgfj/x?nfO{ t;f{p“b} lx“8\g', hËnleq cfuf] 5f]l8lbg', hËnleq g} xf]6n ;~rfng ug'{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx?n] klg h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . zz/fhgLlts cGof}ntf cGof}n /fhgLlts kl/l:yltn] klg jg t:s/, jg cltqmd0fsf/L, rf]/L lzsf/L, e|i6frf/L cflbnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0f tyf cGof}ntfsf] cj:yfdf oL tŒjx? a9L ;nanfO{ jg ljgf; / hLjhGt'x?sf] lzsf/df a9L ;lqmo aGb5g\, h;n] ubf{ h}ljs ljljwtf k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . zzcJojl:yt cf}Bf]lusLs/0f Jojl:yt 9Ën] lgwf{l/t :yfgdf pBf]u wGbfx? ;~rfng gul/g', clwsf+z pBf]ux? sRrf kbfy{sf] nflu hËndf lge{/ /xg', pBf]ux?af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] klg plrt Joj:yfkg gx'g' h:tf sfo{x?n] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ gf]S;fg ul//x]sf 5g\ . zzk|f0fLx¿sf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgsf] cltqmd0f / ljgf; a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L, ul/aL, ;'s'Daf;L] ;d:ofn] ljleGg kf/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf /xg] hLjx?sf] jf;:yfg cltqmd0f / ljgf; eO/x]sf] 5 . of] ;d:ofnfO{ a]n}df ;dfwfg ug{ g;s] oxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtf k|efljt kg{] b]lvG5 . zzkmf]x/ d}nfsf] a9\bf] ;d:of a9\bf]] ;x/Ls/0f / dflg;x?sf] j:t' pkef]u ug]{ afgLdf j[l4 cfPsf] / gu/x?n] Jojl:yt :oflg6/L 195

Nof08lkmn ;fO6 agfpg g;sL jg, gbL / ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df kmf]x/ kmflnlbgfn] kof{ko{6gsf] If]qdf klg 7"nf] r'gf}tL b]vfk/]sf] 5 . zz;fd'bflos jgleq unt tŒjsf] k|j]z xfd|f ;fd'bflos jgx? leqsf] Joj:yfkgdf sltko jg ljgf;df ;ª\nUg jgdflkmof, jg cltqmd0f ug]{x?, rf]/L lzsf/Lx? / hl8a'6L tyf sf7 t:s/x? 3':g] / Joj:yfkgnfO{ tx; gx; kfg]{ ePsfn] kof{ko{6gsf] ljsf;df ;fd'bflos jgx?nfO{ ;d:of em]Ng kl//x]sf] 5 . zz;/sf/, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ / lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿sf] unt lg0f{o /fhgLlts :jfy{, JolQmut kmfObf, lhDd]jf/ lgsfox?sf] cb"/blz{tf, jg hËn / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxŒjk|ltsf] c1fgtfn] klg jg If]qx? cGo k|of]hgsf nflu lbg] . /fhgLlglts :jfy{sf nflu ;'s'Djf;L nu]/ a;fpg] / Hf]}ljsljljwtfdf To;n] kfg]{ c;/sf] af/]df 7Dofpg g;Sgfn] klg ;fd'bflos jgx?n] ;~rfng ug]{ kof{ko{6gsf] If]qdf klg 7"nf] r'gf}tL b]vfk/]sf] 5 . zzhLj hGt'x¿sf] ljr/0fnfO{ cj?4 ug]{ vfnsf ;+/rgfsf] lg0f{o sltko ;fd'bflos agx? ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] lgdf{0f u/]sf tf/af/x?, ;8s, k'n, gx/x?, lkslgs :ynx?n] hLj hGt'x?sf] ljr/0fnfO{ cj?4 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] lgdf{0fnfO{ /f]Sg g;s] h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfO To;df lge{/ kof{j/0fLo ko{6gnfO{ klg c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 .

lrtjgsf] kof{–ko{6g k|j4{gsf] nflu tTsfn rfNg' kg]{ sbdx¿M != kof{ko{6gsf] If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf k|efjsf/L gLlt agfpg' kg]{ . @= /fhgLlts kfl6{x?, ;dfh;]jLx?, lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx? lhDd]jf/ aGg' kg]{ . #= clgolGqt r/g k|0ffnL /f]lsg' kg]{ . $= hgr]tgf tyf k|lzIf0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng 196

u/L hgtfnfO{ ;r]t / ;hu agfpg' kg]{ . %= jftfj/0fd}qL vfnsf ljsf; sfo{x?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ . oL ;+/rgfx?n] hLjhGt'sf] :jtGq ljr/0fnfO{ cj/f]w ug{ gx'g] . ^= ko{6g cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug'{ kg]{ . &= /fhgLlts cGof}ntfsf] rfF8} cGTo x'g' kg]{ . *= k|f0fLx?sf] k|fs[lts jf;:yfgsf] cltqmd0f / ljgf; /f]Sg' kg]{ . (= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkgnfO{ plrt?kn]] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ . !)= ;fd'bflos jgleq unt tŒjsf] k|j]znfO{ /f]Sg] k|of; ul/g' kg]{ . !!= ;/sf/, /fhgLlts kfl{6x{ ? / lhDd]jf/ lgsfox?n] u/]sf unt lg0f{ox? hf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf b[li6n] unt 5g\ tL tTsfn km]l/g' kg]{ . !@= kof{ko{6gsf] If]qsf ;a} ;/f]sf/ ;+:yfx?sf] aLrdf ;dGjo ul/g' kg]{ .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

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Research Article

ROLE OF SERVICE PROVIDERS ON BEEKEEPING PROMOTION IN CHITWAN, NEPAL 

Dr. Suroj Pokhrel

Crop Development Directorate, DoA, Hariharbhavan, Lalitpur, Nepal

ABSTRACT A general survey accomplished in Chitwon in 2004 reveled A. mellifera kept in Langstroth hive in Terai and A. cerana in 3 different hives: 41.1% in improved, 31.2% in traditional log and 27.6% in wall hives in hills, for honey production purpose. The honey productivity in the hills was very low (8.1 kg/yr/hive) and it was higher (28.7 kg/yr/hive) in Terai. More then half (58.6%) of the beekeepers in Terai and one forth (25%) in hills were trained. District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), Chitwan provided training to maximum number of beekeepers (10.8%) fallowed by SNV/PCDP (6.2%) and Beekeeping Section Godavari (4.6%). Lab-kush co-operative and Praja cooperative provided loan support (8.4% respondents) in hills and ADB/N (27.6%) and Srijara Mauri Palan Samuha (13.8% respondents) in Terai. DADO Chitwan provided technical support to 51.7% respondent followed by self-helf farmer’s group 17.1% and Nepal Bee Keeper’s Association 20.6% in Terai however, it was negligiable in hills. Subsidy on beekeeping (hives, tools and colony) provided from the farmers group (5.9%), DADO Chitwan (18.5%) and BKS Godavari (4.6%) in Terai and SNV/PCDP (3.1%) and NAF-Tadi (1.5% respondents) in hills. Praja-cooperatives provided honey marketing support to 5.6% respondents in hills while, Nepal Bee Keeper’s Association (13.8% respondent), Beekeeper’s cooperatives (6.8%) and VDC trust (3.4% respondents) supported for honey marketing in Terai. Beekeepers in Terai were well organized and associated with different groups and adopted necessary management practices,

and had assured services, honey market, well developed beekeeper's groups, cooperatives and association which lacks in hills. Beekeepers in Chitwan suggested in many ways for the promotion of beekeeping in Chitwan which includes development of species specific low cost technology, advance level services, secured honey market and declaration of beekeeping policy and guideline from HMG/N for the commercialization of beekeeping in Nepal. Key words: honey production, management practices, services, low cost technology, species specific low cost technology, secured honey market 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background There are about 1,27,501 honeybee colonies including 1,01,684 traditional (log and wall hives) and 25,200 improved (A. cerana 17,744 and A. mellifera 7,456) hives in Nepal (Bee Keeping Section, 2004). The annual honey production is estimated 529.3 mt and it is one of the exporting, high value cash earning commodities in Nepal. Honey export in the year 2003 was equivalent to Rs 4,41,985 and was 4439.2 folds higher than that of 2002 (Bee Keeping Section, 2003). However, the role of bees as crop pollinators has been largely ignored and a vast potential, in using bees to augment national income through increased crop production has been forgotten. Honey production and crop pollination have to be exploited for the agriculture development and poverty reduction in Nepal. The Asiatic honeybee, 197

A. cerana is adopting by the hill caste community in Chitwan. Bee keeping in the Terai of Chitwan commercialized in the nineties with A. mellifera (Pokhrel, 2001, DADO, 2004; DADO, 2005). The total estimated honeybee colony in Chitwan is 7500 (A. mellifera 5500 and A. cerana 2000) (Neupane, 2002). Chitwan seems to be the most potential district enriched with apicultural raw materials, manpower, and market. Nectar and pollen as raw materials are available both from forest and cultivated areas. Development of road infrastructure provides easy bee migration in all the seasons (DADO, 2004; DADO, 2005). However, the services available, institutional development and the honey productivity are not satisfactory. Beekeepers in Chitwan are in hurdele from different managerial, technical, ecological, behavioral and socio-economical problems and policy issues hindering the beekeeping industry in Nepal. A study was made to investigate the level of service available for beekeeping and to make subsequent recommendations for improving it in Chitwan. 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Research site The research was conducted in Chitwan district (Inner Terai and the peripheral Mahabharata hills) at central Nepal. The survey on A. cerana colonies was carried out in the hills areas of the following VDCs: Chandibhanjyang, Shaktikhor, Korak and Siddhi. Similarly, survey of A. mellifera colonies was carried out in the Terai areas: East Chitwan (Pithuwa, Jutepani, Shaktikhor, Chainpur and Padampur VDCs and Ratnanagar Municipality), west Chitwan (Dibyanagar, Sukranagar and Parbatipur VDCs) and Bharatpur municipality. Survey on bee flora was carried simultaneously at the hills, Bharatpur, West and East Chitwan.

availability in Chitwan was carried out during September-October 2004. 2.3 Beekeepers' interview A questionnaire was developed, pretested, revised and the final version of which was duplicated and used for collecting necessary information from the beekeepers (65 households) to see the present status of beekeeping service availability in Chitwan district. The information collected from the survey was verified with available literature. 2.4 PRA mapping Comparisons and conformation were made by the help of the PRA maps drawn by the A. cerana beekeepers once in Chandibhanjyang and another by the A.mellifera beekeepers in Bharatpur. The diameters of the comparative circles were measured, converted into percentage and the maps were copied in white sheets of papers. These were further verified with beekeepers (18 households) both from hills and plains. Altogether 40 beekeepers (20 from Chandibhanjyang, 20 from Bharatpur) participated in this exercise. 2.5 Data processing Collected data were tabulated using EXCEL software and necessary tables, graphs and figures were prepared. Means, variance, standard errors, etc. were calculated. 3.0 RESULTS A general survey of 65 beekeepers (36 in hills and 29 in Terai) was accomplished in 2004 to see the status of service availability on beekeeping in hills and Terai of Chitwan.

3.1 Species of honeybees Two domesticated honeybees: A. mellifera in Langstroth hive in Terai and A. cerana in 3 different hives (41.1% in improved, 31.2% in 2.2 Research time and duration A survey on the status of beekeeping service traditional log and 27.6% in wall hives) mainly 198

Table 2. Honeybee species kept by the beekeepers in Chitwan, 2004 SN

Particulars

Colony number

Hive types

Average colony/hh

Location Hills Terai Total Hills: Improved Log Wall Terai: Improved Total Hills Terai East Chitwan Bharatpur West Chitwan

A. cerana Colony % 170 99.4 170 10.5 70 41.2 53 31.2 47 27.6 170 100 4.4 (36) -

A. millifera Colony % 1 0.6 1448 100 1449 89.5 1 100 1448 100 1449 100 1(1) 50.0 (29) 43.6 (13) 87.5 ( 8) 22.6 (8) -

Total Colony 171 1448 1619 71 53 47 1448 1619 4.4 (36) 50.0 (29) 43.6 (13) 87.5 ( 8) 22.6 (8)

% 10.6 89.4 100 4.4 3.3 2.9 89.4 100 -

Figures in parenthesis are the respondent numbers

colony number of A. mellifera was highest in Bharatpur (87.5 colonies/household) fallowed by East Chitwan (43.6 colonies/household) and West Chitwan (22.6 colonies/household), respectively. 3.2 Training on beekeeping One-fourth (25.0%, N=9) in the hills and more than half (58.6%, N=17) of the respondents in Terai had training on apiculture (Table 7, Fig. 5, Fig. 6). The training duration ranged from 2-15 days. The highest proportions of beekeepers trained on apiculture were from Bharatpur area (75.0%, N=6) fallowed by East Chitwan (61.5%, N=8) and in West Chitwan (37.5%, N=3). District Agriculture Development Office (DADO), Chitwan provided training to maximum number of beekeepers (10.8%, N=8) fallowed by SNV/PCDP (6.2%, N=4) and Beekeeping Section Godavari (4.6%, N=3). SAPRROS - Nepal, NAF-Tadi, Garelu Vikas Samity, SFD/ADB, in hills, with an mean colony size of 4.4 per Win-rock International and IAAS, Rampur were household (N=36) in hills and 50.0 per household some other organizations giving beekeeping (N=29) in Terai were adopted by the beekeepers training to beekeepers in Chitwan (Table 7, Fig. in Chitwan (Table 2, Fig. 1, Fig. 2). The mean 5, Fig. 6) 199

3.4 Organizational development There existed 15 registered farmer (beekeepers) groups, included 477 members (98 females), three beekeeper’s cooperatives and fifteen registered farms in the Terai. In addition, the head office and the district office of Nepal Beekeeper’s Association (NBA) located in Bharatpur included 200 beekeepers (5 females). Table 8. Organizational supports to beekeepers in Chitwan, 2004

Table 7. Training on beekeeping in Chitwan, 2004 SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Trainer SAPPROS-Nepal SNV/PCDP NAF-Tadi CARTC-Bharatpur Gharelu SFD/ADB DADO Chitwan BKS Godavari WIND-ROCK IAAS Rampur Total

Duration 7 days 2 days 4 days 7 day 15 days 7days 4 day 7 day 4 day M.Sc.Ag. -

Hills 5.5 (2) 11.1 (4) 5.5 (2) 2.8 (1) 25.0 (9)

Figures in parenthesis are the respondent numbers

3.3 Subsidy, loan, marketing and technical support The services received by the respondents from different organizations regarding the loan, subsidy, training, honey marketing and technical supports are presented in Table 8. Lab-kush co-operative and Praja cooperative were the supporting organizations for loan support (to 8.4%, N=3 respondents) in the hills. ADB/N (to 27.6%, N=8 respondents) and Srijara Mauri Palan Samuha (to 13.8%, N=4 respondents) were the biggest organizations providing loan on apiculture in Terai (Table 8). DADO Chitwan was the biggest organization providing technical support (51.7%, N=15) to the respondents 200

Respondents trained (%) Terai West East Bht* Total 12.5 (1) 3.4 (1) 12.5 (1) 7.7 (1) 6.8 (2) 12.5 (1) 3.4 (1) 12.5 (1) 38.5 (5) 25.0 (2) 27.6 (8) 7.7 (1) 25.0 (2) 10.3 (3) 7.7 (1) 3.4 (1) 12.5 (1) 3.4 (1) 37.5 (3) 61.5 (8) 75.0 (6) 58.6 (17)

Grand Total 3.1 (2) 6.2 (4) 3.1 (2) 3.1 (2) 3.1 (2) 1.5 (1) 10.8 (8) 4.6 (3) 1.5 (1) 1.5 (1) 40.0 (26)

*Bharatpur

in Terai. Self-helf farmer’s group and Nepal Bee Keeper’s Association provided technical supports to 17.1% (N=5) and 20.6% (N=6) respondents in Terai, respectively. Subsidy on the hives and honeybee colonies were provided from the farmers group (5.9 %, N=2), GOs (DADO Chitwan 18.5%, N=12; BKS Godavari 4.6%, N=3) in Terai and INGOs/NGOs (SNV/PCDP 3.1%, N=2; NAF-Tadi 1.5%, N=1) in hills for the extension of beekeeping in Chitwan. Prajacooperatives provided honey marketing support to 5.6% (N=2) hill respondents while Nepal Bee Keeper’s Association, Beekeeper’s cooperatives and VDC trust supported 13.8% (N=4), 6.8% (N=2) and 3.4% (N=1) respondents in Terai.

Help Loan support

Subsidy support

Other technical support

Honey marketing

Helper Praja Cooperative Labkush Cooperative Srijara Mauri Samuha ADB/N Srijara Mauri Samuha and Ratnanagar SHG SNV/PCDP NAF-Tadi DADO Chitwan BKS Godavari Srijara Mauri Samuha Gramin Mauri Samuha NB Association Milijuli Mauri Samuha Bij Bridi Samuha DADO Chitwan Praja Cooperative Bee keeper’s Cooperative VDC trust Nepal Beekeeper’s Association

Hills 2.8 (1) 5.6 (2) -

Respondents benefited (%) Terai West East Bharatpur Total 50.0 (4) 13.8 (4) 50.0 (2) 23.1 (3) 37.5 (3) 27.6 (8) 12.5 (1) 7.7 (1) 5.9 (2)

Grand Total 1.5 (1) 3.1 (2) 6.2 (4) 12.4 (8) 3.1 (2)

5.6 (2) 2.8 (1) 5.6 (2) -

50.0 (4) 37.5 (3) 12.5 (1) 12.5 (1) 50.0 (4) 12.5 (1) 12.5 (1) -

3.1 (2) 1.5 (1) 18.5 (12) 4.6 (3) 4.6 (3) 1.5 (1) 9.2 (6) 7.7 (5) 1.5 (1) 23.1 (15) 3.1 (2) 3.1 (2) 1.5 (1) 6.2 (4)

38.5 (5) 15.4 (2) 30.8 (4) 38.5 (5) 7.7 (1) 46.2 (6) 7.7 (1) -

37.5 (3) 12.5 (1) 12.5 (1) 62.5 (5) -

41.4 (12) 10.3 (3) 10.3 (3) 3.4 (1) 20.6 (6) 17.2 (5) 3.4 (1) 51.7 (15) 6.8 (2) 3.4 (1) 13.8 (4)

Figures in parenthesis are the respondent numbers

3.5 Suggestions given by beekeepers A diagnostic laboratory for problem identification and provision of bee treatment, technical help and follow up support, breed selection, queen rearing and bee research program has been Table 35. Suggestions provided by the beekeepers in Chitwan, 2004 SN 1 2 4 5

Suggestions Training on hive making and beekeeping Training on swarm hiving and absconding control Training on harvesting with out comb destroy Training to modify the log/wall hives

Respondents (%) A. cerana A. mellifera 36.1 (13) 31.0 (9 ) 13.9 (5() 13.9 (5) 11.1 (4() 201

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Training needed for wax processing Advance training on pollination and management Mass campaigning for hornet/wasps control Prohibit poison and take precaution Safety measure needed to developed for harvest Low cost extractor should be developed Difficult to honey harvest from improved hive Honey buying should be granted by HMG/N Technical help, diagnostic lab, treatment and fallow up Pasture development, management Breed selection & maintenance Re-qeening at proper time Interaction between beekeepers and crop growers Policy declaration Tuni wood provision from HMG for hive making Traffic problem on migration should be solved Establishment of honey processing plant needed

2.8 (1) 13.8 (4 ) 2.8 (1) 2.8 (1) 2.8 (1) 2.8 (1) 2.8 (1)

2.8 (1)

13.8 (4)

41.4 (12) 27.6 (8) 20.7 (6) 3.4 (1) 3.4 (1) 24.1 (7) 6.8 (2) 3.4 (1) 13.8 (4) 3.4 (1)

Figures in parenthesis are the respondent numbers.

felt necessary in beekeeping. Beekeepers from the hills and Terai have suggested in many ways for the promotion of beekeeping in Chitwan. Modification of traditional log and wall hives, training on hive making, swarm capture and hiving, absconding control, better methods of honey harvesting and wax processing trainings are suggested by the A. cerana keepers. They also suggested for the development of low cost honey extractor. A. cerana race selection for better productivity and domestication has been felt necessary. However, the commercial A. mellifera keepers in Terai suggested for the advance level crop pollination and problem solving training and demanded a secured honey market and declaration of beekeeping policy and guideline from HMG/N. They demanded a diagnostic laboratory and provision of bee treatment follow up support and technical help from the government side. They are aware on the conflict arbitration on bee migration between beekeepers and bee crop growers and demanded interaction between the crop growers and beekeepers. Traffic problem on bee migration should be solved and HMG/N should attempt to control bee poisoning through legislative way (Table 35). 202

4.0 DISCUSSION Beekeepers adopted A. mellifera in Terai in improved hives and A. cerana in improved (41.1%), traditional log (31.2%) and wall hives (27.6%) in hills. The average colony size in the hills was 4.4 and in Terai 50.0 per household. Manpower engaged to manage these colonies are 1.6 in hills and 2.9 in Terai. Chepang and the hill caste community are adapting A. cerana in traditional hives in hi1ls (Devkota, 2003). A. mellifera was multiplied during nineties and distributed through both farmers to farmers (59%) and from DADO to farmers (41.0%) in nineties in Terai (DADO, 2004; DADO, 2005). The total estimated bee colonies were 5,500 A. mellifera and 2,000 A. cerana in Chitwan (Pokhrel, 2001, Neupane, 2002). DADO Chitwan, SNV, PCDP, Beekeeping Section (BKS) Godavari, SAPRROS-Nepal, NAFTadi, Garelu Bikas Samity, SFD/ADB/N, Winrock International and IAAS Rampur were the organizations providing training/education to beekeepers. Farmers' cooperatives, ADB/N and farmers' groups provided loan supports. DADO Chitwan, Farmers' group and Nepal

Bee Keeper’s Association provided technical supports. GOs (DADO Chitwan, BKS Godavari) in Terai and INGOs/NGOs (SNV/PCDP, NAFTadi) in hills provided subsidies. Farmer’s cooperatives, Nepal Bee Keeper’s Association, and VDC trust supported honey marketing. Devkota (2003) reported that DADO conducted apiculture activities as a pocket program in eastern Chitwan. DDC Chitwan and DFO also provided apiculture training and distributed bee frames. Win-rock International, PDDP, Youth Club of Narayanghat, Dabar Nepal, USAID, and Sagun Bikas Samaj were other organizations supporting beekeeping in East Chitwan (Devkota, 2003). DADO developed partnership program with Chitwan National Park (Buffer zone), DDC and VDCs for the promotion of apiculture in Chitwan (DADO, 2004; DADO, 2005). There were 15 registered groups which included 477 beekeepers, 3 beekeepers' cooperatives and 15 registered bee farms in Terai. In addition, the head office and the district office of Nepal Beekeeper’s Association (NBA) located in Bharatpur included 200 beekeepers. Devkota (2003) also reported that beekeepers in Terai were well organized and associated with different groups but still not yet organized in hills. The productivity of A. mellifera was 254.3% higher (28.7 kg vs 8.1 kg/colony/yr) than A. cerana (improved hive 8.6 kg, log hive 7.7 kg and wall hive 7.4 kg/yr). The beekeepers harvested honey 2-7 (mean 3.2) times from A. cerana during autumn and spring in the hills and 3-7 times (mean 4.8) from A. mellifera in Terai during winter and spring. East Chitwan farmers had highest honey harvesting frequency (5.3 times/year) with the highest productivity (34.8 kg/colony/year) fallowed by Bharatpur (4.6 frequency with 25.1 kg/colony/year) and West Chitwan (4.2 frequency with 22.2 kg/colony/year), respectively. The average annual income from beekeeping was Rs 3,794.4 per household (Rs. 862.36 /colony/year) in hills and Rs 1,84,474.3 /household (Rs. 3,689.49 /colony/year) in Terai. Lack of skill on colony management in hills

and lack of bee clinic and unavailability of chemicals like sulphur dust, antibiotics, apistan, etc. in the local market in Terai were the major management problems. Lack of honey market, lack of co-ordination between beekeepers, lack of organizational development, conflicts between beekeepers and the crop growers, problem on migration/transportation, lack of national beekeeping policy and program, etc. were the associated socio-economic problems in Terai. Hence, a diagnostic lab for problem identification and provision of bee treatments, technical help and follow up support from the government side needed and breed selection, queen rearing and bee research program shall be immediately initiated. 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Beekeepers in Chitwan had small fragmented land holdings with subsistence crop farming. They are adopting two domesticated honeybee species: A. cerana in hills and A. mellifera in Terai, with small average colony number (4.4 per household in hills and 50.0 in Terai). Beekeepers are organizing in different groups, cooperatives and associations in Terai which lacks in hills. The beekeeping service delivary system from the service provider is initiated but it is still not enough. The part of the technology generation is lacking. Thus, the general survey realized on the need of a special package of practices for the promotion of A. cerana beekeeping in hills, which include educational activities, technical supports; breed improvement and extension of low cost technology. Commercialization of beekeeping with A. mellifera in Terai needs advanced apicultural research and extension mechanism including crop pollination and beekeeping training with a secured honey market, for which a clear-cut beekeeping policy and guideline should be developed and implemented by the government of Nepal. 203

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf lrtjg  an/fd n'O{6]n ;Dks{ JolQm, lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

kl/ro lrtjg g]kfnsf] dWoefudf cjl:yt t/fOsf] kj{tdfnf >[ª\vnfb]lv ;dtn e"–efu x'Fb} dxfef/t kj{t >[ª\vnf;Dd km}lnP/ a;]sf] of] lhNnf hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 . pQ/ / blIf0ftkm{af6 aUg] 7f8f]vx/] vf]nfx?n] dWoefudf /x]sf] pj{/ e"ldnfO{ s6fg u/L gf/fo0fL / /fKtL gbLx'Fb} ef/tdf pj{/fzlQm e"ld hfg] ub{5 . e"–agf]6, dg;'g jiff{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cfjf; Joj:yfkg, vx/] vf]nf / a'emfOsf] sdL ePsf] sf/0fn] hnpTkGg k|sf]ksf] k|efj w]/} b]lvPsf] 5 . lhNnfdf ;of}+ dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] / c/af}+ ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] wgdfnsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lrtjgnfO{ hnpTkGg ljkb\sf] b[li6n] gf/fo0fL, /fKtL / /]jf t6Lo If]qx?df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . ut jif{x?df 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf lhNnfdf af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, v8]/L, jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0f h:tf k|sf]kx?n] ljkb\hGo 36gfx? l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g\ . df};dsf] ljifdtfsf sf/0f ef]Ug'kg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofx? ;lxt lhNnfsf ljleGg If]qx? ;8s tyf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf h:tf k|sf]kaf6 pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ . e"sDk h:tf k|sf]kx?sf] ;Dd'vtf olsg ug{ g;lsP tfklg o;k|ltsf] lhNnfsf] ;Dj]bgzLntf pRr/x]sf]] 5 . oL k|sf]kx? ;DaGwL la:t[t hfgsf/Lx? lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf–@)^) / gkf tyf uflj;x?sf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf–@)^% klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t h'g;'s} vfnsf ljkb\sf 36gfaf6 x'g;Sg] dflg;sf] hLpwg tyf 204

;DklQsf] IfltnfO{ Go"g ug{sf nflu lrtjg lhNnfn] lj=;+= @)^) b]lv g} of]hgfa4 lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tL of]hgfx? sfof{Gjogaf6 k|fKt cg'ej / l;sfOx?sf cfwf/df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ul/Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)^$ b]lv u[x dGqfnon] ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] k|ltsfo{ IfdtfnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu p4f/stf{sf] ;Ë7gfTds e"ldsf, k|lqmof / k2ltsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ljleGg ;dodf /fi6«;ª\3Lo lgsfo, cGt/f{li6«o u};;, /]8qm; tyf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf lhNnf, If]q / s]Gb|Lo txdf ePsf ljleGg uf]i7L tyf 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lgrf]8nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L æljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf th'{df dfu{bz{g–@)^&Æ tof/ u/L nfu" u/]sf]5 . lhNnf:t/sf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pknJw ef}lts, dfgjLo / cfly{s ;|f]tx?nfO{ cfFsng u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] /0fgLlt / p4f/sf Go"gtd cfwf/e"t kIfx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/L tof/ ul/Psf] ;ª\lIfKt sfo{of]hgf lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] 5 . ljkb\ k"j{ tof/L dfu{bz{g–@)^& sf k|fjwfgx? ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ lj=;+= @)^* sf] of]hgfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L sfo{of]hgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfx¿sf] k|sf]k tyf hf]lvd :t/Ls/0f lhNnfdf pknAw tYofÍ, ljleGg ;|ft] af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L, 5nkmnx? tyf k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cfwf/df 205

lrtjg lhNnfdf ( j6f k|sf]kx?sf] k|efj pRr ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . tL k|sf]kx? af9L, klx/f], jGohGt', v8]/L, ;8s b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, dfxfdf/L / xfjfx'/L /x]sf 5g\ . oL klxrfg ePsf k|sf]kx?af6 clt k|efljt, k|efljt / sd k|efljt uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx? tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]kx?

af9L

klx/f]

clt k|efljt uflj;x? d+unk'/, u'Ghgu/, r}gk'/, lkKn], lbJogu/, kl6xfgL, v}/xgL, s'd/f]h, s7f/, a5f}nL, e08f/f, h'6kfgL, kbdk'/, lk7'jf, jL/]Gb|gu/, ubL{, a3f}8f, zlQmvf]/, cof]Wofk'/L, sNof0fk'/, hutk'/, d]]3f}nL / /Tggu/ -gkf_, sljnf;, bf/]rf]s, l;l4, bfxfvfgL, r08LeGHofË, sfpn], sf]/fs / nf]y/ 5}g

jGohGt' cfqmd0f z'qmgu/ / jL/]Gb|gu/ v8]/L ;8s b'3{6gf cfunfuL dfxfdf/L xfjfx'/L

k|efljt uflj;x? bf/]rf]s, bfxfvfgL, r08LeGHofË, sfpn], sf]/fs, nf]y/, l;l4 / sljnf;

zlQmvf]/ / lkKn]

5}g

lbJogu/, kl6xfgL, ubL{, s'd/f]h, s7f/, a5f}nL, a3f}8f, z'qmgu/, cof]Wofk'/L, sNof0fk'/, hutk'/, d]]3f}nL, /Tggu/ gkf d+unk'/, u'Ghgu/, v}/xgL r}gk'/, kbdk'/, km'naf/L, lk7'jf / e08f/f

d+unk'/ / u'Ghgu/

5}g

5}g d+unk'/, e/tk'/, /Tggu/ 5}g

5}g h'6kfgL 5}g

jftfj/0f k|bi' f0f 5}g

sd k|efljt uflj;x? z'qmgu/

5}g

lbJogu/, kl6xfgL, l;l4, bfxfvfgL, sfpn], sf]/fs, nf]y/, cof]Wofk'/L, ubL{, /Tggu/ -gkf_, sNof0fk'/, d]3f}nL / zlQmvf]/ sljnf;, bf/]rf]s / e08f/f r08LeGHofË, a3f}8f, lkKn] / hutk'/ s'd/f]h s7f/, a5f}nL, h'6kfgL, kbdk'/, lk7'jf / la/]Gb|gu/ v}/xgL / rogk'/

-;|f]tM gkf÷uflj;x?sf] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg of]hgf, lrtjg, @)^%_

;du|df lrtjg lhNnfsf #! Uflj; / ! gu/kflnsfsf] k|sf]k :tl/s/0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L uflj;x?df af9Lsf] k|sf]k pRr b]lvG5 eg] bf];|f]df klx/f] / t];|f]df v8]/L /x]sf] 5 . kxf8L * uflj;df klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9L 5 h;n] tL uflj; tyf tNnf] t6Lo If]qx?df af9Lsf] ;d:of l;h{gf ub{5 . af9L ;Í6f;Ggtfsf] lx;fan] lrtjg lhNnfdf b'O{ leGg cj:yf 5g\ . /fKtL / gf/fo0fL lsgf/sf !! uflj; / e/tk'/ / /Tggu/ gu/kflnsfsf s]xL j8fx? k|efljt x'g] ub{5g\ . lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] oL If]qx?df af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog u/L ;Defljt Iflt Go"g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 . lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lhlj;n] /fKtL, gf/fo0fL / nf]y/ 206

gbLsf] dflyNnf] t6df /x]sf af9L uh l/8/x?nfO{ jiff{ cjlwe/sf lglDt yk kfl/>lds pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfnfO{ csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Dd sfod ul/g]5 . tyflk, gbLs6fg h:tf k|efjx? cem} ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . df8L pkTosfdf /x]sf $ uflj;x?df l/pmvf]nf / o;sf ;xfos vf]nfx?df cfpg] af9Ln] k|fo jif]{lg ljkb\ cj:yf pTkGg u/fpF5 . of] If]qdf cfpg] af9L gf/fo0fL / /fKtL gbLdf cfpg] eGbf km/s k|s[ltsf] 5 . lzjflns kxf8x? sdhf]/ x'gfn] d';nwf/] kfgL kgf{;fy klx/f] / vx/]x?n] af9L pTkGg ug]{ ub{5g\ . 5f]6f] b"/L x'gfn] /fKtL / gf/fo0fL gbLdf h:t} dflyNnf] / tNnf] t6Lo ;d'bfoaLr k"j{ hfgsf/L ug]{ u/fpg] ;~rf/ ;DaGw k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . o; If]qdf af9L k|sf]k p4f/ sfo{;~rfng ug{;d]t s7Lg x'g] ljutsf jif{x?sf] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . e"sDksf] hf]lvd olsg ug{ g;lsPsf] ePtf klg 3gfjl:t ePsf gu/ If]qx? e"sDkk|lt a9L ;Dj]bgzLn ePsf] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L k;f{, d'ulnªh:tf jl:tx?df e'sDkk|lt hgr]tgf hufpg cfjZos /x]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf lglDt lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;du| e"–sDkLo hf]lvdsf ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] lrtjgnfO{ sd} hf]lvd ePsf] lhNnfsf?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . uflj; tyf ;d'bfo:t/df ul/Psf k|sf]k klxrfg / :t/Ls/0fdf e"–sDk sd} klxrfg ePsf] lyof] eg] k|fyldstf k|fKt d'Vo !) j6f k|sf]kx?df kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . t}klg Go"ghf]lvd ;F:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ hgr]tgf hufpg] tyf ljlN8Ë sf]8 nfu" ug]{tkm{ Wofg lbOg] 5 .

;8s b'36{ gf tyf ljleGg sf/0fjz ;8s cj?4 x'g] k|sf]kx¿ jif}{el/ x'g] / jiff{sf] ;dodf cem} a9\g] u/]sf] 5 . gf/fo0fu9b]lv sf7df8f}F hfg] ;8sv08df jiff{ofddf klx/f]sf] sf/0f ;8s b'36{ gf / cj?4 x'g] 36gfx? a9L

ePsf kfOG5 . To:t} k"j–{ klZrd /fhdfu{ tyf lhNnfsf cGo ;xfosdfu{x?df klg ;8s b'36{ gf tyf cfjfudgdf Jojwfg pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . df8L If]qdf cfjfudg ug]{ e/tk'/–df8L ;8sdf l/p tyf o;sf ;xfos vf]nfx?n] jiff{ofddf cfjfudgdf cj/f]w k}bf ub{5g\ .

gofF–gofF /f]usf] dxfdf/L b]vfkg]{ :yfgx? lglZrt\ eljiojf0fL ug{ ;Dej gePsf]n] lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] lg/Gt/ cg'udg, klxrfg / lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . lrtjg lhNnfdf gofF /f]ux? h:t} 8]ª\u' b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df o:tf /f]ux?sf] k|sf]k /f]syfd ug{ lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf 5'§} ;ldlt u7g u/L ljlzi6 sfo{;"rLcg';f/ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf] 5 .

ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf ;DefJo cf>o:ynx¿ c:yfoL cf>o:yn k/;f}gL–#, hLtk'/– lg=df=lj= !, @, # ! / l;d/f–@ dxfb]j6f/ lkKn] ^ ;'/vL–^ /f=k|f=lj= ef]n] a'4zflGt & b'af]rf}/–% p=df=lj= lkKn] Sna 3/ -nf]y/ uxt] 8fF8f, jfqmfª, uf=lj=;= ejg !, @, $ kvf{n / tfkfª ufFp j8f g++= ! df nf]y/ cjl:yt_ jf;jfª÷:ofd/fª, *, ( uf=lj=;= ejg sfGbf ufFp !, # ab|xgL, nf}vfgL dfnk'/ df=lj= a5\of}nL & du/ 6f]n a5\of}nL df=lj= * afn'jf 6f]n em'jfgL df=lj= uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= k|efljt If]qsf] gfd

207

zlQmvf]/

!, %

r}gk'/

k|efljt If]qsf] gfd uj}, pg{xL, j}l/of w;dk'/ hgsk'/ wf]w/]nf, hgsk'/

bf]u/f, zlQmvf]/

@ #

Eo'/fg ;'kf/

u}/Laf/L

Go'/]gL

#, %

c:yfoL cf>o:yn uj} df=lj= lg=df=lj= w/dk'/ /f=k|f=lj= hgsk'/ slkof df=lj= v}/xgL p=df=lj= v}/xgL p=df=lj= v}/xgL p=df=lj= r=p=df=lj= zlQmvf]/ /f=k|f=lj= Eo'/fg /f=k|f=lj= ;'kf/ /f=lg=df=lj= u}/Laf/L lg=df=lj= Go'/]gL ÷sflnsf dlGb/ hghLjg dflj

!%) kl/jf/ ! @) @ #)) # @)) $ $)) % !)) ^ !)) !, & &% * !%) ( $) !) *) !! !)) !@

/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf g]kfn pdflj, lgdflj, as'nx/ g]kfn pdflj zlxb:d[lt jx'd'vL SofDk; g]kfn pdflj df]xgf pdflj df]xgf pdflj lztn8F8f, lzj u0f]z 3]3f}nL k|flj, a}l/of dflj, ;fn3f/L k|flj lgdflj lh/f}gf hd'gfk'/ af]l8{ª :s'n g]kfn pdflj, :sfO{/fO8/ af]l8ª :s'n k~rsGof dflj

! $ ( bfxfvfgL # &, * ^

pk/bfªu9L bfxfaf8L ubf{;, efn'df/f :ofªbL l;dn9fk sonwf/L

208

>L /f=k|f=lj= pk/u9L >L cfbz{ lg=df=lj= >L /f=lg=df=lj= ubf{; >L r08]Zj/L /f=k|f=lj= >L /f=k|f=lj= v]tjf/L >L /f=lg=df=lj= sonwf/L

uf=lj=;=

jf8{ k|efljt If]qsf] gfd g+=

c:yfoL cf>o:yn

sfpn]

l;l4

! vf]nfufFp, l/Qmt]; @ e}jfË 8+8F f, ;jfË 8fF8f lvls{ dflyNnf] ufpF / # bf}t]; 8f+8f ljBfno / ljBfnosf] $ pQ/ k'j{sf 6f]n r]p/fË, b]jL:yfg / % /fdlslNË d};kfd, ;fxb]j ^ tNnf]6f]n, ltgyfgf tNnf]6f]n b]ph/ k|f=lj= tNnf] & klZrd 6f]n / pQ/ 6f]n lhËnfp gfGbf/ * leqf6f]n ( 5]/jfË pQ/6f]n !

sf]/fs

uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= !, @, # $ s'd/f]h ^ ( s7f/ !, @, $, ^ #, %, &, ( v}/xgL ! b]lv (

$ % ^ & * (

k|f=lj= sNof0frf}/ k|f=lj= lgj'jf6f/ k|f=lj= bf}t]; /f=k|f=lj= blIf0fsfnL

uf=lj=;=÷ jf8{ k|efljt If]qsf] gu/kflnsf g+= gfd e/tk'/ $ gf/fo0fu9 ! ;f}/fxf rf}s # a]n;L, xbL{ $ b]jf}nL /Tggu/ % lrq;f/L ^ af3df/f & lzz}, l6sf}nL

k|f=lj= r]p/fË k|f=lj= ejg dhjfË

k|f=lj= b]ph/

k|f=lj= gfGbf/

k|f=lj= 5]/afË >L /f= k|f= lj= ;'/v08L, yfs6f/, al/G6f/ >L /f=lg=df=lj= yfsN6f/ >L /f=k|f=lj= rfd\kf/fª, wd;gf, j]n8f8f, zfvf a]n8f8f ljBfno >L /f=k|f=lj uf]Dafª kmf;/fª Unfpyf]s, uflj; ejg >L /f=k|f=lj= ls/0f6f/ ls/0f6f/ >L /f=k|f=lj= df/t];L rf/lsNnf dftf{n >L /f=k|f=lj= dftf{n uf=lj=;= zfvf yfd6f/ vx/] ejg >L /f=df=lj= :jfdL6f/ :jfld6f/

hutk'/

!, @, & @ # $ %

lx/fk'/ l;:jf/ lbJogu/ lzz} eu8L ufhLk'/, u'~hgu/ ^, * e'jgj:tL, lkt}fhL3f6 l;dnu}/L, * u+ufgu/ kl6xfgL ! 38\ufO{

d]3f}nL

c:yfO{ cf>o:yn SofDkfrf}/, a;kfs{x? g]= p= df=lj= j]N;L lg=df=lj= b]jf}nL lg=df=lj= df=lj= lrq;f/L df=lj= df]xgf lzz} k|f=lj= nIdL pdflj, jL/]Gb|:d[lt ejg, cf>o:yn -3}nf3f/L_ /]8qm;, uflj;, /f=k|f=lj= eh]l8of lg=df=lj= sf]Onfxf yf? ;ª\u|xfno /f=k|f=lj= eu8L e'jg j:tL lg df lj

df lj uª\ufgu/

wf=s=;= ejg, af]6] ;fd'bflos ejg, lg=df=lj= wgf}hL nf}v/L, cGb|fn} L, ;fdfo0f cGb|f}nL ! uf]nf3f6 /f=k|f=lj= zLzfjf; tdfË @ ;/:jtL p=df=lj= 6f]n ;fnjf;, k~hgf, #, $ hLtk'/ cGb|f} ;femfk'/ p=df=lj nL, ;femfk'/ & jgs§f, dugL ;femfk'/ p=df=lj bb|]gL, ky|]gL, ;femfk'/ p=df=lj ^ jn'jf, kLk/f kl6xfgL, ;femfk'/ p=df=lj=, % l;4gu/ hfgsL p=df=lj= ( a'4gu/ /f=k|f=lj= w/dk'/

uf=lj=;=÷ k|efljt If]qsf] jf8{ g+= c:yfO{ cf>o:yn gu/kflnsf gfd d"9femf/, %, ^ /f=k|f=lj= kyl/of l8NnL k;f{ $ dxn km'nf}/f lg=df=lj= wdf}/f e08f/f sflz?kf lgdflj (, # j]n'jf, nf}ufO{ e}/j /fk|flj= @ k'/jf/L k'/jf/L ubL{–3 e}/jk'/ ! Odlnof lg=df=lj= e}/jk'/ ubL{ rGb|k'/L, & /f=k|f=lj= ;]?jf jgs§f, ;]?jf $ jgs§f /f=k|f=lj= lzvf/Lk'/ ^ /tgL wf]jfx df8L df=lj= % l;d/f /f=k|f=lj= l;d/f @ kf}jf/L, j3f}8f /f=k|f=lj= j3f}8f ! v}/xgL, l;w'jf /f=k|f=lj= l;w'jf auf}8f * a|Xk'/L lg=df=lj= a|XHof]lt ( /fwfk'/ /f=k|f=lj= /fwfk'/ # Ogfv?jf df8L df=lj= $ l;tnk'/ /f=k|f=lj= l;tnk'/ afFb/d'9] / hgcf:yf Sna ejg ! /f}tgL vf]nf / df8L df=lj= afFb/d'9] / /f=k|f=lj= /fd @ /f}tgL vf]nf /fHok'/ # afFb/d'9] lsgf/ /f=k|f=lj= nIdL lgjf; afFb/d'9,] a]n6fF8L h=s=df=lj=, $ sNof0fk'/ ahf/ uf=lj=;= ejg / l/dfn vf]nf l/dfn / kt]/] /f=k|f=lj= lst{gk'/ sNof0fk'/ % vf]nf ufp / ahf/ /]jf gbL, afb/d'9] >L lg=df=lj= ^ / l/dfn vf]nf xl/gu/ l/dfn / kt]/] lzz'sNof0f /f=k|f=lj= & vf]nf :ofpnLjf; /]jfgbL / kt]/] lg=df=lj= xl/gu/, * vf]nf /f=k|f=lj= lst{gu/ /]jfgbL / kt]/] /f=k|f=lj= lst{gu/ ( vf]nf /f=k|f=lj= uf}/Lgu/ 209

uf=lj=;=

jf8{ g+=

cof]Wofk'/L

k|efljt If]qsf] gfd lzjxbf/

%, ^ sflGtk'/ v/s§f !, #

lbjfgu/, k?O vf]nf

c:yfO{ cf>o:yn uf=lj=;= ejg dWojtL{ h=hL=df=lj= /f=k|f=lj= b=cof]Wofk'/L lg=df=lj= huGgwk'/L

lg=df=lj= uf]ljGba:tL, /f=k|f=lj= afFb/em'nf * /D6f/ / /Lp gbL lg=df=lj= s[i0fgu/ lk7'jf !,@,$,% hghfu[lt dflj &, *, /fk|flj dfwjk'/ ( ( u'Daf glhs 3f6 xf6 ahf/ ejg vo/wf/L u0f]z * xf6 ahf/ ejg dlGb/ dflj=uflj;, efnf{Ë, 8fn]6f/, ! ;fd'bflos jg vf]nfwf/L, b]jL6f/ sfof{no uf=lj=;= ejg, @ bf;9'Ëf, vx/]vf]nf sljnf; df=lj= l;dntfn, ef]n]{ $, % k|f=lj= ef]n]{ ufO{3f6 ;j{zflGt s'l/g3f6, k[YjL pdflj,d'lUnË, /fhdfu{ -d'lUnË s'l/g6f/ rr{ #, & b]lv r'dvf]nf ejg, s'l/g af]l8Ë ;Dd_ ejg,s'l/g6f/ d'lUnË dflj ! dLgf ahf/ lg=df=lj= lz/sf]6 ah/4L j8x/f, >L jL/]Gb| cfbz{ @,#,$ v'/v'/] p=df=df= %, ^ lrqsf]6 a|x:yfgL /f=k|f=lj= a|x:yfgL &, * a|Dxgu/ a|Dxgu/ df=lj= ( /;f}nL cd{tkfgL /f=k|f=lj= /;f}nL jux' / /Lp gbL

z'qmgu/

jL/]Gb|gu/

bf/]rf]s

sljnf;

dª\unk'/

(

210

n]j/gu/

/f=k|f=lj= n]j/gu/

jo/wf/L

/f=k|f=lj= jo/wf/L

ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lrtjg lhNnfdf ePsf xfnsf] ;/sf/tkm{af6 lgdf{0f ePsf ;+/rgf zzlhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

s= k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L -k|=lh=c_ cWoIf v= lh= lj= ;= ;efklt -xfn :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Laf6 sfo{ef/ axg_ ;b:o u= g]kfn ;/sf/sf lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nosf k|d'vx? ;b:o 3= lhNnfl:yt ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx? ;b:o ª= lhNnfl:yt g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L ;b:o r= /fli6«o:t/sf /fhgLlts bnsf lhNnf:t/Lo k|ltlglwx? ;b:o 5= cWoIf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg ;b:o h= k|d'v, gu/kflnsf -@ j6f_ ;b:o em= cWoIf, ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx? dWo]af6 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf tLg hgf -xfn uflj; ;lrjx?_ ;b:o `= k|=lh=c=af6 dgf]lgt ljkb\ If]qsf cg'ejL dlxnf k|ltlglw @ hgf ;b:o 6= lhNnf:t/Lo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}x|;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf tyf lhNnfsf k|ltli7t ;dfh;]jL dWo]af6 k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] dgf]gog u/]sf tLg hgf ;b:o 7= lhNnfl:yt ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|fljlws dWo]x?af6 k|=lh=c=n] dgf]gog u/]sf b'O{hgf ;b:o 8= :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;b:o ;lrj zzuflj;÷gkf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

lrtjg lhNnfsf ljleGg @@ uflj;x?df lhNnf:t/df h:t} uflj;:t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf cfjZostfcg';f/ pk;ldlt / sfo{bnx? u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . tL ;ldltx?n] klg :yfgLo cj:yfsf] klxrfg u/L cfˆgf] uflj;÷gu/kflnsfsf] lglDt ljkb\

k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug{ pTk|]l/t ul/Psf] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g gePsf uflj;÷gu/kflnsfx?df ;ldltx? u7g u/L pQm of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ kxn ul/g] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ eO ;ldltx? u7g ePsf uflj;x?df tL of]hgfx?nfO{ cBfjlws ;d]t ul/g] 5 . uflj; tyf gkf:t/df ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] g]t[Tj uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfdf ul7t jf u7g x'g] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug]{5g\ / cfjZos ;xof]u lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ug]{5 . oL ;ldltx? uflj; cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf ljleGg ljifout lgsfox?,

/fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx?, ;DalGwt ;ª\3;:yfsf k|ltlglwx?, ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx? / ;dfh;]jLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;af6 :yfgLo / lhNnf aLrsf] ;dGjo ;'b[9 x'g uO ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ yk k|efjsf/L x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . zzljifout pk;ldltx¿

cfktsflng cj:yfdf cfjZos sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug{ ul7t ^ pk;ldltx?, g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo, If]qut sfo{x? / ;xof]uL lgsfox?;DaGwL ljj/0f lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

pk;ldlt tyf If]qx? s_ /fxt Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt

g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo ;xof]uL lgsfox? lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lh=lj=;=, bnsf k|ltlglwx?, pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg tyf /Tggu/ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, /]8qm; / k|efljt If]qsf] lgsfox? lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhlj;, o'lg;]km, lhNnf u};; ;dGjo ;ldlt, /]8qm;, zz lzIff;DaGwL u};; dxf;+3 dlxnf÷afn= la= sf= dlxnf, ckfË, cfbLjf;L, blnt ;dGjo ;ldltx?, dlxnf zz ;+/If0f;DaGwL z]n, o'lg;]km zz cfjf; tyf u}/ vfB cfjf;÷;x/L ljsf; lh=lj=;=, g]kfn /]8qm;, ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx? / cGo sf= ;fdu|L g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 zz vfB v_ vf]h tyf p4f/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;]gf, k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, bn, /]8qm; tyf :yfgLo pk;ldlt ;ª\3;+:yfx?, lhNnf hg:jf:Yo d]l8sn sn]hx?, c:ktfnx?, gl;{+u xf]dx?, lhNnf u_ k|fylds pkrf/÷ sfof{no kz' ;]jf sfof{no, /]8qm;, o'lg;]km, :jf:Yo rf}sL tyf cf}ifwL Joj:yf÷ pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx? :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f 3_ vfg]kfgL tyf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg, o'lg;]km, ;/;kmfO{ pk ;ldlt l8lehg sfof{no k|flS6sn PSzg, s]o/ g]kfn, vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ ª_ k"j{;"rgf / ;dGjo lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;'/Iff lgsfo, hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu, gf/fo0fL pk;ldlt sfof{no Jol;g sfof{, PkmPd /]l8of], kqklqsf, 6]lnlehg, ;DalGwt :yflgLo lgsfo lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fOl6, r_ lzIff, s[lif tyf cfjfz tyf ;x/L ljsf; l8lehg sfof{no, lhNnf ljsf; cf>o:yn Joj:yfkg ;ldlt . pk;ldlt 211

ljifout pk;ldltx¿sf] ljkb\ k"j{tof/L tyf tyf gjnk'/ If]qdf pknAw PDa'n]G;x?sf] ljj/0f ;Dks{ 6]lnkmf]g g+= ;lxtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltsfo{ of]hgf s= /fxt Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt gkf tyf uflj;df k|sf]k kg{ uO{ kLl8tx?nfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ cfjZos ePdf ;DalGwt uflj; tyf gkfsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 /fxt ;ª\sng tyf ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . ;DalGwt uflj; tyf gkfsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf g]kfn /]8qm;n] pQm sfo{sf] ;+of]hg ug]{5 . tL ;ldltx?nfO{ afXo ;xof]u cfjZos ePdf lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;+of]hg ug]{5 . s]Gb|Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ pknAw u/fOg] /fxt ;DalGwt uflj;÷gkfsf ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 lat/0f u/L lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 ;f]wegf{ lng] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . /fxt ljt/0f ubf{ Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd :jLs[t dfkb08sf] cg';/0f ul/g]5 . lhNnfdf s] slt /fxtsf] cfjZostf kg{;S5 eGg] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ sl7g 5 tfklg k|sf]k kZrft\ :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?n] oyflz3| cfjZostfsf] cfFsng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . lhNnfdf tTsfn pknAw /fxt ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cBfjlws laj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /fxt ;°ng tyf ljt/0fdf cfjZos ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo ug{ lhNnfdf /x]sf g]kfn /]8qm;sf sfof{no tyf ;Dks{ JolQmx?sf] cBfjlws ljj/0fdf /flvPsf] 5 . v= vf]h tyf p4f/ pk;ldlt p4f/sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? tyf hgzlQm ljleGg ;'/Iff lgsfox?, ;/sf/L lgsfox? tyf lghL:t/df /x]sf d]lzg/Lx? cfjZostfcg';f/ pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . p4f/sf nflu x]lnsK6/ tyf cGo pks/0fx? / hgzlQm cfjZos ePdf tTsfn s]Gb|Lo b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdf dfu ul/g]5 . lhNnfdf pknAw ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljj/0fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lrtjg lhNnfdf 212

/fKtL gbLsf] af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL yk k|efjsf/L agfpg / cfjZostf cg'';f/ p4f/ sfo{df ;d]t ;xof]u ug{ aiff{ cjlwe/ g]kfnL ;]gf jf k|x/Lsf] Pp6f 6f]nL hutk'/sf] 3}nf3f/Ldf /fVg' kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf lglDt hutk'/ uflj;n] cfjf; ejg pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] ;DalGwt lgsfox?;Fu cfjZos ;dGjo u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 . ljutsf cg'ejsf cfwf/df o;jif{ df8L pkTosfdf rf/}j6f uflj;:t/sf k|Jo;x?;Fu ;dGjo u/L lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lhlj;n] laz]if hgr]tgf cleofg ;~rfg ug]{, af9L k"j{tof/L cem ;zQm agfpg] s[ofsnfkx? of]hgf ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf ;dodf To; If]qdf afXo kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;txut kxF'r 7f]/Laf6 ;fy} pko"Qm :yfgdf Pp6f x]nLKof8 lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . lhNnf:t/af6 c;f/sf] clGtd xKtfb]lv ebf} clGtd xKtf;Dd lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf !@ j6f xfQLx? To; If]qdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . p4f/ / /fxtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|Lx? s]xL dfqfdf uflj;:t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?df /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gf ;s];Dd sd ug{ lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{no, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf] cfk;L ;dGjodf hgr]tgf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{, lgoldt 6«flkms tyf ;'/Iff r]s ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . jiff{ofd el/ o;nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfOg] 5 . klx/f] uO ;8s cj?4 x'g] k|sf]kdf l56f] klx/f] ;kmf ug{ l8lehg ;8s sfof{no cGtu{t hf]lvd ePsf 7fpFx?af6 glhs / k|sf]k k/]sf] ;dodf l56f] k'Ug ;Sg] u/L cfjZos d]lzg/L ;fwg / hgzlQm @$ ;} 306f tof/L cj:yfdf /flvg] 5 . o; pk;ldltåf/f of]hgf u/]sf s]xL lqmofsnfkx?

tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . zzlhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf cfjZos p4f/ ;fdu|Lx? e08f/0f ug]{ / tof/L cj:yfdf /xg] . zzlhNnfdf ljleGg lgsfo / ;ª\3;:yfx?;Fu /x]sf p4f/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ . k|sf]k ;Defljt / k|efljt If]qx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf lgl/If0f ug]{ . zzp4f/sf nflu ;]gf, k|x/L / k|sf]k ;°6f;Gg :yfgLo :jo+;]jsx?nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbg] . df]s l8«n cEof;x? ;~rfng ug]{ . zzp4f/sf nflu yk ;xof]u s'l/g6f/ l:yt ;z:q k|x/L ansf] ljkb\ p4f/ :Sjf8af6 k|fKt ug]{ . zzdf8L If]qsf $ uflj;nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L p4f/sf nflu Pp6f x]nLKof8 lgdf{0f ug]{ . zzlhNnfdf cfkt\sfnLg p4f/ ;~rfng s]Gb| / j]o/ xfp; :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos lgdf{0f:yn klxrfg u/L ejg lgdf{0f tyf p4f/ ;~rfng ;xof]u ug{ s]Gb|Lo b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;ldltdf lnlvt dfu ug]{ . u= k|fylds pkrf/ tyf cf}iflw Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt k|fylds pkrf/ tyf cfjZos cf}iflw Joj:yfkgsf] ;dGjo lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] ug]{5 . lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] 8]Ë', :jfOg km\n', a8{ km\n' h:tf /f]ux?sf] ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos /0fgLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df u/L ;kmn sfof{Gjog ;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ljkb\sf] cj:yf x]/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ljz]if ;ldlt u7g u/L k|ltsfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{ut g]t[Tj lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls 8]ª\u' lgoGq0f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . cGo k|sf]ksf] cj:yfdf klg o:t} k|efjsf/L sbd rflng]5 . cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf lhNnfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf lghL c:ktfnx? / ltgdf /x]sf hgzlQm / ;fdu|Lx? ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f / k|ltsfo{df ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 . :yfgLo:t/df k|fylds pkrf/ tyf cf}iflw Joj:yfkg :jf:Yo sfof{no tyf rf}sLx?n]

:yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L ug]{5g\ . lhNnfdf /x]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf] cBfjlws ljj/0f cg';"rL–& df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 3= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt ljkb\sf] ;do vf; u/L af9L klx/f]sf] cj:yfdf k|efljt If]qdf ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] cefj x'g]5 . To;}u/L ;d'bfodf /x]sf lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs rkL{x? ;d]t k|of]]u ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf x'g ;Sg]5 . k|efljt x'g ;Sg] hg;ª\Vof olsg ;fy cfFsng ug{ g;lsg] eP tfklg ;ª\s6f;Gg ;d'bfosf] klxrfg ul/;lsPsf] 5 – ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL lgDg pkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5 . != k|fKt ;fdu|Lx? g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fOl6dfkm{t\ ljt/0f ul/g]5 . @= c:yfoL lzlj/ tyf ljkb\df k/]sf ;d'bfox?df kfgL z'4Ls/0fsf 3/]n' ljlwx? -Snf]l/gsf dfqf_ ;DaGwdf k|flalws k7fO hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ . #= ;?jf /f]u tyf JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO af/]] hfgsf/L lbg] . $= ljkb\df k/]sf ;d'bfox?df rkL{ lgdf{0f tyf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . %= ljkb\df k/]sf ;d'bfo tyf lzlj/x?df rkL{ lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 tyf cfjZos ;xof]u h'6fOg]5 . ^= cfjZostfcg';f/ bIf hgzlQm kl/rfng u/L k|fljlws ;]jf pknAw ul/g]5 . ª= k"j{;"rgf tyf ;dGjo pk;ldlt lhNnfdf af9Lsf] k"j{;"rgf ug{ tyf cfjZos ;dGjo ug{ hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu / ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] ;xof]udf af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] af9L k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] cBfjlws ug]{, k|sfzg / ljt/0f ug]{ 213

sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 . :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of] / cGo ;~rf/x?af6 af9Lsf] cj:yf tyf af9Lsf] ;dodf pkgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx? ;DaGwL ;dfrf/, ;"rgf tyf sfo{qmdx? k|;f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . gf/fo0fL gbLsf] b]j3f6, nf]y/ vf]nfsf] nf]y/ / /fKtL gbLsf] /h}ofdf af9L cg'udg ug{ vl6Psf uh l/8/x?nfO{ jiff{ cjlwsf tLg dlxgf 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n tyf cltl/Qm ;do vl6gsf lglDt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] k|ltJolQm k|ltdlxgf ?=$,))).– sf b/n] tLg dlxgf;Dd k|f]T;fxg eQf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] cfjZos Joj:yf gu?Gh]n lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . af9L tyf cGo k|sf]ksf] ;dodf k"j{;"rgf tyf ;dGjo ug{ pk;ldltdf /x]sf lgsfo tyf JolQmx? ;lqmo / tTk/ /xg] Aoj:yf ldnfOPsf]5 . ;Dks{, ;dGjosf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ljj/0f cg';"rL–$ df /flvPsf] 5 . r= lzIff, s[lif tyf cf>o:yn Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] cf>o:yn tyf lzIff If]qsf] ;dGjo ug]{5 eg] s[lif If]qdf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{5 . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] af9Lsf] hf]lvddf /x]sf @& uflj;sf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks Pjd\ k|frfo{x?sf] uf]i7L u/L lt uflj;x?sf] cf>o:ynsf] klxrfg, Joj:yfkg /0fgLlt tyf ljkb\sf ;dodf k7gkf7g Jojl:yt ug{ 5nkmn / of]hgf u/]sf] 5 . s]xL uflj;x?df klxn] g} cf>o:yfnsf] klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 . ljleGg uflj;x?df cf>osf]?kdf k|of]u ug{kg]{ ljBfnox? tyf cGo ejgx?sf]] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfx?df lbOPsf] 5 . s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] kLl8tx?nfO{ cfjZos laplahg tyf lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]5 . s[lif If]qdf x'g ;Sg] /f]uls/fx?sf] k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf lglDt lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf] ;dGjodf cfjZostf cg';f/ 5'6\6} of]hgf to u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . 214

lzIff, ;+/If0f, vfB tyf u}/vfB ;fdfu|L ;DalGwt ;xof]usf nflu lhlj;, o"lg;]km, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, o'lg;]km, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3;Fu ;dGjo ug]{5 . 5= lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;dGjo z]n lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]] ;+of]hsTjdf lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;dGjo z]n u7g ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] o;sf] ;lrjfnosf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf]5 . ;dGjo z]nn] ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 tTsfn ug{'kg]{ sfo{x?sf ;fy} ljkb\ If]qx?sf] ;"rgfx? ;°ng, k|zf]wg / cflwsfl/s ;Dk|]if0f ug]{5 . ;lrjfno lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .

cGTodf, ljkb\ sfo{ ;dGjodf dfq Tolt v]/ ;kmn x'G5 hj ;j}n] cf cfkm\gf] If]qjf6 e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ . ;fd'lxs k|of;nfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;~rf/sdL{ / lghL k|of;x?af6 dfq of] sfo{ k'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljkb\sf] k'j{, ;dodf / kZrft\df ul/g] lqmofsnfkx?sf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg]5 eGg] cfzf /fVb} o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

;'v t s]jn c;n sfo{sf] kmn xf], To;}n] ltdL ;'v rfxG5f} eg] c;n sfo{ ug{lt/ cu|;/ xf} . – uf}td a'4 ltdLn] ;DklQ sdfpg], wgL aGg] ;kgf b]v]sf 5f} eg] ;w} x“l;nf] /l;nf] xf]pm . – :j]6 df8{g

ofqf / ;+:d/0f lrtjgsf ;Gbe{df Ps cjnf]sg  k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L

cf/De g]kfnL ;flxTosf cg]sf}+ ljwfdWo] ofqf ;+:d/0f klg lgaGw ljwfs} Pp6f s8L xf] . o;df lgofqf, ;+:d/0f, j[QfGt, /]vflrq OToflb kb{5g\ . ofqf e"uf]n, vuf]n, :ynut, hnut nufot ljljw vfn] x'G5 . dfgj hLjgdf b]lvPsf ef]luPsf / cg'ej ul/Psf 36gfqmdx?nfO{ n]vssf] :d[lt z[ª\vnfdf cfPsf t/Ë / t/]nLx?nfO{ lghfTds z}nLsf ;fy snfDss ?kaf6 cleJoQm ug{] sfd x'G5 . ;'g] hfg]sf] eGbf ef]u]sf 36gfsf] OGb|Lo ;+j]wtfsf cfwf/df hLjGt ?kaf6 k|:t't ul/G5 . o;df cfdhLjgL cfTd;+:d/0f, cfTd pkGof;sf /f]rs tyf /fufTds cleJolQm x'G5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;Gbe{df hËaxfb'/ s} a]nfot ofqfb]lv cfh;Dd ;of}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf ofqf ;+:d/0fsf k':tsx? k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . kf7s gk'u]sf] / p;n] cg'ej gu/]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ n]vsn] cfTdlgi7 / j:t'lgi7 eP/ kf7ssf] dg dl:tisnfO{ em+s[t t'Nofpg'kg{] cj:yfnfO{ pknlAwk"0f{ dflgG5 . ;+:d/0f / ofqfsf s'/f ubf{ ljZj ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df cg]sf}+ lgofqfsf/ e"uf]nj]Qf / vuf]nj]Qfsf] gfd cfpg ;Sb5 . dfsf{]kf]nf], x'ofg;fË, ;d|f6 czf]s, lgn cfd{:6Ë, P8dG8 lxnf/L, o'/L uful/g, /fx'n ;fFs[Tofogsf] gfd lng ;lsG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ?;L / cd]l/sx?n] cGtl/If ofqfdf nufj tyf ?lr a9fPsf 5g\ t/ tL ;a}n] k|fKt u/]sf cg'e"ltx?sf] eflifs ;fdu|L eg] cfpg afFsL g} 5 . cfk"mn] ofqfdf k|fKt u/]sf cg'ejx?nfO{ lnlka4 ul/Fbf ofqf ;+:d/0f / cfˆgf] hLjg ef]ufOsf] sfnv08df ef]luPsf cf/f]x cj/f]xk"0f{ 36gf ljj/0fnfO{ ;+:d/0f

elgG5 . s'g} JolQm;Fusf] ;Dks{ ;fldKotf, cfk;L dgd'6fj jf clj:d/0fLo If0fsf s'/fx? ;DalGwt JolQm lbjª\ut eO;s]kl5 p;sf] ;+:d/0fdf n]lvg] ;fdu|Lx? klg :d/0f jf ;+:d/0fleq cfpF5g\ . To:tf] :d[ltdf :d[ltu|Gy :dfl/sf klg kb{5g\ . ;Gbe{ lrtjg dxf]T;jdf s]lGb|t @)%# ;fnb]lv k|To]s b'O{ b'O{ jif{df dgfOg] Pp6f ljz]if cfsif{0fsf] kj{ ePsf sf/0f Tof] klg :d[lt kj{leq kb{5 . ;Fu;Fu} lrtjgsf ;+:d/0f / ofqfsf/x?sf] s[ltut k':ts / k'm6s/ b'j}df s] s:tf] l:ylt 5 To;sf] ;dLIff ug'{kg{] cj:yfsf] aLr of] ;fdu|L s]lGb|t 5 .

!_ jfu]Zj/L ;+:d/0f ljz]iffÍ–@)%* lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb / g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf] ;x–cfof]hgfdf lrtjgsf] ;f}/fxfdf b'O{ lbj;Lo ;+:d/0f uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . To; uf]i7Ldf leS6/ k|wfg, gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn / uf]ljGb ljgf]bL, slkn c1ft / k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf ;+:d/0f l;4fGt / k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt rf/j6f sfo{kqx? k|:t't ePsf lyP . o;afx]s lrtjg / aflx/ ;d]t u/L ;+:d/0f;Fu ;DalGwt #$ j6f :d[lt ÷ :d/0f;Fu ;DalGwt n]v/rgfx? k|sflzt 5g\ .lr;fkn] pQm ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|sfzg u/L Pp6f P]ltxfl;s / pbfx/0fLo sfd u/]sf] 5 .

@_ ofqf ;+:d/0f s]bf/gfy vgfn – @))! :d[ltsf ljDax? gfds ;+:d/0f ;ª\u|x @)^^ df k|sflzt 5 . 8f= t'n;L e§/fO{sf] dGtJo / slkn c1ftsf] e"ldsfn] k':tssf] ul/df a9fPsf 5g\ . To:t} >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] k|sfzsLo / n]vssf] cfˆg} cfTdlgj]bgn] ;+:d/0ffTds OdfGbfl/tf kl/ro lbPsf 215

5g\ . o;df @! j6f :d[ltsf t/]nLx? k|jflxt ePsf ;fdu|Ldf ;a} hLjGt / HjnGt 5g\ . If]qLo, /fli6«o, JolQmTjsf] ;+:d/0fd"ns ememNsf] 5 . :j= /fhf jL/]Gb| / k+= gf/fo0fk|;fb kf]v/]nsf] ;+:d/0f ;a}eGbf hLjGt / gd"gfdo 5 . ljutb]lv jt{dfg\;Ddsf /f]rs cg'e"ltsf] s'zntfk"j{s j0f{g ubf{ 1fgj4{s, lrTtfsif{s, lh1f;fk/s cg'ej/fzLsf] e08f/sf ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o:t} @)^% ;fndf k|sflzt æofqfsf :kGbgx?Æ n]vssf] :jb]z / ljb]z ofqfsf] ;+:d/0f ;ª\u|x xf] . !( j6f ;fdu|L /x]sf] o; k':tsdf !! j6f hlt k"j{ k|sflztx? 5g\ eg] yk cf7j6f ;a} k|yd o;}df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . k|f= 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{sf] æcfhsf] kf7snfO{ o:t} l;h{gfsf] vfFrf] 5Æ zLif{ssf] dGtJon] ;a}nfO{ cfslif{s agfPsf] 5 eg] æofqfsf :kGbgx?sf] j:t' ljGof;Æ zLif{sdf 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ljåtfk"0f{ e"ldsfaf6 s[ltsf] ul/df lgs} dfly p7]sf] 5 . n]vssf] cfTdlgj]bg gGbgsf] lgofqf;Fu} ;xofqf / >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] k|sfzsLon] ljifosf] cfsif{0f a9fPsf] 5 . ef/t, cd]l/sf / hfkfgsf] ofqfdf ;d]l6Psf /f]rs ljj/0ffTds / ;"rgfd"ns ;+:d/0f ;fdu|L o;df /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L cd]l/sf ofqf;Fu ;DalGwt ;lrq ;d]t b]lvG5g\, ofqf ;+:d/0f lrqnfO{ /fVg' pko'Qm gdflgPklg n]vs ckjfbleq kb{5g\ .

#_ 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfn @))( k];fn] k|fWofks ljåltn] ;dfnf]rs vgfnsf l;h{gfTds / ;+:d/0ffTds u/L tLgj6f k':tsx? k|sflzt 5g\ . uf]/vfsf] 8fo/L @)^! xl/ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] k|sfzg / n]vssf] k|fs\ plQm leq ;lj:tf/ j0f{g ljj/0f cfPsf 5g\ . k"jf{4{ ;+:d/0ffTds 8fo/L / pTt/f4{ ;dLIffTds 8fo/L !@$ j6f zLif{sLo ;fdu|L cfPsf 5g\ . b}lgsLsf lqmofsnfkb]lv ;fj{hlgs / ;fj{sflns dxŒjsf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6g' o; k':tssf] k|flKt dflgG5 . ‘gf/fo0fLsf nx/ nx/df’ @)^!, df}lns / ;+:d/0f u/L @* j6f lgaGwx? 5g\, gGbgsf] n]vs / ljgf]bLsf] cleJolQmn] s[ltsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ dfly p7fPsf] 5 . hLjgsf] 216

ult r/}j]tLdf s]lGb|t 5 eGg] ;f/ Jol~ht 5 . :jKg ofqf / lr7L @)^^ lqj]0fL ;flxTo kl/ifb\åf/f k|sflzt o; k':tsdf klg ;+:d/0f s]lGb|t ;fdu|L 5g\ . n]vssf] cfTdsyf / ljgf]bLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] uDeL/ k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . ‘:jKgfnÍf/’ leq #@ j6f b}lgsL h:tf nfUg] @)%$.@.! b]lv @)%$.@.#@ ;Dd n]lvPsf cfTdk/s cg'e"ltsf lr7L 5g\ . kl/z]ifdf !*# cf}+ efg'hoGtLsf] tLy{ofqf k/s ;+:d/0f hLjGt vfnsf] 5 . 8f= vgfnsf] efiff k|v/ 5, cnÍf/ljb\ / k"jL{o ;flxTosf] ljåfg\ ;d;fdlos /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{ / hLjgd"No;Fu hf]l8Psf /f]rs cg'e"ltsf] tYok/s ;+:d/0f n]vgdf sfJofTds dw'/tf u'0ffTds ;f}Gbo{ /fli6«o cl:dtf / ;+:d/0f k|0fo / cg'/fu cfqmf]z / Joª\Uodf klg zfnLg k|:t'lt vgfnsf] ;+:d/0ffTds ljz]iftf dflgG5 .

$_ v]d/fh bjf8L @)@$ cd]l/sfsf] ofqf -ofqfsfJo_ @)^# lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb\åf/f k|sflzt o; k':tsdf s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] k|sfzsLo, uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] z'esfdgf k/s e"ldsf, 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] z'esfdgfsf zAbk'ik / d]/f] s'/f n]vssf] u/L ofqf sfJosf ;antf dfly ljz]if ?kdf k|sfz kfl/;Psf] 5 . zfb"{n ljlqml8t 5Gbdf dGtJo / wGojfbsf #@ kª\lQm * Znf]s vlr{Psf 5g\ eg], kl/ro k'Vof{}nL / jGw'jfGwj Oi6ldqx?sf gfddf cg'i6'k 5Gbsf $# Znf]s vlr{Psf 5g\ . ljltb]lv df}sf u'dfPkl5 ;Dd *% j6f zLif{sx? 5g\ . cg'i6'k dGbfqmfGtf / zfb"{n ljqmLl8t u/L # j6f 5Gbdf cd]l/sf k'Ug' ;+3if{ ug'{ / df}sf u'dfpg'sf] kL8f / kZrftfk klg o;df cfPsf 5Gbk|]dLx?sf nflu of] cfkm}+df gd"gf ePsf] 5 . o;df ;a}u/L $%) eGbf a9L g} Znf]sx? 5g\ .

%_ gf/fo0fbQ zf:qL !(*( cd]l/sf ofqf / cg'e"lt @)^$ zf:qL hL ljleGg ljwfdf snd rn]sf jof]j[4 pd]/sf ;flxTo ;fws x'g\ . n]vssf] dGtJo afx]s s;}sf] e"ldsf gePsf] uf]lhsf cfsf/sf] k'l:tsf leqsf] cleJolQm uBkB ldl>t rDk'do ag]sf] 5 .

kfl/jfl/s / cGo u/L % j6f hlt kmf]6f] ;d]t ePsf] b]zleqsf ljleGg 7fpFsf] ;"rgfd"ns j0f{g ljj/0fsf] k':tsdf hDdf ;fgf 7"nf u/L $* j6f zLif{s ePsf] ;+:d/0f o;df 5 . 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] e"ldsf / n]vssf] cfTdsyfn] w]/} ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ;+:d/0f 5f]6f] dL7f] ufu/df ;fu/ h:t} 5 . ^_ 8L= cf/= kf]v/]n @)!! – v'nf cfsfztkm{ @)^# !%j6f n]v ePsf] o; s[ltdf s;}n] ;~hosf] b[li6 kf]v/]n ;h{s, ;dfnf]rs, ;Dkfbs / k|If]k0f elg l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ . cg';Gwfgstf{sf ?kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . of] ljz'4 (_ ZofdfgGb kf}8]n !(() – @)^& :ju{åf/L ofqf @)^! ;+:d/0f xf] gf}hgf JolQmTjåf/f cfef/ k|s6 ul/Psf] l8dfG8 ;fOhsf] k'l:tsf eGg ldNg] ofqf #! j6f zLif{s ePsf] o; ;+:d/0f ;ª\u|xdf lgofqf ;+:d/0f, b'3{6gfaf6 kfPsf] gjhLjg\ ;f+:s[lts ;+:d/0f s[lt leq n]vs / k|sfzssf] dGtJoafx]s rf8kj{ d]nf pT;jsf] j[QfGtk/s j0f{g 5 . ;DalGwt $ j6f n]v, !$ Znf]s, nf]sno sljtf cGTodf 5 . ljifodfly uxgtd\ cWoog ug'{, s[lqdtf / cf8Da/ :ju{åf/Lsf] afUn'Ëaf6 :ju{åf/L cyf{t\ Ko'7fg k'u]sf] /lxt efiff pkof]u ug'{, ;+:d/0fsf dfGotfx?sf] /f]df~rsf/L k}bndfu{sf] cg'e"lt/t 7fpFsf ;+:sf/ / g}alGws r]tgf k|jn x'g'df n]vsLo ljz]iftf lgxLt 5 . ;+:s[lt j0f{g ljj/0f o;df 5 . o;df :jb]zsf / ef/tsf] ljleGg :yfgsf, ;+:s[lt !)_ rGb|axfb'/ a:g]t – ofqf ;+:d/0f @)^! jfNdLls ;flxTo ;bgn] k|sfzg u/]sf] o; leq / ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf / hLjg ef]ufOsf ;flxlTos ofqfdf ;d]l6Psf t/n cg'e"ltsf] /f]rs j0f{g 5 . JolQmTjsf] ;flGgWotfsf ;fdu|Lx? 5g\ . &_ /fdxl/ >]i7 @)!@ – df8L 36gf xl/x/ vgfn – æa]nfot 8fo/LÆ @)^& df a]nfotdf afFb/d'9] 36gf / hLjGt ;+:d/0fx? @)^@ /xFbf a:bf k|fKt u/]sf cg'e"ltsf] j0f{g 5 . pgL d"ntM g]kfnL /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngsf] åGåsfnLg pTsif{;Dd syfsf/ x'g\ tyflk ofqf ;+:d/0fdf ;d]t ?rL /fv]/ ;do g]kfnLx?sf] dfq geO{ ;Eo ;dfhsf] nflu snÍ ;"rgfk/s j0f{g ljj/0f lbg ;+:d/0fd"ns r]tgf dflgg] afFb/d'9] 36gfsf] cfnf]3fpm cfh}klg plQs} gjLg kIf dflgG5 . To:t} pbogfy /]UdL æcfdfsf g'gk|b nfUg] vfnsf] 5 . /fdxl/ r:dbLb ujfx h:t} lrTsf/x?Æ @)^^ df ljleGg ljifo / kIf;Fu ;DaGw k|tLt x'G5g\ . @)^@ h]i7 @# sf] Tof] sfnf] lbgkl5 ;du| /fVg] n3' cfotgdf cfwfl/t #) j6f ;+:d/0f kl/l:dlt kLl8t kIf gful/s ;dfh dfgjflwsf/jfbL ;"rs /rgf 5g\ . a]kQf gful/ssf] ;d:of / ;Ldf tyf /fHo kIfsf] Jojxf/ tyf cfˆgf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ cltqmd0fsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;+:d/0fsf] cfwf/ agfP/ of] k':ts tof/ ePsf] 5 . n]vsLo ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . To:t} k"0f{axfb'/ clwsf/L @)!@ cledtsf ;fy} 3gZofd zdf{ kf}8]nsf] e"ldsfafx]s cg'e"ltsf lqj]0fLdf ljsf]0f{ lrGtg / ;+:d/0fdf d[tsx?sf] gfdfjnL ;lxt nfdf 5f]6f u/L @^ j6f s]lGb|t ;+:d/0f lgofqf / lgaGw u/L Pp6} k':ts zLif{sdf zAblrqsf] ;+:d/0f d"ns 36gf ljj/0f 5 . leq # v08 5g\ . o;leq !& j6f u/L Pp6} k':ts ;+:d/0f /xf];\ ;'/IffsdL{ ;lxt #* hgf dflg;x?n] leq # v08 5g\ . o; leq !& j6f ;+:d/0f ^ lgaGw o; sf08df d[To'j/0f u/]sf lyP . kqsfl/tfsf] ^ lgofqf u/L hDdf @( j6f /rgf o;df c6fPsf efiffdf lgikIftfk"0f{ k|:t'lt of] ;fdu|L aGg uPsf] 5 . 5g\ . alGbu[xdf /x]sf] ;dodf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s *_ k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/L @)!% – clj:d[t oftgfsf] Pl/of sfn/fqLsf] j0f{g ;d]t o;df 5 . cleJo~hgf @)^^ zlzls/0f /]UdLsf] ækxf8sf] km]bLsf] kfx'gf 3/Æ @)^% d'Vo ?kn] ;dfnf]rgf / cfgGb / zfGt df cd]l/sf hfFbf /xFbf / kmls{ cfpFbf cg'e"ltsf] ;'vfosf ?kdf ofqf ;+:d/0fdf cle?lr /fVg] pgsf] ;+:d/0fk/s j[QfGtdf @! j6f ;+:d/0ffTds ;';]nLx? pko{'Qm k':tsdf ef/tsf] dfpG8 cfa', afNosfn / k|sflzt 5g\ . k];fn] n]vf clws[t ePklg :jfWofog 217

/ ;fwgfn] cfwf bh{g k':t n]vs zlzhLsf] n]vg klg zfGt zLtn / zfnLg k|s[ltsf] 5 . ofqfsf] /f]rstf eGbf klg dfgjLo ;+3if{, j]bgf, b'Mv ;d:of;Fu hf]l8Psf psfnL cf]/fnLsf] v]Nb} nfdf] ;':s]/f xfNg'kg{] cj:yf dfly of] s[ltn] uDeL/ k|Zg p7fPsf] 5 . o:t} OGb|k|;fb /]UdLsf] æla;{g nfu]sf s'/fx?Æ @)^* df !( j6f ;+:d/0f / ofqfk/s ;fdu|Lx? k|sflzt 5g\ . ;flxlTos /f]rstfeGbf ljrf/sf] :ki6 cledt /fVg' vfl/Psf] cleJolQm ePklg snfTds kIf sdhf]/ x'g\ . OGb|hLsf] n]vsLo klxrfg ag]sf] 5 . ;dosf] cGt/fndf snfTds pRrtfsf] ck]Iff 5 . ZofdhL cltly cfˆg} cfFvf ;fd' cfPsf] ;'gfdL @)^@ k|f= 8f= gf/fo0f vgfnsf] ;dLIffTds e"ldsf /fdafa' l3ld/]sf] z'esfdgf k|sfzsLodf s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] dGtJo / n]vssf] lgj]bg k9\g of]Uo 5 . @)^% dª\l;/ @^ ut] a'6jnaf6 jgef]h vfP/ e/tk'/ cfpFb} ubf{ e]+8faf/L / u}+8fsf]6 aLrsf] hËndf ePsf] ljeT; b'3{6gfsf] b[ZolrqnfO{ k':tsLo zLif{sn] ;ª\s]t ub{5 eg] ljsL0f{ lrGtg k/s cfTd ;+:d/0f / ofqf ;+:d/0f u/L @& j6f lgaGwx?sf] ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd lhNnf lzIff cl3sf/L eO{ cjsfz k|fKt JolQmTj ePsf] sf/0f lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:d/0f a9L 5g\ . ;/n tyf ;/; cleJolQmsf] nflnTok"0f{ cleJo~hgf oL ;fdu|Lx?df 5 . To:t} 3gZofd zdf{ kf}8]nsf] rLg, a]nfot / cd]l/sf;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{ bh{gsf] cf;kf; ;+:d/0fx? @)^* ;fndf ;femf k|sfzgn] k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . d]/f] ;+:d/0fsf kfgfx? gfd /x]sf] pQm k':tsdf ofqfsf] /f]rstf / ;"rgfk/s ;+:d/0f j[QfGt /x]sf] 5 . @)$* ;fnb]lv @)^& ;fn;Ddsf hLjGt ;+:d/0f / ofqf o;df s]lGb|t 5g\ . h;n] uxg dfgjLo ;+j]bgfnfO{ af]s]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L /0f]Gb| a/fnL @))* :j0f{sf/ Joj;foL ePklg ;flxTosf/sf ?kdf klg pNn]Vo 5g\ . pgsf] rLgsf] sf];]nL @)^^ / ;d'b|kfl/sf] pkxf/ @)^* rlr{t x'g\ . rLgsf] sf];]nLdf xl/x/ vgfnsf] dGtJo, n]vssf] cfTdsyf, dxf/Tg ah|frfo{sf] k|sfzsLon] k'l:tsf ;fgf] ePklg 218

ljifoj:t' uDeL/ 5g\ . Pp6} nfdf] ;+:d/0fd"ns n]v eGg ;lsg] ;fdu|Lsf ?kdf cfFvfn] gb]v]sf] lrGtgdgn] g;f]r]sf] lbg æPs dfq cfn]vsf] k':tsdf cfj/0fsf lrqdf ltofgd]rf}s / kf]6fnf b/af/sf] lrq cfsif{s 5 . rLgsf] ;DkGgtf / j}ejsf] Jofks ljj/0f 5 . a/fnLs} csf{] k':ts ;d'Gb|kfl/sf] pkxf/ lgofqf k/s ;+:d/0f xf] . ljZjsf rlr{t gf} cfsif{s cfj/0f lrq 5 . g]kfn blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg\ k|sfzs / ægf;f]Æ cd]l/sfsf] z'esfdgf dGtJo s]lGb|t o; k':tsdf @^ j6f ofqf / ;+:d/0fdf s]lGb|t ;fdu|Lx? 5g\ / tL ;a} ljifoj:t' cd]l/sfleq /xFbf / hfg] qmddf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;a}h;f]df ;"rgfk/s ;fdu|Ldf /x]sf kfOG5g\ . Pp6f ;'grfFbL Joj;foLn] efiff, ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] pTyfgdf u/]sf a/fnLsf] sfo{ k|z+;gLo 5 . cGTo ofqf / ;+:d/0f g]kfnL ;flxlTos ;Gbe{df /f]rs ljj/0ffTds ;"rgfk/s ljifosf] lrgf/L o;sf cfsif{0f x'g\ . k+lQmsf/nfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf / k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df dfq of] cfn]v tof/ ePsf] xf] . ;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf / ;dLIff x'g\ . afFsL /x]sf] cj:yf klg x'g;Sb5 . dfly atfOPsf k':tsfsf/ s[ltsf cltl/Qm k'm6s/ ?kdf ofqf ;+:d/0fdf k'm6s/ ?kaf6 n]v n]Vg] n]vsx?df k|]d ljgf]b gGbg\, ufoqL >]i7, /fhs[i0f sF8]n, wg/fh lu/L, xl/x/ kf}8]n, 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}td, ljdn k|sfz b]jsf]6f, lr/~hLjL >]i7, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmn, ;kmnf kl08t, u0f]z zdf{, ;/:jtL l/hfn, Pn=aL= If]qL, xf]dgfy ;fksf]6f, afa'/fd kf08], xf]d/ >]i7, 8f= afns[i0f yfkf, e"lkg Jofs'n, ltns/fh zdf{, slkn c1ft, Clifk|;fb nfld5fg], df]bgfy d/x¶f, clgn zdf{ lj/xL, s[i0f >]i7, v'zL/fd kflv|g, hut >]i7, kf]if/fh kf}8]n, /df l3ld/], /ljls/0f lghL{j, c?0f kLl8t e08f/L, zf/bf kf}8]n, ;"o{ a/fn lIflth, :j= l8=s]= zfxL, 1fg' clwsf/L cflb pNn]Vo 5g\ . ;du|df lrtjgsf] ofqf / ;+:d/0f ;flxTo n]vgsf] pHHjn eljiosf] ofqfnfO{ cf+sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf ljut cª\sx¿dfly Ps b[li6  /d]z k|eft pk–k|fWofks, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, e/tk'/

cª\s – ! -@)%#_ lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf klxnf] rf]l6 ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jdf k|sflzt ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf] klxnf] cª\sdf hDdf @% cf]6f n]v–/rgfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . 8f= ;"o{dl0f clwsf/Lsf] ‘g]kfndf /fh;+:yf’ eGg] ljz]if ;d;fdlos n]v 5 eg] cGo n]vx?df 8f= b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;ª\lIfKt j[tfGt’, 8f= lji0f'k|;fb l3ld/]sf] ‘lrtjgsf s]xL k|d'v cfly{s / P]ltxfl;s :yn’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] z}lIfs ljsf;M Ps emns’ s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6fsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro’ n] lrtjg lrgfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} u/L 8f= /fh]z uf}tdsf] ‘lrtjgaf6 x/fpFb} uO/x]sf] Pp6f hflt / ;+:s[lt’, ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘xfd|f] ;+:s[lt Ps ljr/0f’, nIdLk|;fb b]je08f/Lsf] ‘lrtjgsf g]jf/x?’, /fh]Gb| /]UdLsf] ‘lrtjgdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngM kms{]/ x]bf{’ h:tf n]vx?sf] lrtjgsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ . 8f= km0fLGb| Gof}kfg]sf] ‘lrtjgdf s[lif’, lzj 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjg ko{6gsf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s s]Gb|’, lji0f'xl/ kf}8]nsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnf / lhNnf ljsf;sf k|of;M 5f]6f] lrgf/L’ h:tf n]vn] s[lif / ljsf;nfO{ lrlqt u/]sf 5g\ . n]vssf] gfd gePsf] ‘e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf ;ª\lIfKt emns’, k|r08nfn k|wfgsf] ‘pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9sf] kl/ro’ h:tf n]v ;+:yf kl/ro;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . 8f= k|sfz/fh /]UdLsf] ‘gf8L 5fDof] k};f emf¥of]‘ 8fS6/L k];fk|lt Joª\UofTds b]lvG5 . u0fz]v/ zdf{sf] ‘lrtjgdf kqsfl/tfM Ps P]ltxfl;s emns’, gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf

k|yd slj cflbslj jfNdLls’ h:tf n]vn] lrtjgsf] 5'§} klxrfg lbPsf 5g\ . uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] ‘lrtjgsf] Sofgef;df /ª\ux? ld;fpg vf]Hbf’ snf ;DaGwL PSnf] n]v xf] . To:t} u/L ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘d]/f] lrtjg’, afa'/fd nfld5fg]sf] sljtf ‘/utkR5] x'G5 slj sljtfn]’, k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] uLlt sljtf ‘:d[ltky’ ljho/fh e§/fO{sf] sljtf ‘hLjgofqf’ / uf]ljGb sfsL{sf] sljtf ‘zAb a|Xd’ ;flxlTos /rgfx? x'g\, h;n] lrtjgsf] ;flxTosf] k|ltlglwTj u5{g\ . sdnf >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf ;k{x?’ lj1fg n]v xf] eg] U.K. Dayananda åf/f lnlvt Water & Our Environment cª\u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] Ps dfq n]v xf], h;n] jftfj/0f;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] 5 . of] klxnf] cª\sdf k[i7;ª\Vof / ljifo;"rL /flvPsf 5}gg\ eg] k5fl8kl§ lrtjgsf] 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . hDdfhDdL !*) k[i7df km}lnPsf] of] cª\sn] 5f]6f]df lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .

cª\s–@ -@)%%_ lj=;+= @)%% df bf];|f] k6s ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jdf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf] cª\ s–@ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ul/of], h;df s'n $! cf]6f n]v–/rgfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;leq slj uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] ‘:jfut kB k'ikf]xf/’ zLif{ssf] sljtf ;'¿df 5 To;kl5 ljleGg :yfgdf k|efts'df/ hf]zLsf] uLlt sljtf ‘d]/f] lrtjg’, k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘pb\af]wg’, ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘dfG5] cflv/ afFRg] /}‘5’, uª\uf/fd >]i7sf] sljtf ‘sfn 219

xfFl; /x]5’, u0f]z zdf{sf] sljtf ‘d k"hf u5{' dgn]’, s[i0f sF8]nsf] sljtf ‘;kgf’ / ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘o;kfnL klg ‰ofOF k/]g’ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . oL sljtfx?n] lrtjgsf k|f}9b]lv o'jf k':tf;Ddsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . o;leq ;d]l6Psf n]vx?df bLgaGw' cof{nsf] ‘/fhtGqfTds ;+:s[lt’ / rGb|ljnf; clwsf/Lsf] ‘;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / g]kfn’ h:tf n]vx? /fhtGq / k|hftGqsf aLrdf b]vfk/]sf] tTsfnLg g]kfn;Fu ;Da4 5g\ eg] 8f= ;"o{dl0f clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld’, b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] ‘pk/bfª\u9LM Oltxf;af6’ h:tf n]vx? Oltxf;;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . To:t} k|r08nfn k|wfgsf] ‘p=jf=;ª\3 gf/fo0fu9 M Ps lrgf/L’, sdn zdf{ e';fnsf] ‘/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf Ps kl/ro’, uf]kfn sdf{rfo{sf] ‘/Tggu/ p=jf=;ª\3 kl/ro’ n]vs pNn]v gePsf] ‘lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg Ps kl/ro’ h:tf n]vx? ;+:yf kl/ro;Fu ;Da4 5g\ eg] ef]h/fh sf}8]nsf] ‘;tgr'nL Ps kl/ro’ :yfg kl/ro;Fu ;Da4 5 . :dfl/sfdf ;d]l6Psf 8f= eLd/fh clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgdf cfly{s ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx?’, 8f= cfO{=kL= 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgdf s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] jf:tljs l:ylt’, s]zjeQm ;fksf]6fsf] ‘lrtjgdf b'Uw pTkfbg Joj;fo Ps emns’ lgd{ns'df/ zdf{sf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf pTkfbgzLn pBf]ux?sf] jt{dfg l:yltM Ps ;ª\lIfKt rrf{’, 8f= ;'Gb/dfg >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf] s[lif’, 6f]kaxfb'/ vqLsf] ‘lrtjgdf ko{6g Joj;fo Ps l;+xfjnf]sg’, 8f= tf]ogfy a/fnsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf kz'kfng Ps emns’ tyf ldq/fh bjf8Lsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] s[lif pTkfbg / To;sf] eljio’ h:tf n]vx? lrtjgsf] pTkfbsTj;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘gf/L / ;dfh’ n}ª\lus r]tgfsf] n]v xf] eg] slkn c1ftsf] ‘dxf]T;jM Ps ;'gf}nf] cj;/’ dxf]T;jsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug]{ n]v xf] . s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgdf z}lIfs lIflth’ n] lzIffnfO{, gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘sljlz/f]dl0f 220

n]vgfysf] a|XdnLg e"ld lrtjg’, xl/x/ vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;flxTo Ps ljxª\ud b[li6’, nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ‘eflifs j}ljWosf cfwf/df lrtjg’, efujtz/0f Gof}kfg]sf] ‘nf]s;flxTo cWoog k|lqmof / lrtjgsf] nf]s ;flxTo’ h:tf n]vx?n] efiff ;flxTonfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ . 8f= /ljdf]xg ;fksf]6fsf] ‘lrtjgdf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;’ n] /fhgLlt / lzjxl/ k+u]gLsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns lrgf/L’ e"uf]n;DaGwL n]vx? x'g\ . lji0f' l5d]sLsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] kqsfl/tf M lxhf] / cfh’ kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] dl~hnafa' >]i7sf] ‘jftfj/0f k|b"if0f M Ps rrf{’, 6Lsf/fd 9sfnsf] ‘;fd'bflos jg / sa'lnot jg ljsf; sfo{qmd Pjd\ lhNnfdf hg;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf’, 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bLsf] ‘lrtjgdf af9Lsf] k|sf]k’ tyf u0fz]v/ zdf{sf] ‘zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / Ps l;+u] u}+8f’ h:tf n]vx? jftfj/0fk|lt nlIft 5g\ . of] bf];|f] cª\sdf M.L. Pradhan sf] Psdfq Chitwan : vision for future zLif{ssf] cª\u|]hL n]v 5 h;n] lrtjgsf] efjL of]hgfnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . ;du|df klxnf] cª\ssf t'ngfdf bf];|f] cª\sn] lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg] hdsf{] a9L u/]sf] 5 eg] s]xL p:t} zLif{ssf n]vx? bf]xf]l/g'n] cfsf/ klg a9fPsf] b]lvG5 . hDdf !*) k[i7sf] cfotgdf km}lnPsf] of] bf];|f] cª\s ;ª\u|x0fLo 5 .

cª\s–# -@)%&_ lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] t];|f] ;+:s/0fn] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ cª\s–# nf]sflk{t u¥of], o;leq s'n %) cf]6f n]v–/rgfx? ;dflji6 5g\ . lrtjgsf ;f+:s[lts ljDa eGg ;lsg] slj k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘cfpm prfnf}+ lrtjg’ zLif{ssf] sljtfaf6 k|f/De ePsf] n]v–/rgf v08df uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg k/Lsf] ;Ddf]xg’, huGgfy kl08tsf] sljtf ‘u08sLsf ;';]nLx?’ ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘cl:dtf gf/fo0fLsf]’, >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] sljtf ‘d]/L Kof/L lrtjg’,

u0f]z vqLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjgsf] uLt’, s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] sljtf ‘ljlrq lrtjg’, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘ltdLnfO{ d k"hf u5'{’, tLy{/fh sf]O/fnfsf] sljtf ‘d]/L lrtf}g gu/L algBf} ;kf6’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] sljtf ‘d]/f] lrtjg’, /]zdnfn >]i7sf ‘tLg d'Stsx?’ h:tf ;flxlTos /rgfx? ;dflji6 5g\ . To:t} xl/x/ vgfnsf] n]v ‘lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos k|sfzg’, nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] n]v ‘lrtjgsf] ;flxToM ofqf / k|j[lQ’ ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt n]vx? x'g\ eg] k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;jsf b'O{ :dfl/sf M ;ª\lIfKt ;dLIff’ klg ;flxTosf] ;dLIffljwf ;DalGwt n]v xf] . :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt bLgaGw' cof{nsf] ‘cg]stfdf Pstf /fh;+:yfsf] ljz]iftf’, 8f= ;"o{dl0f clwsf/Lsf] ‘/fh;+:yfsf] pbo’ tyf rGb|ljnf; clwsf/Lsf] ‘g]kfnsf] sfo{kflnsf, dGqL kl/ifb / >L %’ h:tf n]vx? /fh;+:yf;Fu ;lDaGwt 5g\ eg] k|f= 8f= /fh]z uf}tdsf] ‘lrtjgsf] Ps cflbjf;L hflt b/fO{ af/] Ps rrf{’ 8f= b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] ‘lrtjg Ps P]ltxfl;s l;sf/ :yn’ 6Lsf/fd cof{nsf] ‘/d0fLo lrtjg’ h:tf n]vx? Oltxf;;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . 8f= dx]Gb| s]z/L If]qLsf] ‘lrtjg :ju{sf] 9f]sf xf] ls :ju{ xf] <’ 8f= lji0f'k|;fb l3ld/]sf] ‘lrtjgsf wfld{s :ynx?’, efujt z/0f Gof}kfg]sf] ‘lrtjgsf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfM Ps cg'zLng’ h:tf n]vn] lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ eg] u0fz]v/ zdf{sf] ‘lrtjg / kqsfl/tf’ tyf l8= cf/= kf]v/]nsf] ‘lrtjgsf] Jofj;flos kqsfl/tfsf] Ps emns’ h:tf n]vn] kqsfl/tfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} b]zL/fd k|wfgsf] ‘lrtjgdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;’, Zofd lkofsf] ‘ljs[ltdf lklN;Psf] v]ns'b’ tyf s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] z}lIfs kl/b[Zo’ h:tf n]vx? km/s km/s vfnsf Oltxf;sf l6kf]6x? x'g\ . :dfl/sfleq ;d]l6Psf 8f= eLd/fh clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjg / cfGtl/s a;fO–;/fO’ hg;ª\Vof;Fu, lzjx/L k+u]gLsf ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] e"–agf]6 M Ps kl/ro’ e"uf]n;Fu slkn c1ftsf] ‘;x/L ljsf; M

;d:of / ;dfwfg’ tyf gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgdf k':tsfnosf] cfjZostf’ h:tf n]vx? ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To:t} 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bLsf] ‘lrtjgdf :j:y gu/ / :j:y ko{6g’, lg/h adsf] ‘d]l8sn l;6L M lrtjg’ h:tf n]vx? :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . To:t} u/L huGgfy yklnofsf] ‘lrtjgdf ko{6g ljsf;sf gofF k|of;x?’ s]zjk|;fb /]UdLsf] ‘lrtjgdf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsf’ tyf xl/x/ ;'j]bLsf] ‘cfhsf] ;Gbe{df pBf]usf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj’ h:tf n]vn] hg;xeflutfnfO{ b]vfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘jg ;Dkbfsf] ljsf;df u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] e"ldsf’ zLif{ssf] n]v klg hg;xeflutfd} s]lGb|t n]v xf] . 8f= xl/k|;fb 9sfn / 8f= lu;'klgv k|l;sf]n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf tof/ kf/]sf ‘/fi6«sf] cd"No lglw – jL=kL= sf]O/fnf d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn’, 8f= tLy{/fh vlgofsf] ‘k|:tfljt s[lif jg ljZj ljBfnosf] :yfkgf lrtjgdf’, k|f= 8f= b'uf{bQ 9sfnsf] ‘s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg M s[lif ljZj ljBfnotkm{ pGd'v’, k|r08nfn k|wfgsf] ‘pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3 gf/fo0fu9 / o;sf ultljlwx?’, lji0f' l3ld/]sf] ‘lrtjg lhNnf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt’, ljZj dNnsf] ‘/Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3 – 5f]6f] kl/ro’, tyfsdn zdf{ e';fnsf] ‘/Tggu/ gu/kflnsf M Ps kl/ro’ h:tf n]vx? ;+:yf kl/ro;Fu ;Da4 e]l6G5g\ . :dfl/sfdf ;d]l6Psf] nIdLk|;fb b]je08f/Lsf] ‘lrtjgsf] vfB pT;jsf ;sf/fTds kIfx?’ n]vn] dxf]T;jsf] af/]df yk k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 eg] pk]Gb| l/hfnsf] ‘gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/ / hndfu{’ n] gofF ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5 . To:t} 8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{sf] ‘s'v'/fkfng pBf]u ljsf;sf /0fgLlt / g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yf’ zLif{ssf] n]vn] Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . 8f= xl/afa' ltjf/Lsf] ‘ufpF–gu/ ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] kl/ro’ / ef]h/fh sf}8]nsf] ‘e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf ljsf; sfo{qmd’ h:tf n]vx?n] lrtjgdf ;~rflnt 221

ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lrgfPsf 5g\ . ;du|df t];|f] cª\sn] ljljwtfnfO{ cFufn]sf] eP klg !! cf]6f sljtf / tLg cf]6f ;dLIffnfO{ :yfg lbPsfn] ;flxTod'vL ePsf] b]vf k5{, t/ k[i7sf lx;fan] eg] tL ;flxlTos /rgfx?n] gu0o 7fpF lnPsf] kfOG5 . s'n @)* k[i7sf] cfofddf km}lnPsf] t];|f] cª\s k'/fgf b'O{ cª\seGbf ;'wfl/Psf] b]vf k5{ .

cª\s $ -@)%(_ lj=;+= @)%( df ;DkGg ePsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] rf}+yf] ;+:s/0fdf lg:s]sf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’sf] cª\s $ df s'n %@ cf]6f /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf] ePklg e[u' pkgfdaf6 /lrt ‘pHofnf] o'u ;+:s[lt’ zLif{ssf] cf/lDes sljtfnfO{ ljifo;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5}g . ljifo;"rLn] ;flxTosf/ dbgdl0f bLlIftsf] ;ª\lIfKt cGtjf{tf{nfO{ ;'¿df /fv]sf] 5 . To;kl5 ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘clGtd]R5f’, uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] sljtf ‘;|i6f lrqsf/’, s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] sljtf ‘cfhsf] kl/j]z / d]/f] kl/lw’, slkn c1ftsf] sljtf ‘pm’, wd{ k|wfg ‘cls~rg’ sf] ‘uhn’, /fhs[i0f sF8]nsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’, /]zdnfn >]i7sf] sljtf ‘sfn/flq’, gf/fo0fbQ zf:qLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’, xf]dgfy ;fksf]6fsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg M d]/f cGt/ ;+j]bgfx?’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] ‘uhn’, u0f]zk|;fb zdf{sf] sljtf ‘lrqjg’, /d]z k|eftsf] ‘uhn’, pk]Gb| l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘cfdf’, z/fxsf] ‘uhn’ ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘ltdL kxf8 ePsL 5\of}’, l;h{g clj/nsf] sljtf ‘;+j]bgf’, l;Gw' uf}tdsf] sljtf ‘lxhf] / cfh’, zLtn u'¿·sf] ‘uLt’, 8f= v'dgf/fo0f kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘cg'k|:y’, ldqnfn aufn]sf] sljtf ‘kms{]/ cfpm’ /fwf kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘of}6} 5xf/L d'lg’ h:tf l;h{gfx?n] ;flxlTos v'/fssf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] n]v ‘krf;sf] bzsdf lrtjgsf] sljtf’, gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] n]v ‘n]vgfy / lrtjgsf] k|;ª\u’, ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] n]v ‘snf / ;+:s[lt M lrtjgsf] cleJolQm’ ufoqL >]i7sf] n]v ‘tLh uLtdf 222

gf/L ;+j]bgfsf] cleJolQm’ a'l4gfy clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgdf k|rlnt nf]suLtx?’ h:tf n]vx? klg efiff–;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt ljgf]bafa' >]i7sf] ‘cfly{s dGbLdf If]qLo Jofkf/ d]nf M dxf]T;jsf pmhf{’, huGgfy yklnofsf] ‘lrtjgdf cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] ljsf; M ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL’, v]d/fh Gof}kfg]sf] ‘Jofj;flos df}/Lkfngdf lrtjg lhNnf cu|:yfgdf’, 8f= cfO{=kL=9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] s'v'/fkfng Joj;fodf Jofkf/Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf’ h:tf n]vx?n] lrtjgsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fonfO{ lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . pk k|f= gf/fo0f hf]zL / k|f= 8f= t]haxfb'/ s];Lsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg / s[lif ljZj ljBfnodf clej[l4 x'g' kg{] cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf, 8f= afndfg l;+x sfsL{sf] ‘SofG;/ /f]u lgoGq0fdf aL=kL= sf]O/fnf d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfnsf] e"ldsf’, dbgnfn hf]zLsf] ‘pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9’, s]zjs'df/ >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;~rf/ If]qdf l;ghL{ Pkm=Pd=’, ;Ltf/fd kf]v/]nsf] ‘/Tggu/ c:ktfnsf] ;Gbe{df /=g=kf=sf] cjwf/0ff’, uf]kfn sdf{rfo{sf] ‘b]zk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L af]w M dxf;ª\3 leq /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3’ h:tf n]vx? lrtjgsf ;+:yfx?sf] kl/ro;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To:t} s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff M Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sg’, b]j]Gb| pkfWofosf] ‘wfld{s ko{6sLo :yn b]j3f6wfd’, lbg]z yklnofsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] jt{dfg l:ylt M ;ª\lIfKt ljj]rgf’, gf/fo0fk|;fb ltldlN;gfsf] ‘b]j3f6wfddf k|fKt k|frLg d'b|f / d"lt{x?’ h:tf n]vx?n] lrtjgsf] ljljwtf lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . 8f= 9'08L/fh kf}8]nsf] ‘:jf:Yo If]qsf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx?’, 8f= lg/h adsf] ‘lrtjgsf :jf:Yo ;d:of M Ps ;ª\lIfKt rrf{’ h:tf n]vx?n] :jf:Yosf s'/f p7fPsf 5g\ eg] 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bLsf] ‘af9L, klx/f] / csfn d[To'’ klg :jf:Yo;Fu} ;DalGwt b]lvG5 . /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] ‘wfld{s, h}ljs dxŒj Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] gf/fo0fL gbL’ jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt n]v xf] .

;Ltf/fd e§sf] ‘lrtjgsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt’, x]d zdf{ kf]v/]nsf] ‘e/tk'/sf kl/sNkgfx?’ n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ eg] lgd{ns'df/ zdf{sf] ‘u}/s[lif cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df lrtjg lhNnf M Ps ;ª\lIfKt rrf{’ n] cfly{s If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . k|r08nfn k|wfgsf] ‘ljutsf lrtjg dxf]T;jx?M Ps b[Zolrq’ n] dxf]T;jsf] emfFsL k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] ;Gtf]if hf]zLsf] ‘sDKo'6/ clg ;'/Iffsf pkfox? M Ps rrf{’ k|ljlw ;DaGwL n]v xf] . t];|f] cª\ssf t'ngfdf rf}yf] cª\s cem a9L ;flxTod'vL b]lvG5 . s'n %@ /rgfdWo] @! cf]6f sljtf / cGtjf{tf{ tyf ;dLIffx? ^ cf]6f x'g'n] ;ª\VofTds lx;fan] cfwfeGbfa9L ;flxlTos 5 t/ k[i7 eg] Tolt cf]u6]sf] 5}g . s'n !$@ k[i7df km}lnPsf] of] cª\s cl3Nnf cª\sx?eGbf ;fgf] eP klg u'0fjQfsf b[li6n] sd 5}g .

cª\s % -@)^!_ lj=;+= @)^! df ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0fdf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ cª\s % k|sflzt eof], h;df %# cf]6f n]v–/rgfx? ;dflji6 5g\ . /rgfv08sf] ;'¿df k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] ‘Ps uLt’ / /]zdnfn >]i7sf] ‘uLt’ k|sflzt 5g\ eg] ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] sljtf ‘sljtf cljh]o 5g\’, uª\uf/fd >]i7sf] sljtf ‘zflGtsf] vf]hdf’, k|efts'df/ hf]zLsf] ‘uLt’, zLtn sfblDagLsf] ‘uhn’ gd'gf zdf{sf] sljtf ‘d]/f] ;]/f]km]/f]’, s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] ‘uhn’ huGgfy kl08tsf] sljtf ‘zflGtsf] vf]h’, tLy{/fh sf]O/fnfsf] uLlt sljtf ‘zflGte"ld lrtf}g’, /d]z k|eftsf] ‘uhn’, slkn c1ftsf sljtf ‘zflGt’, ufoqL >]i7sf] ‘uLt’, xl/x/ kf}8]nsf] ‘tLg n3'syf’, >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] sljtf ‘dfof u/’, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘gf/fo0fL ltdL alulbg'k5{’, Clifk|;fb nfld5fg]sf] ‘uhn’, xf]dgfy ;fksf]6fsf] sljtf ‘h'4 zdz]/, ;flns / sljtf’, /fhs[i0f sF8]nsf] sljtf ‘b]j3f6’, u0f]zk|;fbsf] n3'syf

‘:jb]z’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] sljtf ‘ef]ln s;n] kf] b]v]sf 5 / <’, l;h{g clj/nsf] sljtf ‘gf/fo0fL alu /x]5’, pk]Gb| l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘dnfO{ nfUg yfn]sf] 5’, k|sfz rfkfufO{+sf] sljtf ‘lxhf] cfh d}n] klg’ / hgfb{g zdf{ kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To:t} n]vx?dWo] 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘:dfl/sfdf k|ltlalDat lrtjg dxf]T;j’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘jfª\dosf] ljsf;df lrtjgsf ;flxlTos ;ª\3 ;+:yfx?’, nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ‘5Gbf]a4 sljtfdf lrtjg’, k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘b'O{ :dfl/sfM ;ª\lIfKt ko{j]If0f’, l8=cf/= kf]v/]nsf] ‘krf;sf] bzsdf k|sflzt lrtjgsf] uB ;flxTo’ h:tf n]vx? ;flxTo;Fu glhs b]lvG5g\ . :dfl/sfdf ;d]l6Psf k|f=8f= b'uf{bQ 9sfnsf] ‘g]kfndf s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf] cf}lrTo’, lr/~hLjL >]i7sf] ‘gofF ztfAbLdf z}lIfs ;x/sf] cjwf/0ff’, xl/x/ vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] pRr lzIffdf hg;xeflutf’ h:tf n]vx? lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] lji0f' clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf;’ :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . huGgfy yklnofsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ko{6g Joj;fodf gofF ;Defjgfx?’, 8f= cfO{=kL= 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgdf sdl;{on s'v'/fkfng Joj;fosf] b'O{ bzs’, lgd{n zdf{sf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf pTkfbgzLn pBf]ux?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt M Ps ;ª\lIfKt rrf{’, /fh]Gb| cf]nLsf] ‘lrtjgdf Knfli6s Joj;fo’, v]d/fh Gof}kfg]sf] ‘lrtjgdf df}/Lkfngsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?’ h:tf n]vx? Jofkf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;d:o tyf r'gf}tLx?’ h:tf n]vx? Jofkf/ Joj;fo;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . pbos'df/ >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf] ljsf;qmddf hGd]sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9’, kljqnfn r's]sf] ‘cfGtl/s ko{6gsf] ljsf;df pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9sf] e"ldsf’, uf]kfn/fh sdf{rfo{sf] ‘/Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3 / ;ª\3sf] tkm{af6 Pp6f kq’, ljgf]bk|sfz l;+xsf] ‘lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ultljlwx? Ps kl/ro’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘;'zf;g k|j4{gdf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf’ 223

h:tf n]vx?n] ;+:yfsf ultljlw b]vfPsf 5g\ . :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf dlxnfx?sf] cj:yf’ n}ª\lus n]v xf] eg] 8f= u'¿k|;fb ;'j]bLsf] ‘wfld{s ko{6g :ynsf ?kdf kljq tLy{ b]j3f6wfdsf] lrgf/L’ :yfg kl/ro;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . gLnd >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf] k'/fgf] hghflt r]kfª kl/ro / l:ylt’ lzjxl/ k+u]gLsf] ‘jt{dfg lrtjgsf] hflt, efiff / wd{;DaGwL cWoog’ tyf nId0fk|;fb rf}w/Lsf] ‘lrtjgsf yf? hfltsf] hGd ;+:sf/’ h:tf n]vx? hflt / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . 8f= wd{/fh 8ª\uf]nsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] jfg:klts ljljwtf’ kof{j/0fLo n]v xf] eg] xl/ e08f/Lsf] lrtjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] jt{dfg cj:yf’ k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . wd{/fh cof{nsf] ‘lrtjgsf] kqsfl/tf M jt{dfg / eljio’ tyf O{Zj/ hf]zL / k|efs/ l3ld/]sf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q / cfly{s kqsfl/tf’ h:tf n]vx?n] kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . ;du|df kfFrf}+ cª\s ;ªu|x0fLo 5 . ‘lrtjg :dfl/sf’ sf] ;dLIff;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{ cf]6f n]vx? /fVg'n] k'g/fj[lQsf] cfefif lbPklg :dfl/sf ;'Gb/ ag]sf] 5 . hDdf !&) k[i7df k}mlnPsf] of] cª\ssf] ljifo;"rLdf eg] s]xL u8a8 b]lvG5 .

cª\s ^ -@)^#_ lj=;+= @)^# ;fndf ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] 5}6f}+ ;+:s/0fdf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf] cª\ s–^ nf]sflk{t ul/of], h;df s'n %@ cf]6f n]v /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;flxTotkm{ k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’, uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] sljtf ‘d]/f] g]kfn ;'Gb/’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ofqf ;+:d/0f ‘6f]lsof]sf] ct[Kt ofqf’, ufoqL >]i7sf] sljtf ‘clenfiffdf g]kfn’, xl/x/ vgfnsf] syf ‘cfFvf’, ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘pjf; ci6sd\’, /ljls/0f lghL{jsf] lgaGw ‘a]aL sfp’, x';}g vfFsf] sljtf ‘laDadf lrtjg’, uf]v{] ;fFOnf]sf] sljtf ‘d]nf / lrqjg’, /]zdnfn >]i7sf] ‘uLt’, uª\uf/fd >]i7sf] sljtf ‘d'lQmsf] dfu{ /f]hf}+’, zLtn sfblDagLsf] sljtf 224

‘;f}/fxsf] ;Demgf’, zÍ/ ;'j]bLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘d lrqjg’, l;h{g clj/nsf] sljtf ‘kxf8sf] uLt’, >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] sljtf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^#’, wd{ k|wfg ‘cls~rgsf] uLt’, ljdnk|sfz b]jsf]6f lgaGw ‘SofNs'n]6/sf] j]6f/ k|of]u’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] lgaGw ‘gofF g]kfnsf] ;kgf’, gf/fo0fbQ zf:qLsf] gf6s ‘bfOhf]’, s[i0fdl0f kxf/Lsf] lgaGw ‘dleqsf] lrtjg / bLk]Gb|s'df/ hf]zL ‘lgs’sf] lgofqf ‘lkkl/of hfFbf’ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To:t} nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ‘lrtjgsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;|i6fx?sf] e"ldsf M ljj/0ffTds ljr/0f’, 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘zf]ssfJo ;[hg k/Dk/fdf lrtjgsf ;|i6fx?sf] of]ubfg’, k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^! M Ps zAb ;fdu|L’ tyf s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] ‘;dsfnLg g]kfnL uhn n]vgsf] k|j[lQut ;fGble{stf’ h:tf n]vx? klg ;flxTo;Fu} ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] l8=cf/= kf]v/]nsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;f+:s[lts ?k/]vf’ tyf slkn c1ftsf] ‘lrtjgsf] hgnx/ Ps zAblrq’ n] klg efiff–;flxTo;Fu} 3lgi6tf sfod u/]sf 5g\ . :dfl/sfdf ;d]l6Psf lr/~hLjL >]i7sf] ‘hgd'vL :jf:Yo lzIffgLlt’, 8f= O{Zj/rGb| l3ld/]sf] ‘:jf:Yo x]/rfxsf] bfloTj’, 8f= afns[i0f yfkfsf] ‘SofG;/ c:ktfndf a|]g 6\o"6/ ;h{/L M Ps cg'ej’ tyf s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘Pr=cfO{=eL= lgoGq0fdf lrtjgsf] ;lqmotf’ h:tf n]vx? :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] ZofdhL cltlysf] ‘cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] :j?k / o;sf] sfof{Gjog’ tyf cª\u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] Dr. Tirtha Khaniya sf] n]v Paradigm shift in Higher Education klg lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . pbos'df/ >]i7sf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df x's{]sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9’, b]j]Gb|s'df/ >]i7sf] ‘jt{dfg cj:yfdf p=jf=;ª\3sf] e"ldsf’, Zofdzª\s/ emf / gf/fo0f/fh hf]zLsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘lrtjg lhNnfsf] s[lif ljsf;df /fdk'/ SofDk;’ h:tf n]vx? ;+:yf kl/ro;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . huGgfy yklnofsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ko{6g pBf]udf /Tggu/ Ps ko{6g s]Gb| /

cg]s ;Defjgfx?’, k"0f{bQ e';fnsf] ‘lrtjgdf b'Uw Joj;fo M cfh / ef]ln’, 8f= ;'/h kf]v/]nsf] ‘lrtjgdf df}/Lkfngsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx?’, v]d/fh kf}8]nsf] ‘c6f]Nof08sf] cfjZostf lsg <’ h:tf n]vx? Jofkf/–Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . s[i0fxl/ b]jsf]6fsf] ‘lrtjgdf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cj:yf’, ljhok|sfz t08'sf/sf] ‘lrtjg, u}+8f / ;+/If0f’ h:tf n]vx? jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . 8f= b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] ‘g]kfnsf hgcfGbf]ngx?df lrtjg‘ /fhg}lts Oltxf;;Fu, cfrfo{ gf/fo0fk|;fb ltlD;gf ‘dw'k’ sf] ‘;Ktu08sL–b]j3f6wfdsf] ;fGble{s ;]/f]km]/f]’ wfld{s Oltxf; / ;'dgf ;fksf]6fsf] ‘P]ltxfl;s :yn pk/bfªu9L’ ef}uf]lns Oltxf;;Fu ;DalGwt n]vx? x'g\ . cd[tf clwsf/L a/fnsf] ‘;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] HjnGt gd"gf lrtjg dxf]T;j’ gfds n]vn] dxf]T;jsf] ;fGble{stf k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . nIdLk|;fb b]je08f/Lsf] ‘j[4 ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?’ tyf 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bLsf] ‘g]kfndf e|i6frf/ / ul/aLsf] ;d:of’ h:tf n]vx? ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf n]vx? x'g\ . e"kfnaxfb'/ lg/f}nfsf] ‘;'zf;gdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt’ tyf an/fd n'OF6]nsf] ‘u|fdL0f ;"rgf s]Gb| / ljB'tLo ;'zf;gsf] nflu lrtjg’ h:tf n]vx? ;'zf;g;Fu tyf piff /fjnsf] ‘lrtjg lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd’ zLif{ssf] n]v dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 . ;du|df x]bf{ of] 5}6f}+ cª\sn] cfwf efu ;flxTodf vr{ u/]sf] 5 . s'n %@ cf]6f /rgf dWo] @@ cf]6f ;flxlTos / % cf]6f ;dLIffTds /rgfx? 5g\ . ;flxTon] olt w]/} :yfg kfPsf] eP klg ljljwtf eg] lgs} sd b]Vg kfOG5 . cl3Nnf] kfFrf}+ cª\ssf] t'ngfdf of] cª\s ljljw s'/fn] sdhf]/ 5 . klxnf] cª\sdf h:t} ljifo;"rL g} g/flvg' o;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/L xf] . olt eP/ klg lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg] sfddf eg] of] c° nflu k/]sf] 5 .

;ftf}+ ;+:s/0fdf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ sf] cª\s & n] ;fj{hlgs x'g] cj;/ kfof] . o;df ljutsf cª\sx?sf] t'ngfdf ;jf{lws /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . s'n ^% cf]6f n]v/rgfx? ;d]l6Psf] of] cª\ssf] ljifo;"rLdf ljwf tf]s]/ /flvg'n] kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;df ;flxTotkm{ k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘clenfiff’, uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] sljtf ‘gf/fo0fL’, x';}g vfFsf] sljtf ‘lzIff’, zª\s/ ;'j]bLsf] sljtf ‘gf}nf] laxfgL’, ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] sljtf ‘d]/f] lrtjg’, cf/fwgf e';fn b]jsf]6fsf] ‘uhn’, >LeQm cRo't jfUn]sf] sljtf ‘v} s] x'g] xf] <’, kf]if/fh kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘/fi6«nfO{ p7fpFm’, /fwf w/]nsf] sljtf ‘cfdf’, clDasfk|;fb cof{nsf] sljtf ‘ds} nufpFm clgsfn eufpmF’, k|efs/ kl08tsf] ‘uhn’, ;GWof s'Fj/ ‘ljjz klws’ sf] ‘uhn’, wd{ k|wfg ‘cls~rg’ sf] ‘uhn’, bLk]Gb|s'df/ hf]zL ‘lgs’ sf] lgofqf ‘3'Dg hfpFm g x} bfO’, k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ sf] n3'syf ‘;Ddfg’ ls;fgk|]dLsf] uLt ‘gofF g]kfn’, lji0f' ltjf/L ‘piff’ sf] sljtf ‘d]/f] lrtf}g’, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] sljtf ‘nf]stGq oxL xf] ;/ <’, dg;f y}a >]i7sf] sljtf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j – pT;jsf] /ª\u’, ;l/tf ltjf/Lsf] sljtf ‘ue{u[xdf d]/f] sljtf’, uf]v{] ;fO{Fnf]sf] lgofqf ‘;'Gb/ klZrdf~rn s}nfnLb]lv Ko'7fg vnª\uf x'Fb} c3f{vfFrLsf] ofqf’ Psfb]zsf] uug/fhsf] ‘uhn’, s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] sljtf ‘;':s]/f‘ tyf hgs ‘/l;s’ sf] ‘uhn’ ;dflji6 5g\ . To:t} /ljls/0f lghL{jsf] ‘xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsfl/tfl;t lrtjgsf] xfJolgsf] ;dfud’ k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgsf] cfVofg ljut / jt{dfg’, 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ‘lrtjgsf] uBsljtf M ;ª\lIfKt /]vfª\sg’, 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnsf] ‘5}+6f}+ lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf @)^# nfO{ kms{]/ x]bf{’, s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] ‘lrtjgdf kB ;flxTo M ljut / jt{dfgk|lt ljxª\ud b[li6’ h:tf ;dLIffx?, slkn c1ftsf] vf]hd"ns n]v ‘lrtjgsf] cª\s & -@)^%_ ;+:yfut ;flxTo / ljsf;’ tyf /lj e§ ‘/f]ifL’ sf] n]v lj=;+= @)^% df ;DkGg ePsf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] ‘d'n's aflx/sf] ;flxTo / kqsfl/tf’ klg ;flxTo;Fu} 225

;fOgf] ufF:g] n]vx? x'g\ . To:t} s'nk|;fb 9'ª\ufgfsf] ;fd"lxs jftf{ ‘lrtjgjf;Lsf] dfof / ;b\efj kfP/ d ub\ub\ 5'’ klg ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . :dfl/sfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf cGo n]vx?df k|f= 8f= /]zdaxfb'/ yfkf, ;x–k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ / k|f= 8f= ;'Gb/dfg >]i7åf/f ;fd"lxs ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] zf]wd"ns n]v ‘s[lif ljZj ljBfno / o;n] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj’, k|f= 8f= /]zdaxfb'/ yfkfsf] s[lif k|ljlw ;DaGwL n]v ‘lrtjgdf /]zdv]tL / To;af6 kg{] cfly{s k|efj’ Ps dfq cª\u|]hL n]v Dr. Rudra Pd. Upadhyaya sf] 'Ecotourism In A Nepalese National Park', 8f= ;'/f]h kf]v/]nsf] s[lif k|ljlw;DaGwL n]v ‘df}/Lkfng cfly{s ;d[l4’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] ko{6g ;DaGwL n]v ‘lrtjgsf] cfly{s pGgltdf ;f}/fxfsf] of]ubfg’ h:tf n]vx? cfly{s kIf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . 8f= /ljdf]xg ;fksf]6fsf] ‘o:tf] x'g'k5{ s]Gb| zfl;t k|b]z lrtjg’, ljZj dNnsf] ‘;d[4 / k"0f{ lrtjg’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjg M z}lIfs gu/sf] ?kdf’, k|]d/fh vlgofFsf] ‘e"–/fhgLlt lrtjg M Ps ;Gbe{’, 8Da//fh uf}tdsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’, /fwf kf08]sf] ‘lrtjg rSsfhfd d'Qm M Ps rrf{’ h:tf n]vx?n] lrtjgsf ljljw kf6fx? plhNofPsf 5g\ . To:t} 8f= cfO{=kL= 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgdf kz'kfngsf] dxŒj’, 8f= lbnaxfb'/ u'¿ª / tLy{/fh l/hfnsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘dgsfdgf – $ sf] v]tL ug{] k|ljlw’, 8f= o'jsWjh hL=;L=sf] ‘g]kfndf h}ljs ljiffbL / s[lif pTkfbgdf logsf] dxŒj’, ;bfgGb cefuLsf] ‘lrtjgsf] v]tLof]Uo df6f], pj{/fzlQm / df6f] Joj:yfkg Ps ljj]rgf’, s]zjeQm ;fksf]6fsf] ‘g]kfndf lrofsf] jt{dfg l:ylt, ;DefJotf / r'gf}tL M Ps ;dLIff’, tLy{/fh l/hfn / lblnkrGb| kf}8]nsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘g]kfndf b]lvPsf] ds}sf] gofF /f]u M ds}sf] v}/f] wAa] /f]u’, z]if/d0f pkfWofo / tLy{/fh l/hfnsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘u'0f:t/Lo k|f]l6go'Qm kf]lifnf] ds} – ! sf] v]tL ug{] k|ljlw’, a'l4axfb'/ c5fdLsf] ‘cGgafnLdf o'g M Ps ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?’ tyf ;'Gb/ ltjf/Lsf] ‘/f;folgs 226

ljiffbLsf] ljsNkdf k|fª\ul/s v]tLsf] dxŒj’ h:tf n]vx? s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . :dfl/sfdf k|sflzt 8f= b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] n]v ‘lrtjg / o;sf] cf;kf;sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?’, 8L=cf/= kf]]v/]nsf] ‘lrtjgsf cflbjf;L / cfhsf] k|;ª\u M Ps rrf{’ ;f+:s[lts n]vx? x'g\ eg] cfrfo{ gf/fo0fk|;fb ltlD;gf ‘dw'k’ sf] ‘b]jf6÷b]j3f6wfd Ps ck"j{ ynf]’ wfld{s n]v xf] . To:t} ;'bLk j:tLsf] ‘xfdL dfem gf]6/L klAns’, ljho/fh l;Ub]nsf] ‘Jofkf/df w}o{tf’, ;'ldgf hf]zLsf] ‘cfsfzlt/ s]xL gfk]sf] h:t} ub{} lx+8\Yof]’ h:tf n]vx?n] hg;/f]sf/sf ljifoj:t' ;d]6]sf 5g\ . ljdnk|sfz b]jsf]6fsf] ‘/fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' / u|fdL0f a;f]af;’, ljZj/fh ;'j]bLsf] ‘d]3f}nLsf] ljsNk M ko{6g’, k|]dk|;fb nfld5fg]sf] ‘kfgL, hLjg / g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg e/tk'/ zfvfsf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro’ h:tf n]vx? jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . To:t} zf]efs/ k/fh'nLsf] ‘d]/f] dgsf] /fhwfgLsf] dxf]T;j’ n] efjgfTds kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] xl/ e08f/Lsf] ‘;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxŒj / o;sf] k|efj’ k|fljlws n]v xf] . xl/eb| vgfnsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j / o;sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld’ n] dxf]T;jsf] dxŒjsf af/]df k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 eg] slknb]j ;'j]bLsf] ‘/Tggu/sf] z}lIfs ljsf; M jt{dfg cj:yf / r'gf}tLx?’ z}lIfs n]v xf] . ;du|df of] ;ftf}+ cª\s ;flxTo / s[lifdf s]lGb|t b]lvG5 . s[lifdf gjLgtf Nofpgsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] k|of;nfO{ phfu/ ug'{ o;sf] ;kmtnf xf] . s"n @#@ k[i7sf] cfofddf km}lnPsf] of] cª\s cfsf/ / u'0fjQf b'j}df 3gLe"t b]lvG5 .

cª\s * -@)^&_ o;cl3 @)^& ;fndf ;DkGg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cf7f}+ ;+:s/0fn] cfˆgf] d'vkqsf ?kdf ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ cª\s–* k|sflzt u¥of] . xfn;Ddsf cª\sx? dWo] of] cª\ssf] ljifo;"rL ;a}eGbf j}1flgs b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'¿df n]v–/rgf v08, To;kl5 ;flxTosf] sljtf, uLt, uhn, xfOs' v08 / t];|f]

v08sf ?kdf ;flxTos} lgofqf, lgaGw, syf h:tf uB?knfO{ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;leq klxnf] v08df $$ cf]6f, bf];|f] v08df @* cf]6f / t];|f] v08df ( cf]6f u/L s'n *! cf]6f /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . of] pkl:ylt xfn;Dds} ;jf{lws xf] . :dfl/sfleq ;d]l6Psf] klxnf] v08 cyf{t\ n]v–/rgf v08df ;dflji6 n]vx?df 8f= cfO{=kL= 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] pRr lzIff / o;df b]lvPsf ljs[ltx?’, s]bf/gfy vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff M Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sg’, 6Lsf/fd /]UdLsf] ‘;d[4 lrtjgsf] lgdf{0fdf lzIff’, df]xbQ zdf{, ;'Gb/dfg >]i7 / /]zdaxfb'/ yfkfsf] ;+o'Qm n]v ‘s[lif ljZj ljBfno ;d[4 g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;t{’, /dfsfGt ;fkfsf]6fsf] ‘pRr dfWolds lzIffsf] ljj]rgf’, ZofdhL cltly zdf{sf] ‘aflnsf lzIff / lrtjgsf] ;Gbe{’, xf]dgfy ;fksf]6fsf] ‘lzIffk|ltsf] lbzf / uGtJo M ;Gbe{ lrtjg’ tyf /ljGb| cfrfo{sf] ‘g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] uf]/]6f]’ h:tf n]vx? lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To:t} 8f= lbnaxfb'/ u'¿ªsf] ‘dflg;sf] vfgf / kz'kIfLsf] bfgfsf] pko'Qm ljsNk M u'0f:t/Lo kf]l;nf] ds}’, k|f= 8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}tdsf] ‘ahf/d''vL s]/f pTkfbg’, a'l4/fh 9sfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;Gbe{df s]/f v]tLsf] ljsf;’, j;Gt k/fh'nLsf] ‘df5fkfng M ;|f]t / ;Defjgf’, z'qms'df/ k|wfgsf] ‘a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ljiffbL/lxt t/sf/L v]tLsf] Jofj;flos/0f’ tyf 8f= ;'/f]h kf]v/]nsf] ‘k"jL{ lrtjgdf df}/L uf]nf Joj:yfkg’ s[lif ;DaGwL n]vx? x'g\ . To:t} huGgfy kf}8]nsf] ‘a[xQ/ gf/fo0fL gbL pkTosf ljsf; ;dfhM cjwf/0ffkq’, ljho ;'j]bLsf] ‘lrtjg pkTosfsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf; /0fgLltaf/] s]xL s'/f’ tyf ejgfy ;8f}nfsf] ‘lrtjgsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsf’ h:tf n]vx? ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . :dfl/sfsf] klxnf] v08df ;dflji6 pQdk|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjgdf ;8s afnaflnsf / Pr=cfO=le=

P8\; M Ps cWoog’ zLif{ssf] n]v :jf:Yo;Fu ;DalGwt n]v xf] eg] Hof]ltif slkn c1ftsf] ‘jf:t'k|s/0f Ps ljxª\ufjnf]sg’ u[xlgdf{0f ;DaGwL k/Dkl/t n]v xf] . To:t} s]zjeQm ;fksf6f]sf] ‘vfBj:t'sf] :jR5tf tyf z'4tf ;DaGwL ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;Demf}tf / g]kfndf o;sf ;DefJo c;/x?’ tyf zª\s/ lu/Lsf] ‘;8s b'3{6gf, aLdf Joj:yf / /fHosf] bfloTj – Ps ;dLIff’ h:tf n]vx? ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . 8f= b]jLk|;fb sF8]nsf] ‘lrtjg ljut / cfut’ Oltxf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] dw';'bg bjf8Lsf] ‘lrtjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;Defjgfx?’ ;"rgf k|ljlw / d's'Gb/fh bfxfnsf] ‘dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmd / Ho]i7 gful/ssf clwsf/’ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL n]v xf] . To:t} nId0fk|;fb rf}w/Lsf] ‘yf? hfltsf P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx?’ hfltut Oltxf;;Fu / nIdL kf]v/]n ltlD;gfsf] ‘b]j3f6wfdsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒj’ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . To:t} l8= cf/= kf]v/]nsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ?k/]vf’ tyf ;'/]zs'df/ clwsf/L ‘ldq’ sf] ‘kqsfl/tf k];f cg'zfl;t, dof{lbt / Jofj;flos x'g' h?/L 5’ h:tf n]vx? kqsfl/tf;Fu ;Da4 5g\ . To:t} /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j ljut, jt{dfg / eljio’, k|efts'df/ hf]zLsf] ‘d]/f] b[li6df lrtjg dxf]T;j’, xl/eb| vgfnsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j – Ps If0f’ tyf ltt]kftLsf] ‘lrtjgsf] uf}/jsf] pTyfgdf xfd|f] bfloTj’ h:tf n]vx? dxf]Tj;;Fu ;DalGwt n]vx? x'g\ . ljdnk|sfz b]jsf]6fsf] ‘/fli6«o lgs'~h, ;+/If0f / r'gf}tL’ tyf ljZj/fh ;'j]bLsf] ‘lrtjgsf k|d'v uGtJo :ynx? tyf ko{6sLo lqmofsnfk’ jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;DaGwL n]vx? x'g\ . :dfl/sfsf] klxnf] v08d} ;dflji6 n]vx? dWo] s]zj/fh cfdf]bLsf] ‘lrtjgsf] gu/L M uhn gu/L’, uf]ljGb/fh ljgf]bLsf] ‘lrtjgsf ;|i6f / ;flxTo’, k|f= 8f= gf/fo0k|;fb vgfnsf] ‘lrtjgsf dxfsfJox?’, k"0f{k|;fb clwsf/Lsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf @)^% nfO{ kms{]/ x]bf{’, /ljls/0f lghL{jsf] ‘lrtjgsf] lgaGw 227

;flxTo’ tyf 8f= nId0fk|;fb uf}tdsf] ‘gf/fo0fL nx/–nx/df cGtj{:t'sf] b[li6r]tgf’ h:tf ;dLIffx? ;flxTo;Fu ;DalGwt n]vx? x'g\ . To:t} afns[i0f yklnofsf] ‘lrtjgsf] ;flxlTos ljsf;df ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] e"ldsf’ h:tf] n]v / rLhs'df/ ldqsf] ‘;'if'lKt’ / tLy{/fh ;'j]bLsf] ‘kl/jt{g’ h:tf cfTdk/s n]vx? klg ;flxTos} ;fdu|L x'g\ . s[i0ffb]jL zdf{ >]i7sf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’ klg ljifo;"rLdf /fVbf n]v–/rgf v08leq ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . :dfl/sfsf] bf];|f] v08 ;flxTosf] kB ljwf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . sljtf, uLt, uhn, xfOs" v08 eg]/ gfd /flvPsf] eP klg of] v08 ljifo;"rLdf dfq ;Lldt 5 . :dfl/sfleq eg] 6'qm] efudf dfq tL /rgfx?nfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o;leq k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] sljtf ‘z'e]R5f’, OGb| /]UdLsf] 6'qm] sljtf ‘s]xL 6'qmfx?’, sdn sF8]n ‘k|s[lt’ sf] sljtf ‘zflGt / b]z’, vgfn /]jtL/d0fsf xfOs'x? ‘s]xL /ª\la/ª\uL xfOs"x?’, uf]v{] ;fOFnf]sf] ‘uhn’, huGgfy vgfnsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg ls tkf]jg’ gf/fo0fbQ zf:qLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’, kf]if/fh kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘leNnsf b]zsf] dl0f’, k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ sf] ‘uhn’, k|sfzafa' vgfnsf] sljtf ‘Kof/f] lrtjg’, k|efs/ kl08tsf] ‘uhn’, e'jfgLk|;fb kf}8]nsf] sljtf ‘g]kfnL klxrfg’ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . To:t} o;} v08leq e"lkg Jofs'nsf] sljtf ‘wfk / k|]d’, o'j/fh cof{nsf] sljtf ‘gf/fo0fLsf] kfgL’, /d]z k|eftsf] ‘uhn’, lji0f' ltjf/L ‘piff’ sf] ‘uhn’, /fhs[i0f sF8]nsf] sljtf ‘gf/fo0fL’, /]zdnfn >]i7sf] ‘uLt’, zDe'/fh hf]zLsf] sljtf ‘lrtjg’, ;ª\uLt cfofdsf] sljtf ‘e|df]T;j’, ;GWof s'Fj/ ‘ljjz klys’ sf] sljtf ‘d]/f] dxf]T;j’, ;/nf hf]zLsf] ‘uhn’, ;l/tf ltjf/Lsf] sljtf ‘af6f]sf] cfTdsyf’, ;'dg/fh >]i7sf] sljtf ‘of] b]zsf] gfd xfF8LufpF lsg n]lvGg <’, xl/x/ ;ljtfsf] sljtf ‘cfdGq0f’, x';}g vfFsf] sljtf ‘la/fdL ePsf] 5 of] b]z’, xf]dgfy kf}8]n ‘lxdf+z'’ sf] sljtf ‘lrtjg;Fu k|]d x'g uf]’ tyf gf/fo0fk|;fb kf]v/]nsf] sljtf ‘sfJo 228

jf0fL’ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . :dfl/sfsf] t];|f] v08 ;flxTosf] uB ljwf;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 . ljifo;"rLsf] t];|f] v08n] lgofqf, lgaGw, syfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;leq ufoqL >]i7sf] lgofqf ‘ofqf d'lQmgfysf]’, ltns/fh zdf{sf] Joª\Uo lgaGw ‘k"/s ah]6df kf6L{sf] k|efj’, l;4fy{ >d0fsf] n3'syf ‘s[i0fnLnf’, wg/fh lu/Lsf] Joª\Uo lgaGw ‘clegGbg’, k"0f{axfb'/ clwsf/Lsf] lgofqf ‘ofqf ;f]d]Zj/sf] kL8f /fi6«sf]’, /fdafa' l3ld/]sf] lgaGw ‘ljut / cgfut’, ;/:jtL l/hfnsf] n3'syf ‘sf/fuf/’, ;'/]Gb| c:tkmnsf] Joª\Uo lgaGw ‘lrKnf]d]l6s’ tyf 8f= xl/x/ kf}8]nsf] syf ‘ljkof{;’ ;dflji6 5g\ . ;du|df of] cf7f}+ cª\s ljut cª\ssf t'ngdf Hofb} ;d[4 b]lvG5 . k[i7sf lx;fan] ;ftf}+ cª\seGbf ;fgf] b]lvP klg u'0ffTdstf Hofbf kfOG5 . o;n] ;flxTo / lzIffnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfoG5 . s"n @)$ k[i7sf] cfofddf km}lnPsf] of] cª\s ;ª\u|x0fLo b]lvG5 .

pk;+xf/ ljut !% jif{b]lv k|To]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{df lrtjgdf cfof]hgf x'Fb} cfPsf] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’ Jofkfl/s d]nf eP/ klg cfˆgf ultljlwsf cltl/Qm lrtjgsf] ;]/f]km]/f] lrgfpg o;n] ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j :dfl/sf’ k|sflzt ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] klxnf] cª\sdf @% cf]6f, bf];|f] cª\sdf $! cf]6f, t];|f] cª\sdf %) cf]6f, rf}+yf] cª\sdf %@ cf]6f, kfFrf}+ cª\sdf %# cf]6f, 5}6f}+ cª\sdf %@ cf]6f, ;ftf}+ cª\sdf ^% cf]6f / cf7f}+ cª\sdf *! cf]6f u/L s"n $!( cf]6f n]v–/rgfx? 5flkO ;s]sf 5g\ . sltko n]vsf zLif{sx? bf]xf]l/Psf klg kfOG5g\ eg] lrtjgsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{] vfnsf of]hgf;Fu ;Da4 n]vx?sf] sdL kfOG5 . cfufdL cª\sx?df ;d:of dq geP/ ;dfwfgsf pkfox? tyf sfof{Gjogsf kIfx? ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g'kg{] b]lvG5 .

/fhgLltdf g]t[Tj / rl/q kl/ro /fhgLlt Jojxf/tM ;Qfdf hfg] / cfd hgtfsf kIfdf sfd ug]{ k|0ffnLa4 gLlt xf]] . clg k|hftGq jf nf]stGq of nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ;'zf;g axfnL / ;bfrf/ k4lt (Integrity system) sf] ljsf; ug'{ o;sf] clek|fo xf] . /fhg}lts Gofo, cfly{s Gofo, ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;sf] k|lqmofut k|of]hg xf] ;fy} ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ub}{ hfg] /fhg}lts k|0ffnLk|lt k|lta4 x'g' o;sf] k|lqmofut cfzo xf] clg dfgjclwsf/, gful/s clwsf/ ;d]tsf cfwf/e"t /fhg}lts xs– clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;sf] klxnf] bfloTj xf] eg] d'n'sdf ljBdfg hg, hldg, hn, hËn, hl8a'6L ;d]tsf dfgjLo Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] ;xL lx;fan] pkof]u ug'{ / hgtfsf] ;d[l4 / /fi6«sf] >La[l4 ug'{ o;sf] d"n Wo]o xf] . o;nfO{ b]xfosf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 M – :j:y /fhgLlt / ;Ifd g]t[Tj – a]bfu JolQmTj / sd{zLn rl/q /fhgLlt ug'{ eg]sf] /fhgLltdf sd{zLn x'g' xf] . clg pQm sd{zLntfnfO{ dfgjLo ;+;fwg k|fs[lts ;Dkbf tyf ef}lts ;fwgnfO{ cfd hgtfsf kIfdf ;b'kof]u ug]{ ljlw / k|ljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' o;sf] k|lqmofut k|of]hg xf] . ;fy} dfgjtf ;fdflhstf, k|fs[ltstf / j}1flgstf / g}ltstfsf lgoddf lgoldt x'Fb} hgtfdf hfg] hgtfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf nflu/xg' o;sf] k|lqmofut clek|fo xf] . clg kf/bzL{ cfrf/–cfr/0f, rl/q / Jojxf/ o;sf cfwf/ x'g\ . g]t[Tjsf] lgd{ntf (lucidity) Pj+ a]bfu JolQmTj (clean persanality) o;sf] sd{zLntfsf k"jf{wf/ x'g\ ;fy} hgd'vL g]t[Tj / kl/0ffdd'vL /fHoJoj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;sf] Jojxfl/stf xf] . oxfFlg/ k'gM x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] /fhgLlt ;a} gLltx?sf] dfpgLlt xf] eg] /fhg}lts sd{ ;a} sd{x?sf] dfpsd{ xf] . clg sfdsf] ;+:s[lt

 8f= nLnfgfy ;'j]bL ljsf; ug'{ / ul/aLsf]–b'Zrqmsf] ;xL pkrf/ ug'{ oxfFsf] d'Vo ljifo x'g\ . o;sf nflu /fhgLltdf sd{zLntf ckl/xfo{tf x'G5 . o:tf] ckl/xfo{tfsf] l:yltdf /fhgLlt Pj+ sd{zLn eOlbg] xf] eg] c? gLlt / gLltut If]qx?, sfo{ut If]qx? ;a} sd{zLn Pj+ ;[hgzLn x'g] l:ylt alg/xG5 . o;nfO{ tnsf a'bF fdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 M – pGgltk|ultsf cgGt ;Defjgfx? – ljsf;–ofqfsf cgGt kfOnfx? – sd{zLntfsf cgGt cfofdx? lgZro g} dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx? k|fs[lts ;+;fwg / ef}lts ;fwg ljsf;sf ;Defjgf cgGt 5g\ . ljsf;ofqfsf kfOnfx? klg cgGt 5g\ . oxfFg]/ g} nf]stGq ;+:yfut ljsf; ;'zf;g axfnL ;bfrf/sf] kl/kfngaf6 ljsf; ofqf kl/rflnt x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o:tf k|;Ëdf /fhg]tfsf] g]t[Tj e"ldsfsf] vfFrf] xfdLsxfF v8\ls+b} cfPsf] 5 lsgeg] g]kfndf Jofks :t/df sfd ug]{–u/fpg] kl/kf6L / sfdsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug]{ k/Dk/f ;xL lx;fadf ljsl;t x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . d'n'sdf pTkfbg xf]Og, a9L pkef]u ug]{ u/fpg] k|rng ;d]t k|f]T;flxt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf /fhg}lts kf6Lx?sf] ;xL lx;fadf klg Wofg;Dd klg hfg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . o; ljifol;t cfa4 /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / rl/qsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL pNn]v ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]t[Tjsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf rl/qsf] Nofut / tfut /fhgLlt ;dfhsf] k|d'v g]t[TjbfoL zlQm xf] eg] To;df /fhg]tfsf] sfo{sf/L e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;af6 /fhgLlt Pj+ /fHoJoj:yf, zf;gJoj:yf, cy{Joj:yf, GofoJoj:yf, ahf/Joj:yf / Pglhcf]÷cfOPhglhcf] ;d]tsf ;a} Joj:yfnfO{ k|0ffnLa4 Pj+ Jojl:yt / kl/rflnt x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o;sf nflu k|0ffnLl;t cfa4 ljrf/d"No, l;4fGtd"No, 229

Jojxf/d"No / ;Ë7gd"No a9L d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . Tof] eGbf klg sd{zLn, g]t[Tjd"No, l;h{gzLn / JolQmTjd"No / pBdLzLn rl/qd"No cem a9L d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . d"Nojfg\ o; sf/0f x'G5g\ ls pgLx? hgtfdf hfg] cfdhgtfsf] ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg Pj+ cfd hgtfsf] ;d[l4 / /fi6«sf] >Lj[l4sf vflt/ d'n'sdf sd{zLntf, ;[hgzLntf Pj+ pBdzLntfsf] clej[l4df lgi7f, g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf Pj+ st{Jok/fo0ftfsf ;fy hgtfdf ;dlk{t eP/ nflu/xG5g\ . clg sfdsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf gofF–gofF ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx? v'Ng] l:ylt alg/xG5 ;fy} /fi6«sf] pGglt k|ult ljsf; cleofgn] klg lg/Gt/tf kfpg] l:ylt alg/xG5 . o:tf k|;+udf g]t[Tjsf] ljz]if of]Uotfn] ;a}eGbf a9L dxŒj /fVb5, lsgls g]tf g} c?nfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg], cfkm" :jod\ ;xL af6f]df lx+8\g] / c?nfO{ klg lx+8fpg] JolQmTj x'g\ . ;fy} b]z, sfn, kl/l:ylt / hgtfsf OR5f cfsf+Iff Pj+ cfjZostfsf] jfl:tjstf a'em\g] Pj+ jt{dfg / eljiosf ;Defjgfx? larsf] cGt;DaGw / uGtJo lgSof}{n ug]{ klg pg} g]tf x'g\ . clg /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;+:s[lts cGt{;DaGwsf dfldnfdf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGwx? /fd|f]l;t :yflkt ug]{ / cu|dgsf] af6f] clVtof/ ug]{ cleogtf (Ingineers) klg pg} g]tf x'g\ . ;fy} /fhg}lts 36gf– kl/36gfsf ;DaGw / ;Gbe{nfO{ cBfjlw ug]{ klg pg} g]tfx? x'g\ . o;nfO{ tnsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 M = ofjt\ ;Gbe{– ;DaGwnfO{ x]g]{ a'em\g] of]Uotf (ability to see ralationship) = To;df cGt/ lglxt cy{ / clek|fo a'em\g] of]Uotf (ability to underlying meaning) = clg ts{ ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf (ability to reason and judgement)

;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ cfd hgtfsf ;d:ofdf Wofg lbg' /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cGt/ ;DaGw Pj+ cGt/ lj/f]w / tL ;a}sf] ;dfwfgdf bQlrQ x'g' o;sf] k|lqmofut clek|fo xf] eg] o:tf k|;+udf ;fdflhs cfly{s ljifodf Jofks :t/df ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ / ;femf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] 230

vfFrf] kl//xG5 ;fy} /fhgLlts rl/qsf] pRrtf / /fhgLlts Jojxf/sf] z'4tf tkm{ klg Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 . Tof] eGbf klxn] ;xL ;dodf lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf klg kl/xG5 . o;nfO{ ljleGg zLif{sdf ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]t[Tj / sfo{sf/L e"ldsf oxfFg]/ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] /fhgLltdf lglZrt p2]Zo Pj+ nIo k|flKtsf nflu k|0ffnLa4 ;Ë7g lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . clg nf]stGqdf /fhgLlt ;Ë7g d"Nodf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;df ;Ë7g d"No, g]t[Tj d"No, kl/jt{g d"No / pknAwL d"Nosf] dfGotfn] a9L dxŒj /fVb5 . Tof] eGbf klg g]tfsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf / ;f] sf] ultzLntf, kl/jt{gzLntf Pj+ k|ultzLntfsf] ;fk]Iftfl;t ;DaGw 1fgfTds r]tgf -Congnative Sence) af]w]lGb|o r]tgf -Kinesthetic Sence) ;d]tsf] d"Non] cem a9L dxŒj /fVb5g\ . lsgsL sd{zLntf Pj+ ;[hgfzLntfl;t ;DaGw r]tgf sfo{sf/L e"ldsfdf cfwfl/t ljifo x'g\ . zzcjnf]sg (Observation) zzk|Tofjt{g (Reflection) zzlg0f{o (Judgement) s'g} klg ljifoj:t'nfO{ ldlxg lx;fan] x]g'{, a'em\g' / kIf–ljkIfsf] ;"Id lx;fan] cWoog–cg';Gwfg kZrft\ ;xL–unt ljifosf] lgSof}{n ug'{ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg ug'{ cjnf]sg xf] . ;fy} ;DalGwt 36gf—kl/36gfsf] ljj]rgf / ljifoj:t'sf] cg's"ntf cyjf k|lts"ntfsf ;DaGwdf lrGtg, dgg ug'{ k|Tofjt{g xf] . o; lqmof– cg'lqmofaf6 cjnf]sg / lg0f{osf nflu ;lhnf] kb{5 . o;/L lg0f{o;Dd k'Ug' / k|ToIfaf]w / tYoaf]wsf k|lqmof k"/f x'g' g} Wofgl;t ;Da4 dgf]Jojxf/sf] ljz]iftf xf] . oxfFlg/ hgtfsf s'/f ;'Gg], /x] ePsf ;d:of klxrfg ug]{, ;d:of ;dfwfgdf nflu/xg] k|j[lQ / k|lqmofn] a9L dxŒj /fVb5g\ . o;sf nflu ;+j]bgf (Sensation) / k|ToIfaf]w (Perseption) ;d]tsf tYoaf]wsf ;DaGwdf k|:6 x'g h?/L x'G5 . ;dj]bgf / k|ToIfaf]w b'j} r]tgfsf k|d'v ljifo x'g\, eg] ;Da]bgfsf cfzo– ljifoj:t'sf] r]tgf xf] . clg k|ToIf af]w eg]sf] ;du| j:t' l:ylt / ;du|

jftfj/0fsf] af]w ug'{ xf] . o:t} tYoaf]w eg]sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{, cyf{t\ cGt/dgn] ljifo j:t'nfO{ lrGg' / hfGg' xf] . o;sf nflu k|Tofjt{gsf] ?kdf cEof; / cg'zLng vfFrf] kl//xG5 . t/ xfdLsxfF o:tf] x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g OlGb|o sfdgfsf nfnrdf km:g' . dg hgtfsf ;d:oftkm{ hfg g;Sg', /fi6«sf uDeL/ ;d:ofaf6 Wofg ljrlnt x'g' / /fi6«df ljBdfg /fhg}lts ultxLgtf (Inertia), cfly{s h8tf (Stagnation) / ;fdflhs j~rgf (Deprivation) nfO{ lrg]{ Ifdtf g'x'g', g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg' clg /fhg}lts d"Noaf]w, bfloTjaf]w / st{Joaf]wsf ljifo lgtfGt pk]Iffdf kg]{ l:ylt /lx/xG5 . ;fy} OlGb|o dg / Wofg c;fdfGo nf]enfe / lglxt :jfy{x?tkm{ k|j[Q x'g] k|lqmofsf] k|r"/ k|antf alg/xG5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt lx;fan] x]g{ ;lsG5 M zzOlGb|o ljrlnt x'g' zzdg cGoq a/flng' zzWofg :yfgfGtl/t x'g' zz1fg ;xL gx'g' ;d:of oL g} x'g\ Jojxf/tM cfdhgtfsf] /fhgLltdf hfg' kg]{ /fhg]tfx?sf] dg / hgftfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g' kg]{ Wofg cGoq hfg] Pjd\ cf–cfˆgf :jfy{n] k|d'vtf kfpg'af6 h'g l:ylt cfOkb{5, Tof] xf]– dg a/flng] l:ylt . o; l:yltdf hfGg' kg]{ / a'‰g' kg]{ ljifosf] ;xL lx;fadf 1fg x'g ;Sb}g . cjnf]sg (Observation), k|Tofjt{g (Reflection), / lg0f{o (Judgement) sf k|lqmof klg ;xL lx;fan] hgd'vL x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

/fhgLltdf lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf lgZro g} /fhgLltdf lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfn] a9L dxŒj /fVb5 . lsgsL of] ;a} gLltsf] dfp xf] eg] cjnf]sg ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ JolQmTjn]] ;j{k|yd o; tTjnfO{ Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 lsgsL lg0f{o stf{sf] OlGb|o sfdgf, dgsfdgf, a'l4sfdgf ;d]tsf OR5f, cfsf+If / cfjZostf ;d]t Wofg lg0f{ostf{sf] Wofg lt ;a}df s]Gb|Lt x'G5 . clg o;af6 cjnf]sg / lg0f{osf k|lqmof k|efljt x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o;nfO{ tnsf a'Fbfdf ljj]w ug{ ;lsG5 M

zzJolQm s]lGb|t cjnf]sg / lg0f{o zz;dfh s]lGb|t cjnf]sg / lg0f{o

o; ;DaGwdf /fhgLltdf cjnf]sg ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ of]Uotf / Ifdtf ;DkGg g]t[Tjn] dxŒj /fVb5 . lsgsL ;dfhdf /fhgLlt / /fHoJoj:yfn] c? Joj:yfsf] cjnf]sg / k|Tofjt{g ub}{ lg0f{o ug]{ /fhg}lts sfo{ef/ af]s]sf] x'G5 . ;fy} ;dfhs]lGb|t k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' klg TolQs} h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] ljkl/t JolQm s]lGb|t lg0f{odf ;Lldt x'g' x'Fb}g t/ g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf t'ngfTds lx;fan] JolQm s]lGb|t cjnf]sg k|Tofjt{g / lg0f{o ug]{ a9L k|d'vtf kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

rl/q / Jojxf/sf] cGt/;DaGw o:tf ;Gbe{df Wofg lbg' kg]{ csf]{ ljifo 5 /fhg}lts rl/qsf] pRrtf . lsgls o:tf] rl/qsf] k|lta4tfsf] pRrtf /fhg}lts Jojxf/df k|blz{t x'g] ub{5g\ . ;fy} /fhg}lts Jojxf/ l;t k/:k/ ;dfof]lht x'Fb} hfG5g\ . clg zlQm / /fhgLlt (power and politices) aLr /fd|f] tfnd]nf klg alg/xG5 . o:tf] tfnd]n agfpgsf nflu g]t[Tj / rl/q aLr klg /fd|f] ;Gt'ng ldnfO /fVg' klg h?/L x'G5 . oxfFlg/ ljz]if x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ;Qf /fhgLltdf zf;g]if0ff, wg]if0ff, anif]0ff, ef]u]if0ffsf k|j[lQ / k|lqmof a9L k|jn x'G5g\ ;fy} ;Qfdf a;]sfx? zlQm / ;Dkbfsf] dftdf a9L dflQg] ub{5g\ . hgtfsf cfwf/ e"t cfjZostf tkm{ slQklg Wofg lb+b}gg\ / pTkfbg a9fpg] / /f]huf/L dfldnfdf klg s'g} ;/f]sf/ /fVb}gg\, ;du|df hgtfsf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] cefjsf] l:ylt alg/xG5g\ . o; sf/0f /fhg}lts rl/q lgdf{0fdf ;j{k|yd Wofg lbg h?/L x'G5 . lsgsL rl/q eGg' dflg;df dfgjLo u'0fx?sf] ;dfof]hg xf] . of]Uotf, bIftf, sfo{s'zntf o;df ;dfof]lht ePsf x'G5g\ eg] Jojxf/df kl/nlIft klg x'g] ub{5g\ . rl/qjfg x'g' o;sf] k|of]hg xf] eg] ;f]+r, ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/df ;Rrl/q emNsg' o;sf] Jofjxfl/stf xf] . clg ultzLntf (Mobility), ;r]tgf (Consciousness), ;hutf (Awareness), ;ts{tf (Alertness) o;sf 231

k|lqmofut cfwf/ x'g\ . oxfFg]/ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] rl/qdf u'0f ul/df dfq ;dfof]lht x'Fb}g, bf]if klg ;dfof]lht x'g ;Sb5g\ . rl/q ;du|df dflg;sf] JolQmTjdf o;/L JoQm x'g] ub{5 ls Ps JolQmn] csf]{ JolQml;t ;fdfGo Jojxf/ ubf{, JolQm s]–s:tf] 5 eGg'eGbf, p;sf] rl/q s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] a9L dxŒj /fVb5 . JolQmTjdf JolQmsf cfrf/, ljrf/, cfr/0f rl/q / g}ltstfl;t cfa4 ultzLntf, ;r]tgf, ;ts{tf / lqmofzLntfsf lqmof–cg'lqmof ;dfof]lht ePsf x'G5g\ / o;} cg';f/ rl/qdf JoQm x'g] ub{5g\ tyf Jojxf/df kl/nlIft x'Fb} hfG5g\ . rl/qsf ;fwf/0ftof b'O{ kIf x'G5g\ Ps cfGtl/s kIf / csf]{ afx\o kIf . 1fgfTdstf (Cognition), efjfTdstf (Affection), / lqmofTdstf (Conation) sf efjx? rl/qsf cfGtl/s kIf x'g\ eg] cfrf/, ljrf/ / cfr/0fsf] lgoldttf / ljlwsf] ;'lglZrttf rl/qsf afx\o kIf x'g\ . o:tf k|;ª\udf cfrf/, ljrf/, cfr/0f Pjd\ rl/qsf] pRrtfsf ljifon] a9L dxŒj /fVb5g\ . Tof] eGbf klg /fhg}lts ljrf/, l;4fGt Pjd\ cfbz{k|ltsf] k|lta4tfn] cem a9L dxŒj /fVb5 . lsgls /fhgLlt l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] lj1fg xf] eg] /fhg}lts rl/q o;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] lsgls /fhg}lts Jojxf/ o;df k|blz{t ePsf] x'G5 .

ljz]if x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ ljifo /fhgLlt l;4fGttM Pj+ Jojxf/tM d"Nodf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;af6 dfgjd"No, hLjgd"No, ;dfhd"No, ljlwd"No, lgjf{rgd"No / g}ltsd"No;d]tsf d"Nox? Pj+ dfGotfx? ;dfhdf :yflkt x'Fb} hfG5g\ clg /fhg}lts rl/q / /fhg}lts Jojxf/ Pj+ /fhgLlts sfo{ef/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf ;d]t hgtfsf nflu, hgtfåf/f, hgtfsf] /fHoJoj:yf Jojl:yt x'Fb} hfG5 . ;fy} /fhgLlt d"Nodf cfwfl/t x'Fb} hfG5 eg] hglxt, ;dfhsNof0f / nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHoJoj:yf klg Jojl:yt x'Fb} hfG5 . /fhg}lts rl/qsf] pRrtf / /fhg}lts Jojxf/sf] z'4tf ;d]t sfod x'Fb} hfG5 . o;nfO{ tnsf a'Fbfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M– zz;fWosf] pRrtf / ;fwgsf] z'4tf 232

zzdfgjd"Nosf] vf]hL / hLjgd"Nosf] hu]gf{

/fhgLltsf] ;fWo b]z / b]zjf;L x'g\ eg] hglxt Pjd\ ;dfhsNof0f ug'{ o;sf] d"n Wo]o xf] . k|hftGq, ;'zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo, Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf o;sf ;fwg x'g\ . o:t} /fhgLltsf] k|hftflGqsLs/0f eg]sf] d"ntM dfgjd"Nosf] vf]hL ug'{ xf] . o;df dfgj ;dfh / o;sf ljz]iftfx?, ultzLntfx? Pjd\ cgGt dfgjLo ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ k|of;x? ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ . o;sf] ljkl/t s'zf;g, e|i6frf/ Pj+ cfly{s zf]if0f, /fhg}lts bdg, cGofo, cTofrf/, pTkL8gdf k/]sfx?sf] dfemdf dfgjd"Nosf] vf]hL ug'{ / af?b, aGb's, xTof / lx+;fsf] dfemaf6 zflGt / clx+;f x'Fb} hLjgd"Nosf] hu]gf{ ug'{ g} ;fWosf] pRrtf Pjd\ ;fwgsf] z'4tf xf] . ;du|df nf]stflGqs cyjf k|hftflGqs Jjj:yfk|lt k|lta4 hg/fhgLlt Pjd\ ;'zf;g ;bfrf/ dfgjd"Nosf] vf]hL ug]{ / hLjgd"Nosf] hu]gf{ ug]{ k|d'v ;fwg x'g\ eg] /fhg}lts rl/qsf] pRrtf / /fhg}lts Jojxf/sf] z'4tf o;sf k|d'v xltof/ x'g\ . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ;fWosf] pRrtf / ;fwgsf] z'4tfsf] ljifon] klg k|d'vtf kfpg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g, clg ljs[ltsf] aLp /f]k]/ ;'s[ltsf] kmn k|fKt x'Fb}g eGg] tYotkm{ klg /fhgLltsf cu'jfx?sf] Wofg hfg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . hgtfsf] ;xL /fhgLltsf nflu ;du|df ;fWosf] pRrtf / ;fwgsf] z'4tftkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . lsgls pRr ;fWosf nflu z'4 ;fwgsf] vfFrf] kl//xG5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt lx;fan] x]g{ ;lsG5 M zzcfrf/ z'l4 / ljrf/ z'l4 zzcfr/0f z'l4 / rl/q z'l4 zzcfxf/ z'l4 / Jojxf/ z'l4 ;du|df /fhg}lts kfqtfsf] z'4tf xf] eg] rl/qsf] pRrtf Pjd\ Jojxf/sf] kljqtf o;sf cfwf/ x'g\ . /fhg]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{sf] :jR5 5lj cyjf a]bfu JolQmTj (Clean personality) agfO/fVg' /fhg}lts kfqsf] kfqtf xf] . t/ xfdLsxfF o:tf] x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . lzv/ /fhgLlt / ;Qf lzv/sf cu'jfx?sf] /fhg}lts cfrf/, ljrf/, cfr/0f /

rl/qsf] pRrtf Pjd\ Jojxf/sf] z'4tftkm{ Wofg;Dd klg hfg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . olt;DdsL k|hftGqdf g]t[Tjn] h] u/] klg x'G5 eGg] alnof] cjwf/0ff klxn] b]lv g} :yflkt x'b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} k|hftGq eg]sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;DkGgtf / wgwfGotf xf] eg] cd"t{ /fhg}lts l;4fGt k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf xf]Og eGg] dfGotf cjwf/0ff;d]t g]t[Tj txdf ljsl;t x'Fb} uof] . clg zlQm / /fhgLltleq ;ª\ult a9\g'sf] pN6f] lj;ª\ult / ljs[lt a9\b} cfPsf 5g\ . /fhgLltsf cu'jfx?sf] k|j[lQ / k|lqmof o;} cg';f/ kl/rflnt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . cfGbf]ng x'g,' ;f] ;kmn klg x'g' t/ cfGbf]ngsf pknlAw hf]ufpg /fhg]tfx? c;kmn x'gs ' f] tLtf] tYonfO{ lzv/ /fhgLlt / ;Qf lzv/sf cu'jfx?n] ;w}+ j]j:tf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . @)$^ ;fndf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k~rfotL Joj:yf uof] t/ /f0ffsfnLg Pj+ k~rfotsfnLg ;f]r ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/ hfg ;s]gg\ . lgZro g} d'n'sdf k|hftGqsf] k'g{:yfkgf eof] t/ ;'zf;g, ;bfrf/, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / k|lta4tfsf lgod :yflkt x'g ;s]gg\ . k|hftGq Pjd\ g]t[Tjk|lt hgljZjf;sf] k|uf9sf] pk]Iff dfq eO/x\of] eg] ;Qf, zlQm, ;Dkbf Pjd\ ;'ljwf nDk6tf a9\b} uof] . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt lx;fan] x]g{ ;lsG5 M zzcfGbf]ngsf nflu xjfO{ rKknl;tsf] ofqf zzk|hftGqsf nflu kh]/f], k|f8f]sf] ;jf/L zzpT;j Pj+ pb\3f6gsf nflu xjfO{ ofqf g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngsf nflu clg k|hftGq k|flKtsf nflu x'Fb} cfPsf ofqfdf leGgtfsf k|j[lQx? o;/L b]vfkb}{ cfPsf 5g\ ls ;dfhnfO{ lbg]eGbf /fHoaf6 a9L–a9L lng] lqmof–cg'lqmof k|d'vtf kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fhg}lts kfqtf, /fhg}lts rl/q, /fhg}lts Jojxf/df cfPsf] ljrng, lj;ª\ult / ljs[ltsf sf/0f o:tf] km/s x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;s} sf/0f ;fdflhs c;dfgtf, c;dfg ljsf;sf k|lqmof a9\g] qmd c¿ a9\bf] 5, wgL / u/La aLrsf] b"/L emg\emg\ km/flsnf] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . wgL cem wgL x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ eg] u/La emg\emg\ u/La x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ d'n'sdf s]xL JolQm wgL x'Fb} hfg] t/

b]z / b]zjf;L eg] u/La x'Fb} hfg] z[ª\vnfn] klg lg/Gt/tf kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . b]zjf;L ul/a x'Fb} cfPsf o:tf z[ª\vnftkm{ lzv/ /fhgLlt / ;Qf lzv/sf cu'jfx?sf] Wofg hfg]5 . zzzf;s / zfl;t zzkL8s / kLl8t o;/L /fhg}lts d"No :vngsf ;d:ofdfly yk ;d:of ylkbf 5g\ eg] zf;s / zfl;t, zf]ifs / zf]lift aLrsf] ;d:ofdfly ;d:of ylkg] qmd em\gemg\ a9\bf] 5 . o:tf lgtfGt lje]bsf/L ;d:of nf]stGq, ;fdflhs ;dtf, dfgjflwsf/, ;fdflhs Gofo, cfly{s Gofo / /fhg}lts Gofoh:tf ljifosf dfemdf hl6n ;d:ofsf] ?kdf h]lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ eg] o:tf ;d:ofsf] pkrf/ x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . pkrf/sf nflu hgtfdf ;dlk{t x'Fb} ;Tolgi7f, j:t'lgi7f OdfGbfl/tf, g}ltstf, st{Jokfngf, /fi6«;]jf k/fo0ftf Pjd\ rl/qsf] pRrtf / Jojxf/sf] z'4tfsf] pkfoåf/f o:tf lje]bsf/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{ g} ;xL cy{df nf]stGq k|j4{g ug'{ xf] eg] zlQm / /fhgLltnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ug'{ xf] . oxfFlg/ g} s'/f cfpFb5g\– kL8s / kLl8tx? aLrsf] hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{, d"Nodf cfwfl/t /fhgLlt clg k/:k/sf] ;+jfb, ;b\efjgf, ;b\ljrf/ / ;xsfo{sf nflu ;xdltsf] /fhgLlt . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd hgtfsf] zf;g / x}sdsf] zf;g aLr lje]b ub}{ k|e'Tjjfb, ;j{;Qfjfb / lg/ª\s'z zf;gsf lj?4 cfGbf]ng ub}{ JolQmsf] xf]Og, ljlwsf] zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, ;'zf;g axfnL / /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k4lt ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 t/ xfdLsxfF o:tf] x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . /fhgLltdf ?n -Rules_ sf] xf]Og, x"nsf] bafa a9\bf] 5 . o;s} sf/0f /fhgLltdf clgoldttf, cJoj:yf, dgk/L b]lv c/fhstf ;d]tsf kmf]xf]/x? hDdf x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;} sf/0f /fhgLltnfO{ kmf]xf]/L v]n eGg] rng 5 . jf:tjdf /fhgLlt kmf]xf]/L v]n xf]Og . /fhgLlt ug'{ eg]sf] ;Tsd{ ug'{ xf] . hgtfdf hfg] / hgtfsf sfd ug]{ o;sf] d"n Wo]o xf] . t/ xfdLsxfF o:tf] x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . kmfObfsf] /fhgLlt, nfesf] kb k|flKt / ;'ljwfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf lqmof–cg'lqmofn] g} k|d'vtf 233

kfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] nfetGq g} cufl8 cfO/fv]sf] 5. oxfFlg/ ljz]if x]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] /fhgLlt ug]{x?n] :jod\ pbfx/0f ag]/ dg, jrg / sd{åf/f hgtfsf] /fhgLlt g} nf]stGq xf], clg of] pQd k|0ffnL xf] eg]/ b]vfpg'sf] ;f6f] /fhgLltnfO{ kmfObfsf] /fhgLlt / nfesf] kb k|flKtnfO{ a9L k|>o lb+b} /fHoaf6 a9L–a9L ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot k|fKt ug]{, cs"t cfDbfgL ug]{, k|r'/ ;DklQ ;~ro ug]{ / a9L– a9L df]hd:tL ug]{ dfWod xf] eGg] s'/fsf] rl/tfy{ x'Fb} cfPsf tYox? ;dfhdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt lx;fan] x]g{ ;lsG5 M zznf]stGq lj?4 dgk/LtGq zz;'zf;g lj?4 s'zf;g zz;bfrf/ lj?4 e|i6frf/ nfetGq / dgk/LtGqn] k|d'vtf kfpg's} sf/0f d'n's k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] nflu cufl8 a9\b} cfPsf]df /fhgLltsf cu'jfx?sf] cfrf/, cfr/0f, rl/q /

Jojxf/ eg] nf]stGqsf nflu cg's"n aGg ;s]gg\ . nf]stGqk|ltsf] k|lta4tfdf klg k|lts"ntfsf k|j[lQ / k|lqmof a9\b} uof] . o;s} sf/0f /fhgLlt hgd'vL /fHoJoj:yf kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s]gg\ . cfly{s ;bfrf/ljxLgtf, e|i6frf/, s'zf;g, ul/aL, åGå / ljWj+zh:tf /fi6«sf k|d'v zq'x?sf] klg klxrfg x'g ;s]g . pN6} /fhgLltdf cfTdZnf3f, k/lgGbf, ldYofefif0f, k/kL8f, b|Jogf/fo0f / ef]uk/fo0ftkm{sf] pTk|]/0ffn] a9L k|f]T;fxg kfpFb} cfPsf] oyfy{ huhfx]/ 5 . zlQm / /fhgLltjLr tfnd]n gx'g' / zlQmsf] a9L pkof]u x'g'af6 o:tf] x'g] ub{5 . Tof]eGbf klg, /fhgLlt u5'{ eGg] hgtfsf] /fhgLlt gug]{, kmut cfkm", cfkmGt / cfˆgf :jfy{leqsf JolQmx?sf] ;Ldfdf ;Lldt /xg]x?s} sf/0f /fhgLltdf d"No :vng / d"NoxLgtfsf ;d:of r'gf}ltk"0f{ aGb} cfPsf 5g\ . cfzf u/f}+ o;tkm{ lzv/ /fhgLlt / ;Qf lzv/sf cu'jfx?sf] Wofg ;dod} hfg]5 / /fhgLlt d"Nodf cfwfl/t x'g]5 .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

skf{]/6 clkm;M kf]i6 aS;, %!*(, xflQ;f/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]gM )!–$$@!)(#, $$@!)($, km\ofS;M )!–$$!&&(# gf/fo0fu9 zfvf nfoG;rf]s, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg kmf]gM )%^–%&))@(, %&))#(, km\ofS;M %&))#! 234

Jofkf/ ;+Ã\3 / d  k|efts'df/ hf]zL km]l/ Ps k6s lrtjgsf] ul/df a9fpg ælrtjg dxf]T;jÆ ;DkGg x'Fb}5 . of] lrtjg]n] uf}/j ug'{kg{] pT;j xf] . w]/}n] lrtjgsf] ljifodf w]/} n]lvO;lsof] y'k|} ;'lg;lsof] eGnfg\ t/ lrtjgsf] Ps lr/fsf] klg ;fËf]kfËf] nufpg cem;Dd ;a} ldn]/ klg ;Sof h:tf] nfUb}g . lrtjgsf] e"uf]nn] km]b{} u/]sf] :jefj, lrtjgsf] Oltxf;sf] v'Ng afFsL ePsf] kfgf, lrtjgsf] 8fF8fn] ef]u]sf sxfnLnfUbf hLjgsf oyfy{x?, x]lkPsf] df8Lsf] ;':s]/f / lrtjgsf cflbjf;Lx? nv]l6+b} hfg'sf sxfnLnfUbf syfx? cem} pbflËg afFsL 5g\ . w'|a]sf] h:tf] cft°n] sltsf] Hofg uof], sltsf] 3/ af; p7\of] n]vfhf]vf g} 5}g . cfh pN6} pg} w'|a]x?af6 Oltxf; n]vfpg vf]Hb}5f}F xfdL ;f]emf lrtjg]x? . lrtjgsf] of] ;femf dxf]T;jdf lrtjgsf] ljutsf] uj{ ug{ ;lsg] If0fx? klg 5n{lËg' k5{, lrtjgsf] jt{dfgsf] t:aL/ b]lvg' k5{ / lrtjgsf] eljiosf pHofnfx? afF8\g lbof] afNg' k5{ . lrtjgsf] ufpFa:tLsf] kl/ro lbOg' k5{ . lrtjgdf afFRg] hfthfltsf] avfg ul/g' k5{ . oxfFsf] ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ kl/isf/ u/]/ kl:sOg' k5{ . Tolt dfq ge} ælrtjg dxf]T;jÆ df lrtjgsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx?sf] a]nL la:tf/ vf]tNg' k5{ / tL ;+:yfx?n] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf kf/]sf ;sf/fTds s'/fx?sf] rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'g'k5{ . clg dfq lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg ;lsG5 . oxL lrgfpg] qmddf of] k6s ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’sf] pknIodf k|sflzt x'g] :dfl/sfdf gf/fo0fu9 lrgfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] x"F . of] d]/f] sQ{Jo / bfloTj klg

xf] . @)!( ;fnsf] k'ifdf cfdfsf] cf}+nf ;dfO{ df3] ;ª\qmflGtsf] d]nf eg{ dfdf3/ em/]sf] klg %) jif{ e};s]5 . uf]/vfsf] xfjf / aGbLk'/sf] df6f]df x's{]sf] d]/f] lszf]/jon] kfOnf 6]s]sf] ToxL gf/fo0fu9n] dnfO{ lrgf/L lbPsf] 5 . oxL gf/fo0fu9n] dnfO{ r]t lbof], lrtjg lrgfof] . d]/f] b]z g]kfn lrgfof] / afFsL ;+;f/ a'‰g] agfof] . clxn] d h] 5', h:tf] 5' – Tof] dnfO{ gf/fo0fu9n] g} agfof] . o:tf] gf/fo0fu9sf] af/]df d lsg gn]v"F < t/ klxnf] uf;d} 9'Ëf k/]h:tf] – o;sf] gfdsf] af/]d} w]/} vf]hLgLlt rflxg] eof] . of] gf/fo0f±u9 jf gf/fo0f±3f6 lsg / s;/L eof] < slxn]b]lv eof] < jf:tljs gf/fo0fu9eGbf lrlgg] o;sf rf/ lsNnfx? s] slt x'g\ < cfwf/e"t s'/fx?d} ¿dlNng' kbf{ oyf;dodf ;a} s'/f /fVg ;lsPg / gf/fo0fu9sf] ;fy} cfw'lgs lrtjgsf] piffsfnLg ;+:yf Jofkf/ ;+3, gf/fo0fu9 -@)@% ;fndf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, gf/fo0fu9 / xfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– lrtjg_ n] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ / lrtjgsf] af}l4s ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] ;fgf] c+zsf] af/]df rrf{ ug{] k|oTg u/]sf] 5' . Jofkfl/s gfsfsf] ?kdf rlr{t gf/fo0fu9df vf; u/L aGbLk'/] Jofkf/Lx?s} afx'No lyof] eGg] s'/f @)!^ ;fndf :yflkt x'Fbfsf] Jofk/ ;+3, gf/fo0fu9sf] P3f/ hgf ;+:yfksx?dWo] cf7 hgf aGbLk'/sf], Ps hgf xfnsf] nlntk'/sf] eP klg aGbLk'/af6} gf/fo0fu9 em/]sf], Pshgf s'G5f, ndh'Ësf] / Pshgf jL/u+h, k;f{sf] ePaf6} k|:6 x'G5 . ;+:yfksHo"x?dWo] cem} rf/hgf xfdL;Fu} lrtjgsf] ;d'HHjn eljiosf] nflu 235

s]xL g s]xL ub{} ;kmn / eJo hLjg latfpFb} x'g'x'G5 . lgtfGt Jofj;flos lxtsf] nflu dfq} Jofkf/ ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf]Og eGg] s'/f :yfkgf sfnb]lv cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf;n] k|:6\ofO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/ ;+3n] gf/fo0fu9 / lrtjgs} k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf kf/]sf w]/} dWo]sf] d cfkm}+n] ef]u]sf] / cg'ej u/]sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq oxfF k|:t't ug{] r]i6f u/]sf] 5' . ;+= @)!& ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] b]zdf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g u/]kl5 /fHosf] sf]kefhg x'g] 8/n] Tolta]nfsf pT;fxL gf/fo0fu9]x?n] :yfkgf u/]sf] gf/fo0fL k':tsfno ;~rfngdf Nofpg ;s]gg\ . k':tsfnosf k':tsx? xfnsf] xl/x/ dlGb/sf] leQ] b/fhdf ;fFrf] nufP/ yGSofOPsf] /x]5 . @)@! ;fndf xfdLeGbf dflyNnf] sIffdf k9\g] bfh' d'/fl/df]xg hf]zLn] xfdL s]xL ;fyLx?nfO{ ;Ël7t u/L ;f] aGb ePsf] k':tsfno ;~rfngdf Nofpg k|]l/t ug'{eof] / Jofkf/ ;+3sf tTsfnsf a'h|'sx?sf] pkl:yltdf xl/x/ dlGb/df ;fFrf] nufP/ /flvPsf] k':tsfnosf] ;fFrf] tf]8L k':tsx? lgsflnof] . -To;avt xl/x/ dlGb/df Pshgf df}gL afaf x'g'x'GYof] s]xL gaf]Ng] – ;fFrf] tf]8\bfsf] pxfFsf] k|km'Nn d'b|f cem} klg dgel/ 5 ._ ToxfF gfd dfqsf k':tsx? lyP – tL klg dlSsPsf / wld/fn] vfPsf . k9\g x'g] hlt @)÷#) yfg k':tsx? kf]sf] kf/]/ d'/fl/bfh'n] /fVg' eof] . xfdLnfO{ d'/fl/ bfh'n] slxn] a'4 kfs{df, slxn] clxn] uf}/]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ ePsf] v'nf rf}/df, slxn] hf]/s';'ddf -xfn lbofnf] aª\unfsf] sDkfp08leq_ e]nf u/fO{ k':tsfno ;~rfngsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg' x'GYof] . slxn] sxfF, slxn] sxfF ubf{ ub{} cflv/ Jofkf/ ;+3df k':tsfno ;~rfngsf] nflu sf]7f dfUg] lg0f{o eof] / dfluof] klg . xfdL s]6fs]6LnfO{ s]/sf/ kf¥of h;/L ;DemfpFb} a'emfpFb} Jofkf/ ;+3n] cfˆg} wd{zfnfsf] Pp6f sf]7f k':tsfno ;~rfng ug{ lbg] eof] . -clxn]sf] 7fpFdf Jofkf/ ;+3 Pn cfsf/sf] 236

kSsL wd{zfnf lyof] ._ xfdL xf}l;of}+ . s[t1 eof}+ . 7fpF kfP kl5 ca k':tsx? hDdf ug{] cleofgdf nfluof] . 3/3/ k;nk;n k':ts dfUb} lx+l8of] . ;a}n] w]/}yf]/} k':tsx? lbP . ca y/Ly/Lsf k':tsx? hDdf eP . wd{zfnfsf] Pp6f sf]7fdf sf7sf kmn]sx?n] agfOPsf] ¥ofs / Jofkf/ ;+3s} a]Grx?df k':ts /fVg yflnof] . ca Ps b'O{ hgf kf7sx? klg cfpg yfn] . ca k':tsfno rNnf rNnf h:tf] eof] . k':tfsfno ;~rfngsf] nflu lgod agfOof] . k};f lnP/ ;b:otf afFl8of] . sfo{;ldlt agfOof] . k':tsfno vf]Ng] kfnf] k/]sf] lbg :s"nsf] ;ftf}+ 306L 5f]8]/ k':tsfno vf]Ng k'luGYof] . lstfasf] aLrdf k'm;{b} k'm;{b . xfdL h] 5 ToxL k9\Yof}+ . s] k9\bf s] x'G5 < yfxf lyPg . /fd|f] nfu]lg k9\of], g/fd|f] nfu]lg k9\of] . lstfa s'/]/ @, # 306f a:g'kbf{ lstfa k9\g'afx]s ljsNk} lyPg . k9\g', k9\g' / k9\g' l;jfo s] ug'{ < cflv/ k':ts k9\g] Jo;g} h:tf] eof] . g/fd|f] nt} a:of] . u'nasfjnLb]lv u'nzgGbf, s'zjfxfsfGt, /fg' l5lrlnof] . d'gfdbg / uf}/Lb]lv lr;f] r'Nxf] l5rlnof] . g/–gf/L, sfblDagL / gjgLtsf] s'g} cª\s k9\g 5'6fOPg xf]nf . x]ldËj]b]lv 6N;6fo;Dd–ToxL k':tsfnon] lrgfof] . ‘x+;’ k9\bf k|]drGb k9\g l;sfpFy] cu|hx? . Dof8d So'/Lb]lv jfNdLls;Dd k9fof] – gf/fo0fL k':tsfnon] . kl5 kl5 t ljb]zL b"tfjf;x?af6 klg ;fdlos k|sfzg / k':tsx? cfpg yfn] . k9fOsf] rf}3]/f klg a9\b} uof] . emg\emg\ k9\g] / hfGg] OR5f hfUb} uof] . k9\g] / k9\g] jftfj/0f agfpFbf agfpFb} lhGbuL g} k':tsfnodo aGb} uof] . Jofkf/ ;+3sf] hudf p7]sf] ToxL k':tsfno ;~rfng ubf{sf s]xL la;{g} g;lsg] s'/fx? klg clxn] ememNsf] cfO/x]sf]n] sf]g{ dg nflu xfNof]– zzk':tsfno ;~rfngfy{ k|]/0ff lbg]x?df k|ToIf?kn] d'/fl/df]xg hf]zL x'g'x'GYof] eg] xl/x/ dlGb/df /x]sf] tfnf vf]Ng xf}:ofpg] / cu'jfO ug'{x'g] :j= s[i0fnfn k|wfg x'g'x'GYof] . s[i0faGw' lkof / s]= Pn= e"if0fhLx?sf] kxndf k':tsfnosf] nflu Jofkf/ ;+3sf]

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lz/f]dl0fHo"sf] k':tsk|ltsf] df]x / cf:yfn] dnfO{ cem} klg k':tsdf ;/:jtLs} jf; x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; hfU5 . wGo xf] Jofkf/ ;+3 ¤ h;sf] ;fgf] sf]7fdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf o'u k'?ifn] k':tsx?sf] dfem clGtd ;f;x? km]g'{ePsf] lyof] . zz‘gf;f]’ syf gk9\g] ;fob g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kf7s} xf]Og . ltg} syfsf syfsf/ g]kfnL hghLjgsf ;/n k|:tf]tf u'¿k|;fb d}gfnLHo" lrtjgs} x'g'x'G5 eg]/ yfxf kfPsf] klg gf/fo0fL k':tsfnon] ubf{ g} xf] . pxfF aflx/km]/af6 lrtjg 3/ cfpFbf b'O{k6s k':tsfnosf] sf]7fd} af; a:g'ePsf] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . Ps ;fFem k':tsfno v'Nn} x'Fbf pxfF gf/fo0fL k':tsfnosf] ;fOg af]8{ b]v/] k':tsfnoleq l5g'{ x'G5 . s'/fsfgL x'bF f hfFbf kf] yfxf x'G5 pxfF t g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 7"nf] n]vs Tof] klg cfˆg} lhNnfsf] . xfdL !#÷!$ sf l76fx? cfb/ ;Tsf/ t Tolt s] ug{ hfGbYof}+ / < d'/fl/ bfh'n] eGg'ePkl5 xfdLn] 9'Ëf] ldnfP/ k':tsfno cufl8 g} r'nf] agfof}+ . ls/0fhL / k|r08hLsf] 3/ glhs ePsf]n] pxfFx?dWo] s'lGg s;sf] 3/af6 bfp/f Nofof}+ . pxfF cfkm}+ ksfP/ vfg' x'Fbf] /x]5 . c? bfh'x? klg x'g'x'GYof] – s] s] s'/f eof] ;a} t ;Demgf 5}g t/ xfdLn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf]df pxfF v';L x'g'ePsf] cfef; xfdLn] yfxf kfPsf lyof}+ . pxfFn] 7"nf] eP/ ltdLx?n] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] ;]jf ug'{k5{ eGg'ePsf] ;Demgf cem} tfh} 5 t/ pxfFsf] OR5f k"/f ug{ g;s]sf]df clxn] b'Mv nfU5 . zzk':tsfnon] u/]sf ljleGg ;flxlTos lqmofsnfkx?df ;Íng ePsf syf, sljtf / n]v /rgfx?n] ca k':tsfnosf] kmfOn el/O;s]sf] lyof] . tL /rgfx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] ;Gbe{ lg:sFbf k':tsfnon] ;flxlTos klqsf k|sfzg ug{] lgwf] u¥of] / ælt;{gfÆ gfdsf] klqsf klg lgsfNof] . ToxL klqsfn] dnfO{ dfwj l3ld/], l;l4r/0f >]i7 / kfl/hftnfO{ e]6\g] cj;/ lbof] . o;}n] dnfO{ k|d] 5f]6f, sfhL /f]zg / ljho alhdoh:tf n]vsx?sf] ;fdLKo lbnfof] . @)@& ;fnlt/ ls/0fhL / d Go"/f]8sf] lkkn af]6lt/ ‘lt;{gf’ a]Rg k'u]Yof}+ . 237

pxfFx?n] lal;{xfn] klg b]zL/fd k|wfg / ;'efifrGb| lkofHo"n] ‘lt;{gf’ lgsfNbf ug'{ePsf] kl/>d lrtjgsf] ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]Vg]x?n] slxNo} la;{g] 5}gg\ . zzJofkf/ ;+ 3 sf] 5fofdf x' l sPsf] k' : tsfnon] ;dfhdf k'¥ofPsf] Pp6f csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] – /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] k|jfx . k':tsfnosf] gfddf To;a]nf x'nfsaf6 y'k|} klqsfx? cfpFy] . cfof{jt{, gj ef/t 6fOD; cflb To:tf klqsfx?leq g]kfnsf k|ltalGwt /fhg}lts bnx?sf krf{ kDKn]6x? cfpFy] . Ps sfg b'O{ sfg u/L /fhgLltdf rfv /fVg]x?n] oL s'/f yfxf kfP kl5 To:tf ;fdu|L lbg cg'/f]w ug'{x'GYof] – xfdL ;s];Dd cfk"mn] lrg]sf cu|hx?nfO{ To:tf ;fdu|Lx? ;s];Dd uf]Ko ?kn] lbGYof}+ . To;a]nf s'g} /fhg}lts lje]b lyPg . o;/L :jb]z / ljb]zsf /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x?aLr dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] ePsf]n] k':tsfnok|lt hfGg]a'‰g]x?df klg rf;f] a9\b} uof] . d}n] h:t} lrtjgsf y'k|}n] ck|ToIf ?kdf

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lzIff eg]s} pHofnf], rl/q lgdf{0fsf] ;fy} cFWof/f]nfO{ lrb}{ k|ultkydf nDsg ;Sg] t'Nofpg] Ps lgsfo xf] . lzIffsf] cfjZostf dflg; hGd]kl5 gd?Gh]n;Dd klg l;s]/ g;lsg] k4lt xf] . hlt vr]{ klg g;lsg] j:t' xf] . dflg;nfO{ dflg; eg]/ lrgfpg] klg lzIff xf] . 9'ª\u]o'udf lnlk lyPg t/ Tof] a]nfdf Ozf/fn] JoQm ul/GYof] . kl5 qmdzM lnlksf] cfjZostf dx;"; eof] t/ Tof] a]nfdf clxn]h:tf] sfkL, snd lyPg cIf/sf] ;§fdf dflg;n] hldg, 9'Ëfdf cfkm"n] b]v]sf] j:t'sf] lrq sf]g]{ ul/GYof] . dflg;df ljsf;sf] qmd ePkl5 lnlksf] cfjZostf dx;"; eof] / lnlksf] k|f/De ePsf] kfpF5f}+ Tof] klg clxn] h:tf] kl/dflh{t lyPg, ltgLx?n] a'em\g] cfsf/sf] lnlk ljsf; ePsf] kfpF5f}+ . dflg;x?sf] cfjZostf c;Lldt lyof], 5Fb} 5 / x'g] g} 5 . o;nfO{ sd ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 t/ emg emg cfjZostf lbgk/lbg a9\b} 5 . dflg; clxn] cGo u|xx?df klg k'lu;Sof] zfob afFsL /x]sf u|xx?df klg k'Ug] / cg';Gwfg ug]{ nIo ;++;f/sf j}1flgsx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . dflg;n] sNkgf u/] h:t}, ;fF]r]h:t}] cfljisf/x? eO/x]sf 5g\ . gofF gofF cfljisf/ ug]{ qmd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5, xfdLn] ;fF]r] eGbf gofF s'/f tyf j:t'x?sf] cfljisf/ eO/xnf eGg] ljZjf; xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL dflysf ;a} ljsf; lzIffsf]] dfWodaf6 ePsf] xf] . plta]nf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL hËaxfb'/ a]nfot hfFbf ToxfFsf] lzIff, ljsf;, ;Eotf, dflg;x?sf] pRr ;f]Frn] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL hËaxfb'/nfO{ lgs} k|efj kf¥of] / cª\u|]hL lzIff g]kfnnfO{ klg cfjZostf dx;";

u/L cª\u|]hL lzIff g]kfndf lj=;+=!(!) df leq\ofpg] sfo{ pxfFn] ug'{ePsf] Oltxf;sf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . b/af/ xfO:s"ndf cª\u|]hL lzIffsf] ;'¿jft ubf{ ToxfF cWoog ug{ cfˆgf efO, elthf tyf /f0ffx?sf] 5f]/f5f]/L dfq k9\g kfpg] / To;a]nf pxfFn] eGg' ePsf] lyof]– æc?sf] s'/f 5f]8, cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{ cª\u|]hL k9fpmÆ / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n] b/af/ xfO:s"ndf cWoog ug{ kfpFb}gy] . g]kfnsf] klxnf] ljBfnosf] ?kdf b/af/ xfO:s"nnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cfh pQm ljBfnosf] cj:yf gfh's /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Joj:yfkg kIf bl/nf] gePsf] / lzIff lbg] ;+:yfx? w]/} vf]lnPsf]n] ljBfyL{x? cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ / OR5f cg';f/sf] cWoog ug]{ ljifosf] vf]hLdf nfUbf pQm ljBfnosf] z}lIfs ultljlw k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf cGo ljBfnox? kmi6fpg] df}sf kfpg'sf] ;fy;fy} z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] lgldQ lgs} d]xgt u/]sf] kfpF5f}+ . @)$^ ;fn;Dd lghL ;|f]tdf ;~rflnt ljBfnox? :yfkgf x'g] qmd tLj|?kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] kfpF5f}+ . o;} qmddf lqe'jg cfbz{ df=lj=kmlk{Ë, cfgGb s'6L ljBf>d :joDe', dx]Gb| ljBf>d ;ftbf]af6f], cfbz{ ljBfldGb/ dfgejg, h:tf lghL ;|f]tdf ;~rflnt ljBfnox? :yfkgf ePsf] kfpF5f}+ . To;} u/L l;4fy{ jg:ynL, a'9fgLns07, u08sL cfjf;Lo df=lj, lnl6n PGhN;, Uof]n]S;L, h]D;, le=P;= lgs]tg cflb /fd|f lghL :s"nx? klg :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfno h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] tna, eQf, ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ ;a} vr{sf] Joj:yf ub{5 t/ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ cln sdhf]/ ePkl5 pRr 239

u'0f:t/Lo ljBfnosf] vf]hLdf cleefjsx?n] ;f]FRg yfNof] / ;DkGg cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ ljb]zdf k7fpg yfNof] / cfˆgf] b]zdf klg ;f] :t/sf] ljBfnosf] lgldQ dflg;x?n] vf]hL ubf{ @)#^ ;fnb]lv lghL:t/df u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug]{ pb]Zo lnP/ vf]Ng] cj;/ kfO{ o;sf] dxŒj, cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tfsf] ?kdf ;+:yfut ljBfno vf]Ng yfNof] . bft[ lgsfox?n] /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs ;xof]usf] nflu lghL ljBfnox?n] k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs pknlAw /fHosf] lgldQ ljZj;gLo cfwf/ x'g k'u]sf] 5 . clxn] em08} g]kfndf s/La ( xhf/ lghL:t/df ;~rflnt ljBfnox? hxfF sl/a @) nfv ljBfyL{x? cWoog/t 5g\ eg] ! nfv %) xhf/ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t /x]sf] kfpF5f}+ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lzIffdf nufgL ug'{kg] em08} !# c/a ?k}of oL ;+:yfx?n] arfOlbPsf] 5 . oL ljBfnox?n] ;/sf/nfO{ nueu /fh:j jfkt ! c/a ?k}of a'emfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ klg ;/sf/sf] lghL -;+:yfut_ ljBfnok|ltsf] cjwf/0ff hlt /fd|f] x'g'kg]{ xf] Tolt kfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] lbg] cg'dltkq afx]s lghL ljBfnodf s'g} nufgL u/]sf] 5}g . lghL ljBfnon] g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsGg . P;=Pn=;L=k/LIffdf em08} (! k|ltzt glthf ;+:yfut ljBfnon] cf]u6]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljlzi6 >]0fLdf ptL{0f{ ljBfyL{sf] (% k|ltzt oxL If]qn] lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lzIfsx?sf] nugzLntf, r':t Joj:yfkg, cg'zfl;t ljBfyL{x?, ;~rfnsx?sf] cxf]/fq d]xgtn] o;n] 5'§} lzIff If]qdf klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] cfˆg} ;Ë7g 5 Tof] xf] lghL tyf cfjf;Lo ljBfno cu{gfOh]zg g]kfn . s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] &) lhNnfdf o;sf] zfvfx? lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 / &% lhNnfdf ;+:yfut ljBfnox? ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?;Fu ;+:yfut ljBfnox?n] z}lIfs u'0f:t/sf] lgldQ xft]dfnf] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . 240

;+:yfut ljBfno ;Ë7gn] 5'§} a[xt\ lzIff P]gsf] lgldQ ;/sf/;Fu dfu ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ Tof] dfunfO{ ;/sf/n] j]jf:tf ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . lzIff ;DaGwL ;a} ljBfnox?df k|ltlglwTjsf] ;jfn @)$& ;fnb]lv g} ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 t/ ;/sf/n] slQ klg rf;f] b]vfPsf] 5}g . oqf] 7"nf] hdftnfO{ ;/sf/n] aqm b[li6sf]0fn] x]/]sf] 5 . x/]s b]zsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;nfO{ kms]{/ x]g]{ xf] eg] lzIffsf] ;'¿jft lghL tj/af6 ePsf] kfpF5f}+ . g]kfndf j}lbssfnLg ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnLdf u'¿s'n, /fhs'n -Clifs'n_, b]js'n / lkt[s'n u/L rf/ k|sf/sf lzIff k|0ffnL /x]sf] kfpF5f}+ . oL rf/ k|sf/sf lzIff k|0ffnLx? k"0f{ ?kdf lghL lyP . cem u'¿s'n lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cWoog ubf{ s] a'lemG5 eg] of] k|0ffnL k"0f{ ?kdf lghL / lgtfGt JolQmut lyof] . g]kfndf lnR5jLsfn, dNnsfn, zfxsfn / /f0ffsfn;Dd klg lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ clwsf+z lghL If]qaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf Pp6f JolQm cu|;/ ePdf lzIffdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f P]ltxfl;s pbfx/0fåf/f a'em\g ;lsG5 . slxn];Dd of] /j}of unf{ < x]g{ afFsL g} 5 t/ ;+:yfut ljBfno ;dfhdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] x'gfn] cem klg cleefjsx?sf] dg lhTgsf] lgldQ cfw'lgs, j}1flgs / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ cem a9L d]x]gt, hfFu/ b]vfpg' kg]{ ;do cfO/x]sf] 5 . ToxfF sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwfsf] lgldQ ;sf/fTds ;f]Fr ;+:yfksx?n] /fVg'kg]{ ;do cfO/x]sf] 5 / o:tf] 7"nf] of]ubfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] ;+:yfut ljBfnonfO{ ;/sf/n] ;sf/fTds ;f]Fr /fvL tL ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] ;xof]usf] lgldQ oL ljBfnox?n] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 .

olb ltdL cfkm\gf] e"nnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu 9f]sf aGb ul/lbG5f} eg] ;To klg aflx/} kg]{5 . – /jLGb| 7fs'/

jf:t';DaGwL s]xL dx®jk"0f{ tYo  slkn c1ft e/tk'/–!@, lrtjg

a|Xdf08 cgGt zlQmsf] ;|f]t xf] . To;af6} ;[li6sf] lg/Gt/tf rNb5 . jf:t'zf:qdf k~rdxfe"t -k[YjL, hn, t]h, jfo', cfsfz_ sf ;fy} ltg zlQmsf ljifodf ljrf/ ul/G5 . tL ltg zlQm x'g\– u'¿Tj zlQm, r'DasLo zlQm / ;f}o{ zlQm . ltg} k~rtŒj / ltg zlQmaLr ePsf] tfnd]naf6} pQd u[x jf jf:t'sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . jf:t' pQd /x]df To;df /xg] JolQmn] ;sf/fTds pmhf{ k|fKt ub{5 / pm ;bf, :j:Yo / ;d[4zfnL aGb5 . lrlgof jf:t'snfdf xfjf / kfgLnfO{ clws dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . s]+u ;'O{ lrlgof jf:t'zf:q ;DaGwL zAb xf] h;sf] cy{ x'G5 xfjf / kfgL . jf:tjdf 3/ eg]s} :yfoL ?kn] xfjf / kfgL 5]sL cfgGb lbg] cf]t xf] . lrlgofx?n] xfjf / kfgLnfO{ clws dxŒj lbP/ al9 Jofjxfl/s txd} lrGtgnfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg] ef/tLox?n] k~rtŒjsf] ;dfg'kflts ;dGjosf] rrf{ u/]/ al9 uxg / cfWoflTds x'g vf]hs ] f] a'lemG5 . dflg;sf nflu 3/ k|yd cfjZostfsf] j:t' xf] . jf:t'zf:qn] 3/sf] kl/j]z, agf]6, :j?k cflbsf af/]df af]w u/fpF5 . of] k|sl[ tsf lgodx?sf] ljrf/ u/L To;}sf k|efjsf] d"Nof°gsf cfwf/df /lrPsf] zf:q xf] . jf:t'af6 k|fs[lts ?kn] j:t'sf] ;xL l:ylt s] x'g'k5{< cyf{t\ s]–s] j:t'nfO{ sxfF–sxfF s] s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ eGg] ljljw af]w u/fpg] zf:q g} jf:t'zf:q xf] . jf:t'zf:q adf]lhd ag]sf] 3/ ;'v;d[l4sf/s x'G5 . of] cg'e"t ;To xf] . o; n]vdf jf:t'zf:q ;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ tYox? ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu hfgsf/L xf];\ / Jojxf/df klg ltgsf] kfngf ul/of];\ eGg] x]t'n] k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\–

zzolb s'g} 3/ jf ejgdf k|j]z ubf{ xfd|f] ;f;sf] ult

a9\5 eg] To; 3/ jf ejgdf jf:t' bf]if 5 eg]/ a'em\g' k5{ . olb ;f;sf] ult ;xh / ;fdfGo 5, a:b}df cfgGb / x]b}{df lrq k|km'Nn x'G5 eg] pQm 3/ jf ejg jf:t' cg';f/ lgld{t ePsf] dfGg' k5{ . zzs}of}+ /f]usf] pTklQsf] sf/0f k~rtŒjsf] c;Gt'ng xf] . jf:t' cg';f/ lgld{t 3/df k~rtŒjsf] ;Gt'ng /xG5 . To:tf] 3/df a:bf s'g} /f]un] cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb}g . zz;"o{sf] ls/0fdf cg]s /f]u gfz ug]{ zlQm x'G5 . k|ftMsfnLg ls/0f le6fldg ‘l8’ sf ax'd"No ;|f]t x'g\ . To;sf] k|efj xfd|f] z/L/df k¥of] eg] xfd|f] z/L/ :j:y / xfd|f] dl:tis pmhf{zLn aGb5 . dWofGxkl5sf] ;"o{sf] ls/0f eg] /]l8of]wld{tfaf6 u|:t ePsf sf/0f xfd|f] z/L/df k|lts"n k|efj kfb{5 . To;}n] k|ftsfnLg ;"o{sf] ls/0f 3/leq cToflws dfqfdf kg]{ / dWofGx kl5 sdeGbf sd dfqfdf kg]{ vfnsf] 3/sf] ;+/rgf x'g' k5{ . k"jL{ df]x8f ePsf] 38]/Ldf To; cg'?ksf] ;+/rgf aGg ;Sg] x'Fbf pQm 38]/L cToflws /fd|f] dflgG5 . zzg}CTo sf]0f l:y/tfsf] k|tLs ePsfn] ef/L / sd pkof]uL ;fdfg To;tkm{ yGSofpg' pQd x'G5 . O{zfg sf]0f al9 ultljlw ug]{ sf]0f ePsfn] 3/sf xNsfkm'Nsf rNtLlkmtL{sf ;fdfg To; sf]0fdf /fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 . ;fy} g}CTodf cltly sIf cyf{t\ kfx'gf sf]7f agfpg' x'Fb}g tyf sf]7f sf]7f eL/fdf nufpg k/] To;tkm{sf] sf]7f klxn] eL/fdf gnufpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . 241

zzs'g} klg 3/ jf 38]/L b'O{ 7"nf hUuf, b'O{ 7"nf

3/, b'O{ 7"nf p7]sf d'v08 aLr z'e x'Fb}g . sf/0f ;sf/fTds pmhf{sf] cefj x'G5 . zzk"j{ / pQ/lt/ cf]/fnf] k/L blIf0fklZrd p7]sf] 3/ /fd|f] dflgG5, sf/0f s] eg] hLjgbflogL ;"os { f] ;sf/fTds /fzL Pjd\ O{zfGosf]0fLo pmhf{ To; :yfgn] axg ub{5 . zz3/sf] blIf0f klZrdtkm{sf] efu pmFrf / ef/o'Qm tyf k"j{tkm{sf] efu gLrf /xg' z'ebfos /xG5 . zzblIf0f klZrdtkm{sf pmFrf ejg / pmFrf ?vkft xfgL ub}g{ g\ . lsGt' k"j{ pQ/tkm{sf pmFrf 3/ / pmFrf ?vkftn] xfgL ub{5g\ . lsgls blIf0f klZrdtkm{ pmFrf 3/ / pmFrf ?vn] gsf/fTds pmhf{ Pjd\ b'lift xfjf /f]Sb5g\ . To:t} k"j{ pQ/tkm{sf 3/ ?vn] ;sf/fTds pmhf{ / :j:Yos/ jfo'nfO{ klg /f]Sb5g\ To;}n] k"j{ / pQ/tkm{ al9 em\ofn / blIf0f / klZrdtkm{ sd em\ofn x'g' /fd|f] dfGg] ul/G5 . zz3/sf ;a} ufx|f]sf] df]6fO ;dfg x'g' /fd|f] xf] t/ df]6fO a9fpg' k/] / sIf ljefhg ug'{ k/]sf] v08df blIf0f klZrdtkm{ ljefhg ug'{k5{ lsgls a9L ufx|f]n] To;tkm{sf] efu ef/o'Qm agL r'DasLo l:yltsf] cg's"n x'G5 / e"sDk cflbaf6 klg Tof] ;'/lIft /xG5 . zz3/sf jfoosf]0f jfo' k|jflxt x'g] sf]0f xf] . To;tkm{ b}lxs ultljlw cg's"n /xG5 . Tof] rnfodfg xfjfsf] sf]0f ePsfn] To;tkm{ kfx'gf, cljjflxt sGofsf] zogsIf cg's"n /xG5 . laqmL gePsf] dfn klg To; sf]0ftkm{ /fv]df zL3| laqmL x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . zz;'g rfFbL jf ?k}ofF k};f /fVg] ;]km jf ;Gb'zsf] d'v pQ/ lbzftkm{ x'gk' 5{ lsgls nIdL jf s'j/] sf] jf; pQ/ lbzftkm{ /xG5 . blIf0f d'v ePsf] ;]kmaf6 wgsf] Ifo / pQ/tkm{ d'v ePsf] ;]kmaf6 wgsf] j[l4 x'G5 . zz3/sf s'g} ;b:onfO{ /f]u nfu]df p;nfO{ blIf0f 242

lbzfdf /fVg' x'Fb}g . blIf0faf6 jfoo sf]0ftkm{ ;fbf{ /f]u l56f] lgsf] x'G5 . zz3/sf] OzfGo sf]0f ;jf{lws k|efjzfnL sf]0f xf] . To;tkm{ cFWof/f] jf sjf8L ;fdfg ePdf 3/df clgi6tf lglDtG5 . zz3/sf] d"nåf/ ;fd' :tDe, d7dlGb/, j[If, lsr8 h:tf j]wo'Qm j:t' jf ;fdu|L x'g'x'Fb}g . cg]s lsl;dsf j]wn] cg]s k|sf/sf xfgL k'¥ofpF5g\ . 3/sf] prfO a/fa/ k/sf] efu;Dd j]wsf] bf]if nfUb5 . To;eGbf k/ j]wsf] bf]if nfUb}g . 3/ leq}sf åf/ ;fd' åf/ klg j]w x'G5 To:t} åf/ hlt prfOdf 5 To;sf] rf}8fO pmFrfsf] sDtLdf cfwf x'g' kb{5 . zzclUgtŒj;Fu kfgL l:y/ tŒj;Fu cl:y/sf] ;DaGw xfgLsf/s x'G5 . h:t} cfUg]o sf]0fdf 5tsf] kfgL6°L jfoosf]0fdf e08f/u[x /xg' x'Fb}g . zzolb s'g} kl/jf/df k'q jf ;Gtfg geP/ j+z j[l4 /f]lsPsf] 5 eg] k"j{ / pQ/ efu lgrf] / v'nf /fVg' k5{ . zz3/sf] klZrdL efu a9L pFrf] / 9flsPsf] x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 lsgls klZrdsf] :jfdL zlg xf] . zlgsf] qm"/ bzfn] klg ;DalGwt 3/sf] ;b:onfO{ laufg]{ l:ylt x'Fb}g . zz5tsf] prfO 3/sf rf}8fO 8]9 u'gf ePdf a9L z'ek|b x'G5 . zzsfF6L 7f]s]/ jf v'§f /fv]/ k"j{ pQ/ lbzfdf s'g} j:t' em'08\ofpg' x'bF g} elgG5 . cvjf/ vft nufP/ yGSofP klg To;sf] ef/ bf]if nfUb5 . zzd'Vo åf/ cGo åf/eGbf 7"nf] / b'O{ kNn] x'g' k5{ . cGo Ps kNn] eP klg km/s kb}{g . d'Vo åf/ ;'ulGwt sfi7sf] x'g' pQd x'G5 . ;fy} kNnf aflx/eGbf leqLtkm{ vf]lng' /fd|f] dflgG5 . zzO{zfGo sf]0fdf l;9L e'n]/ klg agfpg' x'Fb}g lsgls l;9L agfpgfn] Tof] efu ef/o'Qm x'G5 ;fy} ;sf/fTds pmhf{ b'lift / cj?4 aGb5 . km]l/

l;9Lsf] v'l6\snf !)÷@)÷#) o; k|sf/sf] z"Go PsfOdf /xg' x'Fb}g . zz3/leqsf sIfx?sf] cfotg ljifd x'g' x'Fb}g . ljifd ePdf ;'v zflGt /xFb}g . o;af6 Joosf] dfqf klg cTolws a9\b5 / cfly{s lrGtf /lx/xG5 . zz3/sf] d"nåf/ 3/sf] dWodf ge} To;sf] s]xL otfptf x'g'k5{ . klZrdtkm{ d'v ePsf] åf/ klg z'e x'Fb}g . d"nåf/ ;fbf x'g'eGbf To;df dfËlns lrGx /xg' z'e x'G5 . dfËlns lrGx h:t}M :jl:ts, if6\sf]0f, zª\v, ç cflb . oL dWo] s'g} klg /fVg ;lsG5 . zzk|foM ;a} jf:t'ljb\x?n] efG;fnfO{ cfUg]o sf]0fdf lglZrt u/]sf 5g\ . To; sf]0fdf efG;f sf]7f pQd dfGg'sf] sf/0f s] eg] To; :yfgdf ;"o{sf] ls/0fn] vfB j:t' z'4 /xG5 . To;df cf]; jf 9';L nfUg kfpFb}g . ;fy} To;df sfd ug]{ efG;] klg :j:y /xG5g\ . To:t} O{zfGodf hnwf/f ;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 zf] l wt eO/xG5 . O{ z fGo sf] 0 fdf k" h f:yn o;sf/0f /fd|f] x'G5 ls k"hfdf /xFbf clws j:q klx/g x'Fb}g . ;"o{sf ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 z/L/df g};lu{s ?kd} le6fldg l8 k|fKt x'G5 . zz3/sf] jl/kl/ pj{/f df6f], v'nf :yfg / kSsL gePsf] 3/ pQd x'bF g} . To;}n] 3/sf] rf/}lt/ v'nf :yfg x'g' k5{ . ;aeGbf a9L v'nf k"j{df, k"j{eGbf sd pQ/df, To;eGbf sd blIf0fdf / ;a}eGbf sd

v'nf klZrddf /xg' kb{5 . cfjZos dfqfdf v'nf ePsf] :yfgaf6 3/df z'4 k|f0f jfo' -clS;hg_ Pjd\ r'DasLo pmhf{sf] nfe x'G5 . zz3/sf] rf/} l t/ sRrf / pj{ / f df6f] ePdf cf}ifwLo u'0fsf af]6lj?jf Pjd\ kmnkm"nsf j[If nufpg ;lsG5 To;af6 3/sf] kl/j]z ;'uGwdo / /f]uJoflwaf6 klg d'Qm /xG5 . k"/f l;d]G6]8 /x]sf] vfnL hldg jf sRrf df6f] st} gePsf] 3/ z'e x'Fb}g . 38]/Ldf 3/n] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO cfotg cf]u6]sf] /fd|f] dfGg ;lsG5 . hLjgsf cg]s ;fF:sfl/s ljlwljwfg x'g ;Sg] 3/dfq pQd >]0fLsf] 3/ dfGg ;lsG5 . zzk"j{b]lv klZrdtkm{ nlDaPsf] 3/ ;"o{j]wL dflgG5 eg] pQ/b]lv blIf0ftkm{ nlDaPsf] 3/ rGb|j]wL dflgG5 . ;"o{j]wLeGbf rGb|j]wL 3/ wgwfGo j[l4n] o'Qm x'G5 eGg] syg 5 . zzpQ/ blIf0f nDafO ePsf] 38]/L -e"v08_ eGbf k"j{klZrd nDafO clws ePsf] 38]/L -e"v08_ >]i7 x'G5 . cem rf}sf]/ cfs[ltsf] 38]/L ;j{>]i7 /xG5 . aGb dfu{sf] clGtd e"v08 eg] rf}sf]/ cfsf/sf] ePklg /fd|f] x'Fb}g . o;af6 j+z j[l4df cj/f]w x'G5 eGg] syg 5 . zzk|ftM b'O{ ah]b]lv % ah];Dd ;sf/fTds pmhf{sf] clwstd k|efj /xg] x'bF f JolQmn] To; ;do k"jf]Q { / lbzfdf cfˆgf] ultljlw a9fpg' z'ek|b /xG5 .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

;'/]zs'df/ >]i7 cWoIf

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243

lrtjg dxf]T;j ² o;sf] ;fdflhs :jÊk  /fhs'df/ >]i7 k"j{ sfo{sf/L ;lrj, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg

JolQm Pp6f ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . ;dfh ljgf p;sf] cl:tŒjsf] sNkgf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . JolQm s} ;d"xsf] ?k kl/jf/, ;+:yf, 6f]n, ;dfh, ufpF, b]z xf] . cfˆgf] cfsf/ cg';f/ p;n] juL{o lxtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfo{x? ul//x]sf] x'G5 . log} 6f]n, l5d]s, ufpF, ;dfhsf] sNof0fsf nflu ;]jfefj afx]s lagf s'g} k"jf{u|xsf ;fy ul/g] sfo{nfO{ xfdLn] af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf ;dfh;]jf jf ;fdflhs sfo{ eGg] ub{5f}F . oxfF % bzseGbf cl3 lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf gf/fo0f3f6 ahf/ -kl5 gf/fo0fu9_ sf Jofkf/Lx?sf] tbf¿stfdf ;fdflhs sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9 -xfnM pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg_ af6 k|To]s ! jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ul/g] clw/fHod} ax'rlr{t d]nf ælrtjg dxf]T;jÆsf] ;fdflhs :j?ksf af/]df ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] Oltxf;nfO{ vf] t Ng] xf] eg] tTsfnLg pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+ 3 – gf/fo0fu9n] xfnsf] sfof{no /x]sf] cfˆg} kl/;/leq lj=;+= @)%! df lhNnfs} Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s #@ j6f :6nx? ;dfj]z u/]/ cf}Bf]lus d]nfsf] ?kdf k|f/De u/]sf] xf] . o;sf] ;kmntfaf6 pT;flxt eO{ ;+3n] lj=;+= @)%@ df clw/fHod} k|ydkys P]ltxfl;s Poultry Expo tyf bf];|f] cf}Bf]lus d]nfsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ltg} ;kmn d]nfsf] kl/dflh{t :j?knfO{ xfn lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf cfof]lht Poultry Expo olt k|efjsf/L Pjd\ rlr{t /Xof] ls lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ kf]N6«Lu9sf] ?kdf lrgfpg pQm Expo sf] cfof]hgf sf]z9] Ë' f ;fljt eof] . 244

kl5 lj=;+= @)%#, @)%% / @)%& df cfP/ lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] ;+:s/0f gf/fo0fu9 SofDkfrf}/df cfof]hgf eof] . o;sf] @)%(, @)^!, @)^#, @)^%, @)^& sf] ;+:s/0f lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( sf] ?kdf k|bz{gL d}bfg gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df cfof]hgf eO/fv]sf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgfdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 ;fydf ePtf klg o;sf] cfof]hgfdf ;ª\3sf] e"ldsf cu|0fL /xg] u/]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus d]nfsf] ?kdf ;'¿jft ePtf klg bz{ssf] rfxgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;+3n] d]nfnfO{ kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ qm]tfx? ;dIf k'¥ofpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ub}{ nu]sf] 5 eg] dxf]T;jsf] k|f/Dedf lhNnfleqsf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx?nfO{ ;xeflutf u/fO ljleGg hfthfltx?sf] e]ife"iff, kj{, pT;j emlNsg] emfFsLx? ;dfj]z u/]/ æzf]efofqfÆ af6 ;'¿ u/L o;sf] Jofj;flos ?knfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ug] { k| o f; u/]sf] b]lvG5 h;nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{?kdf lng ;lsG5 . dxf]T;jleq ;dfhdf lk58LPsf ju{x?sf] /xg;xg, e]ife"iffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ vfnsf k|bz{gLx? klg ;dfj]z ePaf6 dxf]T;jsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf j[l4 ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . dxf]T;jdf ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmx?nfO{ cfjZos ;a} j:t'x? ;'ky d"Nodf pknAw x'g] tyf dgf]/~hgsf ;fwgx? klg k|fKt x'g] ePaf6 dxf]T;jn] lrtjg lhNnfsf] ;Gbe{ d f ;fdflhs:j?k u| x 0f 245

ul/;s]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jn] xfn;Dd cfh{g u/]sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7fnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ dxf]T;j cjlwe/df nfvf}F ;j{;fwf/0f;d]tsf] pkl:yltn] lrtjg lhNnfjf;Ln] pQm cjlwnfO{ ;fdflhs pT;jsf] ?kdf dgfpg] 5g\ eg] ;du| clw/fHo g} lrtjg dxf]T;jdo x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . dxf] T ;jnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f ul/Paf6 dxf]T;j cjlw cl3b]lv g} lrtjg lhNnfdf dfq geP/ l5d]sL lhNnf / cem egf}F clw/fHoel/ g} rrf{sf] ljifo aGg] u/]sf] 5 ‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’ . dxf]T;jsf] cfof]hgf / ;~rfngsf] af/]df hghgdf a9\ b f] lh1f;fnfO{ x] b f{ of] sfo{ xfd| f ] ;dfhsf] Pp6f cleGg sfo{qmd aGg k'lu;s]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] :j?k cf}Bf]lus, Jofj;flos eGbf ;fdflhs a9L /x]sf] tYonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .

246

b]j3f6 If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f  >LdtL nIdL kf]v/]n -ltlD;gf_ ;x k|f=, jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, e/tk'/

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

zª\s/ ;fksf]6f cWoIf

lrtjg gf/fo0fu9, t]n pTkfbs ;ldlt lrtjg

b]j3f6wfd wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflŒjs :yn klg xf] . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df s]xL ;dfhzf:qLn] cfw'lgssLs/0fnfO{ Pp6f k|lqmof (Process) dfGb5g\ . OP]G;6fO6n] cfˆgf] k':ts ædf]8/gfOh]zg k|f]6]:6 PG8 r]Gh–!(#(Æ df cfˆg} zAbdf P]ltxfl;s b[li6af6 cfw'lgsLs/0f Ps k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ /fhg}lts Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofsf] hf] !$ cf}+ / !(cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd klZrdL o'/f]k tyf pQ/L cd]l/sfdf / @)cf}+ ztfAbL;Dd blIf0f cd]l/sf, Pl;ofnL tyf clk|msL b]zx?sf] cfw'lgs k|ljlwåf/f ;dfhsf] cfly{s pGglt ug{] ;Gbe{df lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L cfw'lgsLs/0f Pp6f k|lqmof klg / Pp6f k|ltkmn klg k|;Ëjz x'g cfPsf] 5 . of] k|lqmof @) cf}+ ztfAbLaf6 k|f/De ePsf] / k|hftflGqs d"Nox?sf] ljsf;, cfly{s pGglt, ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] :yfkgf / ;dfhzf:qsf] If]qdf ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / hLjg:t/nfO{ dfly p7fpg] cy{df cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ cËLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . b]j3f6wfddf b]vf k/]sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] l;nl;nfnfO{ klg o;} k|;Ëcg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . b]j3f6wfd lrtjg, tgx"F / gjnk/f;L hf]l8Psf] / sfnLu08sL / lqz"nLsf] ;ª\uddf cjl:yt 5 . ha oL lhNnfx?df cfw'lgsLs/0f ;'¿ eP b]j3f6 klg c5'tf] /x]g . k|frLgsfndf k|fs[lts ?kdf /x]sf] b]j3f6wfdn] lj:tf/} dfgj;Eotfsf sltko s'/fx? ef]Ub} cfof] . wfld{s efjgf ePsf ltyf{n'x? cfpg] qmddf o; wfddf 7"nf7"nf tk:jL, ;GtdxGtx? klg cfP, /fhf–dxf/fhfx? klg cfP . JolQm Pjd\ ;+3–;+:yfx?sf] cfudg d7–dlGb/x?sf] lgdf{0f,

z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f, ;/sf/L÷u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f cflb x'Fb} uP / lj:tf/} cfw'lgs 9fFrfsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx? aGb uP / ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfsf] txdf klg kl/jt{g b]vfkb{} uP . o;/L b]j3f6 klg cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] lbzftkm{ pGd'v aGb} cfof] . o;/L b]j3f6wfdnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v u/fpgdf lgDglnlvt JolQm, ;+:yfx? / ;/sf/L If]qsf] d'Vo xft /x]sf] 5, o; cª\sdf s]jn b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf JolQmx?sf] k|;ª\unfO{ dfq pNn]v ul/g] 5 . b]j3f6wfd lrtjg, tgx"F / gjnk/f;L tLgj6} lhNnfsf] aLrdf cjl:yt /x]sf] eP tfklg @)!)÷!! ;fndf cf}nf] pGd"ng eO{ lrtjgdf j:tL lj:tf/ ePkl5 / k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{, gf/fo0fu9–d'lUn· /fhdfu{ v'n]kl5 lrtjgdf ljsf;sf nx/x? b'|t ultn] a9] / cfw'lgsLs/0f a9\of] . lrtjgsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ cfjthfjt a9\of] . o;sf] c;/ b]j3f6df klg k|ToIf k¥of] . o;sf] tLgj6} lhNnfdWo] klg lrtjgsf] ljsf;sf] k|efj b]j3f6df a9L kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 . /fktLb"g kl/of]hgf nfu'k"j{ gf/fo0fu9 / e/tk'/ cf;kf;sf :yfgx?df s]xL ;–;fgf e'mk8Lx? / 3gf hª\un lyof] . gf/f0fu9 lgjf;L bfgaxfb'/ >]i7af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ cf}nf] / k|r08 udL{sf] sf/0f cflbjf;L afx]s ca dflg;x? oxfF a:g ;Sb}gy] . o:tf] k|lts"n :yfgdf cf}nf] pGd"ng u/L Jojl:yt a;f]af; u/fpg cd]l/sfn] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . o; ;Fu;Fu} lj=;+= @)!# df æ/fktLb"g ljsf; kl/of]hgfÆ nfu" eof] . 247

lrtjgsf] a]nf]O k|uGgf e/tk'/df /fktLb"g ljsf; ljefu sfof{nosf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fnd} /fhf dx]Gb|n] e/tk'/b]lv @ dfOn klZrd srkr]df cfkm}+n] 6\ofS6/ rnfO{ /fktLb"g ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf] ;d'b\3f6g u/] . o; sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ;Fu;Fu} e/tk'/ gf/fo0fu9 cf;kf;sf Onfsfx?df j:tL ljsf; tyf dflg;x?sf] rxnkxndf j[l4 x'g yfNof] . o; qmddf gf/fo0fu9–e/tk'/ glhs} /x]sf] b]j3f6wfd vf; u/L lrtjgtkm{sf >4fn' eQmhgx?n] :gfg ug{] qmd a9L dfqfdf ;'¿ eof] . cem df3] ;+qmflGtsf] ;dodf :gfg ug{ hfg]x?sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'g yfNof] . gbLsf] au/df d]nf nfUg'sf] ;fy} c:yfoL ?kdf df3] ;+qmflGts} nflu eg]/ df3] ;+qmflGt cl3 tLg lbg / ;+qmflGtkl5 % lbg u/L em08} ! xKtfhlt ToxL au/df ahf/ a:g yfNof] . df3] ;+qmflGtsf cj;/df b]j3f6df w]/} klxnfb]lv g} d]nf nfUg] ub{Yof] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fnaf6 k~rjifL{o of]hgf ;'¿jft ePkl5 k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] lznfGof; eof] . o;} kl/k|]Iodf wfld{s :yn b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] yfngL eof] . o;sf nflu ljleGg JolQmn] gjlgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQmx?sf af/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;df klg ljz]if u/L dxŒjk"0f{ / k'/fgf JolQmx?nfO{ dfq lnOPsf] 5 .

O{Zj/fgGb a|Xdrf/L -un]Zj/ afaf_ un]Zj/ afafsf] jf:tljs gfd O{Zj/fgGb lyof] . pgsf] hGd lj=;+= !(#) kmfNu'g z'Sn åfbzLsf] lbg lktf xl/nfn lg/f}nf / dftf dgdfof lg/f}nfsf] ;Gtfgsf] ?kdf tfKn]h'Ë lhNnfsf] k'mªlnªgfª eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] . ;fg}b]lv tLI0f a'l4 / cfsif{s :jefj ePsf O{Zj/fgGb a|Xd1fg k|flKtsf lgldQ ef/tnufot g]kfnsf wfld{s :ynx?df ;fwgf u/L cGTodf DofUbL lhNnfdf kg{] un]Zj/ If]qdf @$ jif{;Dd tk:of u/]sf] sf/0f pgL ToxL un]Zj/ If]qaf6 k|Voft eO{ pgsf] gfd un]Zj/ afaf /xg uPsf] xf] . 248

;fwgf ul//x]sf] un]Zj/ afafsf] k|VoftL ;'g]kZrft\ aGbLk'/af6 gf/fo0fu9 cfPsf Jofkf/L jL/gf/fo0f >]i7sf] cg'/f]wdf un]Zj/afafnfO{ b]j3f6df NofOof] . pgsf] b]j3f6 cfudgkZrft\ dflg;x?sf] ToxfF cfpg] hfg] qmddf j[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} pQm :yn :yfoL a;f]af; If]qsf ?kdf ljsf; x'g yfn] . o:tf] ultljlwn] ubf{ b]j3f6wfdsf] rrf{df j[l4 eof] . b]j3f6wfddf ;j{k|yd j}lbs lzIffsf] cf/De / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] k|]/ssf] ?kdf un]Zj/ afafnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . afafsf] cfudgsf] ;dodf b]j3f6wfddf s'g} klg ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf] lyPg . ctM pgn] o; wfld{s If]qdf j}lbs lzIff ;~rfng ug{sf] lgldQ k|f/Dedf adf{af6 cfPsf gf/fo0fu9 lgjf;L wgklt 1jfnLnfO{ lzIfssf] ?kdf lgo'Qm u/]sf lyP . ;f]xL ;dodf b]j3f6 glhs} /x]sf] lbofnf] aËnfdf a;]sf tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|;dIf un]Zj/ afafn] j]b k9fpg] kl08t dfu u/]sf] / dx]Gb|n] klg pQm dfunfO{ :jLs[lt lbFb} u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sf7df8f}+nfO{ Ps j}lbs kl08t lbg' egL cfb]z lbP . un]Zj/afafsf] ;lqmo k|of;af6 j]b k9fpg] lzIfssf] k|flKtkZrft\ pQm :yfgdf k9\gsf] lgldQ s'g} wd{zfnf gePsf] x'Fbf wd{zfnf agf];\ eGg] clek|ofn] pxfFs} ;lqmotfdf wd{zfnf lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL wd{zfnf cWofks / ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\g] / a:g] Joj:yf ldnfOof] . oxL ;fgf] wd{zfnfaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] j}lbs lzIffn] xfnsf] j]bj]bfË ljBfno g} xfn -df=lj=_sf] ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]j3f6df :yfkgf ePsf] of] j]bj]bfË ljBfnog} un]Zj/ afafn] u/]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ / klxnf] of]ubfg xf] egL eGg ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf, o1zfnf, wd{zfnf -kf6L_, dlGb/ -Hof]ltln{Ë]Zj/ lzjfno_, cf>d -uLtf cf>d_, h;nfO{ cf>dsf] gfdn] lrlgg'sf ;fy} klxn]sf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofPsf] kfOG5 . oxL j]bj]bfË ljBfnoaf6 k|]l/t eO{ kl5Nnf] ;dodf b]j3f6wfddf cGo u'¿s'n lzIf0f ;+:yfx? klg :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . b]j3f6

cfpg' cl3 un]Zj/ afafn] un]Zj/ If]qdf To; dfu{af6 d'lQmgfy cfpg]hfg] eQmhgx?sf] lgldQ vfBfGg Joj:yf u/]h:t} b]j3f6wfddf klg cfpg] hfg] eQmhg -;fw';Gt_ x?sf] lgldQ cGgsf] Joj:yf ug{] k|of; ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf lj=;+= @)#@ ;fn h]i7 @& ut] dËnaf/ låtLof ltlysf lbg afaf ;dflw:y x'g'eof] . oBlk afaf hLljt 5Fbf snsQfsf Ps a|Xdrf/L ;do–;dodf pgsf] bz{g ug{ cfpg] / bz{gsf] ;dodf pgn] r9fPsf] blIf0ff /sd ?= &%,))).– un]Zj/ afafn] gf/fo0fu9 lgjf;L bfgaxfb'/ >]i7nfO{ /fVg lbPsf] x'Fbf afafsf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ ub{} afafsf] lgwg kZrft\ pQm /sdaf6 lrtjgsf] a|Xdk'/Ldf @ ljufxf v]t hUuf b]j3f6sf] Hof]ltln{Ë]Zj/ dxfb]j lzjfnosf] gfddf lslgof] . ;f]xL hUufsf] cfo:t/af6 un]Zj/ cf>ddf un]Zj/ vfBfGg e08f/ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ltyf{n'x?sf] ;fy} ToxfF /x]sf sNkjf;L j6's / lzIfsx?sf] lgMz'Ns ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] s'/f :ynut cWoogaf6 yfxf x'g cfpF5 . of] sfo{ klg un]Zj/ afafn] lbPsf] j}rfl/s of]ubfgsf k|ltkmn dfGg ;lsG5 . ;fFlRrs} ;fw';Gt JolQmx? cfˆgf] :jfy{df gnfuL b]z, ;dfh / /fi6«sf lgldQ nfUb5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 un]Zj/ afafsf] sfo{af6 :ki6 x'g cfpFb5 . pg}sf] k|of;af6 b]j3f6wfdsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] yfngL ePsf] x'Fbf b]j3f6wfdsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] k|f/Dedf pgn] ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] yfxf x'g cfpF5 .

c3f]/L afaf c3f]/L afafsf] hGd lj=;+= !(%# df afFs]– alb{of lhNnfcGtu{t kmQ]xk'/ lzjufpFdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL hldGbf/ a|XdfgGbsf 5f]/f lyP . lj=;+= !(%# df pgsf] 3/df 8fFsf nfUof] . wgdfn n'l6of] ;fy} kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf] xTof eof] . o;af6 b'MvLt eO{ pgL 3/ 5f]8]/ 3'Db} adf{ -Dofgdf/_ k'u] . ToxfF pgn] Ps c3f]/L ;fw';Fu ;Ët u/] / To; ;Dk|bfosf] lzIff

u|x0f u/] . c3f]/L ;Dk|bfo eGgfn] lxGb' wd{cGtu{t kg{] z}j wd{sf] cg]sf}+ ;Dk|bfox?dWo]sf] Ps ;Dk|bfo xf] . w]/} sd dflg;x?n] dfq o; ;Dk|bfosf] cg'zf;g kfng ug{ ;S5g\, lsgsL of] cToGt s7f]/ ;fwgf ePsf] ;Dk|bfo xf] . c3f]/L afaf cfˆgf] wd{ ;fwgfsf] qmddf @)!* ;fndf b]j3f6wfdnfO{ tkf]e"ld bfgL oxfF cfOk'u]sf x'g\ . @)!* ;fnb]lv b]j3f6wfddf a:g] yfn]sf c3f]/L afafn] cfˆgf] ;Dk|bfosf] wd{–;fwgf dfq u/]sf geO{ b]j3f6sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf klg of]ubfg lbFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;j{ky| d pgL hldGbf/sf 5f]/f ePsfn] pgLl;t w]/} hUuf hldg /x]sf] / To;sf] cfDbfgL b]j3f6sf] ljsf;df vlr{Psf] pNn]v kfOG5 . o;afx]s pgn] b]j3f6df -sfnL u08sLsf] t6eGbf dflylt/ kfvf]df_ 8]9 ljufxfhlt hldgsf] au}+rf agfO{ ;a} hftsf kmnk"mnsf lj?jfx? nufPsf s[i0f, lzj, z]ifgfu cflbsf /fd|f–/fd|f d"lt{x? :yfkgf u/]sf ;fy} tTsfnLg /fhf tyf dGqLsf ;flnsx? ;d]t lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP . b]j3f6sf] ljsf; sfo{df d}ofFb]jL / c3f]/Lafaf b'j}sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf k|lt:kwf{ h:tf] rn]sf] x'Fbf pQm If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] kfOG5 . sfnf j:qwf/L c3f]/L afaf hLjgsf] clGtd ;dodf hlG8; /f]un] u|:t eO{ lj=;+= @)$& kf}if & ut]sf lbg ;bfsf nflu a|XdnLg eP .

of]uL g/xl/gfy of]uL g/xl/gfysf] hGd lj=;+= !(&! ;fn kmfu'g !& ut] s0ff{nL c~rn, sfnLsf]6 lhNnfdf afaf nlntl;+x yfkf / cfdf uf}/Lb]jLsf] sf]vaf6 !@ cf}+ ;Gtfgsf] ?kdf hGd ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] hGdsf] gfd anjL/l;+x yfkf xf] . t/ of]uL g/x/Lgfysf] gfdn] plg k|l;4 eP . of] gfd pgL uf]/vgfy ;Dk|bfodf bLlIft ePkl5 /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnnufot ef/tsf ljleGg :ynx?df cWoog sfo{ k"/f u/]sf of]u ;fwgfdf tNnLg /x]sf g/xl/gfy–b]j3f6wfddf a]nf–a]nfdf cfpg] uy{] . b]j3f6wfdsf] lrtjgtkm{ kg{] 249

jfu]Zj/L :yndf cfO tk:of ubf{ ckf/ cfgGb cfpg] b]j3f6df eUgfjz]ifsf] ?kdf /x]sf] u'kmfdf uf]/vgfy tk:of/t ePsf] x'g;Sg] ePsfn] o; If]qnfO{ g]ldiffVo If]q agfpF5' eGg] OR5f /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . of]uL g/xl/gfy @)@# ;fn df3] ;ª\qmflGtsf] cj;/df b]j3f6wfddf ePsf] æj[xt\ cfWoflTds wfld{s ;Dd]ngÆ df k|d'v cltlysf] ?kdf /x]sf lyP . b]j3f6wfdnfO{ dxfg\ tLy{:yn agfpgsf nflu pgn] oxfF @)$^ ;fndf s'De d]nfsf] cfof]hgf u/] . @)$( r}qb]lv @)%) j}zfv @$ ;Dd sf]l6xf]d klg nufP . o:t} u/L b]j3f6 If]qcGtu{t /x]sf] jfuLZj/Ldf of]uLhLn] @)%) ;fn kmfNu'0f @^ ut] dxflzj/fqL kj{sf cj;/df k|yd ljZjof]u cfo'j{]b ;Dd]ng u/fP . o; :yndf cfWoflTds kl/ifb\ / of]uL g/xl/gfy cf>dåf/f @)%# ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut] >Lk~rdLb]lv % ut];Dd ljZj j[xt\ af}l4s ;Gt ;Dd]ng klg u/fP . of]uL g/xl/gfyn] b]j3f6wfdnfO{ k'¥ofPsf] of]ubgx? d"n ?kdf cfWoflTds of]ubfgaf6 /x]sf 5g\ . d7–dlGb/, k'nk'n];f cflbsf] lgdf{0f, ef}lts of]ubfgx? x'g\ t/ of]uLhLn] cfWoflTds hfu/0f Nofpg] vfnsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . of]uLhLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg b]zelQmsf] 5 . jfuLZj/L;Fusf] $# ljufxf hldg ‘cGt/f{li6«o lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog s]Gb| gfds ljb]zL ;+:yfnfO{ @)%! ;fndf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;/sf/n] lbPsf]df o:tf] wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflŒjs ;+/lIft jg If]qdf ljb]zLnfO{ k:g lbg'x'Gg, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] xsbf/ :yfgLo hgtf x'g\ egL of]uLhLn] ;jf{]Rrtf l/6 xfn] . o;/L sfg'gL ?kdf of]uL g/xl/gfyn] jfuLZj/L If]qnfO{ arfO{ b]zelQmsf] gd"gf k|:t't u/] . o;/L b]j3f6 If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf of]uL g/xl/gfyn] cfWoflTds / ef}lts b'j} If]qaf6 dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfgx? k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ljz]if u/L jfuLZj/L If]qnfO{ ljb]zL ;+:yfsf] xftaf6 arfpgdf pgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf b]lvG5 . pgsf] e"ldsfn] b]j3f6 If]qsf] 250

k|fs[lts, kof{j/0fLo, k'/ftflŒjs, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / ;fdflhs If]qdf ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . afFlr/x]sf eP of]uLn] o; If]qdf c? w]/} of]ubfgx? k'¥ofpFy] xf]nfg\ t/ s] ug{] < ljlwn] pgnfO{ xfdLaf6 @)%( ;fn kmfNu'0f !# ut] -sf7df8f}+, d[u:ynL_ df ;bfsf] nflu l5Gof] .

;dfh;]jL a|Xdrf/L >L l8NnL/fd afaf u08sL c~rn uf]/vf lhNnf s';'08 ufpFdf lj=;+= !(&# df lktf >L efg'eQm / dftf sf}lzNof b]jLsf] sf]vaf6 hGd]sf lyP . tLI0f a'l4 ePsf l8NnL/fd afaf ljljw :ynx?sf] ltyf{6g ub{} lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf b]j3f6wfd cfPsf lyP . pgL o; If]qdf cfPkl5 s]jn ;fwgfdf dfq gnfuL cfWoflTds lrGtg / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0faf6 yfxf x'g cfpFb5 . o; If]qsf] ef}lts ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] yfngL pgLaf6 g} ePsf] lyof] . afafn] cfˆg} k|of;af6 dlGb/, wd{zfnfx? lgdf{0f ug'{sf ;fy} lj=;+= @)@# ;fnaf6 j}lbs lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 lzlIft agfpg] x]t'n] cfˆg} wd{zfnf ejgdf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k9fpg] sfo{ klg ;'¿ u/]sf lyP . of]uL g/xl/gfyhLsf] ;Nnfx tyf un]Zj/ afafsf] OR5fadf]lhd :yfkgf ul/Psf] j]bj]bfË ljBfno tyf glhs} kg{] jh|of]lugL k|f= lj= sf] :yfkgfdf klg afafsf] ;lqmo of]ubfg /x]sf] s'/f 1ft x'g cfpFb5 . cfk"mn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] wd{zfnfdf s]xL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fvL j]b, ?b|L, r08L cflb sd{sf08 k9fpFb} cfO/xg' ePsf afafn] lrtjgtkm{ klg Pp6f ;+:s[t ljBfno vf]Ng'k5{ eGg] ljrf/n] To;sf] lgldQ w]/} afwf / c8\rgx?nfO{ kf/ u/L lj=;+= @)#% df ;Ltf/fd ;+:s[t kf7zfnf :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn x'g'ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#^ ;fndf l8NnL/fdafafsf] kxndf lrtjg tgx"F hf]8\g] emf]n'Ë] k'nsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . b]j3f6wfddf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ultljlw;Fu} ToxfF rxnkxn a9\b} uof] / g]kfnsf ljleGg efux?af6 j[4j[4fx? ToxfF cfP/ a:g] qmddf j[l4 eof] . ;fy} cGo dflg;x? klg

ToxfF cfO{ a:g yfNbf a:tLsf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . To;kl5 l8NnL/fd afafn] b]j3f6jf;L tyf sNkjf;Lx?sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lgldQ k'nsf] glhs} cfo'j{]b cf}ifwfnosf] :yfkgfsf] nflu kxn u/]cg';f/ sf7df8f}+l:yt :jf:Yo dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] cfo'j{]b ljefudf ul/Psf] kxnaf6 @)#( ebf} ( ut] b]j3f6df cfo'j{]b cf}ifwfnosf] :yfkgf eof] . afafn] cg]sf}+ cfWoflTds k':tsx? klg k|sflzt ug'{ ePsf] 5, h;df -!_ >L /fdfgGb rl/tfd[t -@_ >L /fdfgGbLo j}i0fjfrf/ k4lt -#_ >L /fdgfd sNkx? -$_ ;Ltf/fd :t'lt -%_ >L cfTdf/; -^_ efjgfk|sfz -&_ d]/f] hLjgsf] ;f/ s] ef] < Joy{ u/] -*_ dgdGyg cflb x'g\, ;Ltf/fd dlGb/leq k|j]z u/]kl5 b]Vg kfOg] o:tf wfld{s u|Gyx?n] ;b}j wd{ / efiff ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ul//x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . oL dfly pNn]lvt sfo{afx]s afafn] b]j3f6df cg]sf}+ ;fdflhs sfo{x? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vf;u/L emf]n'Ë] k'nsf] lgdf{0fdf klg pxfFsf] of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ljleGg wd{zfnf, 5fqfjf; ejg, cfo'j{]b cf}ifwfno, ;Ltf/fd dlGb/ / o; dlGb/sf] xftfleq /x]sf d7–dlGb/x? nufot b]j3f6wfddf ;8s, lah'nL / 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/df klg pxfFsf] lgs} of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L l8NnL/fd afafn] ljBfnox?sf] lgdf{0fb]lv k'n–k'n];f, wf/f, kfgL, zj nfgsf] lglDt rGb|nf]s k|j]zåf/ nufot ljleGgvfnsf ef}lts lgdf{0f sfo{x? b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;jf{lws of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . olt 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]sf] k|ltkmn :j?k @)^$÷!@÷@# ut] cdfjZosf] lbg pgsf] lgwg x'Fbf lrtjgdf ;/sf/L sfof{nox? / b]j3f6sf ljBfnox? ;Dk"0f{ aGb ul/Psf / lbjª\ut afafk|lt cufy >4f hgfPsf] lyof] .

sf]vaf6 !(*$ kf}if @@ ut] ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf pgL b]j3f6df cfO{ 3gf hËn / ao/ 3f/LnfO{ kG5fO{ Pp6f ;fgf] s'6L agfO :yfoL ?kdf g} a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf] s'/f pxfFs} ;'k'qaf6 yfxf x'g cfpFb5 . ef/tsf /fdfg'h j}i0fj ;Dk|bfosf :jfdLx?sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{df /x]sf] x'Fbf cfk"m o; :yfndf cfP/ al;;s]kl5 ToxfFs} a8] :jfdL lrGgflho/åf/f o; :yndf lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf /fdqmt':tDe lgdf{0f u/]sf] s'/f :jod\ >Lw/frfo{af6 1ft x'g cfpFb5 . oxL cj;/df hgfb{gfrfo{ :jfdLn] >L nIdLgf/fo0fsf] dlGb/ :yfkgf ug{sf] lgldQ pg} a8]:jfdL lrGglho/af6 lznfGof; u/fPsf lyP . xfn nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/ kl/;/leq /x]sf] /fdqmt':tDedf k|To]s /fdgjdLsf lbg /fdsf] gfd n]vL dflyaf6 v;flng] u/]sf] s'/f :ynut cWoogaf6 yfxf x'g cfpFb5 . lj=;+= @)@# ;fn r}qdf lznfGof; ePsf] nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/sf] @)@* ;fndf lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f e} k|f0fk|lti7f ;d]t u/fOPsf] s'/f cjut x'g cfpFb5 . o;sf ;fy} nIdLgf/fo0f cf>d, wd{ cf>d, b'O{j6f o1 d08k ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf :jfdL hgfb{gfrfo{ @)%& dª\l;/ !) ut]sf lbg k/dwfd eP . o;/L 3gf hª\un ePsf] b]j3f6df a:tL a;fnL ljleGg dlGb/, lznf:tDe, cf>d lgdf{0f u/L b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

;'>L d}ofFb]jL >]i7

d}ofFb]jLsf] hGd !(*% ;fn sflt{s % ut] afaf g/axfb'/ >]i7 / cfdf u0f]zs'df/L >]i7sf] sf]vaf6 tgx"Fdf ePsf] xf] . aGbLk'/af6 Jofkf/ Joj;fosf lglDt ToxfFsf ;fx'hLx? 7f]/L, gf/fo0fu9 Pjd\ b]j3f6 emg{] u/]sf] / ;f]xL qmddf d}ofFb]jL klg afafx?;Fu} b]j3f6 3'Dg ;fg}b]lv cfpg] u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . o;/L cfpg] qmddf g} pgL lj=;+= @)!& ;fnb]lv eg] b]j3f6df a:g :jfdL >L hgfb{gfrfo{ :jfdL hgfb{gfrfo{sf] hGd sf]zL c~rn, yfn]sf] s'/f e]6jftf{af6 yfxf x'g cfpF5 . ef]hk'/ lhNnf kf}jf jfl:td uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ oy]i6 k}t[s ;DklQ ePsL d}ofFb]jLn] df afaf b]jLr/0f / dftf 5qs'df/L b]jL l3ld/]sf] b]j3f6sf] ljsf;df k|z:t nufgL u/]sL s'/f :ynut 251

cWoogaf6 yfxf x'g cfpFb5 . b]j3f6wfdsf] tgx"Fdf j]bj]bfË ljBfnosf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, sfnLu08sL / lqz"nLsf] ;Ëd glhs} kz'klt dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f, b]j3f6–@ df vfg]kfgL 6\ofÍL lgdf{0f nufot b]j3f6s} xl/x/ cf>d cflbnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} lj=;+= @)#* df3df of]uL g/xl/gfyåf/f b]j3f6df nufOPsf] sf]l6xf]ddf dlxgf};Dd #)) a|fXd0fx?sf] ef]hgflbsf] Joj:yf, b]j3f6df nf; lnP/ cfpg]x?sf] vfhfkfgLsf] Joj:yf nufot w]/} pNn]vgLo sfo{x? pgn] u/]sf] s'/faf6 cjut x'g cfpF5 . lj=;+= @)!& ;fnb]lv b]j3f6df a:b} cfPsL ;'>L d}ofFb]jL >]i7n] b]j3f6 If]qsf] ljsf;df lgs} rf;f] k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf u7g ePsf] b]j3f6 ljsf; ;ldltdf ;b:osf ;fy} @)%) ;fn r}qdf ljlwjt\ ?kdf u7g ePsf] b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;b:odf klxnf] k6s lj=;+= @)%! b]lv @)%# ;Dd, bf];|f] k6s @)%% b]lv @)%& ;Dd / t];|f]k6s @)%&÷^÷% b]lv @)%( ;Dd u/L tLg k6s ;Dd ;b:o kbdf /xL b]j3f6sf] ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s ljsf;df nfu]sf] s'/f cjut x'g cfpF5 . o;} qmddf pgn] !%÷!^ ;fn;Dd cgle1 /x]sf] jlzi7 u'kmf, b'uf{ u'kmf, ;Ltf u'kmf, /x]sf u'kmfx?nfO{ @)!& ;fndf kQf nufO{ lj=;+= @)#^ ;fndf of] u'kmfx?df jlzi7 Clifsf] d"lt{, b'uf{ u'kmf -gf/fo0fL_ d"lt{sf cfsif{s d"lt{x? /x]sf] s'/f ç zflGt d}ofFb]jL 6«i6af6 yfxf x'g cfpF5 . o;/L b]j3f6wfddf d7–dlGb/, vfg]kfgL 6\ofÍL / cGo ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]/, un]Zj/ afafnfO{ -DofUbLaf6_ b]j3f6df NofP/ / ljleGg wfld{s sfo{x?df bfg, ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ Joj:yfkg u/]/ b]j3f6sf] ljsf;df d}ofFb]jLn] pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsL l5g\ . o;af6 k/Dk/fut ?kd} /x]sf] b]j3f6nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v x'g ;xh ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L b]j3f6sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]x?df cg]sf}+ ;GtdxGt JolQmx? /x]sf 252

5g\ . oBlk oxfF ;a}sf] ljifodf pNn]v ug'{ ;Dej b]lvPg . kl5Nnf cÍx?df ;a}sf] pNn]v ul/g] 5 . s]jn oxfFdfly pNn]lvtafx]s afFsL JolQmx?sf] gfddfq pNn]v ul/g]5 . :jfdL k/dfgGb ;/:jtL, k+= kßnfn ;'j]bL, 8f= lIfltzrGb| rqmjtL{, 8f= :jfdL /fdfgGb lu/L, cfTdfgGb lu/L, :jfdL ;To k|sfzfgGb, ch'{g l;6f}nf ab|Lafaf, afaf an/fdbf; j}i0fj a|Xdrf/L, 1fgfgGb ;/:jtL, cfrfo{ v]d/fh s]zjz/0f, :jfdL gf/fo0frf/L, nIdLz/0fb]j s[i0ffgGb, ;/:jtL sd{1fg;fu/ nfdf, k/dfTdfgGb ;/:jtL, 1fg]Gb| ljqmd dxt, gGb' af]6], OlGb/f dftf cflbsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . d}n] dfof ;w}“ ug]{ 5 of}6L lr/;'Gb/L :jKgdf klg jlif{G5] agL cfgGbsf] em/L :ju{sL Tof] k/L x}g – o} wtL{sL h'xf/ xf] ‘lrtf}g’ gfp“sL /fgL lbnsL Tof] l;tf/ xf] .

– e[u'

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

/ljGb| s]=;L= cWoIf

clws[t Joj;foL ;+3 gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

lrtjgsf] 5fkf dfWod M ljut / jt{dfg  ;'/]z sf]O/fnf

kl/ro df]tL/fd e§n] lj=;+= !($# df jgf/;af6 k|sfzg u/]sf] klqsf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf xf] . of] ;flxlTos klqsf lyof] . g]kfn leq}af6 g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] klxnf] klqsf eg] ;'wf;fu/ xf] . of] klg dfl;s ;flxlTos klqsf lyof] . g]kfnL kqsfl/tfdf klxnf] ;dfrf/d"ns klqsfsf] ?kdf ljqmd ;jt\ !(%* ;fn j}zfv @$ ut]b]lv uf]/vfkq ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|sflzt eof] . uf]/vfkqkl5 g]kfnaf6 csf]{ klqsf k|sfzg x'g yk ## jif{ s'g'{k¥of] . lj=;+= !((! ;fndf zf/bf dfl;s klqsf k|sflzt eof] . h'g klqsf ;dfrf/eGbf klg ljrf/k|wfg lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] x[borGb| l;+xsf] ;Dkfbgdf hfu/0f ;fKtflxs k|sflzt eof] . ljZjdf b}lgs 5fkf ;'¿ ePsf] nfdf] ;dokl5dfq g]kfndf b}lgs klqsf lg:Sof] . g]kfndf hgqmflGt ;kmn ePsf] csf]{ lbg lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g * ut] l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] ;DkfbsTjdf cfjfh b}lgs k|sflzt eof] . k|hftGq :yfkgfkl5 klqsfx? g]kfnaf6} k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf x'g\ . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 ‘g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, )$&’ hf/L eof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# df 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtfsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;+ljwfgdf ‘s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v jf cGo s'g} kf7\Ø;fdu|L k|sflzt ug'{k"j{ k|ltaGw gnufOg], s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v jf cGo s'g} kf7\Ø;fdu|L

k|sflzt u/]afkt 5fkfvfgf aGb jf hkmt gul/g] / s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v jf cGo s'g} kf7\Ø;fdu|L k|sflzt u/]afkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq jf s'g} klqsfsf] btf{ vf/]h gul/g] k|fjwfg /flvof] . ;+ljwfgdf g} k|]; :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ePkl5 klqsfsf] k|sfzgdf j[l4 dfq ePg, gfkmf cfh{g nIo lnP/;d]t klqsfx? k|sflzt x'g yfn] . To;kl5 kqsfl/tfdf Jofj;flostf a9\Øf] . k|];df pBf]uL Jofkf/L ju{sf] lgj]z -nufgL_ cfslif{t eof] . ;"rgf ljefusf] @)^& r}q d;fGt;Ddsf] tYof° cg';f/ xfn b]ze/ ^ xhf/ klqsf btf{ ePsf 5g\ .

lrtjg lhNnfdf kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;qmd g]kfndf kqsfl/tfsf] yfngL ePsf] em08} *$ jif{kl5 dfq lrtjg lhNnfaf6 klqsf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . lrtjg lhNnfaf6 klxnf] k6s @)#( ;fndf klxnf] klqsf ‘k|jfx’ k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . ljZjgfy clwsf/L ;Dkfbs /x]sf] of] ;fKtflxs klqsf w]/} lbg l6s]g . nuftf/ * c° k|sflzt eO of] klqsf aGb eof] . @)$) ;fnd lrtjg lhNnfaf6 csf]{ klqsf ‘Crf’ k|sflzt eof] . zLnf >]i7 ;Dkfbs /x]sf] ;fKtflxs klqsf klg w]/} lbg l6s]g . To;kl5eg] lrtjg lhNnfaf6 Ps}rf]6L @)$& ;fndf /fdafa' >]i7sf] ;Dkfbgdf ‘d'n'sL cfjfh’ ;fKtflxs k|sflzt eof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] k|]; :jtGqtfdf NofPsf] v'nf jftfj/0fn] eg] lrtjg lhNnfaf6 klqsf lg:sg] nx/ g} rNof] . lrtjg lhNnfaf6 klxnf] b}lgsklqsf eg] @)%# ;fndf klxnf] k6s b}lgs dx]Gb|/fh >]i7sf] ;Dkfbgdf ‘lrtjg b}lgs’ k|sflzt eof] . bf];|f] b}lgs eg] @)%& ;fndf gf/fo0fL 253

lrtjgaf6 k|sflzt kqklqsfsf] ljj/0f qm=;+= lsl;d klqsf ;ª\Vof ! b}lgs !% @ c4{;fKtflxs ! # ;fKtflxs %( $ kflIfs * 254

tflnsf cg';f/ lrtjg lhNnfaf6 b}lgsb]lv jflif{s;Dd u/L !) lsl;dsf klqsfx? k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ;fKtflxs klqsf %( j6f k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . of] ;ª\Vof lhNnfsf s"n klqsfsf] $) k|ltzt xf] . To;kl5 dfl;s #@ j6f -@! k|ltzt_, q}dfl;s !* j6f -!@ k|ltzt_ / b}lgs !% j6f -!) k|ltzt_ k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . To;}u/L kflIfs / å}dfl;s *÷* j6f, rf}dfl;s $, c4{jflif{s #, jflif{s / c4{;fKtflxs klqsf !÷! j6f k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] .

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;dfrf/dWo] u|fdL0f ;dfrf/sf] ;ª\Vof 5'§ØfP/ lrtjgsf b}lgsdf u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ k|sfzgsf] l:ylt x]l/Psf] 5 . tLgj6f b}lgsdf b'O{ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf hDdf ;dfrf/ @ xhf/ ( ;o %# j6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ljifo ePsf] kfOof] . h;df u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ % ;o *) j6f dfq lyP . b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ s[lif $$ %^ @& #@ !%( @& lgDg tflnsfaf6 cem k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5M 3/]n' pBf]u @$ @$ !! !^ &% !# lrtjgsf b}lgsdf ;dfrf/ k|sfzgsf] l:ylt u|fdL0f a}lsË !( @# !) & %( !) ufpFsf ultljlw÷ !!^ $* $& &% !*& %) ljifo ;d:of hDdf @)# !%! (% !#) %*) !)) hDdf ;dfrf/ *%# (%) ^)& %$# @(%# *$ ;|f]tM lrtjgsf b}lgs klqsfdf u|fdL0f kqsfl/tfsf] ufpFsf ;dfrf/ @)# !%! (% !#) %*) !^ cEof; cWoog, @)^( ;|f]tM lrtjgsf b}lgs klqsfdf u|fdL0f kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ hDdf %*) j6f k|sflzt cWoog, @)^( tflnsf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L ;dfrf/ kf/bzL{ ePsf]df ;a}eGbf al9 ufpFsf ultljlw÷;d:ofsf b}lgsn] (%) j6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . h;df ;dfrf/ @*&, To;kl5 s[lifsf ;dfrf/ !%( j6f, ufpFsf ;dfrf/ !%! j6f k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . 3/]n' pBf]usf &% j6f / u|fdL0f a}+lsËsf %( j6f ufpFsf ;dfrf/ eg] lrtjg kf]i6n] ;a}eGbf a9L @)$ ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . of] tYof°sf cfwf/df j6f k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOof] . lrtjg kf]:6n] hDdf *%# lrtjgsf klqsfdf u|fdL0f÷;d:ofnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] j6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . ufpFsf ;dfrf/ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd k|fyldstf u|fdL0f a}+lsË ;a}eGbf sd sfofs}/g b}lgsn] k|sflzt u/]sf] kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . kfOof] . sfofs}/gdf hDdf ;dfrf/ eg] ^)& j6f lgisif{ lrtjg lhNnfsf 5fkf dfWoddf ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf lyP . gofF/fHo b}lgsn] ;a}eGbf sd ;dfrf/ %$# j6f k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] eg] ufpFsf k|fyldstfsf] cWoog ubf{ klqsfdf :yfgLo ;dfrf/n] ;dfrf/ !#) j6f k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOof] . of] tYof°sf k|fyldstf kfPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;dfrf/df klg cfwf/df lrtjgsf klqsfn] u|fdL0f ;dfrf/nfO{ lgs} u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ g} a9L k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] 5 . ;du|df lhNnfsf 5fkf dfWodsf] ;dfrf/ k|fyldstf sd :yfg lbPsf] lgZsif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . lrtjgsf 5fkfdf u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ k|sfzgsf] l:ylt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] kfOof]M lrtjgsf rf/j6f b}lgs klqsfdf %*) j6f zzufpFsf ;dfrf/x? :ynut ?kdf k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOof] . h;df ;Dkfbg ;d"xsf] ;lqmotf a9L ePsf] u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . ;a}eGbf a9L kfOof] . u|fdL0f ;dfrf/ lrtjg kf]:6df @)#, To;kl5 kf/bzL{ b}lgsdf !%!, gofF/fHo b}lgsdf !#) / ;a}eGbf sd zzklqsfsf] klxnf] k[i7df klg ufpFs} ;dfrf/ / kmf]6f] k|sflzt ePsf] kfOof] . u|fdL0f ;dfrf/df sfofs}/g b}lgsdf (% j6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] ;fgf–;fgf ;dfrf/x?nfO{ klg klqsfn] :yfg kfOof] . oxL s'/fnfO{ lgDg tflnsfaf6 cem k|i6 kfg{ lbPsf] kfOof] . ;lsG5M gofF/fHo

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xfdLn] ;"rgf k|ljlw eg]/ kl/eflift ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}F . ljZje/ gof“ :j?k / k|sf/df o:tf gof“ gof“ ;"rgf k|ljlwx? leqg] qmd hf/L /x]sf] 5 . ;"rgf / k|ljlw b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlw zAbnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf cfO=l6= elgG5 . sDo'6/ k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df ld;fP/ cfhsn ;"rgf k|ljlw elgG5 . ;g\ !((@ eGbf cl3 ljZjdf oL b'a} k|ljlwx? cnu cnu eP/ cf—cfˆgf sfo{x? ub{y] . cS;kmf]8{ ng{/ l8S;g/Lsf cg';f/ ;"rgf k|ljlw eg]sf] ljB'tLo pks/0fx? ljz]ifu/L sDKo'6/df ;"rgfnfO{ e08f/0f tyf ljZn]if0f ug{] ;DaGwL cWoog / k|of]usf] k|ljlw xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw sDKo'6/sf] b]g xf], h;n] ubf{ ljZje/ ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg, k|zf]wg Pjd\ e08f/0f sfo{nfO{ sDKo'6/n] ;xh agfPsf] 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg] dfOqmf] On]S6«f]lgS;, sDKo'6/Ls/0f / b"/;~rf/sf] of]u g} ;"rgf k|ljlw xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwdfkm{t km/s–km/s k|s[lt / u'0fsf ;"rgfx?nfO{ Ps 7fp“af6 csf{] 7fp“df k7fpg e08f/0f ug{ tyf ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ljleGg sfo{x? ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf ;"rgfx? >Jo, b[Zo, cIf/ tyf ;ª\VofTds h'g k|sf/sf klg x'g ;S5g\ .

P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld clxn] xfdLn] h]h;/L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5f}F, o;sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ eP/ cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug w]/} ;do nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps kl5 csf{] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'“b} ljZj cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] xf] . ljZjdf gjLg ;"rgfx?nfO{ ;dfrf/sf] ?kdf k|;fl/t ug{] qmd t 5fkfvfgfsf ljsf; tyf 257

kqsfl/tfsf] k|f/De ePb]lvg} x'“b} cfPsf] eP klg gof“ gof“ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{ eg] ljleGg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . x/]s gof“ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{nfO{ k'/fgf cfljisf/x?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfhsf] cj:yfdf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; x'gnfO{ ;g\ !*$$ df ljlnod u|fdj]nn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ gu/]sf] eP ;Dej x'g] lyPg . ;g\ !*$( df 6]lnu|fkmsf] cfljisf/nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} ;g\ !*(% df O6fnLsf j}1flgs dfsf{]gLn] /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/ u/] . lj:tf/} 6]lnlehg, kmf]6f]u|fkmL x'Fb} ljZj sDKo'6/sf] o'udf kfOnf 6]Sg yfNof] . leotgfd o'4df k/flht ePsf] cd]l/sfn] ;xL?kdf ;"rgfsf] k|rf/k|;f/ tyf pkof]u ug{ g;s]/g} o'4df k/flht ePsf] lgisif{ lgsfnL ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg'kg{] lgisif{ lgsfNof], h;sf] kmn:j?k ljleGg l8efO;x?sf] ;xfotf lnFb} ;g\ !(^# df sKo'6/sf] ljsf; eof] eg] cd]l/sL /Iff dGqfnon] g} ;g\ !(^( df OG6/g]6sf] ljsf; u¥of] . ljz]iftM ;}Go k|of]hgsf] nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] OG6/g]6 ;g\ !(() af6 dfq ljZjJofkL x'g uof] . sDKo'6/sf] ljsf;;“u} ljZjdf ;"rgf k|ljlw,;"rgf ;dfh / ;"rgfsf] pRr /fhdfu{ h:tf ljleGg cjwf/0ffx? cufl8 cfP . dflg;x?sf] cfjZostfx? ;docg';f/ ablnFb} hfFbf ca Pp6f b]zsf] ;Dks{ ljZjJofkL agfpg'kg{] eof], h;sf] kmn:j?k ca OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 ljZjnfO{ ca Ps cfk;df ;~rf/ ;Dks{df Nofpg ;lsg] eof] . ;g\ !(($ df tTsfnLg cd]l/sL pk/fi6«klt Pnuf]/n] ch{]lG6gfsf] Ao'g; cfo;{df ;DkGg cGt/fli6«o 6]lnsDo'lgs]zgsf] ljsf; ;Dd]ngdf ;"rgfsf] pRr /fhdfu{sf] cfjZostf k/]sf] s'/f atfP . OG6/g]6 / sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ljZjJofkL aGg yfn]kl5 g} ljZjJofkL j]e;fO6, clK6sn kmfOa/, ;fOa/ Sofkm], ;"rgf kfs{ h:tf cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ eof] . g]kfndf sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd lj=;+ @)@* ;fndf hgu0fgf k|of]hgsf] nflu NofOPsf] lyof] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;“u} dflg;x?sf] sfd 258

ug{] z}nL / hLjg k4ltdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfof] . ljZjsf ljsl;t b]zsf dflg;x? k/Dk/fut Hofbf >d ug'{kg{] vfnsf] s[lif tyf Hofnfbf/Lsf sfdx? 5f]8]/ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;~rfng ug{] k|sf/sf] sfddf cfl>t x'“b} uPsf 5g\ . ljsl;t b]zsf] cy{Joj:yf k"0f{?kdf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf lge{/ x'g yfNof] eg] lbge/ kl;gf aufP/ ug'{kg{] cK7\of/f sfdx? clxn] k"0f{tof ;lhnf];“u sKo'6/sf] cufl8 a;]/ ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf ljutdf /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg k|ljlw leqg hlt ;do nfu]sf] lyof], To;sf] s}of}F u'0ff l56f] clxn] ljZjahf/df x/]s lbg ljsl;t ePsf gof“ gof“ k|ljlwx? lelq/x]sf] b]lvG5 . dflg;x?sf] aLrdf ljsl;t ePsf ;~rf/ ;Dks{, ljleGg b]zx?df dflg;x?sf] cfjthfjt tyf dflg;x?sf] z}lIfs :t/n] ubf{ g} x/]s lbg lgs} b'|t ultdf ljZjsf ;d[4 b]zx?df lgdf{0f ePsf ;"rgf k|ljlwx? wdfwd g]kfn lelq/x]sf 5g\ .

lrtjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / a9\bf] k/lge{/tf g]kfnsf] x/ k|sf/sf] hft, hflt, e];e";f / ;+:s[ltsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ g]kfnsf] &^ cf}F lhNnf eg]/ klg lrGg] ul/G5 . b]zsf] x/]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx?df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] lrtjg lhNnf lzIff,r]tgf,;~rf/,oftfoft / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg clu|d :yfgdf b]lvG5 . ljz]iftM ;dy/ e"efusf] sf/0f / k"j{ kl~rd /fhdfu{sf] s]Gb|ljGb' eP/ klg xf]nf lrtjgdf ljleGg kxf8L lhNnfx?af6 a;fO ;/]/ cfpg] dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof clxn];Dd klg TolQs} 5 . lrtjgdf v'n]sf ldl8ofsf] clkm;,7"nf] nufgLsf] lzIf0f c:ktfn, ljleGg ;fd'bflos tyf lghL SofDk;x?, :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o :t/sf] a}l°Ë sfof{nox?n] ubf{ lrtjgdf dflg;x?sf] cfsif{0f a9\b} uPsf] 5, h;sf] kmn:j?k e/tk'/, /Tggu/ tyf gf/fo0fu9b]lv leq;Ddsf ufp“x?;Dd ahf/ lj:tf/ x'“b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . a:tLsf] lj:tf/;“u} ufp“sf rf]s rf]sdf ;fOa/ tyf 6]lnkmf]g k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ x'“b} uPsf] 5, h; dfkm{t lrtjgsf

o'jf o'jtLx? lbge/ OG6/g]6, Od]n tyf Rof6sf] sfo{ u/]/ ;do latfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . k'/fgf] z}nLsf] x'nfs ;]jf lj:yflkt eP/ clxn] ;~rf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwg g} OG6/g]6 ag]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd nufot cGo lghL If]qsf OG6/g]6 k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] ljleGg gof“ of]hgf;lxt u|fxsx?nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] Pg;]n tyf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lhlkcf/o; ;]jfn] ubf{ dflg;x? df]afOn ;]6af6} OG6/g]6sf] ;]jf lnO/x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf dflg;x? hfg] g]kfnsf lhNnfx?df lrtjg cu| :yfgdf cfp“5 . lrtjgsf] dflg; ljZjsf] h'gs'g} s'gfdf /x] klg kl/jf/;“u km];a's, 6]lnkmf]g, O:sfOk, Od]n cflbdfkm{t\ ;w}F ;Dks{df /lx/x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] lrtjgjf;Lsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;“u} ljZjsf] s'g} klg e"–efu ca ef}uf]lns?kdf 6f9f cyjf glhs 5}g . /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg, kqklqsf, oftfotsf] ;'ljwf cflbn] ubf{ oxf“sf dflg;x? ljZjsf x/]s 7fp“df ePsf 36gfqmdx? tyf b]lvPsf kl/jt{gx? k|lt TolQs} hfgsf/ /x]sf 5g\ . lrtjgsf] k|To]s ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{ x]¥of] eg] k'/fgf] tl/sfn] kmfOlnË u/]/ ;"rgfx? jf sfuhkqx? /fVg] k|rng nueu lj:yflkt x'“b} uPsf] 5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no,lgjf{rg cfof]ub]lv k|To]s uflj; sfof{nox?;Dd ;"rgfx? sDKo'6/dfg} e08f/0f u/]/ /fVg] tyf ;Dk"0f{ sfdx? sKo'6/af6} ug{] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . x/]s sfof{nox?n] cfˆgf] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf j]e;fO6x?sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] :yfgLo:t/df yk /f]huf/Lsf] af6f]x? lgdf{0f x'“b} uPsf 5g\ . lrtjgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] eP klg k"0f{tof O–ue{]g]G;sf] ;f]rn] d"t{?k kfpg eg] ;s]sf] 5}g . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L /fHo ;~rfng ug'{nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf O ue{]g]G; elgG5 . lrtjgdf cem};Dd klg ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df ;]jf lngsf] nflu dflg;x? nfOgdf a;]/ emGem6k"0f{

9Ëaf6 sfd ug'{kg{] kl/kf6L ljwdfg g} /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no, lhNnf x'nfs / oftfoft sfof{nodf cem};Dd ;]jfu|fxLx? nfOgdf g} a;]/ ;]jf lng'kg{] afWotf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] h'gs'g} k];f ckgfP klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 1fg clgjfo{ h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . s[lif dfkm{t / cf}Bf]lus ljsf; dfkm{t bzsf}F;Dd x'g g;s]sf k|ultnfO{ x]bf{ lrtjgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwn] u/]sf] k|ult sFof}F u'0ff l56f] / k|efjsf/L b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf ljleGg sfof{nox?df sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, 8f6f sf]8/, 8f6f ;'k/efOh/, l;:6d ljz]if1 cflb h:tf If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? lbgk|ltlbg j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . lrtjgsf] d'Vo ahf/x?df sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/, ;ˆ6j]o/x?sf] laqmLljt/0f lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . lrtjgsf] z}lIfs If]q, :jf:Yo If]q, a}l°Ë If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]q, s[lif If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9\b} hfFbf pTkfbg a9fpg, lj1fkg sfo{ ug{, ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{, lr7Lkqx? jf ;t{gfdfx? cfbfgk|bfg ug{, pTkfbgsf] dfu ug{ / a'lsË ug{ / Jofkf/df j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . a}l°Ë sfof{nox?df g} x]g{] xf] eg] klg gf]6 jf r]ssf] ;§fdf le;f sf8{ jf df:6/ sf8{sf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ lrtjg lhNnf x/]s sfof{nox? tyf ltgLx?n] lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? k"0f{tof ;"rgf k|ljlwdfg} k/lge{/ aGb} uPsf b]lvG5g\ .

lgisif{ slxn] g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL aGg] xNnfn] t slxn] d]l8sn l;6L tyf cfly{s zx/sf] rrf{ kfO/xg] lrtjg lhNnf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/;“u} k"0f{tof o;df lge{/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] a9\|bf] ljsf;n] lrtjgjf;Lsf] hLjg k4ltdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfp“b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljZje/ 36]sf 36gfx?af/]sf hfgsf/Lx? tTsfn} hfgsf/L lng ;Sg] cj:yfsf] jftfj/0f tof/ x'“b} uPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut z}nLdf ljZje/sf] tfhf va/, ;"rgf tyf 36gfqmdx?af/] hfgsf/L lngsf] nflu laxfgsf] klqsf jf g]kfn 6]lnlehg tyf /]l8of] g]kfns} ;dfrf/nfO{ s'g'{kg{] 259

cj:yfsf] clxn] cGTo ePsf] 5 . dflg;x?n] :yfgLo Pkm=Pd=, 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg tyf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;~hfn dfkm{t If0fe/df ljZje/sf va/x? hfgsf/L lng kfPsf 5g\ h;n] ubf{ ca ljZj Pp6f ufp“ ag]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fosf] qmddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ hg;Dks{, k|rf/k|;f/ tyf lj1fkg ug{] k4lt / z}nLdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . O– a}l°Ë tyf O–Jofkf/sf] ;]jf lgs} nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt–@)%& dfkm{t % jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljZj dfglrqdf :yflkt ug{] gLlt lnPsf] lyof], h;n] d"t{?k kfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] cGo If]qsf] ljsf; tyf of]hgfx? cnkq ag] klg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf cfd ;d'bfosf] a9\bf] qm]hn] ubf{ o; If]qdf ;/sf/L ;lqmotf lagfg} lghL If]qsf] k|of;n] ;"rgf k|ljlw ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nox? eGbf lrtjgdf lghL If]qg} k|ljlwdf cufl8 b]lvG5 .

260

o;/L ;du| lhNnfsf] kl/j]znfO{ x]bf{ lrtjg lhNnfdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qnfO{ ca ;dflhs kl/jt{g tyf ljsf;sf] dfu{lrqaf6 cnu u/]/ x]g{ ;lsFb}g . To;}u/L dflg;x?sf] uf;, af; / skf; h:t} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 klg cnu x'g ;Sb}g . cfhsf] dflg;sf] lbgrof{ df]afOn, sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6, Pl6Pd sf8{ cflb h:tf k|ljlwaf6 cnu x'g ;Sb}g . casf] lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/]sf] 1fg kfpg g;s]sf dflg;x?nfO{ o; ljifodf 1fg lbFb} lhNnfnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cem cfTdlge{/ agfp“b} nUg'g} xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwng} lrtjgsf] ul/jL lgjf/0f ug{, hgr]tgfsf] j[l4 ug{ ;fy} cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ug{ ;xfotf ub{5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw k|ltsf] k|of]ufTds 1fglagf casf] ;}4flGts 1fg cy{ljxLg aGg] b]lvG5 .

cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu dlxnf ;zlQms/0f  rGb|fjtL zdf{ nD;fn e/tk'/–!), lrtjg

;zlQms/0f zAb zlQm;Fu ;DalGwt 5, cyf{t\ o;n] s'g} klg ljifodf cfk"m ;Ifd x'g' jf ;zQm x'g'nfO{ hgfpFb5 . dlxnfx?df cGtlg{lxt zlQmsf] af]w u/fO pgLx?leq n's]sf] ;Lk, 1fg, bIftf, Ifdtf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug'{ g} dlxnf ;zlQms/0f xf] . cfly{s ljsf;df dlxnf ;zlQms/0fn] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0faf6 k5fl8 k/]sf t/ ;+VofTds ?kidf cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnf ju{nfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ljsf;df ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtf u/fpg' eGg] a'lemG5 . ;zlQms/0fsf] dfWodaf6 dlxnfx? cfˆgf] xs lxt / clwsf/sf] If]qdf ;r]t eO{ ;f] k|flKtsf nflu ;+3if{ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . dfgj ;Eotfsf] piffsfndf dlxnf ;dfhsf] cu'jfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . j}l4ssfndf gf/LnfO{ zlQmsf] ;|f]t ;j{zlQm ;DkGg sfnLdftf, dftf b'uf{, ;/:jtL / b]jLsf ?kdf k'lhGYof] . ;dfhsf] ljsf;;Fu ;Fu} 3/fo;L sfdsfh dlxnfn] / aflx/L sfdsfh k'?ifx?n] ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; eof] . cfly{s ultljlwsf] qmd ;'¿ eP kl5 pTkfbgsf If]qdf k'?ifx?n] x]g{], e08f/0f / s]6fs]6L x'sf{pg] sfo{ dlxnfx?n] ug{] k|yfsf] ;'¿jft eof], h;sf] sf/0faf6 g} dlxnfx?df k/lge{/tf a9\g yfNof] / lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] kfb'ef{j eof] . o;/L ljsf;sf] ult ;Fu;Fu} cu'jfsf ?kdf /x]sf / b]jLsf ?kdf k'lhg] gf/L k'?ifsf t'ngfdf qmdzM kl5 kb{} uP / dlxnf dfly ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts / n}lËs lje]bx? a9\g yfn] . ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] cefj / ul/aLn] ubf{ 5f]/Lx? cGoqsf]

3/df hfg] gf;f] jf bfloTj dfq dflgg yflnof] . lzIffsf] If]qdf klg klxnf] k|fyldstf 5f]/fx?n] dfq kfpg yfn] . o;n] eljio cGwsf/do eO{ dlxnfx? ;du|df g} k5fl8 ws]lnP . dfgj Oltxf;df dlxnf ju{sf] bf;tfsf] ;d:of Ps hl6n k|Zgsf ?kdf /lx cfPsf] 5 . o; lbzfdf ePsf cg]sf}+ k|oTgx? cg]sf}+ cfGbf]ngsf afjh'b klg dlxnf hfltsf] bf;Tjsf] jf:tljs sf/0f s] xf] eGg] k|Zgsf] ;lx Pjd\ k"0f{ ;dfwfg ePsf] 5}g . dlxnf d'lQmsf k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ ljZjel/ g} cg]sf}+ cfGbf]ng eO/x]sf] eP tfklg ltgLx? dWo] yf]/} dfq dlxnf ju{sf] cfwf/e"t k|Zg;Fu ;DalGwt ;}4flGts w/ftndf plePsf] b]lvG5 . sfg"gn] dlxnfnfO{ a/fa/Lsf] cfwf/ lbP tfklg ;fdflhstf, g}ltstf / nf]sJojxf/ cj/f]w eO{ cfpFb5 . dWoo'uLg ;dodf dlxnfsf nflu gsf/fTds efj a9L x'GYof] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLlt/ s]xL dfqfdf dlxnfx?sf] ljsf; ePtfklg nf]sfrf/ eg] ?9Lu|:t g} lyof] . ;+;f/e/df dfgjsf b'O{ hflt dWo] Ps dlxnf xf] . h'g s'g} nf]kf]Gd'v hflt geO{ ljZjel/ g} hg;+Vofsf] cfwf lx:;fsf ?kdf :yflkt hflt xf] . g]kfndf @)^* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf cg';f/ s'n hg;+Vofsf] %!=%Ü hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . ;fIf/tfsf] lx;fan] %&=$Ü dfq /x]sf] dlxnf hfltsf] gfddf 3/÷hUuf /fVg], kl/jf/ ;+Vof !(=&!Ü / dlxnf kl/jf/d'vL /x]sf] kl/jf/; hDdf @%=&#Ü /x]sf] 5 . pk/f]Qm tYofª\ssf] cWoogaf6 cem klg 5f]/f / 5f]/L k|lt ul/g] lje]bsf/L ;fdflhs k/Dk/fut ;f]r 261

/ Jojxf/n] ubf{ ;fIf/ tyf lzlIft t'Nofpg] ;Gbe{df 5f]/fsf] t'ngfdf 5f]/Lx?nfO{ sd cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf] tYo k|i6 x'G5 . lzIffsf] sdL / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf Go"g ;xeflutfn] b]zsf] k"0f{ ljsf;df cj/f]w pTkGg x'g] ePsfn] ;+VofTds lx;fan] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6]sf] dlxnf ju{nfO{ ;dfj]zL dfq geO{ dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] ;fe]mbf/Lsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . k'?ifsf bfFhf]df dlxnf ju{n] ;w}+ cfˆgf xs clwsf/sf nflu n8fO{ nl8/xg' k/]sf] x'G5 . Tof] rfx] 3/leq xf];\ of aflx/ . ;fdflhs s'/Llt / ju{e]bsf sf/0f ;+3if{ u/L :yflkt xs clwsf/ ;d]t dlxnfn] pkef]u ug{ gkfPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Pp6L dlxnf ;Ifd geP 3/ g} /fd|/L rNg ;Sb}g eg] 3/af6 g} ;dfh clg /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . lzlIft / bIf dlxnfsf] pTkfbg g} sd ePsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o:t/sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] k|j]z gu0o x'g' :jefljs} klg b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)%* ;fnsf] tYofª\ssf] bfFhf]df @)^* ;fnsf] tYofª\sn] dlxnfsf] ;fwg / ;|f]t dfly x'g'kg{] kx'Frdf s]xL ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPtfklg 3/÷3/fo;L lg0f{o nujfot 3/ aflx/sf ;fwg ;|f]t dfly cem} k'?ifx?s} x}sd al9 /x]sf] hgfpFb5 . dlxnf / k'¿ifx? aLr tLj| e]befj ug'{, dlxnfx? dfly ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s zf]if0f ug'{, ljsf;zLn b]zx?df kfOg] ;fdfGo ljz]iftf g} ePsf] 5 . o;/L x/]s b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnL ;dfh k5fl8 kg{df clwsf+z dlxnfx? /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] 3]/af6 pk]lIft eO{ k'?ifx?sf] s7f]/ lgoGq0faf6 s]jn 3/fo;L wGbfdf l;dLt /xg' xf] . ha;Dd ;dfhsf] cfwfefu cf]u6]sf] dlxnfju{sf] ljsf; / /fhg}lts, k|fs[lts, cfly{s, af}l4s nufot ljleGg ;|f]tx? h:t} wg;DklQ, hUuf hldg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L dfgdof{bf, ;Ddfg, kb, k|lti7f, lgjf{rg cflb ljifo cGtu{tsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u afF8kmfF8 / x:tfGt/0f h:tf If]qdf k'?if ;/x lagf e]befj dlxnfnfO{ klg k|ToIf ?kdf lgoGq0f / lgdf{0fsfo{df ;+nUgtf, ;xeflutf / cu|;/tf sfod 262

u/fO{ pgLx?nfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt u/fOGg ta;Dd ljsf;sf] ultn] tLj|tf lng ;Sb}g . ;dosf] cGt/fn;Fu} lzIffdf cfPsf] nx/ / ;dfhdf cfPsf] r]tgfn] dlxnfdf klg lzlIft eO{ cfk"m cfˆgf] v'§fdf pleP/ 3/ kl/jf/ ;dfh / b]znfO{ s]xL of]ubfg ug{ kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] clxn] k'?ifsf t'ngfdf lgs} sd eP klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . !$ l8;]D/ !(%% df g]kfn o"=Pg=cf]= sf] ;b:o ePkl5 dfq dlxnfx? dfly /x]sf] zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/ / lje]bnfO{ x6fpFb} pgLx?nfO{ ljsf;df ;xeflutf u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g yfn]sf] xf] . lj=;+= !(&& df /f0ffsfnLg k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/af6 ePsf] ;ltk|yfsf] cGTo Pp6f qmflGtsf/L sbd dfGg'kb{5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a|flhn, rLg / 8f]ldlgsg u0ftGqsf dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] ;g\ !(!) dfr{ * tfl/vsf lbg ePsf] e]nfdf dlxnfnfO{ klg k'?if;/x ;dfg xs / clwsf/ x'g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}a]nf b]vL k|To]s jif{ dfr{ cf7 tfl/vsf] lbgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] . @))% ;fnsf] hgk|ltlglwTj P]gn] g]kfnL dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ lgjf{rgsf If]qdf ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg u¥of] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^) nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ljut s]xL bzsb]vL g]kfnL dlxnf klg /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]zLg yfn]sf 5g\ . sl/a @ nfv %) g]kfnL dlxnf ljb]zdf sfo{/t 5g\ eg] ltgsf] 7"nf] ;+Vof vf8L d'n'sdf 5g\ . xfn b}lgs sl/a &) hgf dlxnf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL 3/]n' sfdbf/ JolQmut hdfgLdf ToxfF k'Ug] / 3/df xfp;d]8 eO{ sfd ug{} ePsfn] 3/]n' lx+;fsf lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ . ljb]zL /f]huf/sf] ld7f] ;kgf af]s]/ ljb]zLPsf t/ zf]if0faf6 kLl8tsf] ;+Vof ljut b'O{jif{df # xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] o'=Pg=

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pgLx?sf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf a9fpg] k|:tfj klg k|ltlglw ;efdf kfl/t eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] Nofpg nfu]sf lgld{t sfo{qmd tyf lg0f{ox? ;/fxgLo g} ePtfklg sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/df eljion] dfq o;sf] d'Nofª\sg ug{] g} 5 . t/ o;sf nflu eg] ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{ nufotsf ;a} If]qaf6 7"nf] Tofu / tk:ofsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 . To:t} k'?ifx?sf] aLr cfˆgf] cl:tŒj sfod ug{sf nflu dlxnfx?n] klg dlxnfkgsf] kmnfd] ks8af6 d'lQm kfpg ;[hgfTds sfo{ ug'{kb{5 .

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 rLhs'df/ ldq cnu ?kdf 9fln/fv]sf] x'G5 . pm 5f]/f b]v]sf] a]nf lktf aGb5, lktfnfO{ b]vs ] f] a]nf 5f]/f aGb5 . kTgLnfO{ b]v]sf] a]nf klt aGg k'Ub5 . slxn] ;'vL aGb5, slxn] b'MvL aGb5, slxn] dflns aGb5, slxn] ;fdfGo dflg; aGb5 . slt ?kdf pm ablnG5, To;sf] u0fgf ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'Gg . pm lg/k]If slxNo} klg 5}g hlxn] klg ;fk]If 5 . To:tf] l:yltsf] pm sNkgf klg ub}{g ha pm s]jn pm dfq xf];\ t/ o:tf] l:yltaf6 klg pm u'h|G5 ha pm lgtfGt PSnf] /xG5, lg/k]If /xG5, ckl/lR5Gg /xG5, ;'v :j?kdf /xG5 tyflk p;n] of] cd"No l:yltsf] Vofn} /fVt}g . o;sf] Vofn /fVg ;s] pm slt ;f}efUozfnL aGg ;Sg] lyof] ¤ o;}n] xf] dflg; dflg; Ps eP/ klg o;df ljljwtf b]lvg cfpF5 . z/L/sf] lgdf{0f kfFr ljleGg tŒjx?sf] ld>0faf6 ePsf] 5 . dflg; dfq x}g ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLx?sf z/L/ o;}cGtu{t kg{ cfpF5g\ . ;a} z/L/sf] /rgf k~re"taf6 ePsf] 5 / ;a}df cfTdtŒjsf] k|j]z 5 . o;f] eOsg klg pgLx?df k[ys\tf b]lvg cfpF5 . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f xf] k|s[lt . k|s[ltdf ;Tj, /h / tdf]u'0fsf] tf/tDon] ubf{ k|f0fLdf klg To;sf] k|efj kl//x]sf] x'G5 . *$ nfv of]gLdf k|f0fLx?sf] s'/f 5f]8f}F – Ps} k|f0fL dflg;df klg of] u'0fsf] tf/tDo b]lvG5 . olt w]/} dflg;x? 5g\ – Pshgfsf] k|s[lt csf]{;Fu ldNb}g . ;+;f/df &÷* c/a hlt dflg; 5g\ tL k|To]s Ps csf{;Fu k[ys\ 5g\, Ps} 5}gg\ . :y"n?kdf leGg leGg 5g\ eg] ;"Id?kdf t ljz]if?kn] k[ys\ 5g\ . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f – of] ljljwtfsf] sf/0f – wf/0ff xf] eGg ;lsG5 . dflg; xf8, df;' cflb :y"n kbfy{af6 ag]sf] xf]Og oyfy{df eGg' kbf{ h;sf] h:tf] wf/0ff 5, pm To:t} lsl;dsf] dflg; xf] . eujb\uLtf eGg'x'G5 – o of] C4 ; Pj ; . >4fdof]˜o+ k'?ifM . t;y{ dflg;nfO{ lrGg'k¥of] eg] p;sf] afXo 265

cfj/0f x]/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . p;sf] wf/0ff h:tf] xf] Tof] dflg; To:t} lsl;dsf] xf] . ;Gof;nfO{ lnP/ ;Gof;L aGb5, sd{nfO{ lnP/ sdL{, wd{nfO{ lnP/ wdL{, ;donfO{ lnP/ ;fdlos cflb cflb . o;/L ljljw pkflwnfO{ cËfn]/ ljljw alg/xG5 – oyfy{ cfkm"af6 ;w}F 6f9f6f9f /xG5 clg b'Mv lrGtf / eod'Qm eP/ /xg' Psbd :jfefljs xf] egL 7fG5 h'g jf:tjdf c:jfefljs xf] . zf/Ll/s /f]uaf6 d'Qm x'g hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'k5{ egL lrlsT;sx?n] ;Nnfx lbPem}F :jefjdf /xg -jf:tljs oyfy{ cfkm"df /xg_ xfdLnfO{ xfd|f u'¿ / zf:q eGg'x'G5 . jxfFx? xfdLx?nfO{ cfxf/, ljxf/ tyf Jojxf/ ;a}df ;flTjstf ckgfO{ lrQ z'4 ug{ / z'4 lrQnfO{ kl/is[t tyf kl/dflh{t u/L -z'4 lrQdf cWofTd lrGtg klg cfpg] ePsf]n]_ ljz'4 t'Nofpg clg Tof] ljz'4 lrQnfO{ klg ljgi6 u/L :jefjdf b[9?kn] l:yt x'g pkb]z ug'{x'G5 . of] l:yltdf l:yt k'?ifnfO{ h;/L ss{nfdf g} /x]/ klg kfgLn] ss{nf]nfO{ 5'g ;Qm}g, To;/L g} ;+;f/ -;+;f/ eg]s} b'Mv xf]_ d} /x]/ klg ;+;f/n] 5'g ;Qm}g . xfd\f u'¿ tyf zf:q xfdLnfO{ atfpg'x'G5 – :j¿kdf /xg' -;'v :j¿kdf l:yt x'g'_ k|f0fL dfqsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ xf] . s;}n] p;nfO{ o;af6 jl~rt u/fpg ;Qm}g . k|To]s dflg; ;fwg ;DkGg 5 . vfnL ;fwgsf] pkof]udf tf/tDo 5 . k|:yfg ljGb' Ps} xf], a9\g] stfkl§ xf] d"n k|Zg oxL xf] . k"j{ / klZrdsf] ldnglaGb' Ps} ynf]df x'G5 t/ cl3 a9\g vf]Hbf b'O{ ljk/Lt lbzflt/sf] udg x'G5 . dflg; rnfodfg 5 crnfodfg x'gsf] nflu sfo{/t 5g\ . sfo{ ;DkGg u/]/ pk/t eP/ a:g . ;a} sfd ;s]/ sfd/lxt eP/ a:g rfx]sf 5g\ . x'g klg k|j[lQ lgj[lQsf] nflu xf] . ;Dk"0f{ k|j[lQnfO{ O{Zj/fk{0f u/L lbP ;lhn} lgj[Q x'g kfpF5f}+ . xfdL k|j[Q 5f}F tLg y/L ;+;f/df– hfu[t, :jKg / ;'if'lKtsf] ;+;f/df . hfu[t / :jKg ;+;f/df xfdL lgtfGt PSnf] x'Fb}gf}F . hfu[tdf ef}lts z/L/ /xG5 clg ef}lts hut\ k|k~r /xG5 . :jKgdf jf;gfdo 266

z/L/ ;+;f/ /xG5 clg ;'if'lKtdf z/L/ tyf ;+;f/ s]xL /xGg . hfu[tdf ef}lts z/L/ ;+;f/ 5 To;nfO{ b]Vg] d klg 5' . :jKgdf jf;gfdo z/L/ ;+;f/ 5 To;nfO{ b]Vg] d klg 5' . To;}u/L ;'if'lKtdf z/L/ ;+;f/ s]xL klg 5}g t/ s]xL gePsf] b]Vg]jfnf d 5' . of] cg'ej s;sf] xf] < of] cg'ej d]/f] xf] . of] cg'ej tkfO{+sf] xf] of] cg'ej tkfO{+ xfdL ;a}sf] xf] . xfd|f u'¿ tyf zf:q eGg'xG' 5 – æz/L/ ;+;f/ g/xFbf klg Tof] g/x]sf]nfO{ b]Vg] hf] ltdL xf} ToxL ;Rrf oyfy{ ltdL xf} . of] g} xf] ltd|f] xfdf] ;a}sf] jf:tljs :j?k ;t\, lrt, cfgGb / cåo :j?k . of] :j?ksf] b[9 wf/0ff xfd|f] aGof] eg] xfdL xfd|f] uGtJodf k'U5f}F, xfdL s[ts[To aG5f}F – ;'v:j?k ch/ cd/ eP/ xfdL /xG5f}F . of] :j?kdf k'Ug] b'O{ dfu{ 5g\ – of]u / 1fg cyjf egf}F of]u of]u / 1fg of]u . lrQnfO{ ;To dfGg]x? of]udfu{df nfUb5g\, ldYof dfGg]x? 1fg of]udf nfUb5g\ . oL s'g} dfu{sf] nIo Ps} xf] . xfdLn] rrf{ ug{ nfu]sf] dfu{ rflxF of]usf] dfu{ ePsf] x'gfn] clnslt b[li6kft pt}lt/ u/f}F . lrQnfO{ ;To dfGg] ePsf]n] of]u dfu{df ofqLx? lrQnfO{ tx nufpg k|of; u5{g\ / lrQnfO{ tx nufO;s]kl5 cfˆgf] nIodf k'u]sf] cg'ej u5{g\ . o;/L tx nfu]sf] lrQnfO{ lnP/ of]uLx? cfˆgf] :j?kdf l:yt x'g k'U5g\ . xfdLn] 5gf}6 u/]sf] zLif{s of]usf cf7 cËdWo] 5}7f}+ cË xf] . c? afFsL k"j{sf % cËx?df od, lgod, cf;g, k|f0ffofd, k|Tofxf/, clg ck/sf ;ftf}+ Wofg / cf7f}F ;dflw x'g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ cËx?sf] 5f]6s/L JofVof -uLtfd[t k|df0f tfTko{ 6Lsfaf6_ qmdzM != od – b]x / OlGb|ox?df j}/fUo . @= lgod – cfˆgf] oyfy{ :j?kdf k|Llt . #= cf;g / $= k|f0ffofd – ;f/f cgfTd ljifodf pbf;Lg eP/ ;'vl;t l:y/ eOsg a:g' . -x7n] k|f0flj/f]w ug'{ ldYof r]i6f dfq xf]_

%= k|Tofxf/ – a'l4nfO{ ljifoaf6 ljd'v t'Nofpg' . ^= wf/0ff – cfˆgf] r}tGo :j?kdf l:yt /xg' -b[Zo/lxt cfˆgf] k|sfz :j?knfO{ :jtM If0fIf0fdf cg'ej ul//xg'_ . &= Wofg – d b[Zosf] b|i6f jf ;°Nksf] cx°f/ xf]Og, lsGt' b[Zo;lxt r}tGo:j?k a|Xd x'F eGg] cv08 lrQsf] ;"Id lqk'6Låf/f cljlR5Gg?kn] cg'ej ul/ /xg' . *= ;dflw – c1fg/lxt -cfj/0f z"Go_ cfˆgf] z'4 r}tGo:j?ksf] :jTj k|sflzt x'g' . o;/L g} lrQsf j[lQx?nfO{ lg/f]w u/]/ klg of]uLx? cfˆgf] nIodf k'Ug ;S5g\ . ljQsf j[lQx? % k|sf/sf x'g\ . != k|df0f– ljifosf] oyfy{1fg . @= ljko{o – l;kLdf rfFbLsf] 1fg – e|d1fg

#= ;+zo – of] l;kL xf] ls rfFbL xf], o:tf] clgl0f{t 1fg, ljko{o?k e|d1fgsf] cGtMkftL $= ljsNk – Psdf cg]s a'l4 – c;t\ kbfy{sf] ;Totf a'l4 . %= lgb|f / :d[lt of] lrQsf % k|sf/sf a'l4x?sf] lg/f]w eP kl5 ;j{ ljsNkz"Go cGt/fTdf g} ;To?kn] cjlzi6 /xG5 . cem} klg clnslt JofVof o;}sf] ug'{ pko'Qm xf]nf . lrQsf] % e"ldsf atfOPsf] 5 . tL x'g\ lIfKt, ljlIfKt, d"9, Psfu| / lg?4 . cl3sf # e"ldsfx?nfO{ nª\3g u/]/ lrQ Psfu| e"ldsfdf k'Ubf ;+k|1fg ;dflw x'G5 / To;nfO{ klg pTqmd0f u/]/ lj?4 e"ldsfdf k'u]df c;+k|1ft ;dflw x'G5 . oxL ;dflwsf] b[9tf k|fKt eP cfTdtŒjsf] ;fIffTsf/sf] x]t' x'G5 . xl/çtT;t\ ¤

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . || o'j/fh

l;+v8f

l;+v8f hg/n ;Knfo;{ gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

kmf]gM )%^–%&@!&), df]=M (*%%)%%$%@ t];|f] d'n'saf6 k|ToIf cfoft ul/Psf :kf]6{;\ P08 :6]zg/L, lSnlgª tyf lsrgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lsf ;fy} cGo Knfli6s cfO6x?sf] nflu=== 267

lhDd]jf/ lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg gful/s cfkm}F lhDd]jf/ aGg'k5{  d's'Gb bxfn lhNnf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, lrtjg

k[i7e"ld nf]stGq, k|hftGq jf nf]stflGqs u0ftGq h] gfd ePklg gful/sn] dfgjclwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofosf] kfPsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg' kb{5 . of] ljifo dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf] n gsf] p2] Z o xf] . g] k fndf dfgjclwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofosf] nflu b"/b[li6sf] kl/sNkgf ub},{ h'g nIf / p2]Zosf ;fy ljut b'O{ bzsdf h] hlt sfdx? x'bF } cfO/x]sf] 5 To;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' eg]sf] /fHoåf/f gful/ssf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, kl/k"lt{ / ;Da4{gdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ g} xf] . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] b]zsf x/]s gful/sn] cfˆgf]] clwsf/ lglj{£g?kdf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g;sf];\ . /, olb s'g} sf/0fjz clwsf/sf] pkef] u df s' g } afwflj£g 8flnof] / gful/sn] clwsf/ pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt x'g'k/]sf] cj:yf cfof] eg] /fHosf lgsfo jf lgsfosf lhDd]jf/x?n] clwsf/sf] pkef]usf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg ;sf];\ eGg] xf] . olb clwsf/ xggsf] cj:yf cfof] eg] kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbg' cfˆgf] bfloTjnfO{ /fHon] k|efjsf/L?kdf k"/f ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf]ng jf cleofgsf] p2]Zo xf] . /fHosf lgsfosf] sdhf]/ e"ldsfaf6 s'gk} lg lsl;dsf] b08lxgtfsf] cj:yf gcfcf];\ eGg] klg dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] p2]Zo xf] . cfhsf] ;Gbe{ Pjd\ kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ o;sf] nflu /fHosf lgsfosf] hjfkmb]lxtfn] dfq ;f] xfdLn] xfdLn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] jf nIf / of]hgf u/]sf] cj:yf k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g To;sf nflu gful/sx? klg Tolts} ;r]t, ;Ël7t Pjd\ st{Jolgi7 268

x'g' cfjZos dfq x}g ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] cy{ k|To]s gful/sn] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] nflu hfu?s, ;r]t, ;Ël7t / cfjZostf kbf{ zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng ug]{ qmddf c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ldf gldlrof];\ jf cltqmd0f gxf];\ eGg]tkm{ ;Dj]bgzLn e} lhDd]jf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf k|d'v lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] eP/ klg p;sf] e"ldsfn] dfq dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf]ngn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofosf] k|fKtL ;Dej gx'g ;S5 . To;}n], /fHosf lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] hjfkmb]lxtf :yflkt u/fpg] cfGbf]ngsf ;fy;fy} lhDd]jf/ gful/s aGg] cleofg;d]t ;Fu;Fu} ;~rfng ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

klxnf gful/s cfkm}F c;n / lhDd]jf/ aGg'k5{ gful/ssf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, kl/k"lt{ / ;Da4{gsf] nflu /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf] cfw'lgs dfGotf /lxcfPsf] ;To xf] t/ /fHo aGgnfO{ ;f] /fHosf] e"uf]ndf a;f]jf; ug]{ gful/ssf] ckl/xfo{tf ePsf] sf/0f /fHo eGg] lalQs} xfdL hgtf jf gful/s klg dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf}F eGg] s'/f sbflk e'Ng ldNb}g . cyf{t\ /fHo eGg] lalQs} To;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf gful/s xf] eg] p;n] cfˆgf]] st{Jo /fd|/L lgjf{x gug]{ xf] eg] /fHosf] k|of;n] dfq ;a} s'/f k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . c;n gful/s eg]sf] clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t, JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s, ;fd"lxs Pjd\ ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs jf /fli6«o st{Jok|lt lgi7fjfg\, c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[lto'Qm Jojxf/ jf ;+r]tgf ePsf] gful/s aGg' xf] . lhDd]jf/ lgsfo jf lhDd]jf/x?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;a{k|yd xfdL gful/s klg st{Jolgi7 269

/ lhDd]jf/ aGg} kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ dfly pNn]lvt cfhsf] cfjZoQmfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ dgg\ u/L ;f] cg's"nsf] ;f]r, ljrf/, cfr/0f / Jojxf/ ul/g'kb{5 . cyf{t, gf]S;fg gk'¥ofpg] l;4fGtnfO{ k|To]s JolQmn] JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s, ;fd"lxs Pjd\ ;fd'bflos / ;fj{hlgs Jojxf/df nfu' ug'{kb{5 . o;af/]df 5nkmn cf/De ub}{ lg/Gt/ /fli6«ob]lv cfwf/e"t jf ;d'bfo tx;Dd ax; rnfpFb} :jlgoGq0fsf nflu gful/ssf cfjZos gLlt lgod, h;nfO{ xfdL gful/ssf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf eGg ;S5f}F, lgdf{0f u/]/ k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug{' kb{5 .

/fhgLlts bn ;jf{lws lhDd]jf/ / lg0ff{os kIf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf /fhgLlts bnx? ;jf{lws lhDd]jf/ kIfx? x'g\ . csf]{ jfSodf eGg'kbf{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnx? o;sf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ Pjd\ lg0ff{os kIfx? x'g\ . lsgls /fhgLlt ;a} gLltx?sf] d"n gLlt xf] / o;sf ;~rfns /fhgLlts bn / pgLx?;Da4 kIfx?n] /fd|f] lqmofsnfk ubf{ ;dfh /fd|f] aG5 / g/fd|f] ubf{ ;dfh g/fd|f] x'g] lglZrt 5 . pgLx?g} ;/sf/df ;xefuL eP/ /fHosf lgsfox?nfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ x'gfn] klxnf] lhDd]jf/L bnsf] g} xf] . en} Ps}k6s ;a} bnx? ;Qfdf g/x]sf] cj:yf klg x'g ;S5 . t/ klg s'g} g s'g} lx;fjn] jf ;dodf clwsf+z bnx? ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /lx;s]sf 5g\ / clxn];Dd gePsf bnx? klg cfpg] ;dodf /fHo ;Qf ;~rfngsf] p2]Zo / of]hgfsf;fy /fhgLlt ul//x]sf 5g\ .

;dfwfgdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg ug{ ;lsG5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kIf kqsfl/tf jf ;~rf/nfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] cËsf] af/]df l:jsf/ u/L To;sf] dxŒjnfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf] w]/} eof] . ;~rf/ jf kqsfl/tf If]q /fHosf] rf}yf] cËsf ?kdf :yflkt x'Fb} gful/s ;dfhsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf /xL pNn]vgLo e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 / of] e"ldsf /lxg} /xg]5 . ;dsfnLg ljZjdf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ /fHosf] kfFrf}+ cË dflgG5 . xfd|} b]zsf] ;Gbe{df klg )$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng jl/kl/b]lv g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;z:q åGåsf] cjlw / )^@-^#_ sf] hgcfGbf]ng jf hgqmflGtsf] ;do;Ddsf] cjlwdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ x]bf{ ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'G5 . t/ lglZrt} xf] gful/s ;dfhsf] cu'jfO{ eg] dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf]ng jf cleofgn] ul//x]sf] . o; cjlwdf g]kfnsf] hl6n kl/l:yltdf o;sf] e"ldsf g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]uL dfq geP/ ;Gb]zjfxs / lbzfaf]w ug]{ vfnsf] ;d]t lyof] eGg lxlRsrfpg kb}{g . /, clxn] klg gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf TolQs} cfjZos ePsf] ;j{q dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s ;dfh eg]sf] gful/sx?sf] k|ltlglw ;+:yfg} xf] . gful/s ;dfh cfkm}F /fHo ;~rfngsf] lgsfodf ;+:yfut k|ltlglwTj ub}g{ / ;bfjxf/ hgtf jf gful/ssf] ;fydf /x]/ pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ /fHosf lgsfo / /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg nflukl//x]sf] 5 . cem o;nfO{ k|:6 kf/f}F, gful/s ;dfhn] hlxn]klg hgtf / /fHoaLrsf] k'nsf] sfd ub{5 .

;dsfnLg ljZjdf gful/s ;dfh /fHosf] kfFrf}+ cË dflgG5 cfhsf] kl/l:ylt / gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfsf] dxŒj gful/s jf hgtfn] lgaf{x ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ gful/s ;dfh jf ;a}vfn] ;+:yfx?n] v]Ng] e"ldsf;Fu cfa4 ubf{ a9L ;fdlos, ;fGble{s / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dosf ax'cfoflds, hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df gful/sx?sf] ;Ël7t k|of;nfO{ /rgfTds / l;h{gfTds lbzftkm{ n}hfg ;Sg] xf] eg] ljBdfg hl6ntfx?sf] 270

cgfjZos nlDabf] ;ª\qmd0fn] b]zdf olta]nf h'g kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f eO{ h;/L ljleGg lsl;dsf ljz]ifu/L hftLo, If]qLo wfld{s ;f+:s[lts klxrfg / clwsf/sf] nflu eGb} h'g cfGbf]ng / cleofg rln/x]sf] 5 s]xL xb;Dd l7s} ePklg tL cfGbf]ngleqsf ;+s'lrt ;f]rfO / c;lxi0f' lrGtg / Jojxf/x?k|lt eg] lgs} uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . hftLo å]if / ljefhg, If]qLotfsf]

gfddf eO/x]sf] ljeflht dfgl;stfn] ;dfhnfO{ lgs} hl6ntftkm{ cem egf}F cFWof/f]tkm{ n}hfg] t x}g eGg] uDeL/ k|Zg p7]sf] 5 . o:tf ljjfb / åGåsf] /rgfTds / ;[hgfTds ;dfwfgsf] nflu /fHosf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os ePklg gful/s ;dfhsf] jf egf}F dfgjclwsf/ cfGbf]gnsf] e"ldsf klg clgjfo{ /x]sf] 5 . ljefhg xf]Og, e]befj cGTo u/f}F, ;b\efj sfod u/f}F lj4]if gkm}nfpF eGg] cleofg ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] 68\sf/f] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 . olb o;tkm{ d"n'snfO{ 8f]¥ofpg g;Sg] xf] eg] ;}lgs jf hftLo lg/+sz ' tf, wfld{s pGdfb / ts{xLgtfsf] 8/nfUbf] s'rqm ;'¿ x'g;S5 . hftLo / If]qLo e]befjsf] lj?4 elg ;~rflnt cfGbf]ng / cleofgx? ljutdf h:t} JolQmut, ;d"xut / u'6ut ;Qf:jfy{sf nflu g} ePsf] b]lvFb}5 . cfGbf]ngsf] dfu, lbzf, z}nL / ;ª\3if{sf] ?k pko'Qm ePg eg] ox'bLsf] gfddf tLg s/f]8 dflg; dfl/Pem}+ g]kfndf klg ljleGg gfddf To:t} g[;+; c/fhstf gcfpnf eGg ;lsGg olb g]kfnLTjsf] efjgfdf v08Ls/0f cfof] / ;fdflhs, wfld{s, hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ;b\efj vNalnof] eg] o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s ;dfhsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kb{5, h;n] ;a} lsl;dsf] e]befjsf] cGTo ug{] cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'sf;fy} If]qLo, hftLo, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;b\efj sfod /fVg / To;nfO{ clej[[l4 ug{ ljleGg lhDd]jf/ kIfx?;Fu ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;sf];\ . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / lbuf]kgsf] nflu gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu /fli6«o /fhgLlts ;xdlt cfhsf] k|d'v d'2f xf] t/ cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cflwsf/sf] d'2fnfO{ cfhsf] ;Gbe{df ;d[4 /fi6« / ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu pko'Qm tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] cfhsf] hfoh d'2f gofF nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg / cy{k"0f{ zflGt xfl;n ug]{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts d'2fx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ g} x'g\ . Ps tYof° cg';f/ /f]huf/L lbg g;s]/ /fHon] lgl/xtf b]vfPsf sf/0f g]kfnsf #)

nfv dflg;x? j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf 5g\ . csf]{ tYof°n] %) nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;f] ;ª\Vof ePsf] atfPsf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] !* b]lv $) jif{;Ddsf tGg]/L k':tf h;sf] hg;ª\Vof emG8} #( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5, h;n] cfˆgf] ;lqmo hLjgsf] nfdf] ;do dWok"j{sf] tftf] udL{sf] afn'jfdf, dn]lzofsf] Knfli6s / UofF; sDkgLdf cToGt si6s/ hLjg latfP/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . dn]lzof ;/sf/sf] cg';Gwfgdf UofF; / Knfli6s sDkgLdf sfo{/t dhb'/x?sf] pd]/df @@ k|ltzt / :jf:Yodf @% k|ltzt gf]S;fg k'Ug] x'gfn] cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] vf]hL u/]sf] tYox?n] atfPsf 5g\ . b]zleqsf] jftfj/0f 7Ls 5}g . /fd|f] ug{ vf]Hof] s;}n] eg] ljleGg cj/f]wx? cfOnfU5g\, ;xh?kdf sfd ug{ kfOFbg} . c?n] pGglt u/]sf] b]lvg;xg] jf n'6/] / hah{:tL u/]/ vfg] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 d]xgt u/]/ >d u/]/ eGbf . Oh/fonaf6 kms]s { f Ps gful/sn] g]kfndf /fd|f] afv|fkfng ug{ ;'¿ ubf{ dfu]hlt rGbf glbPsf] eg]/ n'6]/fx?n] vf]/} hnfOlbP . To:t}, cd]l/sfaf6 OlGhlgol/ª k9]/ g]kfndf kmnfdsf ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf] 7"n} pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf lrtjg lgjf;L Ps pBf]uL c0f/fh l;njfn cfjf/f, p208 ;d"xsf JolQmx?n] ljleGg gfddf rGbf dfu]/ a]nfdf–a]nfdf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;tfpg] u/]sf] atfpF5g\ . e|i6x?sf] Jojxf/n] ;du| ;dfhnfO{ cToGt g/fd|f];Fu lk/n]sf] 5 . g}ltstf / cfbz{n] ;d;fdlos /fhgLltaf6 ljbf lnPsf] 5 . sltko rfns, ;xrfns / vnfF;Ln] ofq'nfO{ s;/L xKsfpF5 . 7fn' dfgl;stf ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] hgtfk|lt s:tf] Jojxf/ e}/x]sf] 5, /fhgLltsf 7]Sbf/ dflgPsf] g]tfn] sfo{stf{nfO{ / sfo{stf{n] g]tfnfO{ s;/L Jojxf/ ul//x]sf 5g\, ufpF jf ;d'bfo xf];\ jf ;x/ ahf/ xf];\ /fhgLlts, Jofj;flos / k|zf;lgs ;+/If0f kfPsf tyfslyt :jo+;]js / bnfnx?n] hgtfk|lt ug]{ Jojxf/ s:tf] 5 eg]/ d"Nof°g ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL lg/f; x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ lzi6tf / gd|tfsf] v8]/L k/]sf] 5, 271

pu|tf, x]kfO / clt :jR5Gbtf jf c/fhstfn] ;du| ;dfh / If]qnfO{ cfˆgf] ks8df kfl//x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . clxn]sf] hl6n cj:ydf xfdL gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwn] cfTd;Ddfg / cfGdzflGtsf] nflu ePklg s]xL ug}{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf b'O{s'/f Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

;dfhdf /fd|f] / g/fd|f] b'j} k|jl[ Q ePklg /fd|fs ] f] dfqfg} a9L x'G5

;'ljwfrflxF klxnf g} ge} x'Fb}g . sfd gu/]klg Hofnf lbg} k5{ eGg] cyf{t\ st{Jo ug{ g¿rfpg], jf ul/xfn] klg emf/f 6fg]{ t/ clwsf/sf] dfq cem egf}F cfˆgf] clwsf/ jf nfesf] dfq ;jfnnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] o:tf] k|j[lQ xfdL gful/sdf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . h;/L b]znfO{ ;xL lbzf lbg'kg]{ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf b]lvPsf] u}/hjfkmb]xL, kbnf]n'ktf, ;Qf:jfyL{ / clt ;'ljwfef]uL e|i6 ePh:t} . h;n] ubf{ jt{dfg ;dflhs rl/qg} nf]eL, kfkL, :jfyL{, c;lxi0f', u}/lhDd]jf/, u}/hjfkmb]xL, cN5L, k/fjnDaL, duGt], n'6]/f, 7u cflbsf] klxrfgdf b]lvPsf] 5 dfgf}F ;dfhdf sf]xL TofuL g} 5}g, sf]xL OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s g} 5}g . t/ oyfy{df To:tf] dfq 5}g . gful/ssf] 7"nf] lx:;f clxn] klg OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 5 t/ lauF|bf] ;fdflhs k|j[lQaf6 cfqmfGt eO{ lg/f;, pbf;Lg, lrlGtt / cfqmf]lzt ;d]t 5 . To;}n] cfkm"nfO{ ;r]t / lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf] x}l;otn] o:tf] pN6f] xfjf ax]sf] a]nf ;j{;fwf/0fn] a'em\g] u/L lhDd]jf/ kIfx?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg afWo kfg]{ u/L s]xL g s]xL /rgfTds / ;Gb]zd"ns cleofg ;~rfng ug'k{ b{5 . To;sf nflu cfkm}+ gd"gf aGg'kb{5 c?nfO{ jf csf]{ kIfnfO{ Psf]xf]/f] ufnL u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g lhDd]jf/ lgsfo jf kIfx?df /x]sf] ;sf/fTds lrGtg, rl/q / Jojxf/ ePsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;xof]usf] xft lbg'kb{5 .

;dfhdf w]/} v/fa t x'bF g} g\ t/ Pp6f v/fasf] sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/}nfO{ lk/nf] lbg] ePsf]n] ;dfhdf w]/} lk/nf] b]lvG5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{ lgofNof}F eg] kfpg ;lsG5 jf:tjdf ;dfhdf ;a} t x'Fb} xf]Og w]/}klg v/fa 5}gg\ . oyfy{tf s] xf] eg] Pp6f v/fasf] lj?4 k|ltjfb ug]{ hgdt tof/ gx'Fbf l;Ëf] ;dfhs} k|lt/Iff Ifdtf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] of] blaPsf] dfgl;stf p7fpg ;Sg] xf] eg] v/fa k|jl[ Q lgoGq0f ug{ ;Dej 5 t/ o;sf nflu /fHosf lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf ;fy ;fy} gful/sx? klg Pp6f Jojl:yt :jlgld{t cfrf/;+lxtfdf cfa4 eg] x'gk} g]{ cj:yf cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fHosf hjfkmb]xL lgsfox? / /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg pgLx?sf] e"ldsfsf] ;dLIff ug{ gful/sx?n] cfjlws?kdf 5nkmn / lrGtgsf] rf}tf/L ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 hxfF gful/sx?sf] cfˆg} cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] ;jfnn] klg TolQs} dxŒj kfpg' kb{5 . :yflkt ;+:yfx¿sf] d"No, dfGotf / ljlwnfO{

;dfhsf] kl/jt{gsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cf}hf/ dxŒj lbg] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ xfdL hfgsf/ x'g'kb{5 ls dfgj ;dfhsf] gful/s cfrf/ ;+lxtf x'g ;S5 gful/s cfrf/;+lxtf lsg < ;fdfGo?kdf eGg' kbf{ gful/sx? xfdL cfkm}+ lhDd]jf/ x'g gful/s cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cfjZostf ePsf] xf] . gful/s ;dfhnfO{ / gful/sx?nfO{ ;w}Fel/ csf{sf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ ;w}F gsf/fTds wf/0ff dfq /fVg] eg]/ klg slxn]sfFxL cfnf]rgf ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . cyf{t\ egf}F xfdL gful/sdf klg pN6f] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] klg kfOG5 . pN6f] k|j[lQsf] cy{ klxnf afnL b] clg sfd u/f}Fnf, jf sfd kl5 ub}{} u/f}Fnf dnfO{ 272

pTklQb]lv cfh;Dd lgdf{0f / ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf ;+:yfx? lglZrt d"No / dfGotf Pjd\ ljlw / lawfgaf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ t/ ;d:of s]xf] eg] ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L / dd{cg';f/sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ . ;fy} ltgsf] ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g klg . :yflkt ;+:yfx?sf d"No dfGotf / ljlwljwfgsf] c;n k|fjwfgx?sf] af/]df xfdL klg hfgsf/ eO{ To;k|lt pgLx?sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} ;f]sf] kl/kfngfdf ;xof]u ug{ jf ;r]t agfpg ;lsG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfaf6 lrlGtt eO{ ;dfhsf]

pN6f] k|j[lQnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] r]t, lhDd]jf/Lkg / cfF6 ePsf lhDd]jf/x? / c;n gful/sx?af6 ;dfhsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] nflu cfzf / e/f];f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] kª\lQm lglZrt}?kdf h'g;'s} ;dfhdf ;fgf] x'g] u5{ / jt{dfg g]kfnL ;dfhdf klg cj:yf To:t} 5 / t/ jt{dfg cj:yfaf6 cflht / lg/f; eO pbf;Lg ePsfx? h;sf] lx:;f lgs} 7"nf] 5, nfO{ pT;fxL / l;h{gzLn agfpg ;Sg] xf] eg] ;sf/fTds ;f]r, lrGtg /fVg] / ;f]xL cg'sn" sf] Jojxf/ ug]{ kª\lQm g]kfnL ;dfhdf pNn]vgLo jf cTolws x'g cfpF5 . ;+r]tgf o'Qm jf /fd|f] ;dfh agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu vfFrf] 5 lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xLsf] efjgf, vf]Hg] hfFu/ / ;Lk, OdfGbf/ / lgikIf efjgf, b"/b[li6 / lg/Gt/ k|of; ug]{ w}ot{ f, c;n rl/q / cfF6, ;fd"lxs efjgf / k|oTgdf ljZjf; Pjd\ cleofgnfO{ lbuf] /fVg] ;f]r / of]hgf eof] eg] k|To]s JolQmn] s]xL g s]xL ;sf/fTds of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] k|z+;gLo b[li6sf]0f /fVg ;lsG5 . OdfGbf/ / lgi7fjfg\x?

gePsf] s'g} If]q 5}g h;/L a]Odfg / w"t{x? klg x/]s ;do / ;dfhdf x'g] u5{g\ / clxn] klg 5 . ;d:of klxrfg / Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf] sdhf]/Ldf . tL sdhf]/Lx? x6fpg'kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df hd{g ;dfhzf:qL b'lv{sf] egfO{ ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . pgL eG5g\ ;dfh sfo{ sf/0f ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df rn]sf] x'G5 / s'g}klg k|j[lQ, 36gf, ;d:of jf cj:yf To;} l;h{gf x'Fb}g To;sf nflu j:t'ut cfwf/ jf sf/0fx? x'g] u5{g\ . g/fd|f k|j[lt / 36gfx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu g} ;dfwfgsf gofF–gofF pkfox?sf] vf]hL u/L To;nfO{ lgoGq0f / lgbfg ul/G5 h;af6 dfgjclwsf/ ;+r]tgfo'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0f x'g] ck]Iff / ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . -OG;]s cWoIf ;'af]w/fh Kofs'/n] åf/f )^( ebf} klxnf] xKtf cfof]lht a}7sdf k|:t't dGtJo, OG;]ssf bz lhNnfsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hsx?n] JoQm u/]sf cg';GwfgfTds k|:t'lt / n]vssf] cg'ej ._

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . æz}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] Pp6} ynf]Æ

gj k'ikf~hnL skL tyf :6]zg/L pBf]u lrtjg, g]kfn, kmf]gM )%^–%^@(^& tyf

k'ikf~hnL kl/jf/ 273

lrtjg dxf]T;jdf lrtjgjf;Lsf] e"ldsf  /l;s k|wfg dxf]T;j Joj:yfkg clws[t, lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^(

tTsfnLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg / e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df lghL If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+3 pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9sf tTsfnLg cWoIf b]zL/fd k|wfg, e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf tTsfnLg d]o/ d'lQmnfn r's], lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf tTsfnLg ;efklt s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6fsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df g]kfndf g} k|yd k6s cfof]lht dxf]T;j xf] lrtjg dxf]T;j . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf k"j{ dxflgb]{zs Pjd\ tTsfnLg lhl6h]8–lhlhPdljPrsf cfjf;Lo k|ltlglw xl/x/ ;'j]bLsf] ljz]if ;xof]udf dxf]T;jsf] ;'¿jft ul/Psf] xf] . cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] ljsf; x'F+b} uO/x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfdf eO/x]sf] Jofkf/L, pBf]u Joj;fosf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] / gofF+ k|ljlwx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy lj=;+= @)%# ;fnb]lv lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)%# sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fe]mbf/Lsf] ;'Gb/ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%% ;fnb]lv cfof]hsx?sf] ?kdf yk @ j6f ;+:yfx? qmdzM /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] xf] . lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] of] dxf]T;j lrtjg lhNnfdf dfq} ;Lldt geO{ g]kfns} :yflkt dxf]T;jsf] ?kdf v8f eO;s]sf] 5 . lrtjgdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;ª\3;+:yfdfk{mt lgMz'Ns :jo+;]jL efjgfn] cxf]/fq ldlxg]tsf;fy ;do k|bfg u/L sfo{ ug'{x'g] JolQmx?sf] k|of;af6 cfh;Dd of] dxf]T;jsf] ul/df pRr /xFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . cem egf}+ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg, lrtjg lhNnf / 274

lrtjg dxf]T;j Ps csf{df kof{ojfrLsf] ?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . dxf]T;jsf] ;'¿jftL lbgb]lv g} pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgn] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] g]t[Tj lnFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;;Fu} cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] nIo;lxt ;d'Ggt lrtjgsf] kl/sNkgf adf]lhdsf] sfo{qmd xf] lrtjg dxf]T;j . k|ToIf Pjd\ k/f]If?kdf Pp6f JolQm dfqsf] nflu cfof]lht dxf]T;j eg] of] laNs'n} xf]Og . o;sf] cGttM ;sf/fTds c;/ eg] cjZo g} Pp6f JolQm ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfjf;LnfO{ g} x'g]5 . lhNnfleq /x]sf] Joj;fo pBf]un] ahf/ kfpg] / JolQmn] vf]h]sf] Joj;fo / pBf]u kfpg] :yn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 lrtjg dxf]T;j . lrtjg dxf]T;j x/]s @–@ jif{df ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmd xf], h;n] cfly{s ?kdf lrtjg lhNnfdf xnrn k}bf u/fp+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+:s[lt, lhNnfjf;Lsf] /xg;xg, pBf]u, Jofkf/x?sf] ldl>t e]nf xf] lrtjg dxf]T;j . t;y{, lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ ;kmn ?k lbgsf nflu Pp6f JolQm dfq ljz]if x'g cjZo g} ;Dej 5}g . ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfjf;L, ;ª\3;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] ck]Iff of] dxf]T;jn] ul//x]sf] 5 / lg/Gt/ ul//xg]] 5 . lgM:jfy{ efj, :jR5 dgl:yltaf6 :jo+;]jL efjgfn] dfq of] dxf]T;jsf] gjf}+ ;+:s/0f cfof]hgf x'guO/x]sf] 5 . t/ lj8Dagf, cfhef]ln stf–stf dxf]T;jsf] ;fv ca cfpg] dxf]T;jsf nflu cf]e]mn kg{;Sg] ;°]tx? xfdL dfem b]lvFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . d jf xfdL;Fu of] j:t' 5, ;+:s[lt 5, snf 5, ljrf/ 5 egL 275

vf]hL–vf]hL :yfg vf]Hg'kg]{ cj:yfdf oL ;a ljifonfO{ /sd;Fu bfFh]/ /sd dfu ug]{ k|j[lQ xfaL x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;fwf/0feGbf ;fwf/0fb]lv dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x?sf nflu 7"nf] /sddf ;fl6g' kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . lhNnfjf;Lsf] uf}/j ug{ ;lsg] of] dxf]T;jdf cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 k|To]s JolQmn] lgM:jfy{ efjn] >d, ljj]s, ldlxg]t, an, zlQm, hfFu/, pTk|]/0ff, cfTdljZjf; Psk6s klxn]sf] h:tf] ;f]rL k|bfg u/L x]/f}F t . clg x]/f}F xfd|f] of] dxf]T;jsf] rds / ;'uGw . k|To]s dxf]T;j sf]z]9'Ëf ;fljt x'g]5 . clg x]/f}F cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;+:s[ltn] el/Psf] ;d'Ggt lrtjg . gofF ;f]+r, ljrf/nfO{ ;fe]mbf/L u/f}F . c7f]6nfO{ P]Soa4tf hfx]/ u/f}F . clg ;[hgf x'G5 cj;/x?sf] . ljsf; x'G5 lrtjg lhNnfsf] . gofF Joj;fo pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf x'g ;S5, nufgL a9\5, /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'G5 . lhNnfleq cfly{s rxnkxn a9\5 . JolQmsf] cfDbfgL, qmozlQmdf j[l4 x'G5 / cGTodf ;du| lhNnf pGglttkm{

a9\g ;S5 . To;}n] s[kof o; ljifodf Psk6s ;f]rf}+, 3f]lTncf}+ . xf]Og eg], ;a} sfo{ / ljifonfO{ /sd;Fu dfq} bfFHg] / /sddf dfq} dxf]T;j ;fl6Fb} hfg'kg]{ xf] eg] lsg of] dxf]T;jnfO{ k"0f{?kn] cy{;Fu dfq} gbfFHg] / < cfof]hsx?n] klg of] ljifodf ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 . ljb]zdf o;k|sf/sf dxf]T;jx? k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq / Jofj;flos ?kdf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] oxfFdfq c;Dej t kSs} 5}g xf]nf < t/, xfn;DdnfO{ lrtjg dxf]T;j k"0f{ ?kn] Jofj;flos agfpg] ;f]r cfof]hsx?sf] /x]sf] 5}g . t;y{, o;} n]vdfkm{t\ ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfjf;L dxfg'efjx?nfO{ ljgd| cg'/f]w dfq s] 5 eg] s[kof oxfFx?sf] cd"No ;xof]u lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ ljgf;t{ lbg'ePdf ;d'Ggt lrtjg agfpg] sfo{df 86]/ nflu/xg] yk pTk|]/0ff, xf};nf / pd· Joj;foLx? nufot lghL If]qdf cfpg]]5 .

‘lrtjg dxf]T;j’ af/] ;j{;fwf/0fsf wf/0ffx¿ d'lQmnfn r's], /fhgLlt1 @)%# ;fndf h'g p2]Zo cg'?k b]zL/fd k|wfgsf] g]t[Tjdf tTsfnLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–gf/fo0fu9, lh=lj=;= lrtjg / e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;xsfo{df lrtjg dxf]T;j ;'¿ ul/Psf] xf] . cfh lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( ;Dd cfpFbf To;sf] ef]n'd w]/} 7"nf] / If]q klg ylkPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ;du| lrtjgn] g} o;nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ cu|;/ x'g'kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts bn tyf JolQmx?n] cfhsf lbg;Dd lghL If]qsf] of] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ef]lnsf lbgdf cem a9\g]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5 . casf] lrtjg dxf]T;jsf cfof]hsx?n] o;sf] d"n efjgf / dd{nfO{ dg{ glbO ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g ub{} n}hfg' kb{5 olx d]/f] z'esfdgf 5 . 

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

k|ef ljB't P08 On]S6«Lsn ;+uddfs{]6, sdngu/, lrtjg

kmf]gM )%^–%&@#!%, df]=M (*$%)@$$&%, (*%%)%^&&%, (*%%)^###^ 276

gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{, Joj;foL tTsfnLg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– gf/fo0fu9 -xfn pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3– lrtjg_ sf] bL3{sflng of]hgf cg'?k @)%# ;fnaf6 k|To]s b'O{ jif{df cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;jn] ;Dk"0f{ Joj;foLx?df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{] ub{5 eGg' cTof]lQm gxf]nf . dxf]T;j cjlwe/ Joj;fosf] k|j4{g t x'G5 g}, ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ug{ klg of] sfo{qmdsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . d]/f] ljrf/df o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ / pQd kf6f]sf] ?kdf gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cfheGbf !) jif{ cufl8 gf/fo0fLsf] k"nb]lv uf}/]Zj/ lzj dlGb/;Dd g} gfs y'g]/ lxF8\g'kg{] oyfy{ s;} ;fd' 5'k]sf] 5}g . cfh

o; :tDedf ljleGg If]q / ju{;“u ;DalGwt JolQm tyf ;j{;fwf/0fx¿;“u :dffl/sf k|sfzg ;ldltsf ;+of]hsn] k|ToIf e]6L lnOPsf] hgwf/0ff h:tfsf] t:t} k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/ æl/e/ larÆ sf] ?kdf ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 . dnfO{ hfgsf/L eP cg';f/ lrtjg dxf]T;jaf6 cfly{t /sdsf] 7"nf] lx:;f pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgn] gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df nufgL ug{] u/]sf] 5 . To;}sf] kl/0ffd k|To]s ;fFem % ah]kl5 xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf pkl:yt dfgj ;fu/n] aofg ub{5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cgGtsflng lg/Gt/tfsf] z'esfdgf ;lxt . 

efg'k|;fb pkfWofo, lzIfs ;+;f/df ljleGg ;x/x?df ljljw cj;/ kf/L d]nf, dxf]T;j, k|bz{g cflb x'g] u/]sf] / To;sf] nfe ;j{;fwf/0fn] eGbf t'ngfTds ?kdf dWod:t/sf kl/jf/hgn] lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf x'g] o:tf dxf]T;jx?df ;j{;wf/0f cyf{t\ cfd g]kfnL kl/jf/n] ;xeflutf hgfPsf] kfOG5 . lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fu9df gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df oxL @)^( kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ;Dd -!) lbg_ ;~rfng x'g] ‘lrtjg’ dxf]T;j ljutsf] t'ngfdf kSs} klg a9L cfsif{s tyf lrtjg Pjd\ o; j/k/sf lhNnfsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] ;Lk, snf Pjd\ Joj;fosf] lrgf/L u/fO k|bz{g, k|j4{g Pjd\ Jofkf/ ;d]t ug{] cj;/sf ?kdf k|:t't x'g] g} 5 . afn–aflnsfx?nfO{ ?rLs/ vfg] kl/jf/sf] :jfb lng]b]lv ljljw 9+uaf6 dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{] ynf]sf] ?kdf of] dxf]T;j b]vf kg{]5 . lzIfsLo b[li6n] x]bf{ ljljw snf, ;+:s[lt k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh, e]ife"iff, efiff, hft–hflt, If]q, wd{ cflbdf ljeflht ePsf xfdL g]kfnLnfO{ Ps} ynf]df Pstfa4 e} hd36 277

x'g], Ps csf{sf] 1fg ;LknfO{ ;f6f–;f6 ug{], cfw'lgs Pj+ gjLgtd\ k|ljlwsf s'/fx?sf af/]df x]g{], yfxf kfpg] / ;Ifdn] k|of]u ;d]t ug{], k|frLg Pj+ nf]k x'g nfu]sf xfd|f w/f]x/ af/] yfxf kfpg] / To;sf] ;+/If0fdf e"ldsf v]Ng], dfgjLo dfq ge} kz'k+IfL Pj+ jg:kltsf af/]df 1fg cfh{g ug{] dfWodsf] ?kdf o;sf] b[Zo kl/slNkt x'G5 . dfgjLo :jefj cg';f/ yfs]sf] dg Pj+ z/L/nfO{ o;n] dgf]/~hg k|bfg u/L :j:y agfpg] sfo{ ;d]t ug{] cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . lrtjg s] xf] < o;sf /fd|f kIfx? s]–s] 5g\ < cGo lhNnfsf dflg;nfO{ ;d]t s'g–s'g kIfn] oxfF a;f]af; ug{ /dfpg] agfPsf] 5 < lsg lrtjgnfO{ &^ cf}+ lhNnf elgg] /x]5 < cflb JolQmx?sf cg]sg\ lh1f;fx? klg o;n] d]6fpF5 h:tf] nfU5 . cfof]hgf, kl/rfng, ;dfkg cflb sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;+sNk, b[9 OR5f zlQm, Pstfsf] efj, ;dk{0f, ;b\efj cflb klg o;af6 l;lsg] dxŒjk"0f{ kf7x? x'g\ . o;sf] cfof]hs pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg nufot cGo $ j6f ;+:yfnfO{ lrtjgsf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx?s} tkm{af6 xflb{s wGojfb k|bfg ub{} dxf]T;jsf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf Pj+ cfˆgf] tkm{af6 ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{] ;d]t jrgj4tf JoQm ub{5' . 

eujtL kf08], ljBfyL{ lrtjgsf] ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( glhlsFb} ubf{sf] kl/k|]Iodf ljBfyL{sf] tkm{af6 eGg'kbf{ lrtjg dxf]T;j, xfd|f] lrtjgsf] k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts, efiff, e]ife'iff, rfnrngsf] Ps pTs[i6 emns aGg'k5{ . s[lif Joj;fo tyf s[ifsnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{], gofF k|ljlwdf ljZjf; /fVg] Pjd\ x/]s ju{ / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] dg lhTg] x'g'kb[5 . t/ lrtjg dxf]T;j Jofj;flos gfkmfsf] p2]Zoaf6 k|]l/t geO, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L, lzIff, dgf]/~hg Pjd\ ;'netf k|bfg ug{] x'g'k5{ . ljutdf ljBfyL{sf] k|j]z l6s6df %)Ü 5'6 278

lbPsf] s'/f ;/fxlgo 5 / lg/Gt/ x'g]5 eGg] cfzf 5 . k|j]z l6s6df dfq geP/ cGo sfo{qmd hxfF l6s6 lnP/ ;xefuL x'g'k5{ h:t} Boating, rafting, gliding df klg %)Ü 5'6sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sbf cem /fd|f] x'g]lyof] . ljleGg z}lIfs ;fdu|L tyf k':tsx?df klg ljz]if ;x'lnot k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . To;}u/L af}l4s, ;[hgfTds k|lt:kwf{sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L ;xefuL x'g] / JolQmTj ljsf; 6]jf k'Ug] sfo{qmd . ljleGg sn]h / OlGi6Ro"6x?n] ;xL ;Nnfx / ;dGjo k|bfg ug'{÷u/fpg'k5{ . h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{x?n] klg lrtjg dxf]T;j xfd|f] cfˆg} nflu xf] eGg] dx;'; ug{5 ] g\ . ctM lrtjg dxf]T;j cGo d]nf, dxf]T;j eGbf pTs[i6 agf];\, ljutsf sldsdhf]/L x6fP/ gf}nf]kgsf] cfefif u/fpg Pjd\ :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| aGg ;kmn xf];\ d ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ / d]/f] JolQmut tkm{af6 xflb{s z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . 

3gZofd e§/fO{, ;dfh;]jL pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg nufot % j6f ;+:yfx?af6 k|To]s @÷@ jif{sf] cGt/fndf x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;jn] lrtjgjf;Lsf ljz]if rf8sf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . ;du| lhNnfsf] s[lif, ko{6g, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} oxfFsf] hfthflt, efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ub{} cfO/x]sf] s'/f xfdLn] dx;'; ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] cfof]hgfn] ;du| lhNnfsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . @)%# ;fnaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] pQm dxf]T;j o;k6s gjf}+ cWofosf] ?kdf oxL kf}if @% ut]b]lv df3 % ut];Dd lrtjg dxf]T;j @)^( Pjd\ dWodf~rn If]lqo Jofkf/ d]nf @)^( ;d]t /dl0fo k|bz{gL d}bfg gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/df cfof]hgf eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] eJo ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' . cfpFbf lbgx?df pQm dxf]T;jnfO{ cem kl/:s[t / Jojl:yt ub{} n}hfg pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjg nufot ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hs ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' .

OGb|axfb'/ jonsf]6L, dhb'/ of] jif{ klg lrtjg dxf]T;j x'g] s'/f yfxf 5 . of] eGbf cufl8sf] b'O{j6f dxf]T;j klg x]/]sf] lyPF . /dfO{nf] ePsf] lyof] . o; k6s t labfsf] lbg kf/]/ kl/jf/ ;d]t hfg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' . xfdLnfO{ t vf;} s]xL kmfO{bf 5}g t/ le8ef8 / w]/} dfG5]x? cfpFbf ahf/df rxn kxn cfpF5 xf]nf . ;a}lt/sf] dx+uL x]bf{ / d]nfsf] vr{ x]bf{ l6s6 b/ t l7s} xf]nf t/ xfdLh:tf ul/a dfG5]x?nfO{ eg] dxË} xf] . ;du|df /fd|f] nfU5 . 

e'jg >]i7, ;jf/L rfns k|To]s @÷@ jif{df cfpg] kj{ h:t} nfU5 dxf]T;j . o;n] ;a} If]qnfO{ ;d]6] h:tf] nfU5 . ;a} sfo{qmdx? t x'G5g\ t/ dnfO{ t bf]xf]/L uLt sfo{qmd Hofb} /dfOnf] nfU5 . k'm;{b ldnfP/ cfk'm / kl/jf/ ;lxt} ldn]/ d]nf x]g{ hfg] xf] o;kfnL . cfk'm t ef8fsf] uf8L rnfpg] ePsf]n] of] a]nf cln Kofs eOG5 . c? ;fdfGo cj:yf eGbf] of] bz lbgdf sdfO{ em08} 8an h:t} x'G5 . ;a} /fd|f] 5 . 

cd/ k|wfg, ;~rf/sdL{ lrtjg dxf]T;j dxf]T;jx?sf] klg dxf]T;j eO;s]sf] o;sf ljut * j6f ;+:s/0fx?n] k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf x'g] dxf]T;jx?df pTs[i6tf l;4 ul/;s]sf] lrtjg dxf]T;j c? lhNnfx?sf nflu klg pbfx/0fLo ag]sf] 5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3–lrtjgsf] g]t[Tjdf x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;j o; If]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;d[4sf] kof{o ag]sf] 5 .

?kdf oxL kf}if @% b]lv df3 % ;Dd ;~rfng x'g] s'/fn] v'zL 5fPsf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o pTkfbgx?sf] k|bz{g u/L u|fxsx?;Fu k|ToIf ;Dks{ ug{ kfpg] tyf lrtjgsf k|fs[lts wfld{s Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] / lhNnfdf /x]sf ljljw ;+:s[lt emNsfpg] pBf]u Joj;fosf] cj:yf, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko{6g tyf cGo If]qdf o;n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg / nufgLsf If]qx?sf] ;Defjgfx?nfO{ ;d]t dfu{lgb]{zg u/fpg] p2]Zosf ;fy cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lrtjg dxf]T;j ;du| lhNnfsf] pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] pBf]u tyf Joj;fosf] ;+/If0f ;Da4{g / k|j4{g ub}{ lhNnfsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df :yfgLo lgsfo, ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yf, bft[lgsfo ;fy} /fhgLlts bnx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf VoftL sdfpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . lrtjg dxf]T;jn] s[lif, :jf:Yo, lzIff / ko{6gnfO{ ;d]6]/ ;du| b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sL 5' . o;/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] k|bz{gLdf ;xefuL /xg] x'gfn] lrtjg dxf]T;jnfO{ cfofhs ;+:yfx? ;du| lrtjgjf;Ln] ;fydf ;fy lbP/ ;kmn agfpg k5{ . cGtdf, lrtjgs} uf}/j / ul/df af]s]/ tkfO{+ xfd|f] glhs cfO/x]sf] dxf]T;jnfO{ cf–cfˆgf] tx / tKsfaf6 h] h;/L ePklg ;xof]u u/L k"0f{ ;kmn agfO eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ lrtjgjf;Lsf] pkl:yltf nflu klg xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' . dxf]T;jn] ;kmntf kfcf];\ olx d]/f] z'esfdgf . 



e/taxfb'/ /fjn, sd{rf/L lrtjg lhNnfdf x'g uO/x]sf] lrtjg lgd{nf kl08t l3ld/], Joj;foL÷u[lx0fL dxf]T;j cfheGbf !^ jif{ klxn]b]lv g} x'g p=jf=;+3–lrtjg nufot % uO/x]sf] / o;n] cfˆgf] If]qsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, s[lif ;+:yfx?sf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j @)%# ;fndf ;'¿ u/L o; jif{ gjf}F ;+:s/0fsf] tyf wfld{s If]qsf] ljsf;df k|ToIf / ck|ToIf?kdf 279

;xof]u u/]sf] d}n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5' . &^cf}+ lhNnfsf] ?kdf kl/lrt lrtjg lhNnfn] dxf]T;jdfkm{t\ ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf k|ltefnfO{ ;d]6\g'sf ;fy} lrtjg lhNnfdf eO/x]sf] ljleGg If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ klg dxf]T;jdf k|ToIf?kdf b]Vg kfOg] x'Fbf gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/df cfof]hgf eO/x]sf] dxf]T;jn] cGo If]qsf] dxf]T;jn] eGbf leGg ?kdf b]jtf b]jLsf] jf;:yfg ePsf] b]j3f6sf] 8'Ëf dfkm{t cjnf]sg, ¥oflˆ6Ë, af]l6Ë, cflb ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?n] ubf{ klg lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] dxŒj a9]sf] 5 . ;du|df dxf]T;j w]/} /fd|f] nfU5 . sd{rf/L ePsf] sf/0fn] labfsf] lbg kf/L ;–kl/jf/ 3'Dg hfg] of]hgf 5 .

ef]s ef]s} dg{ nfu] slj snfsf/ t8\kfP/ lsg df5f}{, em'G8\ofP/ df/ – uf]s'n hf]zL

snf / o;sf cGtj{:t'  ltt]kftL

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

k|f]= an/fd If]qL

Pe/]k;f{i6ahf/,:6]lrtjg zg/L kmf]gM )%^–%*@@&& df]=M (*$%)$(&^*

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

;"o{axfb'/ df:s]

;/f]h df:s]

df:s] k':ts e08f/ ;/f]h k':ts e08f/ dLgfahf/, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg kmf]gM )%^–%@$&@&, %@!$&# 280

u}+8fsf]6, gjnk/f;L

‘;flxTo–;ËLt–snf–ljxLgM ;fIfft\ kz'M k'R5–ljiff0fxLgM’ of] egfO et[{xl/sf] gLltztsaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . of] Hofb} /l;s / efjk"0f{ klg 5 . s;}nfO{ dg gkg{ klg ;Sb5 dg gkfg{ klg kfOG5 . ;+;f/ Ps}gf;sf] 5}g, ljljwtf 5 / t ;+;f/sf] dhf 5 . olb Pp6} sf/vfgfn] pTkfbg u/]sf] la:s'6sf] a§fh:tf] Ps} u'0f / k|s[ltsf] dfgj eOlbPsf] eP oltljlw dhf x'Gy]g xf]nf . nfUg t s;}nfO{ ;+;f/ ;f/xLg jf c;f/ klg nfUbf] xf]nf . Tof] ;DalGwt dfgjsf] ;f]rsf] s'/f xf]nf . h;sf] ;+:sf/ jf ;f]rfOdf h]h:tf] cj:yf 5, p;n] p;/L g} ;f]r]sf] b]v]sf] jf ef]u]sf] x'g ;Sb5 . of] p;sf] clwsf/ klg xf] . ;fk]If jf lg/k]Iftf ljrf/0fLo kIf xf] . dfgjn] cfk"mnfO{ s'g sf]l6df /fv]sf] 5 jf ;f]rfOsf] :t/ s] 5 eg]/ hfGg t p;n] ;~rfng u/]sf lqmofsnfksf] cWoog / dgg clg s;L nufP/ dfq yfxf nfU5 . ;do ;fk]If cfkm"nfO{ :t/f]Ggltdf nfg ;s]df hLjg ;fy{s /xG5 . cS;kmf]8{ zJbsf]ifsf cg';f/ snf eg]sf] dfgjLo ;[hg Ifdtf xf] . snfx? eg]/ dfgj sNkgfsf k|ltljDag jf ljrf/x?sf] pTkfbg ug]{ ;[hgfTds lqmofsnfksf zfvfx? elgG5 . snf zAbn] dfgjsf tL sd{ h;n] c?nfO{ cfgGb / ljrf/sf] ;+k|]if0f ub{5–nfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf] nflu Ps g Ps dfWod rflxg] x'G5 . dfWod of] jf Tof] h'g eP klg x'G5 . ;f] dfWoddf dfgjLo ;f]r / ljrf/sf] cj:yf emlNsg] u/L kf]lvPsf] >dn] snfsf] ?k lnPsf] x'G5 . ;fFlRrs} ;f]r / ljrf/k"j{s >d kf]lvPsf] snf ck"j{ g} x'G5, plQs} ;'Gb/tf af]s]sf] x'G5 . dfWod gi6 x'g ;Snf, t/ snf ch/ / cd/ /xG5 . gq eg] lnof]gfbf]{ bf leGrLsf] lrq df]gfln;f l;h{gfsf] sl/a t];|f] ztfAbLdf

klg plQs} nf]slk|o x'g ;Sy]g . of] dfq Ps pbfx/0f xf] . o:tf cg'kd snfsf pbfx/0f cgluGtL kfOG5g\ . jf:tjdf snfsd{ klg sljtf h:t} dg / x[bon] kl9g] ljifoj:t' xf] . Psfu|tf / lgs6tf cfjZos cjojx? x'g\, h;n] dg / x[bosf] tf/ emª\s[t kfb{5g\ . oL x/kmx? n]lv/xFbf klg Pp6f ljjflbt k|Zgn] x/If0f w]/} dfG5]nfO{ luhf]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . snf dfgjLo hLjgsf nflu jf snf snfsf nflu < snf jf:tjdf hLjgsf nflu g} x'G5 / x'g'kb{5 . snf snfsf nflu xf] eg]/ lh/x /fVg] dfgj klg e]l6G5g\ obfsbf . v} Û s:tf] ;f]rn] eGb5g\ o:tf s'/f . ;'Gb} uha nfU5, xfF;f] klg p7\5 ltgsf] ts{b]lv . ltgsf] kl/j]z s:tf] xf]nf < jf s:tf] ;+:sf/ / lzIff k|fKt u/] xf]nfg\ ltgn] < snf hLjgeGbf cnu x'g ;Sb}g / snfsf] ;|f]t eg]sf] klg hgtf jf dfgj ;dfh g} xf] eg]/ eGb5g\ dxfg\ ljrf/s dfcf]T;]t'Ë . k+lQmsf/ ;dfhn] / w/tLdf /x]sf x/]s j:t' jf ;fdfu|Ln] snfsf] k|bz{g / snf ;[hgfdf pTk|]l/t ul//x]sf x'G5g\ eg]/ ljZjf; /fVb5 . nfU5 w]/} dfgj x[bo ;xdt x'G5g\ . km]l/ csf]{ ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] snf ;[hgf Ifdtf sd dfG5]df /xnf . t/ cjnf]sg jf dgg kZrft /dfpg] Ifdtf clwsf+z dfG5]df /xG5 . ;'Gb/ snfn] x[bo g5'g] eg]sf] t dfyL plNnlvt Znf]s ;fy{s kfg]{ k|f0fLdfq xf]nf . h;n] hlt jsfnt u/] klg d"n kIf t b[li6sf]0f g} xf] . b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ubf{ hLjgjfbL eP/ ;f]Rg ;Sg' kb{5 . ;xdlt jf ljdlt cfkm\g} 7fpFdf /xnf . snf zAbn] cyfx cy{ af]Sb5 . o;sf] If]q c;Lldt / cgGt 5 . h;/L a|Xdf08sf] 5]p6'Kkf] cgGt 5, p;}u/L snf klg cgGt 5 . snfn] ;'Gb/ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;dGjo / xflb{stf k}bf ub{5 . cnu cnu 281

/x]sf tGt'nfO{ Pslqt ub{} hf]8\b5 ;fy} hLjgdf k|f0f eg]{ sd{ klg ub{5 . hLjgsf pxfkf]xdf /; k}bf ug]{ / dgsf] cGt/fndf /x]sf l5b|x? eg]{ sd{ ub{5 . snfsf/ >[hgfdf /D5 . To;}df ;dflxt eP/ alu/xG5 clj/n . plx Znf]s ‘sljM s/f]lt sfJoflg /;+ hfgflt kl08tM’ eg]em}+ ;h{sn] snf ;[hgf ub{5, b|i6fn] o;sf] :jfb hfGb5 clg dhf lnG5 . ;h{s ;f] sd{sf] ;[hgf / ljGof;df /dfpF5 . snfsf] Ps kIf nlnt snfleq lrqsnf, nf]ssnf, jf:t'snf, d"lt{snf, x:tsnf cflb kb{5g\, h;cGtu{t ljBdfg cGtlg{lxt z}nLx? cfw'lgs / k/Dk/fut x'G5g\ l;Ssfsf kf6fh:t} . o;sf] cnfjf ;dfhdf o;sf cGo ljljw kIfx? klg /x]sf kfOG5g\ . h:t} jfBjfbg, g[To, n]vg, clego, gf6\o cflb cflb .

jf ;d'bfodf lglZrt ofddf k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx?sf] lgdf{0f jf ;[hgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cfFsng o;df ul/G5 . ;fdu|L dfq ge} ljlw jf k|lqmof klg ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn ljljw ;+:s[ltsf] ;ª\ud:yn ePsf]n] o;sf] c? a9L dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;h{sx? c1ft /x]sf ePklg ;[hgf clj/n ;[lht ePsf kfOG5g\ . o;df k|of]u ul/g] dfWodx? k|sl[ thGo j:t'x? /xG5g\ .

jf:t'snf

jf:t'snf eGg]lalQs} ejg ;+/rgf / ;+/rgfut ;hfj6sf] sd{ a'lemG5 . snfTdstf / ;'Gb/tf Ps csf{sf kof{o h:t} x'g\ . dfgj a'em]/ jf ga'em]/ klg o;nfO{ ckgfpg rfxG5 . dfgj hLjgsf] cleGg cËsf ?kdf :yflkt o; snfsf ax'?kL cfofd 5g\ . ;dfh, b]z, sfn jf kl/l:ylt cg'?k jf:t'snf ;[hgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf dfWod d[lQsf, sf7, lrqsnf lrqsnfdf dgsf u'Dkmg jf cleJolQmx? l;d]G6, wft', kTy/ / cGo w]/} j:t'x? x'g] ub{5g\ . ljleGg dfWoddf /ª / s'rLsf] ;xf/fdf k|:t't d"lt{snf ul/G5g\ . o;df jf:tljs cfs[lt jf sfNklgs ;+;f/e/df ;a}eGbf a9L dfqfdf k|of]u x'g] ?kdf dfgjLo dgf]bzf aflx/ NofOG5 . ef}lts j:t' eg]sf] d"lt{snf g} xf] . of] ;dfhsf] ;fgf] PsfO h:t} ?v, kxf8, lxdfn, dfgj cfs[lt, dfgj a:tL, kl/jf/b]lv ;du| /fi6«df ;d]t j[xQ/ cfofddf b]jb]jLnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} b]vfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf km}lnP/ /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf dfWoddf sf7, df6f], wft', cGo ;f+;fl/s dgf]efj jf cj:yf s'g} ljDa jf k|tLssf] l;d]G6, ;]/flds, kTy/ -9'Ëf_ b]lv lnP/ k'gg{jLs/0f dfWodaf6 klg ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut / ug{ ldNg] ;fdu|L ;d]tsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . vf;u/L cfw'lgs u/L b'O{ cfofddf lrqsnf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . lxGb' / af}¢ ;Dk|bfodf b]jb]jLsf d"lt{ k"hfug]{ a9L g} lrqsnf l;kfn' lrqsf/n] /ª kf]t]sf] lrq rng 5 . To;}n] w]/} d"lt{ agfpg] ul/G5 . 3/, d7, ;hLj b]lvG5 . cflv/ ToxfF s] g} kf] x'G5 / < dlGb/, rf]s, rf}af6f] w]/} 7fpFdf d"lt{ :yflkt ul/G5 . sfuh jf sk8f jf leQf h:tf cGo dfWoddf klg cGo wfld{s ;Dk|bfodf eg] d"lt{ k"hg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . ;+of]hg ldnfP/ /ª kf]ltG5 . lrq sf]bf{ efjelËdf s;}sf]df lrqsf] cufl8 k|fy{gf ug]{ ul/G5 . cfcfkm\gf jf dgf]bzf ptfg{ ;Sg' lrqsf/sf] Ifdtf xf] . dfGotf cg';f/sf ;+/rgf jf k|tLs /x]sf 5g\ . /fd|/L x]g]{ dfG5]nfO{ ;hLj nfUb5 . o;sf] d"lt{snfleqsf pkljwfx?df h/fsf] k|of]u ul/g] :t/ ;[hgIfdtf jf sNkgf zlQmdf lge{/ ub{5 . h/fsnf, sfi7snf, k|:t/snf, wft'snf, d[lQsfsnf lrqsfl/tfdf bIftf k|fKt ug{ lgs} ;do;Dd lg/Gt/ nufot cGo w]/} snf kb{5g\ . dfWod cg';f/, ljrf/sf] Tofu / tk:ofsf] h?/t x'G5 . kf}ef lrq, yfGsf lrq k|s[lt cg';f/, ;h{ssf] Ifdtf cg';f/, JolQmut jf ;d]t o;} pkljwfleq kb{5g\ . ;fd"lxs dfu / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df o;leq w]/}yl/sf ljljwtfx? e]6fpg ;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs nf]ssnf ;dfhdf dgfOg] rf8kj{ jf b}gflGbgLsf sd{df cfofd eg]sf ;do ;fk]Iftfsf] cfwf/df rNg] ljifout k|o'Qm x'g] ;fdu|Lx?, j:t'x? cyjf ljlw k|lqmofx?nfO{ kIfx? x'g\ . o;sf] vf; ljz]iftf eg]sf] ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs ug]{ pkljwf nf]ssnf xf] . x/]s hfthflt d"lt{df Psn dfWoddfq k|of]u ul/G5 . cyf{t\ d"lt{ 282

lgdf{0f ubf{ csf]{ ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Fb}g . sf7 eP ;f]xLdfq sf7, 9'Ëf eP ;f]xLdfq 9'Ëfsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . /ªsf] t cGodf u0fgf ul/Fbg} . oqf] ljzfn If]q cf]u6\g] ljwfjf/] w]/} ljGof; ug{ Pp6f n]v kof{Kt gxf]nf Û :d/0f /xf];\ ls g]kfnaf6 t:s/L eP/ ljb]lzPsf d"lt{x? ljb]zL ;ª\u|xfnodf ;lhPsf 5g\ . t/ Tof] g]kfnL pTkfbg xf] eg]/ gn]lvPsf] jf pNn]v gePsf] klg x'g ;Sb5 . Pp6f lttf] ;To s] 5 eg] ;a} ;Tosf] ;a'b k|df0f kfOFb}g . rf]vf] rf]/ aGg] k|j[lQ eg]sf] /fIf;L k|j[lQ g} xf] . oxL eP/ clxn]sf sltko dfG5]l;t ;j{;fwf/0fn] 8/fpg' kg]{ kl/l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .

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cfkm\g} cfFvfsf] nodf ;'emfPsf n]vsnfO{ cf7j6f l6K;klg dgg of]Uo nfU5g\ . oBlk d n]vssf] kf7s dfq xf] . JolQm k|z+;f /fd|f] dflgFb}g . s]jn cfkm\gf] b[li6dfq k]; ug]{ xf] . snfsf] ljsf;qmdsf] ;Gbe{sf] s'/f ubf{ k'/fkfif0f o'usf xfd|f k'vf{x?n] cfkmgf] cfj:ostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ xf8 / kTy/sf cf}hf/x?sf] ljsfz u/] . cfjZostfaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] of] qmd kl5 cfP/ cGo snfsf/Ltf ljwfdf klg 9flnFb} uof] . clgdfq o;n] gofF cfofdsf] hGd lnPsf] b]lvG5 t/ lrqsnf eg] lnlksf] cfljisf/;Fu} b'O{j6f p2]Zo;fy hf]l8P/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Ps c?l;t ;~rf/ ug{, csf]{ cfkm"n] u/]sf sd{ jf df/]sf hgfj/sf] ;+:d/0f ug{ . u'kmf jf cf]9f/x?df o;sf ;°]tx? b]lvP . n]vgsnf cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug lgDg tx kf/ ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5M zze|'0f lnlk Embryo Script cflbd dfgjn] u'kmf tyf sGb/fdf 8/nfUbf hËnL hgfj/x? jf l;sf/nfO{ dfb}{ u/]sf], l;sf/nfO{ nv]Tb} u/]sf] cflb lrq agfOPsf]n] of] lnlk ljsf;sf] k|frLgtd lnlk xf] / o;nfO{ e|'0flnlk elgG5 . zzlrqfTds lnkL Pictographic Script of] lnlk ljsf;sf] bf];|f] ?k xf], hxfF cflbd dfgjn] h'g j:t'nfO{ hgfpg' kg]{ xf], ToxL j:t'sf] lrq agfpg] ub{y] . h:t} ;"o{ hgfpg] ;"o{sf] lrq, ufO{ hgfpg ufO{sf] lrq cflb . zz;ª\s]tfTds lnkL Ideographic Script o;df Pp6f lrqaf6 w]/}s'/f JoQm ug]{ ul/GYof] . h:t} ;"o{sf] lrqn] lbg /ft, w]/} ufO{ hgfpg Pp6} lglZrt lrGx cflb . zzWjGofTds lnlk Phonetic Script o; k4ltdf lrqaf6 Wjlg JoQm ug]{ k4lt h:t} wg'if a'emfpg …w… bGt a'emfpg …b… cflb . zzj0ff{Tds lnlk Alphabetic Script of] n]vgsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t lnlk hxfF lglZrt WjlgnfO{ lglZrt lrGxåf/f JoQm ul/Psf] x'G5 . oxL cj:yf g} jf:tljs lnkLsf] cfljisf/ xf] . of] lnlk ;j{k|yd ld> / d];f]kf]6fldofdf sl/a % xhf/ jif{cufl8 ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o:tf cIf/x?sf] 284

k|frLg?k lsnfIf/ cuniform sf] ?kdf lyP . ef/tLo pkdxf4Lksf] k|frLglnlk …a|fXdL’ cfheGbf @%))– #))) jif{k"j{ ePsf] kfOPsf] xf] . To:t} l;Gw'n]vg $@)) jif{ k"j{, lrlgof ##)) jif{ k"j{ / qm6fg #))) jif{ k"j{ cl:tTjdf cfPsf x'g\ . o:tf lnlkx? df6fsf kf6Ldf n]lvGy] . j0ff{Tds lnlksf] ljsf; gjkfiff0fsfndf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

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s_ Jofj;flos ljsf;sf] 1fg / cGtb[l{[ i6sf] k|of]u x'g' . v_ k|fs[lts zlQm / ;fdflhs kl/36gfsf] lrq0f x'g' . u_ ;fwgfaf6 k"0f{ lj/lQmsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug' . 3_ snfsfl/tf ;dfhsf] pTkfbs / k|]/s >d /xg' . ª_ r]tgfsf] juL{o?k k|ltlalDat x'g' . r_ dfgjLo cg'e"lt / cGt/cfTdfaLrsf] cGtlqm{ofsf] k|of]u x'g' . 5_ dfgj;Ddt b[li6sf]0f k|of]u x'g', hxfF snfsf] ;|f]t hgtf;Dd cfTd;ft ul/G5 . h_ ;zQm ljrf/ ;lxtsf] ;f}Gbo{ ;a}nfO{ dgkg'{sf sf/0f ;fdflhs hLjgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf /xg' . em_ snf ;dflhs cWoogsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f]sf] ?kdf /xg' . `_ snf s]jn snfsf] nflu ge} snf hLjgsf] nflu x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf cGtlg{lxt /xg' . 6_ jftfj/0fk|ltsf] ;r]tgf cGtlg{lxt /xg' . cfhsf] cj:yfdf n]vg jf nlntsnfdf nfu]sf dfG5] ;f] sd{ u/]/ afFRg] kl/l:ylt ;an 5}g . yf]/}dfq dfG5] o;sf] ulx/fOdf k'u]sf] jf bIftf xfl;n

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df nfu]/ afFRg g;s]klg dl/xfn]sf] b]lvFb}g . d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ dxfg'efjx? of] dd{ a'em\g ;Sb}gg\ . lglwnfO{ pk]Iff ug'{ pgLx?sf] wd{ ag]sf] 5 . o;}sf] cf8df ljs[lt / lj;Ëlt l;h{gf ug]{sf] nsf]{ klg 7"n} 5 . b[li6bf]ifhGo, kl/l:ylthGo / lgolthGo csd{0otfleq clNem/x]sf] dfgl;stfn] /fHo cu|ultdf hfg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsFb}g . o; kl/l:yltdf /fHon] jf c? ;Da¢ kIfn] cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf]w gu/] klg x/]s ljwfsf snfsf/n] cfkm\gf] sd{nfO{ 5f]8\g / ;LknfO{ dg{ lbg' x'Fb}g . hLjgjfbL dfG5]x? /ftdf klg laxfgsf] ;"of]{bosf] k|ltIffdf sd{zLn eO/xG5g\ . af}nfxf s's'/n] dfG5] 6f]Sof] eg]/ dfG5]n] s's'/ 6f]Sg hfg' dfgjLo sfo{ 7xb{}g . dfgjn] dfgj;Ddt ;[hgfTds sd{ u/]df dfq w/tLsf] ;k"t aGg ;Sb5 . ;s] /fd|f] / c;n sd{df lng xf]cf}F, g;s] c?sf] lgGbfdf jf csd{0otfdf gkm;f}+ . log} s'/fsf] cg';/0f u/]df hLjg ;[hgfdf /d]/ cjZo klg ;[hgfdo aGg ;Sg] 5 .

285

lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod / /fli6«otfsf] ;jfn  ;ª\uLt cfofd ;x–;Dkfbs, lrtjg kf]:6 b}lgs

kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf /fVg'n] dfq klg dfgjlxtdf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] sygnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ To;n] b]vfpg ;Sg] ;sf/fTdstfsf] cy{df Tof] eg] cfkm}Fdf pHofnf] kIfsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;f]rljrf/sf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPkl5 To;n] vf]Hg] lgsf;sf] cy{ ulx/f] klg x'G5 . kl/nlIft kl/jt{gx?sf] cfgGbnfO{ cf–cfˆgf hLjgdf cg'e"t ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF hlt sf]l;; ul/P klg el/Psf] x'Fb}g, Tof] k|lqmof t lg/Gt/tfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] lx:;fsf ?kdf dfq cjl:yt e}/xG5 . vf; cy{df kl/jt{gsf] cy{ dx;'; ug'{ eg]sf] htf;'s} cgj/t ?kdf nfu" e}/x]sf] hNbf]aNbf] oyfl:yltjfbaf6 d'Qm x'g' klg xf] . t/, ;f]r / efif0fn] dfq kl/jt{g ePsf 36gfx? ljZjdf cToGt} b'n{e 5g\ / Oltxf;sf] s73/fdf tL k|foM cljZj;gLo cj:yfdf k|s6 x'G5g\ klg . o:tf s'/fx?;Fusf] lgs6 ;DaGwnfO{ ljz]ifu/L xfn b]zdf tLj|td ?kdf ljsf; x'Fb} u}/x]sf] ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ldl8ofx?sf] pkl:ylt;Fu t'ngf u/]/ x]bf{ cTo'lQm x'Fb}g . k|;Ësf] p7fg eg] lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx? cfˆg} k|sf/sf] df}lns /fli6«o ;f]raf6 slt k|efljt 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{dfly s]lGb|t 5 . ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf ePnuQ} / s]xL jif{klxn] b]zdf u0ftGqsf] pbo eO;s]kl5 ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]q k|efjzfnL dfWod aGb} uPsf] 5 . To;sf ;fy} k|efj;Fu;Fu} lgs} v'nf ?kdf k|s6 e}/x]sf] oyfy{df klg cfzª\sf ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF 5}g . lbgfg'lbg a9\b} u}/x]sf 6]lnlehg Rofgn / PkmPd /]l8of]x?n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf b]vf kl//x]sf] vf; kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\, clg /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] kIfdf 286

logLx?n] k|:t't ul//x]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] ;fGble{stf s]–slt b]lvG5, cfhsf] Pp6f zlQmzfnL / d"n d'2f x'g ;S5 . d"ntM Jofj;flos cjwf/0ff lnP/ v'n]sf lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ldl8ofx?n] dgf]/~hgnfO{ g} a9L k|fyldstf lbO/x]sf] s'/f ;To xf] . dgf]/~hg kl:sg] qmddf ;w}F /fli6«otfsf] ;Gbe{ eg] k|foM vt/fdf kl//x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . cfh ;~rf/ If]q ljb]zL k|efjaf6 aRg g;s]sf] tLtf] oyfy{ olt zlQmzfnL 5 ls /fli6«otfsf d'2f s]jn cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt x'Fb} u}/x]sf 5g\ . dfqfut ?kdf x]bf{ ljb]zL rLhaLh kl:sP/ cfˆgf] Jofj;flos wd{ lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf /fli6«otfk|ltsf] Jofks ;ª\s'rg k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf cfkm"k|lt g} tLj| ?kdf cljZjf; ul//x]sf] z}nLdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 . d"NodfGotfdf Hofbf v'nfkgsf] ;f]r sltko cj:yfdf 3fts l;4 klg x'G5 eGg] s'/f a]nfa]nfdf Oltxf; s73/fdf pleg' kg]{ l:yltn] k|s6 gu/]sf] xf]Og, t/ To;nfO{ lzIffsf ?kdf lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx?n] lng ;s]sf 5}gg\, h;nfO{ a]n}df g;f]Rg] xf] eg] b]z / /fli6«otfsf] d'2f Ps lbg s'g} ;ª\u|xfnodf vf]Hg hfg'kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;Sg] uDeL/ vt/f oBlk ljBdfg 5 . s'g} ljz]if ;Gbe{ of d'2fdfly oxfFsf ;~rf/dfWodx? s]lGb|t gePsf xf]Ogg\, t/ ltgdf klg km"na§f e/]/ hgdfg;df e|d?kL v]tL ul//x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . s] k|;f/0f ug]{ / s] gug]{ eGg] cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ vf; ?kdf nfu" gul/Psf] cj:yfn] h]–h;/L k|:t'lt lbP klg ;dfhnfO{ Tof] kfRo x'G5

eGg] dfgl;stf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5, h;n] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L af]wnfO{ uDeL/ ?kn] glnPsf] l:yltnfO{ cfFsng ug{;d]t ufx|f] kb}{g . ;~rf/dfWodx? d"ntM ;dfhs} nflu eg]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;+:yfut ;+/rgf x'g\, h;n] ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf dxTŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ h?/t 5, ;dfhnfO{ yk pR5[ª\vn / 5f8fkgsf] k|tLs agfpg] s'/fdf ljz]if ;xof]u ug{ xf]Og . k|foM jt{dfg ;donfO{ e"d08nLs/0fsf] r:dfn] x]l/Psf] kfOG5, h;cGtu{t ;+;f/ g} Pp6f 7"nf] b]z xf] eGg] dfGotf klg JofKt 5 . of] s'/f b]zsf c? efudf v'n]sf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWoddf em}F lrtjgsf] xsdf klg nfu" e}/x]sf] 5 . olb To;f] xf] eg] c?df b]lvPem}F oxfFsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWoddf klg l5d]sL b]z ef/tsf] dfq oltljWg k|efj lsg b]lvG5 5 < ef/tLo cem lxGbL uLt–;ª\uLtnfO{ g} snfsf] gfddf olt w]/} k|fyldstfdf /fVb} k|;f/0f ug'{sf] cf}lrTo s] xf] < s] o; s'/fn] xfd|f] cfˆg} klxrfg;lxtsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g e}/x]sf] 5 t < snfdf dfq xf]Og– ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, ef}uf]lns x/]s If]qdf b]lvPsf] rsf]{ x:tIf]k ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ef/tk|ltsf] olt w]/} df]x lsg eGg] k|Zg ;w}F hLjGt eP/ p7\5 . v'nf l;dfgfnfO{ k|df0fsf ?kdf k]; ug]{ xf] eg] klg g]kfnsf] k|efj ef/tLo ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWoddf Go"g x'g' / xfd|f ;~rf/dfWoddf x:tIf]ksf ?kdf k|s6 e}/xg'n] vf; s] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ < s] xfd|f] /fli6«otf olt sdhf]/ e};Sof] ls c?sf] ;xf/flagf g} To;nfO{ kl/eflift ug{ ca g;lsg] eof] < b]zdf 7"nf–7"nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ePnuQ} lrtjgdf klg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qn] cfjZoseGbf a9L km8\sf] df/]sf] oyfy{ 5 . of] ljifo cfˆgf] 7fpFdf ;xL eP klg /fli6«otfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf eg] lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ldl8ofx?sf] e"ldsfdf vf;} kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;f]rdf hlQ oxfFsf ldl8ofx?n] s;/t ug{ ;s]sf 5g\, TolQsf] s;/t dl:tis?kL tGt'nfO{ af}l4stfsf] vf]hL clg cfˆgf]kg

ljsl;t ug{ tyf To;nfO{ df}lns kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf] eP kl/l:ylt cfh o:tf] ?kdf tof/ eO;s]sf] x'g]lyof], h;n] g]kfnL x'g'sf] uf}/jaf]wnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ h:tf];'s} alnbfgsf nflu klg tof/ ePsf] l:ylt k|s6 x'GYof] . /fli6«otf s]jn ef}uf]lns cjwf/0ffdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . /fli6«otf t cfkm" x'g'sf] lhpFbf] af]w xf], h;n] afXo ;+;f/df ;d]t cfˆgf] 5'§} df}lns w/f]x/nfO{ 6f9}af6 kl/eflift ug]{ sfd u5{ . ha cfkm\gf] cl:tŒjnfO{ g} ;Sbf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsGg eg] afXo pwf/f] cl:tŒjsf] vf]n cf]9]/ ljlzi6 k|ult u/]sf] e|d w]/} lbg l6Sg g;Sg] lglZrt 5 . k|rf/k|;f/sf] nflu ;zQm dfWodsf ?kdf ljZj;gLo x'Fb} u}/x]sf egL dflgPsf lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ s]Gb|x?n] cfkm" x'g'sf] af]weGbf a9L afXo k|efjsf e/df cfˆgf] ofqf ;~rfng ul//xg' b]zsf nflu t lj8Dagfk"0f{ 5 g}, cem g]kfnL x'g'sf] dxTŒjnfO{ ;d]t ufnL ul//x]sf] cg'e"t x'G5 . g]kfnL ;+:sf/ / g]kfnL ;+:s[ltk|lt b]vfpFb} cfO/x]sf] o; lsl;dsf] pbf;Lgtfn] afXo ;+;f/sf cfFvfdf lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx? cfw'lgs xltof/ t aGg ;dy{ xf]nfg\, t/ :jklxrfg eg] cfh{g ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf lbgfg'lbg l;h{gf x'Fb} u}/x]sf] 5 . ;fob o;} sf/0fn] klg x'g ;S5, s]jn Jofkfl/s ;f]raf6 clek|]l/t /x]sf / sltko cj:yfdf t k|fof]lht dfgl;stfn] ;d]t sfd ul//x]sf] b]lvg] x'gfn] ;dfhdf clxn] klg cg'Tkfbs eg]/ hf]8tf]8n] k|rf/ ul/Psf] /fli6«otf?kL ;jfnx? oxfFsf ;~rf/u[xx?df cem} klg k|Zf:t dfqfdf pk]lIft cj:yfdf /lx/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;donfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / To;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf nflu x/]s If]qsf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] dxTŒj g/x]sf] xf]Og, t/ sfnf]nfO{ ;w}F ;]tf] u/fpg] r]i6fn] lg/Gt/tf dfq kfO/Xof] eg] sfnf]n] ;]tf]sf] cl:tŒj cfkm"leq ue{wf/0f ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . xf], ToxL k|lqmofnfO{ cfhef]ln lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodx?n] cg';/0f ul//x]sf 5g\, h'g ef]lnsf lbgsf nflu 287

3fts;d]t l;4 x'g]5 . oxfFsf ;~rf/ ldl8ofx?df o:tf] e|d Jofks 5 ls ToxfFaf6 h]–h:tf] rLh k|;f/0f x'G5, Tof] g} ;dfhsf nflu ljz]if ?kdf cflwsfl/s e}/x]sf] x'G5 . Ifdtfcg';f/ km}lnPsf] e|d kfNb}df To;sf] k|dfl0fstfdfly k|Zg gp7\nf eGg] x'Fb}g, / k|Zg /fli6«otfsf] xf] h;n] s]jn ;du| g]kfn / g]kfnL;Fu dfq vf; ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . lrtjgsf ;~rf/ ldl8ofx?df b]lvPsf] / qmdzM a9\b} u}/x]sf] of] /f]u /fli6«otflj/f]wL dfGotfaf6 u|l;t 5 eGbf cTo'lQm x'Fb}g . jf:tjdf cfˆg} /fli6«o klxrfg;lxtsf] ;f+:s[lts ofqfnfO{ ;b}j dgf]/~hgd'vLeGbf a9L cfTd/~hgd'vL 7flgPsf] klg ztfAbLof}Fsf] Oltxf; 5 . o;}sf] andf ljZjdf s}of}F /fi6«x?n] cfkm"nfO{ lhpFbf] k|dfl0ft klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«otf r]tgfsf] nfdf] ofqf klg xf], h;n] af}l4s ?kn] cf]tk|f]t lrGtgnfO{ ;dfh;fk]If 9Ën] k|of]u ug]{ ;fx;;d]t b]vfpF5 .

hLjgsf tL tdfd 1ft tyf c1ft ;Gbe{x?nfO{ ;"Id ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] kljq / ljz'4 /fli6«otf?kL ;jfnk|lt lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ s]Gb|x?n] b]vfPsf] kg cgf}7f] dfq xf]Og, gsf/fTds g} 5 eg]/ eGg'k5{ . xtf/xtf/df tof/L dfn agfpg] / To;nfO{ hlt;Sbf] l56f] k|lt:kwf{sf] ahf/df laqmL ug{ kNs]sf lrtjgsf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ ldl8ofx?sf nflu vf; df}lns k|efj 5f]8\g ;Sg] x}l;ot af]s]sf If]qx?sf af/]df lrGtgLo d'b|fdf b]lvg] sf]l;; dfqn] klg ef]ln 7"nf] ;°6 cfpg ;Sg] vt/f 5, lsgls Ps g Ps lbg ;Tosf] ljho x'g]5 / c;Tosf] xf/ lglZrtk|foM 5 . s]jn Jofj;flostfsf] vf]n cf]9]/ ;]jfd'vL ePsf] e|d k|;f/0f ub}{ dfq gfkmfd"ns ;f]raf6 clek|]l/t lrtjgsf ldl8ofx? /fli6«o cg'i7fgsf ;+jfxs;d]t x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f clxn]sf] kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ sd ;] sd b"wsf] ;fIfL la/fnf] /x]em}F dfq cg'e"t x'G5 .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . k|f]= dfgb]j clwsf/L

lrtjg ;fp08 ;le{; e/tk'/ cf]/fnf], lrtjg, g]kfn df]M (*%%)%%($@ 288

eofjx ;8s b'3{6gf Ps cWoog  pQdk|;fb clwsf/L ;=k|fWofks, zxLb :d[lt a=SofDk;, 6f“8L

kl/ro b'3{6gf cfkm}df crfgs / e}k/L x'g] cj:yf xf]] . b'3{6gfn] jif]{gL xhf/f}F dflg;x?sf] Hofg lng] nfvf}F dflg;x?nfO{ cGwf, ckfË / czQm agfO/x]sf] x'G5 eg] c/af}Fsf] wgdfnsf] Iflt u/]sf] x'G5 . ljZjel/sf] b'3{6gfsf] cfFs8fnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;8s b'3{6gf ljsl;t d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf g} a9L x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;cg';f/ cNkljsl;t /fi6«df ljZjsf] s'n ;jf/L] ;fwg ( k|ltzt dfq 5g\ eg] b'3{6gfaf6 d[To" x'g] ;ª\Vof $@ k|ltzt 5 . of] lgs} eofjx tYo xf] . g]kfndf klg ljut !) jif{sf] cfFs8f x]bf{ ;8s b'3{6gf / o;af6 x'g] 3fOt], d[To' / wghgsf] Iflt jif}{lkR5] a9\bf] s|ddf 5, h;sf] d"n sf/0f ;fF3'/f] tyf sd;n ;8s, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] rfk, ofq'x?sf] r]tgf tyf cg'zf;gsf] sdL, lgod sfg'gsf] sdhf]/ sfof{Gjog g} /x]sf 5g\ . WHO sf cg';f/ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 ljZje/ jflif{s !# nfv dflg;n] Hofg u'dfpFb5g\ . @ b]lv % s/f]8 dflg;x? uDeL/ 3fOt] / c/af} 8n/ vr{ x'g] b]lvG5 . ;8s b'3{6gfsf] k|d'v sf/0f rfnssf] sdhf]/L b]lvP tfklg aFfsL cGo sf/0fx?sf] gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g lsgls ;8s b'3{6gf b}ljs ljklQ geO{ dfgj l;lh{t ;d:of xf] . kof{Kt / plrt Joj:yfkgaf6 o;nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . s'n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ltg rf}yfO{ ;ª\Vof df]6/;fOsnn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg a;, ldlga;, dfOs|f]a;, 6«s, 6\ofDk'sf] lx;fa sl/a * k|ltzt 5 . b'3{6gfdf d[To' / 3fOt] x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof !) jif{ cl3 s|dzM * ;o ^( / $%(^ /x]sf] 5 . ljut kfFr jif{sf] ;8s b'3{6gfsf] cWoog ubf{ hDdf #% xhf/ @ ;o *( b'3{6gfdf %% xhf/ @ ;o @! ;jf/L ;fwg

;+nUg 5g\ -df]6/;fOsn @) xhf/ $#, s|dzM lhk, Eofg !$ xhf/ ! ;o, a; * xhf/ @$ / 6«s ^ xhf/ @ ;o (#_ . Pr=cfO=le P8\;, emf8f kvfnf, w'd|kfg, d'6'/f]u P=cf/ cfO{= jf cGo s'g} d'Vo d[To"sf sf/0fx? ;/x g} ;8s b'3{6gf klg dflg;sf] d[To"sf] d'Vo sf/0f aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf Pr=cfO=le P8\;af6 ;/b/ k|lt jif{ $)) hgf, w'd|kfgaf6 ljZjdf k|ltjif{ %))))) sf] d[To' e}/x]sf] 5 ;fy;fy} ltgLx?sf] lgoGq0fsf pkfox? klg ;~rfngdf 5g\ tyflk olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lgoGq0fdf cfpg g;sL a9\bf] qmddf 5g\ eg] ljZjdf jif{]gL !# nfv dflg;n] ;8s b'3{6gfdf Hofg u'dfpFb5g / o;sf] /]l;of] k|lt Ps nfvdf !^=! hgf kb{5, t/ klg ;8s b'3{6gf k|lt s;}sf] Wofg hfg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g / o;nfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos rf;f] tyf vf]h cg';Gwfgdf s;}n] klg hf]8 glbPsfn] klg tL ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg' cfhsf] d'Vo ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .

p2]Zox¿ o; cWoogsf] d'Vo pb]Zo eg]sf] d'ntM ;8s b'3{6gfnfO{ sd ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fpFb} yk cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . h;nfO{ a'Fbfut ?kdf lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . !_ ;8s b'3{6gf ;DaGwL hgr]tgf hufpg] . @_ g]kfn / ljZjsf] ;8s b'3{6gf b/nfO{ t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ . #_ lrtjgdf x'g] ;9s b'3{6gfsf d'Vo sf/0fx?sf] kQf nufO{ cGoq To;;Fu ;fdfGoLs/0f ug]{ . $_ ;8s b'3{6gfsf c;/x?sf] cWoog ug]{ . %_ ;8s b'3{6gf sd ug{] cfjZos /fo ;'emfj tyf pkfox? kQf nufpg] . 289

cWoog ljlw

of] cWoog, sl/a b'O{ jif{sf] aLrdf lrtjgdf g} b'3{6gfdf k/]sf !)) hgf 3fOt]x?;Fu ;8s b'3{6gf ;DaGwL ljleGg @) j6f k|Zgx? agfO{ k|ToIf cGtjf{tf{sf tyf 36gf cg';Gwfgsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt tYof°x? / ;8s b'3{6gf ;DaGwL ljZjel/ ePsf ljleGg dxŒjk"0f{ vf]h tyf cg';GwgfTds l/kf]6{ n]v tyf /rgfx?, ;fy} g]kfnsf] 6«flkms k|x/L / oftfoft ljefusf ljleGg l/kf]6{x?af6 tYof° / 8f6fx?nfO{ ;°ng u/L u'0ffTds tyf JofVofTds cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 rf6{, 6]a'n / 8fou|fddf /fv]/ JofVof Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .

5nkmn tyf glthfx¿ zz;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0fx¿

;8s b'3{6gfsf] k|d'v sf/0f rfnssf] sdhf]/L b]lvPklg afFsL cGo sf/0fx?sf] e"ldsf klg sd eGg ldNb}g . ;8s b'3{6gf b}jL ljklQ geO{ dfgj l;lh{t ;d:of xf] . kof{Kt / plrt Joj:yfkgaf6 o;nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfsf sf/0fx? s] x'g\ < xfdLsxfF c? ljifoh:t} ;8s b'3{6gfsf] If]qdf klg cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] Psbd} cefj 5 . 6«flkms k|x/Ln] b'3{6gf :ynsf] cj:yfaf/] k|ltj]bg lbg] u5{ / ;fdfGotof oxL k|ltj]bg g} b'3{6gfsf] ;'rgfsf] k|d'v ;f|]t /xg] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj :j:Yo ;Ë7gsf cg';f/ b'3{6gf x'g'df &@ k|ltzt bf]ifL rfns / To;kl5 oflGqs, ;8ssf] cj:yf / afXo sf/0fx? kb{5g\ . ;+;bsf] /fHoJoj:yf ;ldltn] utjif{ u/]sf] 6«flkms Joj:yf ;DaGwL Joj:yfkg pk;ldltn] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ nfdf] b"/Lsf rfnsdf b]lvg] ysfg, lgGb|f, dlb/fkfg, tLa| ult b'3{6gf sf/0fx? x'g\ . g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfsf k|d'v sf/0fx? s|dzM lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ . !_ rfnssf] sdhf]/L– dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg, nfk/jfxL, lgb|f, ysfg, cg'ejL gx'g], tLj| ult, unt n]gsf] k|of]u, cf]e/6]lsª, rfnsn] Do'lhs ahfpg vf]Hg] / df]jfOn kmf]gdf ukm ug'{ tyf 8«fOe/x?sf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ nfdf] b'/Ldf Pp6f dfq rfns

290

x'Fbf ysfg, lgGb|fsf] sf/0f / l;sf?n] rnfpFbf b"3{6gf x'g' cflb . @_ ;8s k|of]ustf{sf] nfk/jfxL – unt :yfgaf6 af6f] sf6\g', ;8ssf] hyfefjL k|of]u, em'lG8P/ jf 5tdf a;]/ ofqf ug'{ . ofq'x? l56f] uGtJodf k'Ug xtfl/g] / sf]rfsf]r ofqf ug] cyjf Ifdtf eGbf al9 ofq' af]Sg] . ;8s clts|d0f ul/ 3/, k;n /fVg], v]n v]Ng], lj:s'g ;'sfpg]] . ;8sdf rf}kfox? 5f8f 5f]8\g] . lgod ljk/Lt af6f] sf6\g] / hgr]tgfsf] cefj . #_ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] oflGqs u8a9L – uf8Lsf] k|fljlws kIf Vofn gu/L nfdf] ;do;Dd rnfpg], a|]s tyf :6]l/ªsf] v/faL, ;jf/L ;fwg h'g k|of]hgsf nflu ag]sf] xf], Tof]eGbf leGg} k|of]hgdf pkof]u ul/g', cToflws k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwg, ;8ssf] cj:yf cg';f/sf] ;jf/L ;fwg gx'g' . $_ ;8ssf] v/fa cj:yf – ;8s ;tx lrKnf] x'g', vfN6fv'N6L, ;fF3'/f] ;8s, ;8s k]6L kof{Kt gx'g', cfjZostf cg';f/ 6«flkms ;°]t lrGxx? tyf /f]8 dfls{ª gx'g', ;8s nfO6sf] Joj:yf gx'g' h;sf] sf/0fn] anti light tyf hf8f]sf] ;dodf s'lx/f]sf] sf/0f ;8s /fd|f];Fu gb]lvg] / b'3{6gf x'g] . cGo sf/0fx? %_ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L ef/ af]Sg], ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 dflg; jf ;fdfg emfg{ af6f]df g} uf8L /f]Sg] / cJojl:yt kfls{Ën] klg b'3{6gfx? e}/x]sf 5g\ . ^_ nfO;G; ljt/0fdf clgldttf tyf rfnssf] nflu z}lIfs of]Uotf gtf]lsg' / bIf 8«fOleË :s'n cefjdf nfO;G; kfpg' . &_ lgoldt ;jf/L ;fwg tyf rfns cg'dlt kq r]s hfFr gx'g' . ePklg uNtL u/]sfnfO{ plrt sfa{fxL gx'g' . *_ rfnsn] cfkm" glhs ljk/Lt lnËL /fvL lh:sb} uf8L rnfpg] cyjf egf} Wofg ljs]lGb|t ug]{ . (_ sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of cfpg' cflb sf/0fx? b'3{6gfsf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g\ .

zzb'3{6gfdf kg'{sf] sf/0f s/La b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf lrtjgdf ePsf

@ ;fOsnaf6 # #÷@ kfªu]| -df]6/af6 rNg_] -!% jif{ dflysf_ !)) j6f ;8s b'3{6gfx?df u/]sf] $ k}bnofqLx? cWoogcg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L b'3{6gf @^ jif{b]lv #% ;|f]t: ljZj :jf:o ;Ë7g @)!)

jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x? 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf a9L nfkjf{xLsf] sf/0fn] hfF8/S;Lsf] ;]jg / ofqf ubf{ df]jfOndf s'/fsfgL ubf{ b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ tflnsfaf6 yk k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf g+ ! : b'3{6gfdf kg'{sf] sf/0f qm= ;+=

ljj/0f

pd]/ ;d"x

tkfO{ b'36{ gfdf kg's { f] !%–@% @^–#% #^–$% $^ hDdf sf/0f s] xf] < jif{ jif{ jif{ dfly ! ;jf/L ;fwgsf] # @ ! ! &Ü cj:yf v/fa x'gfn] @ af6f]sf] cj:yf ^ * ^ % @%Ü l7s gePsf]n] !@ !& !% ( %#Ü # hf8/S;L ;]jg÷ df]jfOn / nfk{jfxLsf] sf/0f÷ltj|ultsf] sf/0fn] $ csf]{ ;jf/L $ # % # !%Ü ;fwgsf] sf/0fn] hDdf @% #) @& !* !)) ;|f]tM ;e]{

lrtjgdf g} ul/Psf] o; cWoogaf6 klg ;8s b'3{6gfx?df ;a}eGbf a9L %# k|ltzt lqmofzLn pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x? -@^-#%_ hFf8/S;L ;]jg, 8«fOleË ubf{ df]jfOndf s'/f ug{] jf uLt ;'Gg], tLj| ultsf] / nfkjf{xLsf] sf/0f ePsf] kfOG5 eg] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cj:yf v/fa x'gfn] ;a}eGbf sd & k|ltzt b'3{6gf ePsf] kfOG5 . zz;fwg cg';f/sf] b'3{6gf b/ b'3{6gf klg 7fpF, / ;fwg cg';f/ w]/} jf sd x'g] ub{5 h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf g+ @: ;fwg cg';f/sf] b'3{6gf b/ qm=;+= ljj/0f ! rf/kfªu]|af6

k|ltzt @$ k|ltzt

!) k|ltzt $# k|ltzt @% k|ltzt

rf6{cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L b'3{6gf @ jf # kfªu|] df]6/af6 rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 $# k|ltzt To;kl5 qmdzM rf/ kfªu|] @$ k|ltzt k}bnofqLx? @% k|ltzt ;fOsnaf6 ;a}eGbf sd !) k|ltzt b'3{6gfdf kb{5g\ xfd|f] g]kfndf s'n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ltg rf}yfO{ ;ª\Vof df]6/;fOsnn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwg a;, ldlga;, dfOs|f]a;, 6«s, 6\ofDk'sf] lx;fa sl/a * k|ltzt 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 x'g] Iflt / To;sf] k|efjx¿ ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf cToflws Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] /fi6«n] ;d]t 7"n} gf]S;fgL a]xf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . ;8s b'3{6gfn] vf;u/L ls|ofzLn pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x? s} a9L d[To' x'g] / ckfË jf 3fOt] x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ kl/jf/df cfly{s pkfh{g ug]{ JolQm u'dfpg] / ckfË x'Fbf 7"nf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxL+ t /fi6«nfO{ ;d]t lgs} Iflt x'g] u/L ;8s b'3{6gfaf6 dflg;x?sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . o;af6 /fi6«n] ;d]t 7"nf] Iflt Joxf]g'{ kb{5 . dfgjLo Ifltsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZjdf jif{]gL !# nfv dflg;n] ;8s b'3{6gfdf Hofg u'dfpFb5g\ / o;sf] /]l;of] k|lt Ps nfvdf !^=! hgf kb{5 / cGo d'n'sx?df lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+ # : ;8s b'36{ gfaf6 x'g] Iflt / To;sf] k|efj s|=;+= b]z k|ltnfv dg]{sf] ;+Vof ! blIf0f Plzof !^=) @ ckmuflg:tfg #(=) # clkm|sf #&=& $ cd]l/sf !$=$ % o"/f]k !)=@ ^ ;f]leot ;ª\3 !^=)# & ef/t !^=* 291

* ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^

hfkfg g]kfn c:6]«lnof Olyof]lkof O/fs Sofg8f lrg Oh/fOn Oª\Un}G8

%=) !%=! &=* #% #*=! *=* !^=% %=& ^=$

;|f]t: ljZj :jf:o ;Ë7g @))*

tflnsfcg';f/ k|lt Ps nfvdf ;a}eGbf a9L d[To' b/ ckmuflg:tfgdf #( hgf / ;a}eGbf sd d[To' b/ hfkfgdf % hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfndf !%=! hgf /x]sf] 5 . oLdWo] ljZjdf lgDg cg'';f/sf] dfWodaf6 ofqf ubf{ lgDgcg';f/sf] b'3{6gf x'g] u/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 ;8s b'3{6gf < vf;u/L xfdLn] ;8s b'3{6gf sd ug{ ;8s b'3{6gf x'g] d'Vo sf/0fx?sf] lg/fs/0f / ltgLx?sf] Go"gLs/0faf6 g} ;8s b'3{6gf sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To;afx]s gLlt lgod Jofjxfl/s agfpg] / To;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . h:tf] lgoldt 8«fOe/x?n] uf8L rnfpFbf a]N6 afGg] lgod 5 t/ To;sf] sfof{Gjog s;}n] u/]sf] kfOb}g . To:t} sltko ;fgf–;fgf s'/fx?sf] dfq} ;'wf/ ugf{n] klg ;8s b'3{6gf sd ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] clxn] clwsf+z uf8Lx? ofq'x? emfg{ / r9fpg ;8sdf g} hxfF kfof] Tolx+ uf8L /f]Sg] ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ To;sf] cGTo u/L sDtLdf uf8L /f]Sg] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf / uf8L lkr af6f]df kfªu|f kg]{ u/L /f]Sg gkfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, Do"lhs Kn]o/x? /flvG5 Tof] ;xrfnsn] rnfpg] u/L /fVg] Joj:yf ug{], ;8s 5]p kg]{ u/L hfF8/S;Lsf] las|L ljt/0fdf /f]s / lalu|Psf eTs]sf ;8sx?sf] t'?Gt} dd{t / ;+ef/ ug]{ xf] eg] klg w]/} b'3{6gfx? -sDtLdf !) b]lv !% k|ltzt_ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} 8«fOe/x?nfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f / nfO;]G; 292

!* jif{ dflysf bIftf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmnfO{ dfq lbg' kb{5 / b'3{6gf x'Fbf bf]ifLnfO{ s8f sf/jfxL u/]df w/} xb;Dd b'3{6gfsf] Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;fdfGo ljifo x'g h'g ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;8s ;'/Iff sd u/fpg cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf tLg “O” df Wofg lbg' kb{5 . oL x'g\ – OlGhlgol/Ë, Ph's]zg / OGkmf];{d]G6 – sfg'g sfof{Gjog_ . OlGhlgol/Ë sfo{ cGt{ut ;'/lIft ;8s lgdf{0f ;8ssf] lgoldt dd{t ;Def/, km/luleª /f]8 cyf{t IfdfzLn ;8s -;jf/L rfnssf] sdhf]/L jf ;jf/L ;fwgdf sdhf]/L g} eP klg Pp6f xb;Dd arfj6 ug{ ;Sg]_ ;8s ;'xfpFbf] / ;'/lIft ;jf/L ;fwg, ltgsf] lgoldt / cfjlws dd{t ;Def/ cflb sfo{ k5{g\ . Ph's]zg cGt{ut ;jf/L rfns, ofq', ;8s k|of]ustf{x? / cGo ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;jf/L / ;8s k|of]u / sfg'gL Joj:yf;DaGwL ;r]tgf / lzIff lbg] sfo{ k5{g\ . o;}u/L lgod sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/L sfg'g pNnª\3g ug]{dfly sf/jfxL ug]{ s'/f OGkmf];{d]G6 cGt{ut k5{ . Kl5Nnf cWoog cg';Gwfgx?af6 ;8s oftfoft ;'/Iffsf nlfu dfly pNn]lvt tLg O sf] cnfjf yk tLgj6f O klg ckgfpg'kg]{ lgisif{ cfPsf] 5 . tL yk tLg “O” df Odh]{G;L cyf{t p4f/ sfo{, OEofn'o;g cyf{t cg'udg, d'Nof°g / OGu]hd]G6 cyf{t k|lta4tf k5{g\ . em§ x]bf{ ;8s oftfoft ;'/Iffdf ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ ;8s ljefu, ;jf/L ;fwg Joj:yfkg / ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq lbg] oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu / oftfoft lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] 6«flkms k|x/L lhDd]jf/ b]lvP klg of] Pp6f ax';+:yfut lhDd]jf/L ePsf] If]q xf] . ;8s ;'/Iffsf] k|Zgdf dflysf lgsfox?dfq lhDd]jf/ x'g] geO{ ;jf/L ;fwg lgdf{0f sDkgLx?, dd{t ug]{ js{;kx?, 8«fOleË l;sfpg] OlG:6Ro'6x?, ;jf/L rfns tyf ;jf/L wgLx?, ofq'x?, ;8s k|of]ustf{x?, ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ ;a} lgsfox?, rfns cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ lgsfo, c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?, p4f/ ug]{ ;ª\3 ;+:yfx?, z}lIfs ;ª\3 ;+:yfx?, :yfgLo k|zf;g

tyf ;du| gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;8s oftfoft ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/sf nflu lgDglnlvt ;ftj6f sfo{x? cfjZos k5{g\ . !_ ;8s ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg M o;cGt{ut pko'St ;8s ;'/Iff k|fjwfgx? cª\uLsf/ ug]{, ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;dGjosf] ljsf; ug]{, lbuf] ;8s ;'/Iff /0fgLlt / b'3{6gf sd ug]{ nIox?sf] ljsf; ug]{, b'3{6gf tYof° ;°ng / cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;'wf/ ug]{ h:tf ls|ofsnfk k5{g\ . @_ ;'/lIft ;8s tyf cfjfudg M o;cGt{ut ;8s l8hfOgdf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf :6\ofG88{ nfu" ug]{, ;8s ;'/Iff k/LIf0f, ;8s l8hfOg, lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/df ;'/Iff pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ h:tf ls|ofsnfkx? k5{g\ . #_ ;'/lIft ;jf/L ;fwg M o;cGt{ut ;'/lIft ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pTkfbg, cfoft, lgoldt / k|efjsf/L dd{t ;Def/ / ;~rfng h:tf ls|ofsnfkx? k5{g\ .

$_ ;'/lIft ;jf/L÷;8s k|of]ustf{ M o;cGt{ut 6«flkms lgodx?af/] ;r]tgf / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, l;6j]N6 / x]Nd]6 k|of]usf] k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4, dlb/f ;]jg lgoGq0fh:tf ls|ofsnfkx? k5{g\ . %_ b'3{6gfkl5sf] p4f/ / pkrf/ M o;cGt{ut b'36{ gfdf k/]sfnfO{ tTsfnLg pkrf/ / bL3{sflng pkrf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{x? k5{g\ . ^_ ;8s lzIff M o;cGt{ut df=lj txdf clgjfo{ ljifosf] ?kdf ;8s k|of]usf lgod / o;;DaGwL sfg'gx?sf] cWofkg u/fpg'kb{5 . &_ sfg'gsf] s8f sfof{Gjog M o;cGt{ut g]kfndf sfg'g 7"nfnfO{ r}g, ;fgfnfO{ P]g eGg] pvfg rl/tfy{ 5 . o;sf] cGTo u/L uNtL ug]{nfO{ clgjfo{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . pNn]lvt pkfox?sf] k|efjsf/L cjnDagaf6 ;8s ;jf/L b'3{6gf 36fpg / b'3{6gf 3l6xfn]df To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ sd ug{ d2t k'Ug] lglZrt 5 .

k|f]= ch'{g k'/L

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293

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cfkm}leq n'sfpg] k|s[lt of] g]kfnsf] uj{ xf] xfd|f] b]z /dfOnf] 5 ax't} ;fFRr} oxL :ju{ xf] . df6f]df ddtf v'nf x[bon] /fv]/ afFRg] u/ Gofgf], :jR5kgf lnO{ lxd;/L xfF;]/ afFRg] u/ .

kfvf, kj{t, kmfF6df rl/x? ub{} lyP lrla{/ dfG5] 3'D5 /dfOnf] k|s[ltdf xfjf rNof] l;l;{/ . s:t"/L jgdf ;'uGw clxn] 5b{} 5 x} a];/L Sj}nLsf] jgdf s'x's'x' u/L aHb} 5 x} afF;'/L .

xfd|f] e]if x/fpFb} 5 clxn] jf:tf gug{] lsg < xfdL O{Zj/ dfGb5f} olb eg] cf:yf gug{] lsg < n8\5g\ bfh' / efO cfk; oxfF cfkm}+ gldNg] lsg < ;fFRr} xf] ca zflGt of] d'n'sdf vf]hL gug{] lsg <

 ;'b]z ;Tofn

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lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

s[i0fk|;fb 9sfn cWoIf

kmlg{r/ Joj;foL ;+3–lrtjg gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

xfd|f oL hlt 5g\ lxdfn kx/f 8fF8f / sfF8f ;a hfFr'g\ lj1 k'u]/ tTk/ x'Fb} k}rfg /fvL ca xfd|f] k|fs[t ;|f]t jGo kx/f vf]n"g\ o'jf lj1n] cfˆgf] of] >d ;fwgf k/ uP s] eG5 pBf]un] ;fgf b]z k'u] lgs} lzv/df pBf]u Jofkf/n] ;fgf] b]z ;'wfg{ k5{ ;lhnf] x]?g\ o'jf zlQmn] xfd|f] ;fWo / ;fwgf uxlsnf] vf]Hof] sxfF b]zn] cs{} b]z /dfpFb} olb uP s] eG5 pBf]un] < kms"{g\ b]z ljb]zaf6 hlt 5g\ g]kfnsf ;Gtlt cfˆg} 1fg ljj]s af]ls clxn] cfˆg} u?g\ pGglt xfd|f] cfly{s tGq kf/ alnof] g]t[Tjsf kIfn] dfUg] y]Rr/ aGg x'Gg ca tf o} eG5 pBf]un]

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}F .

– hLjgs'df/ >]i7

h]=s]= ;fOsn :6f]/ /Tggu/–*, as'Nn/, lrtjg

kmf]gM )%^–%^!((*, df]=M (*%%)%*^&%

b'MvLsf] 3/df dfq t]/f] af; x'g] eP x] O{Zj/ bof /fvL dnfO{ cem b'Mv b] .

– afns[i0f ;d

294

;fOsn tyf ;fOsn kf6\{;\x? laqmL ul/g'sf ;fy} Pn=lk= Uof;, Uof; luh/, Uof; r'Nxf], /fO;s's/ tyf Uof;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf nflu=== 295

t/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;ldlt gf/fo0fu9sf] kl/ro  Pg=kL= kl/x:t afns'df/L pRr df=lj= gf/fo0fu9

g]kfn clw/fHosf] dWoefudf cjl:yt ;'Gb/, zfGt, ko{6sLo tyf cf}Bf]lus gu/L gf/fo0fu9, j}sNkLs /fhwfgLsf] ?kdf ljs;Lt eO/x]sf] 5 . d'lUnªsf] af6f] v'n]/ / gf/fo0fL gbLdf k'n ag]/ /fHosf] k|fyldstf kbf{ ltj| ultdf cf}Bf]lus, z}lIfs, s[lif, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ljsl;t x'Fb} cfh dWo g]kfnsf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf k|l;4 x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . oxfF b]zsf &% lhNnfaf6 cfPsf ljleGg hfthftLx? cfk;L ;b\efjk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ t/ o;sf] ;x/LIf]qdf d'Vo ?kn] g]jf/, a|fXd0f, If]qL, t/fO{jf;L, df/jf8L Jofkf/Lx? a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . lrtjgsf] cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/Ls ljsf;df oxfF nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfoL ?kn] a;f]af; ub{} cfO/s]f] g]jf/, t/fO{jf;L / df/jf8Lx?sf] of]ubfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ logLx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ cjd"Nog ub{} :yfgLo ljleGg k|sf/ ;d"x?af6 y'k|} cK7\of/fx? ef]Ug' k/]sf] cg'ej t/fO{jf;L Jofkf/Lx? JoQm ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;do kl/l:ytsf] ablnbf]F t/Ë;Fu} b]zdf @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf :yfgLo t/fO{jf;L Jofkf/Lx?n] ;xof]ufTds efjn] cf]tk|f]t uO{ ;fd'lxs ?kn] ljsf;sf sfo{ ug{ cfk;df ;+ul7t eO{ t/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;ldlt gf/fo0fu9 u7g u/] h;nfO{ lj=;++ @)$( ;fndf ljlwjt\ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lrtjgdf btf{ u/fP . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf o; ;ldltsf] ;+:yfks cWoIfdf >L /fdrGb|k|;fb sfg' ;j{;Ddt r'lgg" eof] . lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf jxfF tf]/L Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf gf/fo0fu9df a;fO{ ;/L Jofkf/L If]qdf nfUg'eof] . jxfFsf] ;lqmotfdf t/fO{jf;L Jofkf/Lx?sf] k;ndf rGbf afs; /flvof], h;af6 ;ª\slnt /sd bLgb'MvL c;xfosf] ;xof]u tyf ljsf; sfo{df nufpg] u/]sf] s'/f ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] atfpg] ub{5g\ . t/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;ldltsf] :yfkgfsfndf Jofkf/Lx?sf] afx'Notf 296

b]lvPklg xfn o;df t/fO{ d"nsf sd{rf/L, lzIfs, k|fWofks, 8fS6/, OGhLlgo/ cflb nAwk|ltli7t JolQmx? -ljleGg hftsf, a|fXd0f, /fhk"t, sfo:t e"ldxf/, s'zjfxf, s'dL{, s'Dxf/, sxf/, sdf/, s]j6, sfg", t]nLsnjf/, /fhwf]j, g"lgof, jlgof, e]l8xf/, dfnL, dNnfx, d';ndfg, j}/O{, ofbj, /fhe/, /f}lgof/, nf]xf/, nf]w, ;'8L, ;}gL, ;f]gf/, xn'jfO{, xhfd, cdft, s]j/t, j0f{jfn, hf]luof, ljg, j]njf/, sfnfjfh, jf]6, j8} cflb sl/a hg;+Vof, $() kl/jf/df $))) xhf/ ePsf]_ ;+nUg 5g\ . o; ;+:Yfsf] ;f/yLsf ?kdf xfn;Dd /fdrGb|k|;fb sfg", /fhs'df/ sfg", s[i0fk|;fb u'Ktf, ;'s]zs'df/ u'Ktf, snjf/n] cWotf u/L ;+:yfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' ePsf] 5 . h;df jxfFx?nfO{ sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/L nufot z'elrGts ;xof]uL JolQmx?sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx? gf/fo0fu9sf] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3df klg xf8{j]o/, df]6/kf6{;\, rfdn, t]n, sk8f Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf lrlgg' x'G5 . t/fO{ ;fd'bflos ;ldltn] jif{]gL 57 k"hfsf] eJo cfof]hgf u/L 57 k"hfsf] dfxTdonfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ u/L efO{rf/sf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] HjGt pbfx/0f 57 k"hfdf pkl:yt tyf ;xefuL ljleGg hft hfltsf] kl/j]zsf] ;lDd>0fn] rf}/f;L Jo~hgsf] :jfbsf] ld7f;sf] cg'e"lt u/fpF5 . of] ;+:yfsf] nflu cfTd;Gtf]if tyf uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] . o; ;+:yfdf lrtjgdf a;f]af; ug{] 6fF8L, k;f{, df8L, s'/Lg6f/, uLtfgu/, d]3f}nL nufot e/tk'/sf] jfl;Gbfx? ;+nUg 5g\ . o;} u/L gf/fo0fu9 tyf lrtjg lhNnfdf cfPsf k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf lhG;L tyf cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ ;bf ;j{bf clek|]l/t ug{ d2t u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} a]nfavtdf c:ktfndf /x]sf] lj/fdLx?nfO{ kmnk"mn, nQfsk8f, lhG;L ljt/0f / /utbfg u/L ;xof]u

u/]sf] kfOG5 . x'g t, o; ;+:yfsf] cfo ;|f]tsf :yfoL ;|f]t s]xL geP klg bfgjL/ ;xof]uL xftx?sf] kljq efjn] rNg d2t u/]sf] 5 eg] cfhLjg ;b:otf / ;fwf/0f ;b:osf] gjLs/0f g} cfo ;|f]t b]lvG5 . tyfkL /fhs'df/ sfg"sf] sfo{sfndf #)÷$) xftsf] 38]/L :yfgLo ;xof]udf lsg]sf] lyof] h;nfO{ laqmL u/L c? /sd yk hf]/;hfd u/L s[i0fk|;fb u'Ktfsf] sfo{sfndf gofF /f]8, sdngu/df @$÷*) xftsf] )–!–# If]qkmnsf] 38]/L lslgof] . pQm 38]/Ldf ax'p2]Zo ejgsf] lznfGof; ;'s]zs'df/ snjf/n] u/]sf] s'/f a'lemG5 . of] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s kf/bzL{tfsf] nflu jif{]gL /lhi6/ n]vfkl/Ifsåf/f n]vfkl/If0f u/fO{ lx;fa lstfa b'?:t /fv]sf] kfOG5 . k|To]s @÷@ jif{df dxflwj]zgaf6 gofF sfo{;ldlt u7g ug{] u5{g\ . xfn o; ;+:yfn] o; If]qdf a;f]af; u/]sf t/fOjf;Lsf] afnaflnsf z}lIfs pGgltsf] nflu h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{ ;Ddfg sfo{qmd lgoldt ;+rfng u/]sf] 5, h;af6 d]wfjL 5fq5fqfsf] dgf]an a9\g] 5 eGg] ;+:yfn] cfzf lnPsf] 5 .

cfufdL lbgdf sdngu/l:yt 38]/Ldf ax'p2]ZoLo ejgsf] lgdf{0f u/L b"/ b/fhaf6 cfPsf -lrlsT;f ;]jf, ko{6sLo If]q u}+8fsf]6 tyf b]j3f6 :ynsf] cjnf]sg ug{], z}lIfs pGglt ug{] tyf Jofkf/L sfo{sf] ;fGble{s JolQmx?nfO{ ;j{;'ne dfWodaf6 ;:tf] d"Nodf ;Ddfghgs a;f]af; ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo ;lxtsf] gLlt tyf of]hgf /fv]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfdf cfa4 Jofkf/Lx? :yfgLo dx]Gb| cfbz{ lrlsT;fno, cflbslj efg'eQm df= lj=, afns'df/L p=df=lj=, afns'df/L sGof df=lj= nufot cGo ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ljsf;df /fdgf/fo0f zfx, 8f]nf/fd zfx, gyd zfx, tf/frGb| cu|jfn, /fhs'df/ sfg', pdfz+s/ cu|jfn, rGb|uf]kfn cu|jfn cflb JolQmx?n] ;xof]u u/]sf] pbfx/0f ;+:yfx?sf] lznfn]vaf6 k|i6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L o; ;+:yfn] efOrf/sf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/L t/fO{jf;Lsf] Pstf ;b\efj / ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ;Dk"0f{ lrtjgjf;Ln] lnPsf] 5.

297

gf/fo0fu9 s]xL ;'g]sf, s]xL ef]u]sf s'/fxÊ  OGb| /]UdL e/tk'/–!!, lrtjg

gf/fo0f3f6 x'Fb} gf/fo0fu9 aGg uPsf] lrtjg lhNnfs} k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb|nfO{ cfh xfdL h'g ?kdf b]lv/fv]sf 5f}F, lgZro klg Tof] Ps} lbg ag]sf] xf]Og . elgG5 lg æ/f]d ;x/ Ps} lbg ag]sf] xf]OgÆ To;/L g} gf/fo0fu9 klg Ps} lbg ag]sf] xf]Og . of] ahf/ aGgdf w]/}sf] ;Lk / hfFu/ leh]sf] 5 . w]/}n] w]/} lsl;daf6 Tofu / alnbfg u/]sf 5g\ . ‘cfjZostf cfljisf/sL hggL xf]’ lglZrt xf] klg . gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ aGg / ljsf; x'g'df ToxL cfjZostf g} k|d'v sf/stŒj xf] . ^ bzseGbf klg cl3af6} :yfkgf ePsf] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/df d klg emG8} % bzs otf lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df 5', xfnf+sL o;sf ;a} kIf;Fu d Tolt ;'kl/lrt 5}g sf/0f d gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] jfl;Gbf xf]Og t}klg gf/fo0fu9sf] k"j{tkm{ xfn e/tk'/–!!, ef]hf8df @)!( ;fnb]lv c6'6?kdf al;/x]sf] x'Fbf To;kl5sf] of] ahf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ d}n] glhs} al; x]g]{ df}sf kfPsf] 5' . cfh d of] ahf/sf yf]/} P]ltxfl;s tYo / w]/} d]/f JolQmut cg'e"ltx? oxfF JoQm ug{ uO/x]sf] 5' . ;'¿df d s] s'/f kf7sx? ;dIf :ki6 ug{ rfxG5' eg] oxfF JoQm ul/Psf ;a} tYox? zt k|ltzt ;xL gx'g klg ;S5g\ sf/0f d}n] oxfFsf s]xL k'/fgf JolQmx?af6 ;'gs ] f / cfkm}nF ] @)!( ;fn otf cg'ej u/]sf rLhx? g} o;df OdfGbfl/tfk'j{s JoQm ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' . oxfF JoQm ljrf/x?nfO{ Pp6f ax;sf] k|f/De g} 7flgof];\ eGg] ljgd| cfu|x ub{5' . tgx',F uf]/vf, nDh'ª, sf:sL, wflbª nufotsf lhNnfx?sf] d'Vo ahf/ eg]sf] ef/ttkm{sf] 7f]/L g} lyof] Tolta]nf . of] /f0ffzf;g x'Fbfsf] s'/f] xf] . dfG5]x? 298

Hofg hf]lvddf /fv]/ cfˆgf cfjZostfsf ;fdfgx? lng lrtjgsf] ljs6 hËnnfO{ kf/ ub}{ 7f]/L;Dd k'Uy] / vf; u/]/ dl§t]n / g"g nufotsf ;fdfgx? ToxfFaf6 NofpFy] . aGbLk'/ Tolta]nfsf] tgx's F f] ;b/d'sfd h'g @)@% ;fndf bdf}nL ;/]sf] lyof] . ToxL aGbLk'/ g} Tolta]nf Tof] e]ss} Jofkf/sf] k|d'v s]Gb| lyof] . 7f]/Lb]lv xKtf}F nufP/ ;fdfgx? ufO3f6 / ;f/Ë3f6 8'Ëfaf6 kf/ ub}{ dfn;fdfg aGbLk'/ ptfy]{ dflg;x? / ToxfFaf6 uf]vf{, tgx'F, nDh'ª nufotsf 7fpFx?df cfjZostfcg';f/ ljt/0f x'GYof] . of] sfo{df hftLo?kd} Jofkf/ ug]{ k'Vof}{nL k]zf ePsf]n] aGbLk'/sf g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] afx'Notf lyof] . ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df klg aGbLk'/sf g]jf/x?sf] g} k|d'v e"ldsf b]lvG5 . gf/fo0fu9sf] gfdfs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf lh1f;f /fVbf dnfO{ Psk6s :juL{o dbgdf]xg hf]zLn] s] eGg'ePsf] lyof] eg] gf/fo0f3f6nfO{ gf/fo0fu9sf] gfdn] lrgfpgdf jxfFsf lktf :juL{o u0f]zdfg hf]zLsf] d'Vo xft lyof] . To;eGbf cl3;Dd o;nfO{ ‘gf/g3f6’ elgGYof] . lrtjgdf yf?, s'dfn, b/fO{x?sf] a;f]jf; w]/} g} ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx?sf] njhdf o;nfO{ ‘gf/g3f6’, ‘g/fOg3f6’ elgGYof] . kl5 o;sf] z'4 pRrf/0f gf/fo0f3f6 eof] / d}n] dfly eg] em}F :j= u0f]zdfg hf]zLn] o;nfO{ gf/fo0fu9 eg]/ hgdfg;df lrgfpg'eof] . h] xf];\ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] k"j{tkm{ cjl:yt of] ahf/sf] gfd ToxL gbLs} gfdaf6 :yflkt x'gdf rflxF s;}sf] b'O{dt gxf]nf . ca of] ahf/ slxn]b]lv ;'¿ eof] eGg]lt/ 3f]lTnFbf @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf

g]tf :j= avfgl;+x u'¿ª / ;dfh;]jL :j= nfns'df/ d'lvofsf] g} cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 7f]/Lb]lv ;fdfg NofP/ aGbLk'/ k'¥ofpFbf af6fe/L Joxf]gk{' g]{ cg]sf}F emGem6af6 kf/ kfpg gf/fo0fu9df ahf/ :yfkgf u/]/ kxf8L e]usf dflg;x?nfO{ s]xL dfqfdf ;'ljwf lbg] x]tn' ] of] ahf/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . @–$ j6f 3/af6 la:tf/} a:tL aflSnFb} uof] / aGbLk'/sf vf; u/]/ g]jf/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] oxfF Jofkf/ ug]{ x]t'n] cfudg a9\g yfNof] . Tolta]nf gf/fo0fu9sf] d'Vo Jofkf/sf] s]Gb| eg]sf] o'ySnasf] k"j{kl§sf] rf]s g} lyof] eG5g\ a'9fkfsfx? . ;'¿df sRrL km';sf em'kf| x?af6} of] 7fpFn] la:tf/} jt{dfg ?k lnPsf] xf] . s]xL kl5 oxfF sf7 cTolws kfOg] ePsfn] sf7]3/x? klg kmf§km'§ ag]sf lyP . la:tf/} sfFrf] O§fn] af/]sf 3/x? klg aGb} uP . d}n] @)!( ;fndf b]v]sf] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] clnslt lrq ptfg]{ sf];L; ub}{5' . a9Ldf * b]lv !) j6f kSsL 3/ eGg ldNg] 3/x? lyP . kf]v/f a;kfs{af6 blIf0f zlxbrf]s;Dd 6Gg} v/sf em'k|fx? lyP . k'tnLahf/df @–@ rf]6L eLif0f cfunfuL ePsf] d cfkm}Fn] b]v]sf] x'F . Ogf/, 6\o'aj]nsf] Joj:yf lyPg Tolta]nf . gf/fo0fL gbLaf6 dl§t]nsf @ j6f l6gdf ef/ nufP/ >ldsx? gf/fo0fLsf] kfgL ahf/df NofP/ a]Rby] . b'O{ l6g kfgLsf] @% b]lv %) k};f;Dd kYof]{ . jiff{df;df gbL wldlng] sf/0fn] ubf{ To;/L NofPsf] kfgLnfO{ ufu|Ldf /fvL lkm6ls/L xflnGYof] / ;ª\nf] agfOGYof] / aNn lkpgof]Uo x'GYof] . lnnfrf]s, k'tnLahf/ Tolta]nfsf] Jofkf/sf] k|d'v s]Gb| ePsf] d}n] b]v]sf] x'F . %) k};fsf] ! dfgf b'w / !) k};f sk lrof lyof] Tolta]nf . rfdn klg %) k};fdf ! dfgf] kfOGYof] . @% k};f eof] eg] 6Gg Ro"/f / t/sf/Lsf] vfhf vfg kfOGYof] / c3fOGYof] klg . g"g / dl§t]n lng]x?sf] lxpFbdf kxf8lt/af6 cf]O/f] rNYof] . 8f]sfdf ef/L xfn]/ gfDnfn] yfKnf]df af]s/] %–^ lbg;Dd ljleGg 7fpFdf jf; a:b} dfG5]x? vf; u/]/ u08sL c~rnsf ljleGg Onfsf k'Uy] . df3];ª\qmflGtdf b]j3f6df hfqf nfUg] ePsf]n] kxf8L e]usf dfG5]x?nfO{ ‘kz'kltsf]

hfqf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/’ eg] h:t} x'GYof] . cyf{t\ b]j3f6df g'xfpFy] klg / g"g dl§t]n klg 3/ k'¥ofpFy] . oxL gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ la:tf/ x'Fb} /fdgu/, h'u]8L;Dd klg k'us ] f] lyof] . s]xL jif{;Dd gf/fo0fu9 cfpgeGbf h'u8] L, /fdgu/af6 cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;fdfg af]s]/ dflg;x? kxf8lt/ kms{Gy] . kl5 km]l/ /fdgu/ / h'u]8Lsf] ahf/ ;]nfpFb} uof] / gf/fo0fu9d} s]lGb|t aGof] . gf/fo0fu9sf] ahf/ If]qk'/sf] a:tL ;Fu;Fu} ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . ahf/sf] ljsf;df g]jf/ ;d'bfo a9L s]lGb|t lyof] eg] If]qk'/sf] a:tL ljsf;df u'¿ª ;d'bfosf dfG5]x?sf] afx'Notf b]lvG5 . If]qk'/df $–% la3f;Dd Pp6} kl/jf/n] kmF8fgL u/]/ cf]u6] eg] gf/fo0fu9sf] ahf/df rflxF ;xof]uL Jofkf/ d08nsf] gfpFaf6 ahf/sf s]xL a'h'|sx?n] #) ?k}ofdf Pp6f 38]/L ljqmL u/]sf] yfxf nfU5 . To;df @)–@% xftsf] df]x8f / !))–!%) xftsf] lk5f8 x'GYof] / To;af6 cfPsf] /sd ahf/s} ljsf;df nufOGYof] . gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ gbLsf] lsgf/fdf ePsf]n] of] s'g} klg a]nf gbL k;]/ Wj:t x'g;S5 eGg] 8/n] Tolta]nfsf] ;/sf/n] e/tk'/sf] xfn !! / !@ g+= j8fnfO{ 6fpg Knfg 3f]if0ff u/L Tof] ahf/ otf a;fpg] k|of; klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ Tof] ;/sf/L of]hgf ;kmn ePg . @)!^ ;fndf Jofkf/ ;+3–gf/fo0fu9sf] :yfkgf u/]/ ahf/sf ljljw kIfnfO{ ljsf;lt/ nDsfpg'df of] ;+:yfsf] k|d'v xft 5 . o;sf] klxnf] cWoIf :j= ;"og{ f/fo0f lkof x'g\ eg] jt{dfgdf 8f= ltnrGb| e§/fO{ . o; aLrdf #%–#^ hgf cWoIfx? alg;s]sf 5g\ . clxn] t ahf/ afx|3/] x'Fb} lzj3f6;Dd km}ln;s]sf] 5 . Tolta]nf -@)!( ;Dd_ zlxbrf]s d'lGt/ @–$ j6f sRrL 3/x? dfq lyP . k'nrf]saf6 blIf0flt/ lbpF;} hfg klg 8/ nfUYof] . Tof] Pl/ofdf d'Vo?kn] v]tLkftL g} x'GYof] . o; e]ssf d/]sf dfG5]x?sf] ;b\ut\ ug]{ 7fpF gf/fo0fLsf] k'nb]lv gu/jg;Ddsf] Pl/of lyof] . xfn ;a} nf;x? ;b\ut\sf lglDt b]j3f6df g} k'¥ofOG5 . b]j3f6 k'¥ofpg] rng Jofks?kdf ePsf] @ bzseGbf s]xL dfq a9L ePsf] h:tf] nfU5 . kl5 zlxbrf]ssf] 299

blIf0f x'bF } a]nrf]s;Ddsf] Pl/of vfBfGg ahf/sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uof] . d'lQmnfn r's]sf] jt{dfg lgjf;sf] cf8df Pp6f s'6fgL lk;fgL ldn lyof] . To:t} jt{dfg xªsª ahf/ lg/ csf]{ Pp6f ldn lyof] . kl5 sGx}of /fO; ldn / To;sf] cufl8 csf]{ Pp6f ldn hndf l;g]df xn lg/ aGof] . log} ldnx?n] jl/kl/sf] wfg, ds} lk:g]b]lv lnP/ Jofkf/Lx?sf] klg sfd ub{y] . lzIffsf] If]qdf jt{dfg sGof df= lj=sf] k'/fgf] ejgdf afns'df/L k|fOd/L :s'n ;~rflnt lyof] . kl5 lrtjg xfO:s'nsf] gfdaf6 of] e/tk'/df k'Uof] / oxfF k|fOd/L :s'n g} /xg uof] . :j= s[i0fnfn k|wfg, :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL, hut >]i7, Cl4r/0f >]i7, nf]s]Gb| zdf{, s[i0f/fh xdfn, z/b/~hg >]i7, lxdaxfb'/ lkof, k|]d lkof, ;"o{axfb'/ df:s] h:tf y'k|} x:tLx?n] gf/fo0fu9sf] dfq} geO k'/} lrtjgsf] z}lIfs ljsf;df of]ubfg u/]sf x'g\ . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] – jL/]Gb| OG6/ sn]h -xfnM jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;_ sf] :yfkgf / o;sf] ljsf; . o;df e/tk'/ / cGo 7fpFx?nfO{ 5f8]/ gf/fo0fu9 ahf/af6 dfq} of] SofDk;sf] pGgltdf lbnf]Hofgn] nfUg]x?df d'lQmnfn r's], s]=Pn= e"if0f, s[i0faGw' lkof, :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL, /fds'df/ hLjg ldq, :j= 6+saxfb'/ yfkf, cfgGbb]j e§, :j= nfns'df/ k|wfg, hjfx/nfn k|wfg cflb y'k|} x:tLx? 5g\ . clxn] gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ If]qdf afns'df/L sn]h h:tf] /fli6«o:t/d} k|Voft sn]hsf] cnfjf lhNnfel/d} Psdfq sGof df=lj=, y'k|} pRr df=lj=x?, ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox? b]Vbf dnfO{ t lzIffsf] If]qdf gf/fo0fu9df olQw]/} ljsf; of] ?kdf xf]nf h:tf] nfu]s} lyPg . lr/~hLjL >]i7 / nIdLr/0f >]i7 nufotsf lzIffk|]dLx?sf] afns'df/L SofDk; / afn'df/L sGof df=lj=sf] ljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTosf] If]qdf klg @ j6f k|d'v ;flxlTos ;+:yfx? ;flxTo ;Ëd lrtjgsf] :yfkgfdf :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL, /fdx/L >]i7, ;fWoaxfb'/ e08f/L cflb gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ If]qsf ;flxTosf/x?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] eg] lrtjg ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf / ljsf;df klg 300

gf/fo0fu9 If]qsf k|]dljgf]b ‘gGbg’, >LeQmcRo't jfUn]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . To:t} o; ahf/sf k|dv ' ;flxTosf/x?df k|d] ljgf]b ‘gGbg’, :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL, :j= kz'klt jfUn], cfgGbb]j e§, /]zdnfn >]i7, efg'k|sfz hf]zL, ;/:jtL ltldlN;gf, /fdx/L >]i7, k|eft hf]zL, ;/nf hf]zL, ;'dg >]i7 nufot y'k|}–y'k|} ;flxTosf/x? cfˆgf] sndsf] ann] /fli6«o?kd} rlr{t ag]sf 5g\ . o;sf] pbfx/0f x'g\ – uLtsf/ k|]dljgf]b ‘gGbg’ / dfS;{jfbL ljrf/s :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL . ;flxTo ;Ëd lrtjgsf] :yfkgf log} hf]zLsf] kxndf /fdx/L >]i7sf] sdngu/ l:yt lgjf;df @)$$ ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . d oxfFg]/ s] s'/fdf ljåfg\ kf7sx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' eg] oxfF hltklg gfd k/]sf 5g\, ;a} gfdx? gf/fo0fu9 If]qs} x'g\ . To:t} snfsf] If]qdf :j= slj pk]Gb| >]i7sf] cWoIftfdf @)!( ;fndf ag]sf] gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/n] xfn;Dd !^–!& hgf cWoIfx? kfO;s]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg rf8kj{x?df ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx? ug]{b]lv lnP/ b]z ljb]zsf ljleGgvfn] snfsf/x?nfO{ cfˆgf] k|ltef k|bz{g ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul//x]sf] 5 . snfdlGb/s} ;xof]u / k|/] 0ffdf gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ dfq geO{ lrtjgd} y'k|} dlxnf k'?if snfsf/x?nfO{ o;n] hGdfPsf] 5, kfng kf]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf nfUg] k|dv ' x:tLx?df :j= pk]Gb| >]i7, :j= nfns'df/ >]i7, s[i0f/fh xdfn, Cl4r/0f >]i7, k|]dljgf]b ‘gGbg’, ;"o{axfb'/ df:s], ufos /fdk|;fb >]i7, :j= eujfg >]i7, ufoqL >]i7, k|efts'df/ hf]zL, bLkss'df/ k|wfg, /fh' >]i7, ;xg k|wfg, z]v/ >]i7 / y'k|} snf / ;+:s[ltk|]dLx? cxf]/fq nflu/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} l;g]dfxnsf] af/]df eGg'kbf{ @)@^ lt/ u0f]z lrq dlGb/ g} gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] klxnf] l;g]dfxn xf] . k7gkf7gsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{ k':tsfnosf] of]ubfgnfO{ la;{g ;lsFb}g . o; 7fpFsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] k':tsfno gf/fo0fL k':tsfno xf] . @)!& ;fnsf] sf08kl5 o;sf] ;~rfngdf k|d'v xft /x]sf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf TofuL g]tf dx]Zj/nfn >]i7 nufotsf

JolQmx? e"ldut x'g k/]kl5 o;sf] ljsf; cj?4 eof] . kl5 jftfj/0f s]xL ;xh ePsf] b]v/] To;a]nfsf ahf/If]qsf s]xL pT;flxt o'jfx? k|efts'df/ hf]zL, ;'efif lkof, ls/0fuf]ljGb cdfTo, b]zL/fd k|wfg, hLjg lkof, k|r08nfn k|wfg, dfwj, gGbg, /fdk|;fb >]i7, nIdLr/0f >]i7 nufotsf o'jfx?n] gf/fo0fu9 Jofkf/ ;+3sf] ejgdf o;nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fPsf x'g\ . s]xL jif{ o;n] /fd|} ult lnof] . ‘lt;{gf’ gfds ;flxlTos klqsfsf] k|sfzg b]lv lnP/ jif{sf] @–$ k6s sljtf k|ltof]lutfsf sfo{qmd klg o;n] ;~rfng u/]sf] xf] . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] d]/f] k9\g] / ;flxTo n]Vg] ;:s[ltsf] ljsf;df o; k':tsfnosf] ct'ngLo b]g 5 . o;n] cfof]hgf u/]sf slj uf]i7Lx?df d k|To]sk6s klxnf] of bf];|f] ePsf] 5' . o;sf] k|sfzgdf d]/f] klg /rgf 5flkPsf] 5 . t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f s]xL jif{ rn]/ of] k':tsfno g]kfn ef/t ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] jfrgfno;Fu ufleg k'Uof] / kl5 ef/tLo b"tfjf;af6 cfly{s ;xfotf aGb ePkl5 of] k':tsfno lbgsf] !–@ 306fdfq v'Ng] u/L Zofds[i0f k|wfgsf] 3/sf] Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf v'lDrPsf] 5 . d}n] xfn} d]/f k'/fgf ldq k|efts'df/ hf]zLaf6 ;'g] cg';f/ ef/tLo b"tfjf;n] o;nfO{ k'gJo{jl:yt?kdf ;~rfng ug{ rfv lnPsf] 5 . cfzf 5, of] ;Tsfo{ l5§} ;'¿ x'g]5 . k7gkf7gsf] ;Gbe{ sf]§ØfpFbf k':ts k;nx? / k|]; klg :jfefljs?kdf o;df kg{ cfpF5g\ . hf]zL k':ts ejg, u0f]z k':ts e08f/, lbndfof k':ts e08f/, d}n] lrtjgdf kfOnf 6]Sbf gf/fo0fu9 ahf/df b]v]sf k':ts k;nx? log} x'g\ . cem kqklqsf lsGg] k};fsf] cefjdf d 306f}F;Dd pleP/ hf]zL k':ts ejgsf] k]6Ldf ToxfF ePsf w]/}h;f] kqklqsfx? k9\g EofpFy]+ . hf]zL k':ts ejg t Tolta]nf lrtjgdf sDo'lgi6 ;flxTosf] k|rf/ ug]{ Pp6f d'Vo s]Gb| g} ag]sf] lyof] . vf;u/]/ lrlgof ;flxTo / cGo k7g ;fdu|Lx? ToxfFaf6 ;lhn};Fu pknAw x'GYof] . g9fF6Lsg eGg] xf] eg] lrtjgdf dfS;{jfbLx? hGdfpg] / x'sf{pg] sfddf hf]zL k':ts ejgsf] e"ldsf g} d'Vo /x]sf] 5 . To;/L

g} k|];sf af/]df eGbf ;fIffTsf/ 5fkfvfgf, ef/tL 5fkfvfgf / gf/fo0fL 5fkfvfgf oL ;a} @)@$–@% s} xf/fxf/Ldf v'ns ] f x'g\ . To;avt;Dd s]xL 5fKg'k¥of] eg] ls sf7df8f}+ ls agf/; hfg] rng lyof] . oL k|];x?sf] :yfkgf kl5 Tof] ;d:ofaf6 lrtjgn] d'lQm kfof] . of] cj;/df tL k|]; :yfkgf ug]{ lxSdt /fgf, u+uf/fd >]i7, j;Gtnfn r's] cflbnfO{ wGojfb lbg s~h':ofO{F ul/g' x'Fb}g . k|sfzgsf] xsdf eGbf pksf/ k|]; -/fdnfn >]i7_ af6 s]xL ;do dgf]/~hgfTds klqsf ‘pksf/’ lg:s]sf] lyof] eg] d'Vo?kdf gf}nf] /fFsf], bf]efg, df?gL, lt;{gf, Crf o; If]qsf k'/fgf k|sfzgx? x'g\ h;dWo] ;flxTo;Ëd lrtjgn] ‘gf}nf] /fFsf]’nfO{ cfˆgf] d'vkqsf] ?kdf xfn;Dd klg k|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5 / ‘df?gL’nfO{ gf/fo0fL snf dlGb/n] k|sfzgdf NofO/x]sf] 5 . kqklqsf k|sfzgsf] If]qdf gf/fo0fu9 ahf/af6 ?rL /fv]/ v6\g]x?df :j= dbgdf]xg hf]zL, k|efts'df/ hf]zL, d'/f/Ldf]xg hf]zL, efg'ks | fz hf]zL, z}n]Gb| lkof, Cl4gf/fo0f lkof, k|]dljgf]b ‘gGbg’, :j= kz'klt jfUn] cflb k|d'v x'g\ . gf/fo0fu9 ahf/df ljleGg rf8kj{x?df klg d]nfx? -hfqf_ nfUYof] . ufO{hfqf, /f]kfO{+hfqf h:tf s[i0fci6dLsf] cj;/df nfUg] hfqfx?, kmfu'k"l0f{dfdf klg Tolta]nf cla/ v]Ng] sfd eJo?kdf x'GYof] . tLhsf] cj;/df dlxnfx? gf/fo0fL g'xfpg] / ahf/sf 7fpF–7fpFdf ;d"x–;d"x eP/ ufpg], gfRg] sfd klg /dfOnf]?kdf ug]{ uy]{ . @)#^ ;fnkl5 of] tLhn] qmdzM /fhgLltsf] ?k lng ;'¿ u¥of] . k|d'v–k|d'v kf6L{x?n] cfˆgf kIfsf dlxnfx?nfO{ Pslqt u/L lglZrt–lglZrt 7fpFdf gfRg] ufpg] sfd ;'¿ u/fP . oL ;a} hfqfx? dWo] jiff{ofddf nfUg] /f]kfO{F hfqfsf] b[Zo rflxF lgs} /f]df~rs x'GYof] . lbge/ dfG5]nfO{ uf]¿ h:tf] agfO ;8s hf]Tg] / bfpg] sfd ul/GYof] eg] /ftL ahf/sf] l;/fgb]lv k'5f/;Dd @ nfOgdf dlxnf k'?ifx? nfOg nfu]/ /f]k]sf] clego ub}{ cl3 a9\y] . of] qmd /ftL lgs} ca]/;Dd klg rNYof] . sltko a]nf ahf/sf pkNnf] 6f]n 301

/ tNnf] 6f]n egL emu8fx? klg ;'¿ ePsf]n] /ftLsf] hfqf qmdzM x/fpFb} uof] . oL ;a} /dfOnf sfdx?sf] ;+of]hg rflxF :j= ?ksfhL u'¿ª, :j= nLnf afh] / :j= hLtaxfb'/ lkof, k|]d >]i7 cflbx?sf] cu'jfOdf x'g] uYof]{ . logLx? ;fx|} /dfOnf k|s[ltsf dfG5] lyP . pkNnf] 6f]n] / tNnf] 6f]n]sf] emu8f hfqfdf dfq} ;Lldt lyPg . a;kfs{ k'nrf]sdf /fVg] ls kf]v/f a;kfs{df /fVg] eg]/ klg a]nf a]nfdf clk|o ljjfbx? ePsf] d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . ca d km]l/ ahf/sf] Jofj;flos ?k / o;sf] ljsf;df eP u/]sf yf]/} s'/fx? pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . af6f]3f6f]sf] ljsf;, gf/fo0fLsf] lsgf/df ePsf 7"nf–7"nf rf}tf/f / ;Qnx? x6fO{ qmdzM dlGb/ / ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ejg agfO{ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lgoGq0fdf klg sfdx? ePsf x'g\ . dfly b]j3f6 hfg] af6f]df kg]{ km]/Laf6 aGg] of]hgf ePsf] gf/fo0fL gbLsf] k'n k'nrf]saf6 agfpg'k5{ eg]/ hf]8 lbg] sfd klg ahf/s} JolQmx?af6 ePsf] xf] eGg] ;'lgPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf jt{dfg d'lUnª–gf/fo0fu9sf] af6f] gf/fo0fLsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ nfg] of]hgf lyof] /] t/ Tof] 7fpFdf ePsf] wfld{s d7dlGb/x? eTsfpFbf ;Dk"0f{ sDo'lgi6 hut g} abgfd x'g] 8/n] lrlgofx?n] dfg]gg\ / af6f] aLr ahf/af6} aGg k'Uof] . ahf/sf] ;a} kIf g} ;'¿jftL r/0fdf ePsf] a]nf ;a} rLhx? sDtL g} lyP . xf]6nx?df Tolta]nf lnnf xf]6n k|Voft lyof] lsgeg] To;sf] klZrdkl§ 8'Ëfsf] 3f6 lyof] / dflg;x?sf] cfjthfjt ToxLF a9L x'GYof] . kl5 ldgf ahf/df /]UdL xf]6nsf] gfdn] v'ns ] f] xf]6n lrtjgel/ g} k|Voft eof] . To;}sf] cufl8kl§ ;'j0f{ eGg] JolQmsf] g]jf/L kl/sf/ kfOg] vfhf3/ lyof] . ToxfF d}n] Pskm]/ slrnf -lkFw]sf] /fFufsf] df;'_ vfFbf /ftel/ afGtf u/]sf] lyPF . To;kl5 Tof] kbfy{ xfn;Dd klg d}n] vfg t s] x]/]sf] klg 5}g . Tolta]nf gf/fo0fu9df Pnf]kl] ys cf}iflwsf] k;n lyPg . cfzfsfhL / uh/fhsf] cfo'jl{] bs cf}iflw k;n ahf/sf] d'Vo ;8sd} lyof] . gf/fo0fu9df g"g dl§t]nsf] Jofkf/ ;'¿ ug]{x? dWo] klxnf] lyP :j= t]haxfb'/ lkof . 302

Tolta]nfb]lv g} ef/tLo Jofkf/Lx? klg gf/fo0fu9df cfO Jofkf/ ;'¿ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;df k|d'v x'g\ dy'/fk|;fb snjf/, /fdrGb| snjf/, s]bf/ snjf/ cflb . 8fS6/x?df hf]zL y/ ePsf 8fS6/ g} klxnf] 8fS6/ x'g\ eGg] ;'g]sf] 5' . 8f= dy'/fk|;fb >]i7n] :jf:Yosf] If]qdf of] e]udf dgUo ;]jf k'¥ofPsf x'g\ . gf/fo0fu9sf] Jofkf/nfO{ ljsf; ug{df lji0f'sd' f/ ;fxgL, xl/s'df/, sf]dngf/fo0f, Zofds[i0f, lx/fnfn, lrDsfhL, sdnk|;fb cflbsf] b]g oxfF pNn]v ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fhgLltsf] If]qdf ahf/df k|hftGqjfbL / k|ultzLnx?sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo?kdf lyof] / 5 . t/ klg ahf/ ljsf;sf] k|Zgdf of] /fhgLlt slxn] klg afws ag]/ t]l;{Psf] 5}g . e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] r'gfjdf slxn] d'lQmnfn r's] -k|hftGqjfbL_, slxn] lxdaxfb'/ lkof -k|ultzLn_ n] kfn}kfnf] u/L d]o/ lht]sf lyP . To;}n] e/tk'/ Pl/of cyf{t\ vfN8f]b]lv dflysf afl;Gbfx? ;w}e F l/ vfN8f]nfO{ lhtfpg'xG' g eGy] t/ klg pgLx? g} lhTy] . o;sf] sf/0fdf dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] ahf/sfx?;Fu r'gfjL /0fgLlt, efjgfTds Pstf / t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fwgsf] afx'Notf lyof] . slxn]sfxLF t vfN8f] / 8fF8f]sf] aLrdf clk|o 36gfx? ePsf] klg d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . o:tf] 36gf vf; u/]/ km'6an v]ndf x'GYof] . dfly 8fF8fsfx? ;w}F s] s'/fn] ql;t b]lvGy] eg] vfN8f]n] xfdLdfly em]n u/]/ v]n lhTg] k|of; u5{ . o;}n] kl/cfP zf/Ll/s?kdf klg le8\g'k5{ eGb} k"0f{ tof/Lsf ;fy ;Ël7t eP/ v]n d}bfgdf hfGy] dflysfx? . tnsf klg s] sd, xfd|f] If]qdf cfP/ dflysfnfO{ lsg lhTg lbg] < ;s] v]n]/ lhTg], g;s] nv]6\g] . of] dfgl;stf pgLx?;Fu klg lyof] . t/ v';Lsf] s'/f, xfn cfP/ of] efjgf b'jy} l/df la:tf/} d]l6Fb} uPsf] / gf/fo0fu9 ahf/ klg lxhf]sf] h:tf] Pp6f ;Lldt ;d'bfosf] lgoGq0fdf 5}g . ;fy} o:tf ;fF3/' f ;f]rx? klg ;a}sf lbdfuaf6 x/fpFb} uPsf 5g\ .

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ldq /]UdL ;/, clejfbg lrtjgaf6 kms]{nuQ} n]V5' eGg] nfu]sf] lyof], t/ dfG5] g xf] ;f]r]sf] h:tf] k'¥ofpg ;Sbf] /x]g5, d}n] klg ;lsg . 3/ 5f8L lxl8lbP kl5 ;fdfGo s'/fx?nfO{ h];'s} xf];\ eGg] x'“bf] /x]5, t/ cfˆg} cufl8 ePkl5 t lemgfdl;gf s'/fn] klg cNdNofp“bf /x]5g\ . l9n} ePklg arg /fVgsf] nflu n]Vb} 5' . tkfO{+sf] cg'kl:yltdf klg tkfO{+n] ;Dks{ u/fO5f8\g' ePsf] ldqn] xfdLnfO{ k'¥ofpg'ePsf] cd"No ;xof]usf] nflu w]/} wGojfb . w]/} lbg klxn]b]lv tkfO{Fsf] dg /fVg klg x'g], s]xL gof“ s'/f b]Vg klg kfOg] cfzfn] 3'Dg cfpg] rfxgf /fv]sf] lyP“ lrtjglt/ . sf7df8f}F hfg] cfpg] s|ddf lrtjgsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ a;af6 ofqf ubf{ emNofsem'n's b]lvPsf ;'Gb/tfsf b[Zox? / kl/jt{gsf t/ª\ux?n] dnfO{ ;fFlRrs} cfsif{0f klg u/]sf lyP . leq} k;]/ o;sf] cfGtl/s cj:yf cWoog ug]{ / o;sf] ;f}Gbo{kfg ug]{ /x/ klg lyof] dgdf . s]xL jif{ otf sf7df8f}Ftkm{sf] ofqf ug]{ df}sf klg k/]sf] lyPg . nfUYof] ;fdfGo hLjg;/x g} o;n] klg cfkm"nfO{ ?kfGtl/t ub}{ xf]nf . w]/} lbgb]lvsf] OR5f o;k6s rfxL“ k"/f u/“] . k"/f u/]F t s] eg"“, t[i0ff yk]“ / kms]{+ . o;k6s t :s'nsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d]t lnO{ 3'Dg cfpg] of]hgf agfP kl5 dg p2]lnt x'g] uYof]{ – of}jgf]Gd'v lrtjgn] d h:tf cglulGt ofqLx?nfO{ df]xgL nufPsf] xf]nf– 9sdSs

ljr/0f ul/;s]kl5, ef]u ul/;s]kl5 ;Gt'i6 d'b|fdf ed/fx? ;xh} kms{G5g\ xf]nf . ToxfF k'u]kl5 t nfUof] nf]EofPsf] dfq xf]Og /x]5, Psk6s k|j]zåf/af6 lelqPsf] ed/fn] alxu{dgaf/] ;f]Rg} la;{+bf] /x]5 . alxu{dg dfu{ km]nf kfg{ g} sl7g kbf]{ /x]5 . of] t cem of}jgfj:yfd} k|f}9tfn] klg ;lHht eO;s]5, c¿x?nfO{ af6f] b]vfpg ;Sg] eO;s]5, af]lnn] eGbf :y"n pbfx/0fnfO{ g} af]Ng nufpg]] eO;s]5 . awfO 5 /]UdLhL, tkfO{+sf] lrtjgsf] nflu . @)() kmfNu'0f & ut]sf] lbg xfdL lrtjg k|a]z u/L a;kfs{ dfq s] k'u]sf lyof}F, xfdLnfO{ lngsf] nflu Ps JolQm kvL{ a:g'ePsf] kfof}+ . pxf“n] xl/of] /ª\sf] sk8f nufpg' ePsf] lyof] t/ Tof] sk8fdf lemlNemn aNg] cIf/x? b]lvGy] / xfdLn] ;lhn} k9\g ;Sof}F ko{6g o'lg6 lrtjg tkfO{+sf] :jfut ub{5 . To;}u/L pQm ;ª\s]t cª\u|]hLdf klg b]lv“bf] /x]5 . n]lvPsf] lyof] – Tourism Unit Chitwan Welcomes You. of] b]v]kl5 xfdLnfO{ stf hfg] s] ug]{ eGg] s'g} ;d:of g} /x]g . pxf“n] xfd|f] rfns;“u s] s'/f ug'{ eof], xfdLnfO{ pxf“n] xfd|f] jf;:yfgdf nfg'eof] . ha xfdL Pp6f 7"nf] xnleq k|j]z u¥of}F, Toxf“ t leQfel/sf] l:qmgdf lrtjgsf cfsif{s :yfgx?sf laDax?, j[Qlrqx? k|;f/0f eO/x]sf lyP . xfd|f] cl3 Ps JolQm cfpg'eof] / xfdLnfO{ ToxL leQfdf lrtjgsf ljz]if :yfgx? b]vfp“b} ltgsf ljz]iftfx?af/] JofVof ub}{ xfd|f] lh1f;fnfO{ emg} a9fO lbg'eof] . d]/f ljBfyL{x? d'vfd'v u/], d cfkm}F klg sNkgf g} 303

gu/]sf] pxf“sf] k|:t'ltn] cfZro{df k/]F . ljBfyL{x?sf cf“vfx?n] dnfO{ lgs} k|Zgx? ;f]Wb} lyP t/ d;Fu klg t pgLx?sf k|Zgsf pQ/x? lyPgg\ . nfdf] ofqfn] ylst eP klg d]/f ljBfyL{x? /flt ca]nf;Dd lgbfpg ;s]gg\ . ef]ln s]–s] b]Vg kfOG5 eGg] 5nkmnd} nfdf] ;do latfP . @)() kmfNu'0f * ut] gf} ah]b]lv xfd|f] lrtjg bz{gsf] cf}krfl/s sfo{qmd lyof] . d]/f ljBfyL{x? *M#) ah] leq} gf:tf vfP/ tof/ eO;s]sf lyP . af“sL /x]sf] ;do klg pgLx?nfO{ xns} j[Qlrq x]g{ dg nfu]5, ToxLF /dfO/x]sf lyP . gf} aHg % ldg]6 dfq s] af“sL lyof], xfd|f] ofqfsf] nflu ljB'tLo a; cfOk'Uof] . laxfgsf] gf} ah] g} xfd|f] a; 5'6\Øf] . xfd|f] of]hgfcg';f/ xfdL ;a}eGbf klxn] l;/fOr'nL afnafl6sf x]g{ uof}F . xfd|f] a;n] Toxf“ k'Ug dfq @) ldg]6 hlt nufof] . a; /f]lsgf;fy d]/f ljBfyL{x? cf]n{g nfu]sf lyP t/ a;sf] 9f]sf g} v'n]g a? Pp6f dfOsdf ;Gb]z k|zf/0f eof] . Toxf“ s]–s] b]Vg kfOg] 5, s] ug{ x'g], s] ug{ gx'g], xfdL slt ;do Toxf“ 8'Ng] 5f}F cflb hfgsf/L ;lsgf;fy a;sf] 9f]sf v'Nof] . xfdL t'?Gt} Pp6f ;'Gb/ au}Frfdf k|j]z u¥of}+} . d]/f ljBfyL{x? sf]xL lkª v]Ng lrKn]6L v]Ng, kf]v/Ldf df5f x]g{, sf]xL cflb dfgjsf d"lt{x? / 8fOgf;f]/sf d"lt{x? x]g{ Jo:t eP . sf]xL eg] xfd|f ;lxbx?sf, snfsf/x?sf, n]vsx?sf, sljx?sf t:jL/ x]g{, pgLx?af/] lbOPsf ;"rgfx? x]g{ / l6Kg Jo:t lyP . d}n] eGbf cl3 g} d]/f ljBfyL{x?n] To; :yfgdf /x]sf dgf]/d, tyf 1fgd"ns j:t', ;"rgfx? Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s 36gfx?af/] snfTds 9f“rfdf ;hfOPsf x/]s j:t'df Psfu| eO/x]sf lyP . o;n] dnfO{ cToGt xlif{t agfof] . s]xL k/af6 ;ª\uLtsf] emª\sf/ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . d}n] Ps ;xfosnfO{ ;f]w]kl5 yfxf kfP“ Toxf“ afnaflnsfx? jgef]hsf] lglDt cfO;s]sf /x]5g\ . d Tof] gx]/L kms{g ;lsg . Toxf“ k'u] kl5 yfxf eof], Toxf“ slDtdf !% ;d"x cf–cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf jgef]hsf] tof/L ub}{ / 304

/dfp“b} lyP . s]xL k/ csf]{ klg sfo{s|d /x]5 . ljBfyL{x?s} pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx? kf}8L v]Ng] kf]v/Lsf] jl/kl/ em'lDdPsf b]v]“ . s] logLx? olt laxfg}sf] hf8f]df klg kf}8L v]N5g\ < d}n] cfkm}FnfO{ ;f]w]F . lh1f;fdf Ps sd{rf/Ln] eg] – ;/ of] kfgL t tftf] 5 lg . d t tfh'j ePF olt w]/} kfgLnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg u/]sf] xf]nf < xfdLn] x]g'{ kg]{ w]/} s'/fx? x]g{ gEofP klg xfdL tf]lsPsf] ;dodf csf]{ b[Zosf] nflu k|:yfg u¥of}F . xfd|f] a; pQ/tkm{ x'O“lsof] . nueu @% ldg]6sf] ofqf kl5 xfdL a;af6 cf]Nof}{+ . xfd|f] glhs} s]jnsf/sf] :6]zg /x]5 . xfd|f] nflu l6s6sf] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] /x]5 . xfdL ;d"xdf ljeflht eO{ s]jnsf/df dgf]/d ufp“, j:tL, :s"nx?, jghª\nx?nfO{ 5f8\b} psfnf] nfUof}+ . nfUYof] x/]s j:t' cf–cfkm\g} w'gdf Jo:t 5 . nueu $% ldg]6sf] ofqfkl5 xfd|f] uGtAo cfOk'u]5 . 3/x? aflSn“b} cfP . ;fgf ;fgf t/ cfsif{s s6]hx?, x/]s s6]hnfO{ cfsif{s au}“rfn] 3]l/Psf] h:tf] b]lvg] /d0fLo If]q x]bf{ x]b}{ t xfdL emg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf] /x]5 . ;a}hgf hDdf eO;s]kl5 xfd|f] k|bz{sn] To; :yfg af/] la:t[t hfgsf/L lbP . of] pkbf{ª\u9L xf] . of] lrtjgsf] ;b/d'sfd lyof] . wflbª, g'jfsf]6, /;'jf, uf]/vf;Ddsf dflg;x? of] af6f] eP/ ef/tsf] 7f]/L;Dd hfg] cfpg] ub{y] === . cflb cflb . k'glg{df{0f ul/Psf] pkbf{ªu9L b/af/ b]vfp“b} pgn] eg] of] ev{/} k'glg{df{0f ul/Psf] xf] . oxf“ rf/ cf]6f 7"nf tyf ;fgf, dem\of}nf u/L #% cf]6f hlt xf]6nx? ;~rfngdf 5g\ . To;afx]s * cf]6f t r]kfª ;d'bfon] ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . Toxf“ r]kfªsf kl/jf/df a;]/ pgLx?;“u} pgLx?s} vfgf / /xg;xgsf] cfgGb lng kfOG5 . of] :yfgdf cfpg] afXo ko{6sx?sf] jflif{s cf};t cfudg #,))) hlt 5 . Ps ko{6s cf};tdf b'O{ lbg a:g] u/]sf 5g\ . xfn;Ddsf] tYofª\s cg';f/ ljZjdf %% b]zsf ko{6sx? oxf“ af; al;;s]sf 5g\ . cfGtl/s ko{6sx?, ljBfyL{x?sf] cfudg klg plQs}

afSnf] x'g] ubf]{ /x]5 . of] 5f]6f] hfgsf/L kl5 xfdL vfgf vfg] xf]6ndf uof}+ . vfgf tyf kfgLsf] z'4tfaf/] dnfO{ zª\sf nfUof] . Ps sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]w]F . hjfkmn] dnfO{ g} nfhdbf]{ agfof]–tkfO{+ 9'Ss x'gf];\ . pm Toxf“ x]gf]{;\ t . dnfO{ lgs} prfO{df 7l8Psf] kfgLsf] 6\ofª\sL b]vfp“b} eGg'eof] – Tof] kfgL pm csf]{ KnfG6df 5flgg] / k|zf]wg ul/G5 . vfg] kfgL / cGo kfgL Pp6} xf] . cGoyf oltsf ko{6sx?n] s;/L xfdLdfly ljZjf; unf{g\ / < vfgf vfOcf]/L xfd|f] 3'd3fd k'gM ;'¿ eof] . au}“rf / kfs{x?df ljleGg b]zsf ko{6sx? /dfO/x]sf b]lvGy] . sf]xL ;efsIfdf j[Qlrqx? x]b}{ u/]sf lyP eg] sf]xL jl/kl/sf] b[Zofjnf]sgdf Jo:t b]lvGy] . xfdL h:t} 3/]n' ko{6sx? klg k|z:t} cfp“bf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f xfd|f] emfkfaf6, d':tfª\af6 / g'jfsf]6af6 cfPsf g]kfnL ldqx? / ef/tsf] l;lnu'8L, k~hfa, d;'/L / s]/nfaf6 cfPsf dflg;x?;“usf] e]6n] g} k|dfl0ft u¥of] . w]/}h;f] ljb]zLx? Tof] :yfgdf Ps b'O{ /ft af;} a:g] u/L cfpg] ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] yfxf eof] . Ps ef/tLon] eg] cg';f/ r]kfªx?sf] ;+:s[lt emNsg] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd, g[To k|bz{g ePsf] /x]5 cl3Nnf] /flt . pgLx?nfO{ oL cflbjf;Ln] b]vfPsf] sfo{qmd c;fWo /dfOnf] nfUof] /] . o;sf] ;fy} oxf“ kfs{sf] klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /x]5 . x/]s gof“ OR5's ko{6s ;f“emsf] kf“r ah] kfgLsf] ljB'tLo kmf]x/f;“u} ;fª\uLlts cfsif{0f lbg] kfs{df e]nf eO{ cfˆgf] kl/ro, cfˆgf] b]zsf] kl/ro, cfˆgf] cg'ej afF8\bf /x]5g\ . pgLx?sf] cg'ejdf of] g]kfnLn] rnfPsf] g]kfnLkg xf] /] . g]kfnLx?n] ‘cltly b]jf] ejM’ nfO{ /fd|/L kfngf u/]sf] kfPF . pgn] eg] . u9Lsf] 5]pdf Pp6f k"0f{ cfjf;Lo ljBfno klg rnfOPsf] /x]5 . of] ljBfno ljz]if u/L ToxL If]qsf lk5l8Psf hflt hghfltsf afnaRrfsf] nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf

vf]lnPsf] /x]5 . ljBfnosf] :t/ cToGt /fd|f] /x]sf] / ;/sf/L nufgLdf rn]sf ljBfno;“u of] ljBfnosf] :t/Lo lzIff lbg] sfo{qmddf :j:Yo k|ltikwf{ x'g] u/]sf] /x]5 . ljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ rfxg] ko{6sn] cfkm"v'zL ;xof]u klg ubf{ /x]5g\ . sf]xL ko{6sx? t ljBfnodf s]xL lbg :jo+;]jssf] ?kdf cWofkg ug{ klg rfxFbf /x]5g\ / :jLs[lt lnP/ a:bf klg /x]5g\ . nueu b'O{ 306fsf] 3'dlkm/ kl5 xfd|f] sfo{s|d /fOgf] h" -/fOgf] lrl8of3/_ x]g]{ lyof] . To;}n] xfdL l56l56f] s]jnsf/ :6]zg tkm{ nfUof}+ . olta]nf lbgsf] b'O{ alh;s]sf] lyof] . xfdL hlt;'s} xtf/df /x] klg s]ansf/sf] ult jf a;sf] ult cfˆg} lyof], Tof] xfd|f] OR5fn] 36a9 x'g] lyPg . /fOgf] h' k'Ubf tLg alh;s]sf] lyof] t/ ef]lnkN6 klg xfdLn] ;do lbg g;Sg] x'gfn] hlt ;lsG5 TolQ g} x]g]{ p2]Zon] xfdLn] sfo{s|dnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof}F . /fOgf] lrl8of3/n] cf]u6]sf] If]q olt ljzfn /x]5 ls xfdLn] s]xL u}F8f, af3, efn', lrQnx?, s]xL r/fx? / ;k{sf] cltl/Qm s]xL r/fx?dfq x]g{ Eofof}+ . cGo :yfgsf] eGbf of] lrl8of3/ cToGt km/s /x]5 . oxf“ hgfj/x?nfO{ cGoq h:tf] ;fgf] sf]7fdf y'g]/ ck|fs[lts tl/sfn] /flvPsf] geP/ cToGt km/flsnf] If]qdf nueu k|fs[lts jf;:yfg h:t} agfOPsf] /x]5 dfgf}F xfdLn] lrl8of3/ xf]Og Pp6f k|fs[lts jg g} x]b}{ 5f}+ . ljBfyL{x? ef]sn] nvt/fg k/]sf lyP t/ pgLx?nfO{ oL ;a} x]b}{ vfhf vfg] 5'6 /x]g5 . ljleGg :yfgdf tf]lsPsf] lglZrt :yfgdf a;]]/ dfq vfg kfp“bf /x]5g\\ . xfdLn] klg lgodnfO{ /fd|/L g} kfng u¥of}F . ck/fXg 5 ah] t xfdL aflxl/g' kg]{ eof], aflxl/of}F . af;:yfgdf cfO;s]kl5 s]xL ;dosf] lj>fd kZrft\ ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu ljz]if sfo{s|d rnfOFbf] /x]5 Toxf“ . ljBfyL{ jfx]s cGo dflg;x? klg cfp“bf /x]5g\ Toxf“ t/ pgLx?n] hgxL kf“r ;o ?k}ofF cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg'{ kbf]{ /x]5, ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu of] lgMz'Ns /x]5 . of] sfo{s|ddf lrtjgdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus 305

pTkfbgx?, s[lifhGo pTkfbgx?, ltgsf] nfut, las|Lsf] nflu ahf/, agfpg ;lsg] kl/sf/, ltgsf ;~rfnsx?, pgLx?sf ljrf/ tyf cg'ejx? b]vfO“bf] /x]5 . dnfO{ t tL lrtjg] df5fx?, s'v'/fx?, ufO{ kfng / b'Uwk|zf]wgzfnfx?, ltgaf6 aGg] kl/sf/x?, t/sf/Lx?, s]/f, d]jf, s'l/nf] / kxf8L If]qdf pTkfbg ul/Psf ;'Gtnf, n;'g, cd[;f], cb'jf, sfutL, Ro'/L, dx, cflb b]v]/, ltgsf pTkfbs ls;fgx? b]v]/ uj{n] 5ftL e'Ss km"Nof] . g]kfnn], cem} lrtjgn] lng vf]h]sf] pTkfbgd'vL b[li6sf]0f b]v]/ ljb]lzPsf nfvf}F g]kfnLx? lrtjg kms]{sf / s'g} g s'g} Joj;fodf nfu]sf] b]Vbf ca t xfd|f lbg klg cfP5g\ eGg] nfUof] . o;}u/L lrtjgl:yt ljBfno, dxfljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffnox?af/] klg j[Qlrqx? k|zf/0f eof] . b]zsf nueu ;a} lhNnfaf6, /fhwfgLaf6 / ljb]zaf6 ;d]t ljBfyL{x? lrtjgdf cWoog ug{ cfPsf] kfp“bf xfdLn] ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf] k|ult u/]sf] kfP“ lrtjgn] . lsg cfp“5g\ ljb]zLx? g]kfndf cWoog ug{ < eGg] d]/f] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf Ps lzIfsn] hjfkm lbg' eof]– lrtjgdf z}lIfs If]qdf x8tfn k|ltalGwt 5, x/]s sfo{s|d Sofn]G8/ cg';f/ g} rNb5g\, tkfO{+nfO{ yfx} 5 ljBfyL{sf] gfddf ljBfyL{nfO{ k9\g glbg] rng 5 c? k|fGtdf, oxf“ klg lyof] s]xL jif{;Dd, t/ clxn] s;}n] cfGbf]ng, x8tfn, tfnfaGbL cflbsf] s'/f p7fof] eg] xfd|f ljBfyL{ g]tfx?, /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx?, cleefjsx? / cfd hgtf g} To;sf] lj¿4df pqG5g\ . clg s;sf] tfut z}lIfs If]q laufg{ < pgLx? g} cl3 a9]/ k|Zg ub{5g\ – s] tkfO{+x?n] xfd|f] gf]S;fgLsf] d'cfAhf lbg'x'G5 < xfdLn] u'dfpg' kg]{ ;do lkmtf{ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 < s] tkfO{+n] lt/Llbg'x'G5 xfdLn] ug'{ kg]{ nufgL < o;}u/L ljb]zsf] t'ngfdf oxf“ z'Ns tyf 5fqfjf; z'Ns w]/} ;:tf] 5 t/ lzIff eg] pRr :t/sf] 5 . csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] ljb]zdf uO{ pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf w]/} JolQmx? kmls{;Sg' ePsf] 5 / w]/}h;f] z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] g]t[Tj pxf“x?n] 306

g} lng'ePsf] 5 . s] oL ;a} /fHosf] nufgLdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfx? x'g\ < eGg] d]/f] k|Zgdf pxf“n] eGg'eof]– xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n] klg /fd|} ub}{5g\ t/ clwsf+z lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx?n] z}lIfs If]qsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qaLr Ps k|sf/sf] ;sf/fTds k|ltikwf{ g} 5 oxf“, z}lIfs:t/ lbg] s'/fdf . h;n] /fd|f] :t/ lbg;S5, cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf afnaflnsf To;} ljBfnodf k7fp“5g\ lg . clg s] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df t lgMz'Ns 5 lg t < lgMz'Ns 5f8]/ z'Ns ltg{ k7fp“5g\ t cleefjsx?n] < eGg] d]/f] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb“b} pxf“n] eGg' eof]– lsg, xfd|f] k|fGtdf t ljBfnodf k9\g] x/]s 5fq–5fqfn], rfx] Tof] ;fd'bflos jf lghL h'g;'s} ljBfnodf k9f];\, k|fGt ;/sf/af6 ;f]em} jflif{s 5fqj[lQ kfp“5g\ . s'g} klg ljBfnodf z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ x'G5, cfˆgf gfgL afa'nfO{ h'g ljBfno /fd|f] nfU5 To;}df k7fpg' x'G5 . clg csf]{ s'/f lg, h'g ljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/ /fd|f] 5 To; ljBfnosf lzIfsn] ;'ljwf klg /fd|} kfpg' x'G5, h'g ljBfnon] cleefjsnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\, tL ljBfnosf lzIfsn] ToxL ;/sf/L tna :s]ndf lrQ a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 / ;/sf/L tna:s]ndf dfq sfd ug{kg'{ eg]sf] lzIfsx?n] Ps k|sf/sf] lxgtfaf]w ug]{ cj:yf 5 . o;n] ubf{ klg xfd|f] lhNnfdf z}lIfs:t/ p7fpg] s'/fdf Ps k|sf/sf] k|ltikwf{ g} 5 . sfo{s|dsf] cGTodf lhNnf lktfsf] dGtJosf] clen]v k|;f/0f eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]– cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx?, ofg] ls ljBfyL{x?, tkfO{+x? g} xfd|f eljio x'g'x'G5, cfh tkfO{+n] /fd|f] lzIff kfpg'eof] eg] tkfO{+n] l;Sg'x'g]5 / ef]lnsf] c;n ;dfh lgdf{0f ug'{x'g]5 . cfh tkfO{+ h:tf] l;Sg'x'G5 ef]ln tkfO{+n] of] d'n"s To:t} agfpg' x'g]5 . cfh h] b]Vg' x'g]5, h] cg'ej ug'{ x'g]5, h] ;'Gg' x'g]5, ToxL tkfO{+n] l;Sg' x'g]5 . gfgL afa'x?, tkfO{+x?;“u olt w]/} a'l4 5, 1fg 5, ljj]s 5, pT;fx 5, ;fx; 5, ltgnfO{ tkfO{+n] dfg'{ x'g]5}g, v]/ kmfNg'

x'g]5}g . tkfO{+nfO{ yfxf 5, ;do g} o:tf] wg xf], h'g u'd] kl5 tkfO{+n] k'gM k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5}g / of] tkfO{+sf] ljBfyL{sfndf tkfO{|+n] l;Sg' kg]{ s'/f l;Sg kfpg'ePg eg] To;sf] gf]S;fgL tkfO{+nfO{ t x'G5 g} Tof] eGbf a9L t xfd|f] k"/} ;dfhn] a]xf]g'{ kg]{x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f ljBfnosf] cf}krfl/s lzIffn] dfq tkfO{+ k"0f{ x'g ;Sg'x'“b}g . kf7\Øs|d aflx/sf k':tsx? hf] tkfO{+x?sf u'¿x?n] b]vfpg' x'g]5, l;kmfl/; ug'{ x'g]5, ltgLx?n] tkfO{+nfO{ w]/} l;sfpg] 5g\ . tkfO{+n] dfgjLo tyf Jofjxfl/s lzIff t oL k':tsx?n], tkfO{+sf u'¿x?sf jrg / Jojxf/af6, tkfO{+sf a'jf cfdfsf], tkfO{+sf l5d]sLsf], tkfO{+sf cfkmGtsf], tkfO{+sf ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] af]nL / Jojxf/af6 /fd|f] kfpg' x'g]5 . To;} u/L cem} dxŒjk"0f{ l;sfO t o;} u/L cjnf]sg e|d0fx?af6 k|fKt ug'{ x'g]5 . b]zsf ;DklQ eg]sf o;sf c;n gful/sx? g} x'g\ . of]Uo dflg;x?sf] b]z slxNo} sª\ufn x'“b}g, dflg;nfO{ of]Uo agfpg] lzIffn] xf], To;}n] xfd|f] klxnf] p2]Zo ljBfnox? s;/L /fd|f agfpg], xfd|f ljBfyL{nfO{ /fd|f] bIftf xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0f s;/L ldnfpg], log} xfd|f k|fyldstfsf ljifo x'g\ . xfdLn] ;s];Dd, hfg];Dd ug]{ k|oTg ub}{5f}+, xfdL ofqfd} 5f}+, o; If]qnfO{ cem} /fd|f] agfpg s]xL yk pkfo b]Vg'x'G5 eg] s[kof xfdLnfO{ klg afF8\g' xf]nf . of] lgdf{0f tkfO{+ xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf] xf], g]kfnLsf] nflu xf] . tkfO{+x?k|lt k"0f{ cfzfjfbL 5' . gd:sf/ ¤ pxf“sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 t nfUof] v} l;4fGt / /fhgLltn] dfq} t s]xL ubf]{ /x]g5, /fhgLlt t b]z}el/ pxL t xf] lg, OR5f zlQm / cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ePkl5 t w]/} s'/fx? ug{ ;lsFbf] /x]5 eGg] nfUof] . /]UdLhL, tkfO{+n] kTofpg' x'Gg xf]nf cfh d}n] oL klª\Qmx? n]lv/x“bf klg d]/f cf“vfsf sf]zx? /;fO/x]sf 5g\ . d}n] 3/ kmls{;s]kl5 d]/f ljBfyL{nfO{ b]zelQm s] xf] < of] s;/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ eGg'knf{ h:tf] nfu]g . pgLx? cfkm}Fn] o;sf] JofVof ug{ ;Sg]5g\ / cfˆgf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg] nfUof] / nfu]sf] 5 .

Tof] lbgsf] sfo{s|d ;sL la:tf/fdf kN6]kl5 w]/} a]/;Dd lgb|f nfu]g . Pp6f /fhgLlts If]qsf] dfG5]df of] b[li6 d}n] Tof] lbg dfq kfP“ . dgdf v]ln/Xof]– p:t} dfG5]x? lsg s;}n] olt km/flsnf] b[li6 /fVb5g\ s;}sf] b[li6 lsg k5f}6], :jfyL{ ePsf] xf]nf < @)() kmfNu'0f ( ut]sf] lbg xfdLn] o; lhNnfl:yt ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] e|d0f ug]{ of]hgf cg';f/ laxfg & ah] g} ;f}/fxf k'Uof}F . xfdL Toxf“ k'Ubf ljleGg d'n'ssf ;of}+ ko{6sx? a|]skmf:6sf] tof/Ldf nfu]sf e]6\of}+ . ;fgf s6]h b]lvg] w]/} xf]6]nx?df ;of}+ ko{6sx?n] cfgGb ln+bf /x]5g\ . 7"nf ejgx?df klg xf]6]nx? /x]5g\ . Toxf“ xfd|f ;xfosn] lbPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ x/]s lbg nfvf}+sf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] /x]5 ;f}/fxf . xfQL r9]/ u}F8f / cGo hgfj/sf ;fy} r/fr'?ª\uLsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ dfq geP/ ko{6sx? w]/} k|sf/sf ljz]iftfx?åf/f cfslif{t ePsf /x]5g\ Toxf“ . ljBfyL{x?sf] e|d0f 6f]nL k'u]sf] yfxf kfpgf;fy Toxf“ klg xfdLn] /fd|f] :jfut kfof}F . ;a}eGbf klxn] xfd|f] nflu Pp6f hfgsf/Ld"ns sIff lng Ps JolQm cfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;f}/fxfsf] ljz]iftfx?sf] j0f{g ub}{ o;n] cfly{s If]qdf /fHonfO{ lbg;s]sf] of]ubfg / g]kfnLx?n] ko{6sx?af6 kfPsf] lzIffsf af/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . of] If]qsf] aLr efudf g]kfn emNsfpg] lrq, d"lt{x?, lznfx?, xfd|f P]ltxfl;s ul/dfx? k|z:t dfqfdf x]g{, b]Vg / cWoog ug{ kfOg] /x]5 . s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf] Ps zfvfsf] ?kdf oxf“ Ps sfof{no klg /x]5 . o;n] jg If]qsf x/]s dxŒjk"0f{ j:t'x?sf] j[Qlrq k|;f/0f ubf]{ /x]5 . jg If]qdf hl8a'6Lb]lv ljleGg hgfj/ / r/fr'?ª\uLaf/] cWoog ug{ cfpg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ljBfyL{x?sf nflu ;|ft] s]Gb| ;lxtsf] sIff ;~rfng klg u/]sf] /x]5 . / e|d0fdf cfpg] 5fq5fqfsf] nflu ljz]if sfo{s|dx? rnfp“bf] /x]5 . xfd|f 5fq5fqfx? tL sIffx?af6 klg nfeflGjt eP . 307

sfo{s|dsf] csf]{ efu xfd|f] vfglkg kl5 ;'¿ eof] . xfdL o;kl5 ;f}/fxfb]lv s;/f;Ddsf] hnofqfdf uof}+ . /fKtL vf]nfsf] lsgf/} lsgf/ agfOPsf] km/flsnf] gx/ h:tf] !% lsnf]ld6/ nDafO / #) ld6/ rf}8fOsf] kf]v/Ldf ljB'tLo df]6/ af]6df a;]/ xfd|f] ofqf ;'¿ eof] . bfof“afof“ alnof] vfnsf] tf/sf] hfnL klg nufOPsf] b]v]/ d clns cfZro{df k/]sf] lyP“ t/ xfd|f kyk|bz{sn] o;sf] cfjZostf af/] eGg'eof]–of] /fli6«o lgs'~htkm{af6 cfO{ cfs|d0f ug{;Sg] hgfj/af6 ;'/Iffsf] lglDt xf] . otL nfdf] dfgj lgld{t tfnsf] bfof“afof“ nufOPsf cfsif{s ?v lj¿jfx?, km"nx?, s]xL ;o ld6/sf] b'/Ldf rnfOPsf s6]h /]i6'/]06x? b]Vbf emg} /dfOnf] nfUof] . s;/fdf nueu cfwf 306fdfq /f]lsP/ kmls{Psf] x'gfn] xfdL @ ah]leq} ;f}/fxf cfOk'u]sf lyof}+ . 5fq5fqfx?n] s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\u|xfnodf k|;fl/t j[Qlrq / rnlrqx? x]g]{ OR5f u/]sfn] Ps lzIfssf] ;fy pgLx?nfO{ 5f8L d eg] Pshgf ;fyL lnP/ glhssf] Pp6f ljBfno x]g]{ p2]Zon] 5'l§P“ . ljBfno k'u]kl5 yfxf kfP“ d]/f] sn]h k9\bfsf] c;fWo} ldNg] ;fyL – s'd/fh ;'j]bL To;} ljBfnodf lzIfs x'g'x'“bf] /x]5 . dg c;fWo /dfof] . pxf“ sIffdf x'g'ePsf] s'/f k|wfgfWofkaf6 yfxf kfP kl5, Pp6f lr6 n]vL lkog x:t] pxf“nfO{ k7fP“ . k|To'Q/df pxf“n] n]vL k7fpg' eof] – ldq v'zL nfUof] . t/ d $=#) kl5 dfq tkfO{+;“u s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5', k|ltIff ug'{ xf]nf . of] kfp“bf dnfO{ cToGt lg/fzf nfUof] oBlk d pxf“ x'g'x'G5 eGg] hfg]/ of] ljBfno cfPsf] lyOg, cs:dft e]6 x'g] ;+of]u ldn]sf] a]nf klg e]6\g grfx]sf] b]v]/ dg lvGg eof] . d}n] of] s'/f k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ;'gfP“ . pxf“n] klg eGg'eof] – ;/, tkfO+{x? klg lzIfs g} x'g'x'“bf] /x]5, tkfO{+x?nfO{ yfx} 5, $=!% ah] pxf“x?sf] sIff ;lsG5, !% ldg]6 xfd|f] b}lgs ldl6ª x'g] x'“bf tkfO{+;“u af]Ng] ;do pxf“n] dfq} xf]Og 308

s'g} klg lzIfsn] kfpg' x'“b}g . k|wfgfWofkssf] s'/f ;'g]/ d t emg} cfZro{df k/]“ . vfnL lkl/o8 eof] ls :jtGqtfk"j{s /fhgLlts jf cGo ukm u/]/ jf, cfkm"nfO{ dgnfu]sf] :yfglt/ 8'Ng hfg], jf cfˆgf] lghL sfddf /dfpg], %÷!) ldg]6 l9nf] sIff k|j]z jf l56\6} sIff 5f8\g] s'/fnfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf lng cEo:t dnfO{ of] cgf}7f] g} nfUof] . t/ emnSs lxhf] dfq} Ps lzIfsn] eg]sf] s'/f ;Dem]F . P, o;/L kf] k|lt:kwf{df nfu]sf /x]5g\ t oxf“sf ;fyLx? ¤ k|wfgfWofksn] dnfO{ lzIfsx?sf] sIfdf nfg' eof] . Toxf“ a;L pQ/k'l:tsf hf“Rb} u/]sf, csf]{ sIffsf] nflu tof/L ub}{ u/]sf / ;d:ofd"ns ljBfyL{af/]

Pscfk;df cg'ej z]o/ ub}{ ;'wf/sf] lgldQ 5nkmn ub}{ u/]sf lzIfsx?aLr xfd|f] kl/ro lbg' eof] . clejfbg cfbfg–k|bfg kl5 pxf“x? xfdL;“u yk s'g} s'/f g} gu/L cf–cfˆg} sfddf nfu]sf] b]v]kl5 k'gM Psk6s d cfZro{ ePF . k|wfgfWofksn] xfdLnfO{ ljBfnosf ljleGg kIfx?af/] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ub}{ cfkm" klg Jo:t /xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] xfdLnfO{ SoflG6gdf k|ltIff ug{ cg'/f]w ub}{ labf dfUg' eof] . ha s'd/fhhL kms{g' eof] d}n] ;a} s'/f yfxf kfP“ lsg pxf“x? o;/L v6\g'x'“bf] /x]5 . pxf“n] eGg'eof]– xfdLdfly olt 7"nf] r'gf}tL 5, lghL If]qsf ljBfnox?sf] k|lt:kwf{df gpqg] xf] eg] xfd|f] hflu/sf], xfd|f] k|lti7fsf] ljifo 5 . /]UdL ;/, xfdL jf:tjdf b'O{ lbgsf] nflu dfq lrtjg cfPsf lyof}F t/ oxf“sf] cfsif{0fn] xfdLnfO{ ha/h:tL rf/ lbg e'nfof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf xfdL b]j3f6, aL;xhf/L tfn If]q dfq Tof] klg cToGt xtf/df 3'Dg ;Sof}F . oxf“sf ;of}F s'l6/ cf}Bf]lus ;+:yf, s[lif If]q x]g{, / d Pp6f lzIfs ePsf]n] oxf“sf s]xL cu'jf ljBfnox? klg x]g]{ dg lyof] Tof] klg EofPgf}F . ljB'tLo 7"nf] a;df a;]/ lrtjgsf] ljzfn gu/ If]qnfO{ kmgSs} km]/f] dfg]{ l/ª/f]8sf] ofqf ug]{ dg lyof], 8f“8f sflnsf x'“b} b]j3f6 If]qnfO{ 3]/]sf]

dfu{df ofqf ug]{, s'g} klg lsl;dsf uf8Lx?nfO{ k|j]z lgif]w ul/Psf] /d0fLo zfGt ;'/Do b]j3f6sf] uGtJo klg dgd} ;Lldt eof] . ljBfyL{ lnO} cfPsf]n] klg o;k6s l56\6} kms{g'k¥of] . d]/f] rf/ lbg] lrtjg a;fOn] dfq t[i0ff hufPsf] 5 . d l56\6} s]xL la:t[t cWoogsf] lglDt k'gM cfpg]5' . hxf“, h'g :yfgdf uPklg ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lbOPsf] k|fyldstf / lhNnf lktfsf] – xfd|f ljBfyL{nfO{ /fd|f] bIftf xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0f s;/L ldnfpg] eGg] ljrf/sf aLrsf] tfbfTDotf ldn]sf]] b]Vbf cToGt v'zL nfUof] . of] lrtjgsf] rf/ lbg] 3'dfOn] dnfO{ lbPsf] lzIff – cfd g]kfnLx?n], ljz]iftM g]tfx?n] ;kgf b]Vg;s], OdfGbf/ eOlbP c;Dej s]xL /x]g5 . d]/f] of] kqsf] cGTo ubf{ub}{ d lrtjgsf dxŒjfsfª\IfL tyf :jKgb|i6f g]tfx?, d]xgtL lrtjgjf;Lx?nfO{ ;nfd ub{5' . lrtjgsf] Pp6f efUodfgL gful/s x'g] ;f}efUo kfpg' ePsf]df tkfO{+nfO{ awfO eGg rfxG5' . tkfO{+sf] pxL, dxfb]j e§, s~rgk'/

uhn  k'ik clwsf/L ‘c~hln’ p;n] of}6f cgf}7f] 8/ b]vfP/ uof] uGtJo lagfsf] ;km/ b]vfP/ uof] d]/} b[li6 cf]R5\ofP/ s;}n] o;/L b"/ a:tLdf cfˆgf] 3/ b]vfP/ uof] k"mnn] d;Fu d]/f] w/ftn ;f]lw/xFbf cfkmGtn] phf8 au/ b]vfP/ uof] ha d ltd|f] cg'xf/ kl9/x]sf] lyPF cfFvfn] of}6f pHofnf] /x/ b]vfP/ uof] lrxfgdf pleP/ p;n] kl/ro ;f]Wof] ‘k'ik’n] cfˆg} cefuL vKk/ b]vfP/ uof]

309

ofqf M slj8fF8fb]lv slj8fF8f;Dd  wg/fh lu/L lrtjg, xfdL lrtjgjf;Lsf] Kof/f] kljq tLy{, b]zs} d'6', cfh cfoflds ?kd}+ ;d[4 aGb}5 . &^ cf}+ lhNnf o;sf] w]/} k'/fgf] kl/ro xf] . ca xfdL ænf]snÆ xf]Ogf}+, æUnf]snÆ eO;Sof}+ . b'O{–b'O{ jif{df x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;jn] o;sf] ul/dfnfO{ phfu/ ul//x]5 . ælrtjg dxf]T;j @)^(Æ sf nflu cfh d lrtjgs} ;flxlTos ;'uGw emlNsg] Pp6f ælgofqf ;+:d/0fÆ n]Vb} 5' . of] lgofqf ;+:d/0f cln leGg} k|s[ltsf] x'g]5 . lgdf{]xL Jof; / uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ h:tf b'O{ lgi0fft\ dgLifLx?sf] Gofgf] :g]xn] l;+rg gu/]sf] eP d of] ljwfdf xft xfNg] lyOg . of] lgofqfsf ;"qwf/ x'g'x'G5 lbnbf/ bfh' Pn=aL= If]qL . @)^( ;fn efb| !( ut] Pn=aL= bfh' cfˆg} z}nLdf dnfO{ :g]xdo lgdGq0ff lbFb} eGg'x'G5, æ5f]6], rn sf7df08', e"lkg ;fob hf gxL kfo]uf . dhf cfo]uf . af6f]df s]xL z}tfgx?sf] s'/f sf6f}+nf . 6fOd kf; x'G5 .Æ dl;t, Toltv]/ s]xL ;+lrt lyof] eg] k'mz{b g} lyof] . km]l/ xfdL If]qL / ;Gof;Lsf aLrdf -k|]dk"j{s xfdL Ps csf{nfO{ 5f]6] / a8] eGb5f}+_ o:tf] c3f]lift ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 ls Pp6fn] k|:tfj /fv]kl5 csf{]n] æNoÆ eGg] rfG; g} 5}g . cyf{t\ xfdL b'j}n] cf–cfˆgf] zAbsf]zaf6 ‘g’ nfO{ qm\ofrcfp6 u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] ofqf ;'¿ eof] efb| @) ut] 7Ls ^M#) ah] . ldq /dfsfGt ;fksf]6fsf] eb|lgjf;df afOs Joj:yfkg u/]/ r9]+ d bfh'sf] sf/df rfns lyP ;flxnf . ;f/} bIf rfns . b]z xfFSg lbP ;dod} agfpFy] ls ;+ljwfg . af6f] sf6\g' 5 . df}g a:g] s'/f cfPg . lxGbL / g]kfnL uLt uhn ufpg] jftfj/0f cln ag]g . Hof, sxfF c?sf] s'/f sf6\g], afgL k/]sf] eP kf] ¤ xfdL æ/fd±nvgÆ t cfˆg} 310

lhGbuLsf kfgfx? kN6fpg yfn]5f}+ . bfh'n] @)$$ ;fn otfsf dfq xf]Og, cfˆgf] afNosfnb]lvs} syfJoyf ;'gfpg'eof] . "Rome was not built in a day" x/]s hLjgl;t hf]l8Psf] x'G5 of] :j0fL{d jfSo . Pshgf ldqn] dnfO{ Pslbg cfˆgf] ;+3if{sf] syf ;'gfpFb} eg], ælu/L ;/, d}n] hLjgdf w]/} b'Mv kfPsf] 5' . syf ;f/} dfld{s 5 .Æ k|lt pQ/df eg]+, ældq, x/]s dfG5]sf] hLjgnfO{ ;u/dfyf 7fGg] xf] eg] k|To]s ;u/dfyfl;t Pp6f gfDr]ahf/ x'G5 . ;fob ToxL g} uf}/j xf] . o;nfO{ xLgtfjf]wsf ?kdf lng kb{}g .Æ Pn=aL= bfh'sf] ;+3if{ klg dggLo nfUof] . Tof] sfnv08df dfWolds ljBfnodf /fd|f]l;t cª\u|]hL k9fpg] u'¿ kfOGYof] . æk"0f{axfb'/ a:g]tÆ k"jL{ lrtjgdf lx/f], klZrddf sf] sf] lyP, yfxf ePg . emg\ SofDk;df ultnf] c+u]|hL u'¿ kfpg'eg]sf] t lr¶f k/]h:t} . æclgsfndf lap Psyfg Pn=aL= sf] lhpÆ . htfklg ljBfyL{x? "We want L.B." k|df0fsf ?kdf /fdhL cof{n, /fddl0f tf}nf, lbn/fh kf7s, pbo clwsf/Lx? 5g\ . jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;df d"n ljifo c+u]|hLsf] ljhf/f]k0f, :gfts txdf Pn=aL= bfh's} kxndf ePsf] /x]5 . pxfFn] ;"o{dl0f clwsf/L, lr/~hLjL >]i7, /fdz/0f kf7sx?l;t hf]l8Psf] syf ;'gfpg'eof] . ?= !&.%) k|lt lkl/o8 k9fpg s}nfzgu/af6 /Tggu/;Dd wfpg' rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg . "L.B. Style" cln leGg} . bfh'sf] hLjgsyfn] dnfO{ /f]dfl~rt agfof] . dLgf efph"sf] Tofu / tk:of klg :t"To . efph"sf] k|]/0ff gkfPsf] eP "M.A" cª\u|]hL b'n{e x'g] ;Defjgf /x]5 . efph"nfO{ dgdg} ;nfd u/]+ . ca kfnf] cfof] d]/f] . d}n] klg cfˆgf] hLjgsyf 5f]6s/Ldf atfPF .

w]/}k6s n]lv;s]+ af]ln;s]+, cfˆgf] af/]df . pkGof; æcgGt kfOnfÆ df klg w]/} af]n]sf] 5' . bfh' eGg'x'G5, æ5f]6], ltd|f] d]df]/L kfj/nfO{ dfGg'k5{ . ltdLn] cfˆgf] k|ltefnfO{ g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t h:t} agfof}+ . ltdL oxfF a:g x'g] dfG5] xf]Ogf}+ .Æ k|ltefsf] ;'Joj:yfkg gePem}+ nfUof] . xf], ltdL cfˆgf] 7fpFdf k|;Gg 5f}, ljGbf; 5f} . g]kfnsf 7"nf 7"nf x:tLx?l;t ;lhn} gftf hf]8]sf 5f} . Kof/fKof/f ;Gtfgsf] cleefjs, Tof] klg efUodfgL cleefjs ag]sf 5f}+ . ltd|f r]nfr]nLx? ltdLnfO{ ljZjf; u5{g\, dfof u5{g\, o'jf / k|f}9 ;a}l;t ;defj /fVg l;kfn' 5f} . d]/f] dg lhTof} . t/ klg, ktf gxL, dhf cfPg . xfF, Pp6f s'/f, ltdL lrtjgd} a:gfn] d eg] dfnfdfn ePF, PSnf] x'g k/]g . gqeg] d PSnf] x'g] lyPF . cfDd}, sqf] :g]x ¤ Pn=aL= bfh'sf] dk|ltsf] :g]xn] d kfgL kfgL ePF . cfFvf l6nlkn l6nlkn eP5g\ . af]n]+, bfh' dfG5]sf] hLjg crDdsf] x'G5 . k"0f{tf st} e]l6Gg . cfkm}+nfO{ x]g'{xf];\, jt{dfgdf Pn=aL= If]qLsf] h:tf] zfnLg / ;Eo hLjgsf] kl/sNkgf, ;kgf s;n] b]Vb}g < t/ s] :jod\ Pn=aL= If]qL b]lvP h:t} ;'vL / v';L 5g\ < of] kfkL 3'F8f]n] /dfpg lbPsf] 5 < efph"nfO{ k]6n] cfgGbsf] h]6 r9\g] l6s6 lbPsf] 5 < hfb', lgbf kmfhnLsf] Ps z]/df eg]sf] 5, ;a}nfO{ eg]h:t} ;+;f/ eg] h:t}, vf]h] h:t}, /f]h]h:t} lhGbuL ldNb}g . cfsfz kfP hldg u'D5, hldg kfP cfsfz . d}n] SofDk;sf nflu xfO{:s"nsf] Tolt Kof/f] hflu/ 5f]8\g'k¥of] . c;Gt'ngleq ;Gt'ng vf]Hg' g} lhGbuL /x]5 . aflx/af6 b]lvg] tyfslyt\ wgf9\x? leq leq dfgl;s ?kdf s+ufn x'Fbf /x]5g\ . x/]s dfG5] bf]xf]/f] lhGbuL afFlr/x]5 . d'xf/df ;fk6Lsf] d':sfg 6fFl;/x]5 / ck|fs[lts xfF;f] xfFl;/x]5 . xf], tkfO{+sf] of] 5f]6]n] dHhfl;t k9\g gkfPs} xf] . æk|f=8f= wg/fh lu/LÆ VofnVofn x'g'kb{Yof] . cfh cfˆgf h'lgo/x?sf] klg h'lgo/ eP/ hflu/ vfO/x]5 . kL8f 5 x[bodf . t/ of] ;Gof;L æpQ/ cfw'lgs gLns07Æ alg;Sof] . cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL elg;Sof] . cfk"m lxF8\g] d"naf6f] cfkm}+n] vlg;Sof] . cfh bfh'n] dnfO{, kmut\ of]

cls+rgnfO{, ;xofqL agfpg x[botM lgDtf ug'{eof] . d]/f x/]s hfoh sfdgfx? k"/f ePsf 5g\ . æo] lbn ldn]sf d]nf x}Æ eGb} c+ufnf] df/]/ ufnfdf RjfKk DjfO{+ vfg] dfG5] kfPsf] 5 lhGbuLn] . c? s] rflxG5 / bfh' afFRg] ;fdfgx? < d gePsf] / gkfPsf] lt/af6 hLjgnfO{ d"Nof+sg ulb{g . cfh;Dd s] s] kfPF < Tof] x]5'{ . @! k6s ;Ddflgt / k'/:s[t ePF, s] rflxof] t c? < dfof kfpg nfos eP5, lhGbuL . d k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 5' bfh' . ck]Iff gfdsf] rqmJo"xaf6 w]/} 6f9f /fv]sf] 5' cfk"mnfO{ . æxfF 5f]6], dfg]+ ltdLnfO{ . ktf gxL, bfh' eP/ xf]nf d ltdLnfO{ cem} l;tf/fem}+ rlDsPsf] x]g{ rfxG5' .Æ Hof, slt l5§} af6f] sfl6P5 . 7Ls !! ah] xfdL k|1fdf k'Uof}+ . cfhsf] xfd|f] ofqfsf] p2]Zo s'nklt a}/fuL sfOnfHo"nfO{ k|d'v cltlysf] lgDtf lbg'lyof] . k|fq, uhndl0f bfh' a"Fb /fgfsf] sfo{sIfdf Psl5g /dfOnf] ul/of] . efpkGyL, ;gt /]UdL bfh' / yk ldqx?l;t :g]x ldng eof] . lar/f s'nklt, l67 nfUbf] cg'xf/ . :jf:Yo vl:sPem}+ . slt wfgf];\ pd]/n] < aNn aNn dgfof}+ . To;kl5 k'luof] lq=lj=lj= 8Lgsf] sfof{no . Pn=aL= bfh'sf] k]G;gk§fsf] sfd EofOof] . o;} aLrdf a}gL /hgL 9sfnnfO{ af]nfP/ s]xL k':ts lbg sfd eof] . bfh' uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{nfO{ cfz dfq b]vfOof] . ;don] ;fy lbPg . lrtjg kms{g}kg{] . o; z}lIfs–;qdf, cfh kf}if !# ut];Dd, -of] ;+:d/0f cfh} n]v]sf] xf]_ d SofDk;df k'/} xflh/ 5' . @! efb| klg labf 5}g . bfh' eGg'x'G5, æ5f]6], uf]ljGbhLsf]df csf{] rf]6L hfpFnf . ca kmls{g'kb{5 .Æ 7Ls $ ah] sn+sLaf6 cf]/fnf] nfUof}+ . nf} rf}k6 ¤ laxfg / ;fFemd} slt km/s, hfd} hfd . /flt !)M#) df dfq xfdL s}nfzgu/ k'Uof}+ . d]/f] af; bfh's} lgjf;df . cfof] efb| #) ut] . k|]dljgf]b gGbgsf] clegGbg sfo{ zfgbf/ kf6fn] ;DkGg eof] . #) ut] slj8fF8fd} cyf{t\ bfh's} lgjf;df /dfOnf] ul/of] . lrtjgsf dfgs ;|i6fx?, x]6f}+8] o'jfx?, ;fydf ljgf]bLHo", s]bf/gfy vgfnHo" . v'a /dfOnf] eof] . kfn}kfnf] 311

/rgfx? ;'gfOof] . /demd cfˆgf] 7fpFdf . Tof] /ft lgbfOPg . Pn=aL= bfh'sf] lgjf; Pp6f zLtn b]p/fnL x'g k'u]sf] 5 . bfh' slQ klg lem+emf] dfGg'x'Gg . eGg'x'G5 æOi6ldqx? cfP/ gal;lbP, gvfOlbP, /dfOnf] gul/lbP gdHhf x'G5, af]/ x'G5, c/] efO{ o] lbn ldn]sf d]nf x}, cfˆg} 3/ xf], cfpg], a:g], vfg] /dfOnf] ug{], dl/nfg' s] 5 < sfqf]df uf]hL x'Gg . of] ejg, of] ;dLIffno, of] afy?d;lxtsf] ;'ljwf;DkGg sf]7f ;a} ;flxTosf/x?sf nflu ;dlk{t xf] .Æ d dgdg} eGb5' æca lrtjgdf cfpg] dfgs ;|i6fx?n] ufF; / af;sf nflu kL/ dfGg'kb{}g . k"j{df 5f]6], klZrddf a8] .Æ x'g klg kqsf/ a;Gt a:g]tn] n]lvlbP, æwg/fh lu/L, ;f}/fxf lkm/LÆ . Pn=aL= lgjf; klg Pp6f ;fy{s ;flxlTos ltyf{no ag]sf] 5 . syf oltd} 6'+luPg . of] ofqfn] aL6 df/]g . @)^( ;fn c;f]h @@ ut] ljb'ifL zf/bf zdf{sf] klxnf] pkGof; ætfkÆ k|1fdf ljdf]rg eof] . ef]lnkN6 g/xl/ cfrfo{Ho" kmf]gdf eGg'x'G5, æuhnsf/ dxf]bo, tfksf] klxnf] cGt/lqmof lrtjgaf6 ug{] ;f]r aGof] . ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .Æ d}n] g/xl/Ho"nfO{ jrg lbPF . t'?Gt} Pn=aL= bfh'nfO{ kmf]g u/}+ æ!)!Ü Uof/]06L, xf] hfo]ufÆ bfh'sf] j/bfgL cfjfh . t/, xf] oxL t/n] em:sfpF5 . lbgel/df clnstf u8a8 eP5 . a]n'sL Pn=aL= bfh' kmf]gdf cln s+lkt cfjfhdf eGg'x'G5, æ5f]6], s;}n] klg tfk k9\g EofPsf 5}gg\ c/] . @ ut] sflt{s t EofOGg ls <Æ æbfbf>L, jrg b]lbof uof x}, ca gf sf sf]O{ u'~hfO; gxLF .Æ bfh' klg hf]l;g'eof], æaf]n xL lbof tf] b]vn]+u]+ .Æ To;kl5 xfdL le8\of}+ . slj8fF8f ;flxTo ;dfhsf ;fyLx?sf] klg cfTdLo ;fy /Xof] . df:s] k':ts k;nnfO{ ttfPF . ptf dl0f zdf{ klg lqmofzLn . cfk"mn] klg tfk k9]+ . ætfk g k9] kfk nfUnf x}Æ Status 5f]8]+ km]za'sdf . ælstfa sxfF kfOG5 <Æ km]za'sd} lh1f;f . cfof] sflt{s Ps . a}gL /hgL 9sfnnfO{ klg oxL axfgfdf af]nfPF lrtjg . Ps ut] lr;fksf] z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmddf zf/bfhLnfO{ k|d'v cltly agfOof] . Tof] /ft a}gL 312

/hgL bfh's} s'6Ldf . cfrfo{ bDklQnfO{ ldq xl/eQm l3ld/]sf] nhdf cl3Nnf] k6s / o;k6s bfh' /fdrGb| clwsf/Lsf] æl/e/Eo"Æ nhdf Joj:yf u/]+ . b'O{ ut] cfof], zf/bfhL / g/xl/hLnfO{ cfˆg} 3/df ;fdfGo ef]hg u|x0f ug{ cg'/f]w u/]+ . 7Ls # ah] xfd|f] sfo{qmd . e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] xndf . Pn=aL= bfh' cln Jou| . ædfG5] sd x'G5g\ ls <Æ pxfFsf] lrGtf . cfO{ Pd 9'Ss ¤ cfP Oi6ldqx? . xn vrfvr . k|d'v cltly >Ldfg\, Sof /dfOnf] zf/bfhLnfO{ . g/xl/Ho" tls{g vf]Hb} x'g'x'GYof] . Pn=aL= bfh'sf] blnnsf] ;fd'Gg] s;sf] s] nfUg] < eGg'x'G5, æc/] 5f]6], of] ;df/f]xdf pxfFsf] prfOsf] dfG5] c? sf] 5 < zf/bfhL n]lvsf, pxfF xfd|f] g]tf, cleefjs, xfF, pxfF g} k|d'v cltly, af]nlbof g a;\ ¤Æ æx;\Æ d klg df}g . af]n]uf sf}g < dhf cfof] . a8f] zfgbf/ 9+uaf6 sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . æolt 7"nf] n]vsnfO{ 3/leq hf]ufP/ /fVg'5, d]/f] lhDd]jf/L a9]sf] cg'e"t ul//x]sf] 5' .Æ g/xl/ cfrfo{Ho"sf] pb\uf/ . u0f]z zdf{sf] pb\3f]if0f, ;'Gb/ . pbo clwsf/L / slkn c1ftHo"sf] cleJolQm dfq} cln leGg} /Xof] . ;a} jQmfx?n] cem} yk]+, æof] sfo{qmdn] dnfO{ eg] dfnfdfn agfof] . cab]lv g/xl/hL st} ljb]z e|d0fdf lgS;g yfNg'eof] eg] Pp6f dfG5] klg ;Fu} nfg kfP======= eg]/ ;lDemg'x'G5 xf]nf .Æ o;/L @)^( ;fn efb| @) ut] ;'¿ ePsf] æPn=aL= bf}8Æ sf] Psr/0f @)^( ;fn sflt{s # ut] aL6 df¥of] . kf/; a;kfs{df cfP/ d cf]ln{PF . æho g]kfnÆ eGg ;lsg . 5'l§g ufx|f] eof] . zf/bfhL, g/xl/hL, /hgL gfgL, oL sf]xL klg xf]Ogg\, gftfn] t/ crDd, s:tf] gftf hf]l8P5, a? /ut gftfx? dgdf cfpnfg\ gcfpnfg\, oL efjgfsf gftfx? x[boel/ . crDdsf] dgf]b;f af]s]/ 3/ kmls{P . zf/bfhLsf] sndsf] xfdL afp 5f]/L, clgtf / dnfO{ hdfgfb]lv tfg]sf] xf] . cfh;Dd xfd|f] kljq gftf oyfjt\ . ;+of]u klg crDdsf], /hgLsf] kl/jf/, zf/bfhLsf] kl/jf/ k"/} :ofª\hfnL, d]/f] klg ;;'/fnL :ofª\hf g} . zAb;+;f/df hf]l8Psf] gftf hLjgko{Gt oyfjt\ /xg]

5 . a'afx? dx]Zj/ zdf{ / s]bf/ zdf{ 9sfnsf] :g]x kfpg klg ;kmn ePsf] 5' . cf/b0fLo kf7sx?, ;flxlTos aGw'jfGwjx?, of] nx8L dfof lbg / dfof kfpg ;flxTosf] ;+;f/df xfdkmfn]sf] xf] . p ;flxTosf/} rflxF xf]Og . ;Rrf ;flxTosf/ aGg 7"nf] tk:of rflxG5 . d tk:of/t 5' . oxfFx?sf] ;fy rflxG5 . ælrtjg dxf]T;j @)^(Æ nfO{ oxL dfofsf] lrgf] . o;nfO{ ;kmn kfg'{ xfdL ;a}sf] g}lts bfloTj xf] . xfdL ;a}df xflb{stf / cfTdLotfsf] k|j4{g x'g'kb{5 . Pn=aL= If]qL / of] ;Gof;L aLrsf] æbf]:tfgfÆ æof/fgfÆ klg Pp6f ældzfnÆ aGg] 5 . æPn=aL= bfh', xd g] Hofbf tf] gxL af]n lbof <Æ u'¿b]j, gf/fo0fk|;fb vgfnHo" -k|f= 8f= elgg x}_ ;Dkfbg ug{ ufx|f] t ePg < ;Dk"0f{ lrtjgsf] / lrtjgjf;Lsf] ho xf];\ ¤ ;flxTosf] ho xf];\ ¤ zf/bfhL, d}n] Gofo u/]+ < tfksf] k|z+;f u/] .æcfu];fnsf] ============== k'/:sf/x? tfkn] g} kfpg] ;Defjgf 5 .Æ w]/}sf] cg'dfg . d af]Ng] s'/} cfPg . k¥of] ;fFem . pxL kljq tLy{wfd, efph" dLgfs} sfvdf . w]/} /dfOnf] eof] . e"lkg Jofs"nn] @)%# ;fnsf] syf ;'gfP . æzf/bfhL xh'/sf] ;f}Gbo{n] d]/f] Pp6f ;fyLnfO{ em08} d'5f{ agfPsf] .Æ tLg Kofu tfg]kl5 e"lkgn] olt JoQm ug{] lxDdt u¥of] . zf/bfhLnfO{ g/xl/hLn] k9fpg'ePsf] /x]5 . ;'/]Gb| c:tkmn yfldPgg\, æg/xl/Ho" xh'/x?sf] k|]dljjfx xf] <Æ zf/bfhLn] emlD6g'eof], æP g/xl/n] k9fpFbf k9fpFb} dnfO{ p8fPsf] eGg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] <Æ lar/f] c:tkmn em08} k'u]g c:ktfn . Pp6f P]ltxfl;s If0faf6 u'lh|b} lyof}+ xfdL . eJo / ;Eo /Xof] Tof] a;fO . Tof] /ft klg ;'Tg kfOPg . afns[i0f yklnof, /d]z k|eft, e"lkg, / d eP/ cd/ Gof}kfg]sf] hLjgsf af/]df rrf{ u¥of}+ . lar/f] cd/ Gof}kfg] ¤ w]/} ljwjfx?sf] æcd/Æ syf n]v]/ gfd sdfof], ;kmntfsf] lzv/ klg r'Dof] . t/ e'h]n ;dfh / Pp6L ================ . o:t} xf] lhGbuL . rGb|dfdf, ;"o{df klg u|x0f nfUb5 . tLg ut]sf] 3fg klg pbfP . lrof / gf:tf gu/L labf lbg'ePg Pn=aL= bfh'n] . lgb|f g/xl/hLsf] u8a8

eP5, /hgL eg] k|]mz ¤ Pn=aL= bfh'sf] k'ikjfl6sfdf kmf]6f] ;];g . 7Ls & ah] xfdL labf eof}+ . d klg g/xl/hLs} Eofgdf . zf/bfhL eGg'x'G5, æa8f] lbnbf/ dfG5] x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 If]qLhL .Æ d}n] df}sf kfPF . Pn=aL= bfh'sf] af/]df yf]/} af]n]+ . ;fydf Pp6f 7§f u/]+ . 7§f ug{ t g/xl/hL emg\ RoflDkog . gftfn] /hgL 9sfn ;fnL . ælu/LhL oL e]gf / ;fnL ulˆkmg yfn]kl5 dnfO{ la;{G5g\Æ zf/bfhLsf] lt/ . æzf/bfhL, of] ;fnL / e]gfsf] syf cgGt===Æ clg eg], æg/xl/hL, xh'/l;t ;Ët u/]/ d ;lk|G5' ls eg]sf], d]/f] ;Ëtn] xh'/ klg=== .Æ

/dfOnf] lrtjg dxf]T;j  C[lif l3ld/] ;x–k|frfo{, afns'df/L O= :s'n

gf/fo0fL lsgf/ of] k'ik k'~h km'ln/xf]; cf}Bf]lus gu/L of] Joj;fo v'ln/xf]; lzIff–:jf:Yo d"n :tDe lrtjg ljsf;sf] s[lif Pj+ kz'kfng xfdL lar em'ln/xf];\ .

k';–df3sf] hf8f] lar 3fd ;fx|} 3dfOnf] b'O{jif{df Psrf]6L d]nf cf}wL /dfOnf] hnljxf/ b]j3f6;Dd df]6/af]6df hfg] c/] afn pBfg qmL8f:yn klg slt /dfOnf] ¤

;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd dxf]T;jsf] s]Gb|laGb' nfvf}F bz{s cf]O/g] g]kfnsf] dWolaGb' lrtjg dxf]T;j, lrtjgsf] 7"nf]kj{ ;kmn kf/f}F ldlnh'nL oxL xfd|f] 7"nf] uj{

dWodf~rn d]nf x]/ cf}Bf]lus hutsf] lrtjgnfO{ lrgfpg] oxL /fd|f] avt xf] cfpm h'6f}F sDd/ s;f}F kj{ xfd|f] ;kmn kfg{ ljsf;sf] lju'n km'sf},F s[lif qmflGt, cl3 ;fg{ . 313

n3' syf

cfdf

Pp6f ufpF  ;/:jtL l/hfn

 e"lkg Jofs'n

e=g=kf=–@, cf“k6f/L

Pp6f ufpFsf] gfd xl/ofnL lyof] . gfd em} Tof] ufpF xl/ofnLn] k"0f{ lyof] . To; ufpFdf s]xL k9]n]v]sf dfG5] lyP . ltgLx? cfˆg} lsl;dsf s'/f uy{] . xl/ofnL b]v]/ c? ufpFsf dflg;x? ToxfF x]g{ cfpg] uy{] . dflg;x?sf] a9L cfjthfjtn] jftfj/0f b"lift x'g yfNof] . pgLx?n] ˆofFs]sf kmf]xf]/sf] y'k|f] a9\g yfNof] . kmf]xf]/ s;/L Jojl:yt ug{] < xl/ofnL s;/L sfod /fVg] < eGg] af/]df s;}n] ;f]r]gg\, s;}n] rf;f] b]vfPgg\ . km]l/ ufpFn]x?n] cfˆgf] pkef]usf nflu xl/ofnL la:tf/} df:g yfn] . lbglbg} xl/ofnLo'Qm 7fpFx? phf8 aGb} uP . kmf]xf]/n] b'u{Gw a9fpFb} cl3sf] ufpF lj/l;nf] aGof] . kfgLsf d'xfgx? ;'Sb} uP . jiff{ x'g 5f8\of] . ufpFdf v8]/L k¥of] . v8]/Lsf] cjlw nfdf] x'Fb} uof] . v8]/Ln] ufpFsf] cj:yf bogLo x'g k'Uof] . kz'k+IfLx? knfog x'g yfn] . dflg;x? v8]/Ln] cflQg nfu] . cfkm"n] a]n}df ljrf/ gu/]sf]n] o:tf] l:ylt cfPsf] xf] eg]/ ;a} ySs ySs ug{ nfu] . ufpFdf xl/ofnL s;/L Nofpg] eGg] af/]df ;a}sf] lrGtf a9\g

yfNof] . la:tf/} la:tf/} ;a}sf] dt Pp6} x'g yfNof] . ;a}hgf Ps} h'6 ag] . xl/ofnL Nofpgsf nflu ;a} Ps} l9Ssf x'g'k5{ eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnof] . ;a}n] Ps} eP/ cGtcf{Tdfb]lv O{Zj/ k'sf/ ug{ yfn] . k'sf/df tfut lyof] clg y'lk|Psf kmf]xf]/x? klg kmfNg nfu] . jftfj/0f ;+If0fsf] k|of; x'g nfUof] . s]xL ;dokl5 7"nf] jiff{ eof] . k'gM d'xfgx? v'Ng nfu] . ;a}lt/sf] jftfj/0f /dL0f aGg yfNof] . s]xL ;do ufpF zfGt aGof] . pQm ufpF k'gM cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| aGg k'Uof] . aflx/af6 dflg;x? cfpg nfu] . t/ la:tf/} ufpFn] ufpFdf k|l:kwf{ x'g yfNof] . sf]eGbf sf]sdsf] efjn] ;a}nfO{ lk/f]Ng yfNof] . ;a}hgf d}n] ubf{ xl/ofnL cfPsf] xf] eg]/ cxd\ ub{} cfk"mn cfk"mdf å]if /fVg yfn] . pgLx? cfkm}df ;w}+ emu8f x'g nfUof] . klxnfsf] s'/f la;{b} cfk"m cfk"mdf a}/L aGg nfu] . cr]n k'gM Tof] ufpFdf v8]/L kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . k'gM htf;'s} kmf]xf]/sf y'k|fx? dfq b]lvg nfu]sf 5g\ . Tof] ufpFdf cr]n afFb/x?sf] hdft a9\b} 5 .

h;/L ;"o{ cfsfzdf l5k]/ a:g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L ljåfg\, 1fgL dxfk'?if klg of] ;+;f/df n's]/ a:g ;Sb}g .

– dxfef/t

tkfO{+ PsfGtdf a;]/ lrGtg dgg ug]{ afgL a;fpg';\ . /flt ;'Tg' cufl8 tkfO{+n] cfTdlg/LIf0f u/]/ x]g'{;\ lbge/df tkfO{+n] s]–s] uNtL ug'{eof] . o;f] ugf{n] tkfO{+n] w]/} uNtL ;'wfg{ ;Sg'x'G5 . km]l/ uNtL ug{af6 aRg' x'g]5 .

– :j]6 df8{g

314

ca d]/f] x8\8L leq s'g} an afFsL 5}g . d]/f] hLjgsf cfljisf/x? lhGbuLsf] s'g} ;8s 5]pdf pleP/ d ltdLnfO{ g} klv{/x]5' clxn] cfpm cfzfsf] clGtd pHofnf] 5 d;Fu glgEb} lnP/ hfpm . y'k|} k[YjLnfO{ x'sf{PF kf7]3/sf] Gofgf] cf]5\ofgdf / y'k|} rGb|dfnfO{ cfsfzsf] 3'DtLdf df]l8g l;sfPF s;}nfO 5fofF / s;}nfO{ cfs[lt lbPF xfjf lbPF, kfgL lbPF of] b'lgofFnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg a}+; lbPF, hjfgL lbPF . d]/f Kof/f ;Gtfgx? d;Fu ca k'Ugsf nflu lbjª\ut nf]Ug]sf] 7]ufgf klg 5}g / a:gsf nflu ;dosf] cf]tnfUg] 3/ klg 5}g p8\bf p8\b} r'Fl8Psf] rª\ufh:tf] aUbf aUb} /f]lsPsf] uª\ufh:tf] d;Fu afFRgsf nflu cfFvfdf ;hfPsf] s'g} ;x/ klg 5}g . xhf/ rGb|dfx? au]/ pd]/sf vf]nfx? ;lsP

cfFvfsf] ;kgf / g;fsf] tfst ;lsof] ca d;Fu l;km{ Ps lrh afFsL 5 cfpm dfofsf oL clGtd r'Dagx? lnP/ hfpm . ca d]/f] x8\8L leq s'g} an afFls 5}g .

lagfljZjf; sfd ug'{ ulx/f] vfN6f]df v:g' ;dfg xf] . ljZjf; ug'{ Ps u'0f xf] eg] cljZjf; b'a{ntfsf] hggL xf] . – cgdf]n jrg

uhn  efjgf kf7s uhn lzlj/ lrtjg

s'g dha'/Ldf pm Odfg a]lr/x]5 v'n]cfd dlGb/ leq eujfg\ a]lr/x]5 a]/f]huf/ kmut a]/f]huf/ b]zsf] ;d:of ;/sf/ cfˆg} b]zsf] hjfg a]lr/x]5 p;sf xftx? lsg olt sfFlk/x]sf 5g\ kSs} p;n] ax'd"No ;fdfg a]lr/x]5 Pp6f afa'nfO{ cefjn] olt nfrf/ agfof] ef]sf] k]6 eg{ pm ;Gtfg a]lr/x]5 of] ahf/df cgf}7f] lrh lsga]r x'Fb}5 sf]xL cfF;' a]Rb}5 sf]xL d':sfg a]lr/x]5

315

lgofqf

lbNnLdf /]n 5'6]kl5  k"0f{axfb'/ clwsf/L pk–k|f=, ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk;

lj=;+= @)^^ ;fn h]7 ^ ut] k|f/De ePsf] dfpG6 cfa' ofqfsf] Joj:yfkg cf]d zflGt cf>d gf/fo0fu9 lrtjgn] u/]sf] lyof] . ef/tsf] dfpG6cfa'l:yt O{Zj/Lo ljZjljBfnon] a]nfa]nfdf ljåt\ju{nfO{ a|Xdfs'df/L cWofTd bz{gsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg o:tf cWoog e|d0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ubf{] /x]5 . d}n] klg e]6 x'“bfsf ;dodf ldq a|Xds'df/ ?b|axfb'/ dNnl;t cfu|x u/]sf] lyP“ –ænf}g xf] dNnhL dfpG6 cfa' ofqfsf] hf]xf] ldnfpg' xf];\ .Æ pxf“ klg dnfO{ cfZj:t kfg'{ x'GYof]–æx'G5 lg .Æ d klg ufp“sf b'O{rf/ hgf s'nt / b'Jo{;gdf nfu]sf dfG5]x?sf Jojxf/nfO{ cf]dzflGt cf>dsf ;xof]un] ;'wf/]/ c;n dfG5] agfPsf] b]v]af6 / /fhof]uL a|Xds'df/ hubLzrGb| xl;hf lnlvt æk|s[lt k'?if tyf k/dfTdfsf cljgf;L gf6sÆ klxnf] v08 k9]/ lgs} k|efljt ePsf] lyP“ ef/tsf] dfpG6 cfa'l:yt O{Zj/Lo ljZjljBfno cWoog cjnf]sg u/]/ To;af/] s]xL a'em\g kfP x'GYof] eGg] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . dfG5]n] of] ;+;f/df kfOnf 6]s]kl5 hfGg' a'em\g' kg{] s'/fsf] s'g} ;Ldf /x]g5 . hlt hflgPsf] 5 Tof] t s]jn ;fu/sf] Ps yf]kf kfgL a/fa/ kf] /x]5 . 1fg ;fu/sf] hlt ulx/fOdf k|j]z u¥of] plt dfyLsf /f; ldNbf /x]5g\ . pd]/, 5“b} r]tgf / cj;/sf cefjn] 1fg ;fu/df xfDkmNg kfOPg t/ ;+;f/sf af/]df yfxf gkfpFb} pd]/n] 8fF8f sfl6;Sbf] /x]5 . dfpG6 cfa' ofqfsf] klxnf] efu d}n] klxNo} n]v]sf] lyPF–æofqf ljb]zlt/ dg b]zlt/Æ zLif{sdf . of] ælbNnLdf /]n 5'6]kl5Æ To;}sf] bf];|f] efu xf] . dfpG6 cfa' km]bLl:yt zflGtjg a;fOsf] kfFrf} lbgdf xfdLnfO{ dfpG6 cfa' nluof] . zflGtjgaf6 316

psflnPsf] gfua]nL ;8s lyof] . bfofFaf6 jg a'6fx?, ljz]ifu/L sfF8]bf/ kftljxLg lyP . kxf8 k"/f r§fg} r§fgn] ag]sf] lyof] . nfUYof], df6f] s'g} o'udf au]/ ;lsPsf] x'Fbf] xf] . xfd|f] otfsf h:tf xl/of ?v a'6f / 5fFuf vf]nf st} b]lvPgg\ . af6f]sf 7fpF 7fpFdf af]8{df– æ?v a'6f / hLjhGt' s]xL klg dfg{ laufg{ ;Vt dgfxL 5æ, n]lvPsf]] lyof] . olb To:tf] kfOPdf rsf{] hl/jfgf / h]n ;hfo x'g] klg n]lvPsf] lyof] . clndfly dWo] kxf8L kfvfdf 7"nf] 9'ª\ufdfly l;d]G6n] l8n p7fP/ sxfFaf6 xf] kfgL af]s/] hDdf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . hxfF nª\u/' ] afFb/x? kfgL lkpFb} lyP .Æ dfly k'u]kl5 xl/ofnL / kfgLsf ;;fgf kf]v/L tnfpx? klg e]l6P . JolQmsf 3/, k;n / eJo h}g dlGb/ b]lvP . h}g dlGb/sf] cjnf]sg klg ul/of] . xhf/jif{ cl3 agfOPsf] Tof] dlGb/sf] jf:t'snf cb\ e"tsf] lyof] . ;fdu|L ;a} l;ª\udd{/sf lyP . k|frLg dfG5]sf] dl:tis / xft klg Tolt ;zQm /x]5g\ eGg] Pp6f gd"gf ToxL+ b]Vg kfOof] . dlGb/ x]/rfx ug{] Ps sd{rf/Ln] eGof]–æo; dlGb/nfO{ d'l:nd cfqmd0fsf/Laf6 rnfvL u/]/ arfOPsf] lyof] .Æ dfpG6 cfa'sf] xfd|f] cjnf]sg e|d0f cToGt xtf/sf] eof] . x/]s dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf 7fpFx?sf] cjnf]sg bu'/fbu'/\sf] ?kdf eof] . tL 7fpF / 3/, ejgx? emNofs em'n'sdf dfq b]lvP . kmn:j?k ltgLx?sf] nfdf] ;Demgfb[Zo dgdl:tisn] l6Kg / /fVg ;s]g . h] xf];\ ToxfFsf ;a} s'/f b]lvPkl5 s] nfUof] eg] dfG5];Fu ;f]Rg] / ug{] sfo{Ifdtf c;Lldt 5 . olb dfG5]df ePsf] k|ltef / IfdtfnfO{ ;xL cy{df k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsof] eg] sNkgf ul/Psf] :ju{nfO{ p;n] oxL+ cf]/fNg ;Sb5 .

ef]lnkN6 xfdL g]kfnLn] Pp6f xndf Pp6f ;efsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ o; ofqfsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;f6f;f6 u¥of}+ . ;ft hgfn] af]n,] d}n] klg cfkm\gf] cg'ej JoQm u/]+ g]kfnaf6 cfpg] ;a} aGw'x?nfO{ æg]kfn kms{k] l5 cfkm\gf] ofqfg'ej n]vf}“ / k|sfzg u/f}Æ+ eg]/ cg'/f]w u/]+ . d]/f] of] k|:tfjnfO{ ;a}n] æ/fd|f] k|:tfj xf]Æ eg]/ ;dy{g u/] . of] sfo{qmd ePsf] ef]lnkN6 xfd|f] cf]dzflGt cf>d -zflGtjg_ af6 lkmtL{ ofqf eof] . ! ah]lt/ xfdL Toxf“af6 lg:sg ;Sof}+ @ ah]lt/ xfdLnfO{ af]Sg] 6«]g x}b/fafblt/af6 cfpg]jfnf lyof] t/ 6]«g cfPg . :6];gaf6 dfOlsª eO/x\of], lnu dd{tsf] sfd ePsf]n] xfd|f] 6«]g t a]n'sf cf7 ah]lt/ kf] cfpg] eP5 . b'u{lGwt cfa'/f]8sf] Kn]6kmd{df xfdLn] cToGt lbSssf ^ 306f latfpg' k¥of] . cfa'/f]8af6 k|:yfg x'Fbfsf] l9nfOn] gofF lbNnLaf6 xfdL r9\g] l/he{];gsf] 6«]g 5'6\g] s/La–s/La lglZrt lyof] . t}klg aLrdf st} u8a8L geO{lbP pQm 6«]g e]l6G5 ls eGg] cfzf klg ub{} lyof}+ . xfdL r9]sf] 6«]gsf] ult l9nf eO/x]sf] h:tf] nflu/x]sf] lyof] xfdLnfO{ . dg / z/L/sf] tf/tDo gldNbf o:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 h:tf] nfUof] . k'/fgf] lbNnLsf] Kn]6kmd{ gk'Ub} j/} cf]n{]/ gofF lbNnL hfg] a; ;dfTbf pQm 6«]g e]6fpg ;lsG5 xf]nf, emg{] xf] ls eg]/ ts{ljts{ klg rNof], xfdL aLrdf . xfdL xtf;df cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]sf lyof}+ . xfd|f] 6f]nLsf g]t[Tj efOalxgLx?n] lg0f{o ug{ g;Sgfn] elgxfNg eg] ;lsPg . olta]nfsf] xfd|f] xtf; / 56k6Ldf kfv]kg b]lvP5 ls Sof xf], ;Fu} ofqfdf ylkg, cfOk'u]sf cln ;d[4h:tf b]lvg] ef/tLox? xfdLnfO{ x]b{} xfF:g yfn], pgLx? eGb}lyP– æk'/fgf lbNnL :6];g ;]xL t'd nf]uf]sf uf8L ldn]uf, a}7f] a}7f] Ob/;] s'5 gxL ldn]uf .Æ ;dod} lg0f{o ug{ g;Sgfn] 6«]g :6];gd} k'luxfNof] . xtf/df cf]ln{P/ b'a'{l4n] el/Psf u?ª\uf emf]nf ;sL g;sL af]s]/ :ofF :ofF / km\ofF km\ofF ub{} gofF lbNnL hfg] /f]8dfly pSNof}+ xfdL . t/ xfdLnfO{ rflxof] /] eGb}df oqf] 7"nf] x'nnfO{ lsg a; kfOGYof] / < s]xL a]/sf] kvf{Odf h'g kfOof] To;}df rl9of] t/ To;n] xfdLnO{ xfd|f] 6«]g 5'6]sf] @)

ldg]6kl5 dfq k'¥ofof] . To:tf] cfkt\ u/]/ bf}8fbf}8 u/]/ cfOof] t/ lx:; kl/of] . k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf cl3 xfd|f] s]xL nfu]g . :6];gdf cfOk'u]kl5 /]n @) ldg]6 cufl8 lxFl8;s]sf] s'/f yfxf eof] æt/ ca xfdL s;/L uOG5Æ, t o;af/] ;f]Rbf klg s]xL pkfo b]lvPg . t/ dnfO{ eg] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . pgLx?sf] 6«]gn] l9nf u/]kl5 xfdLnfO{ pxL l6s6df csf]{ 6]«gdf k7fOG5 t/ ef/tLo /]nj] k|zf;g ofqLsf] ;d:ofk|lt u}/ lhDd]jf/ /x]5 . xfdL %@ hfgf ofqLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ p;n] s]xLh:tf] dfg]g . cf7 ah] cfpg] 6«]gdf ;fwf/0f l8Aafdf r9\g' kg{] eof] . t/ ;fwf/0f l8Aafdf t eL8ef8n] r9\g} ;lsb}g / r9]klg hfg ;lsb}g eGg] cg'ej klxn] cfpg]x?sf] /x]5 . casf] ofqf xfd|f nflu hfqf x'g] s'/f lglZrt eof] . /]UdLhLx? k'ln;x?n] ;xof]u ug{] eP eGg] s'/f lnP/ cfpg' eP5 . :6];gsf k'ln;x?n] ;'¿df afO;;o -@@))_ cfO;L eg]/ afu{]lgª ub{} kl5 !@)).– -afx|;o_df em/]5g\ . /]n cfPkl5 xfdL klAns l8Aafsf cl3 nfOgdf pleg' kg{] eP5 . c;fWo nfdf] kvf{O eof] b'u{lGwt Kn]6kmd{df . k"j{hfg] dfG5]x?sf] eL8 a9\b} lyof] kmn:j?k Tof] ljzfn Kn]6kmd{ klg ;fFu'/f] nfUb} uof] . cg]s /+u, cg]s agf]6 / cg]s ?ksf dfG5]x? hGd] x's{]sf] ljzfn ef/tsf] agf]6 crDdsf] nfUof] . dfgf} hLjg eg]sf] 3GrdGr xf], wSsd wSsf xf], k]nfk]n xf] . eL8ef8df s]xL sdhf]/x? k]lnP/ lylrP/ d5{g\ eg] klg Tof] s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f ePg . 8flj{gsf] æof]Uodfq afFR5g\Æ eGg] l;4fGt oxfF klg nfu" x'G5 h:tf] nfUof] . kvf{O{ hlt k6\of/nfUbf] eP klg cflv/ /]n cfOk'Ug] ;dodf cfof] . a]n'sfsf] *=!% df k"j{ hfg] /]n l;7\7L ahfpFb} cfof] / /f]lsof] klg . xfdL nfOg nfUg hfg klg l9nf u/]5f}+ . ;do glrGg] / ult sd ePsf xfdL g]kfnL b]v]/ k'ln;x? l/;fP . ;fyL ;d]6\b} l9nf eP5 . l8Aafsf] 9f]sf glhs k'u]/ cl3 a9\g vf]Hbf;Dd lgs} l9nf eO;s]5 . k'ln;x? aLrdf clnslt af6f] /fv]/ eL8nfO{ 7]Nb} /x]5g\ . xfdL k'Ubf eL8n] k]n]/ yfDg} g;s]kl5 k'ln;n] cfkm\g} 317

dfG5]x?nfO{ nf7Ln] lgd{dtfl;t ahfP, sltsf] 6fpsf] km'6\of], slt efufefudf s'lNrP xfdLn] b]Vg} kfPgf}“+ . af/;o 3';n] xfd|f] t pksf/} u¥of] t/ pgLx?n] cfkm\g} dfG5]sf] 6fpsf] km'6fPsf] b]Vg' hLjgdf of] klg crDd}sf] b[Zo lyof] . xfdLx? rl9;Sof}+ eGg] ePkl5 pgLx?n] eL8nfO{ 5fl8lbP . xfdL cf–cfkm\gf] l;6 cf]u6]/ a;]sf dfq} lyof}+ . xfdL a;]sf sf]7fx?df dfG5]x? o;/L cf]Ol/P sL dfgf}“ Pp6f ljzfn vf8ndf rf/}lt/af6 af9Lsf] kfgL xfdkmfn]sf] 5 . leqa:g kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g;Fu s;}nfO{ dtna 5}g s]an l8Aafleq l5g{ kfP k'Uof] . ToxfF t klxn] k:g] dfG5]nfO{ 3r6\t}, ldRt} / s'lNrb} cfkm" a:g] 7fpF agfpg] rng /x]5 . c?sf] b'Mv kL8fdf ;+j]bgzLn x'g] ;:sf/ t oxfFsfx?df uO;s]sf] /x]5 . kz' ;dfhdf kfOg] alnofn] lgwf{]nfO{ 8:g] ;:sf/ t oxfF ;fdfGo s'/f ePsf] b]lvof] . /]n rn]kl5 Pp6f crDdsf] ;s;sf] l:yltdf xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ kfof} . 6f]nL ;a} r9]gr9]sf] klg a'em\g kfOPg Tof] xf]xNnfdf . ;xofqL aGg cfOk'u]sf dfG5]x? w]/} t s]6fx? lyP, laxf/lt/sf÷;Fu} k]Nb} 7fpF cf]u6]/ a;]sf Pshgf o'jf;Fu d}n] ukmufkm u/]+ . pmaf6 yfxf ePcg';f/ olta]nf udL{sf] labf ePsf]n] ;a} 3/ lx+8]sf x'g\ /], ;Sg] ePkl5 lzIff eGbf sfd / dfdsf] hf]xf] ug'{ kg{] afWotf x'Fbf] /x]5 ltgLx?nfO{ . ul/jL / cefjsf] cfuf]df lklN;Psf ef/tLox?sf] hLjg cToGt si6s/ nfUof] . clzIffsf sf/0fn] cfkm\g} k]6 / z/L/afx]s c? clNn a9L b]Vg g;Sg] r]tgf /x]5 pgLx?sf] . alnof] cfPkl5 sdhf]/nfO{ wDsfP/, t;f{P/ p7fO{ cfkm"rflxF ;fgn] a:bf /x]5g\ . To:tfx? c? sdhf]/nfO{ l;6af6 aflx/ ws]n]/ ldNsfPkl5 cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf] / zlQmzfnL dx;"; ubf{ /x]5g\ . xfdLeGbf dfly a;]sfx? v'§f em'08\ofP/ lgbfpg yfn]kl5 xfd|f lgwf/df ltgn] a/fa/ lxsf{O /xg] eP v'§fn] . xfdLn] pgLx?nO{ k|e' dfg]/ 9f]lu/xg' k¥of] . l/; p7]/ ufnL ub{} v'§fdf xfg]kl5 ltgLx? v'§f dfly tfGy] t/ Psl5g kl5 km]l/ To:t} . Psflt/ ;f] kL8f /x\of] eg] csf{lt/ kfgL lkpg / 6\jfOn]6 hfg gkfOg] eof] . p7\of] ls t l;6 x8k x'GYof] . eL8 318

l5rn]/ hfg klg g;lsg] lyof] . uf]/vk'/ cfpFbf;Dd !% 306f;Dd vfgf, kfgL k"/} aGb ug{' k¥of] . ;+;f/s} ;aeGbf 7"nf] k|hftGqsf] of] xlaut b]lvof], crDd nfUof] . aLraLrdf :6];gdf crDdsf dfG5]x? klg r9] . ltgLx?sf] xfpefp / af]nLjrg b]Vbf ;'Gbf ltgLx? crDdsf nfu] . klx/gn] gf/L / af]nL clg zf/Ll/s agfj6n] k'?ifh:tf b]lvg] tL dfG5]x? hah{:tL 7]Nb} k;]/, yk8L ahfP/ k};f dflu/x]sf lyP . o:tf lxh8f elgg] dfG5]x? k;]kl5 l8Aafdf cftª\s km}lnbf] /x]5 . ltgLx? k'?ifsf ufnf lrdf]6\g], u'Ktfª\u cF7\ofpg] / kfoG6;d]t tfg]/ a]OHht ubf{ /x]5g\ . ltgLx?;Fu t k'ln;x? klg 8/fpF5g\ eGg] ;'lgof] . /x]5g\ . ltgLx?n] xfdLnfO{ eg] s] ;f]r]/ xf] Tolt b'Mv lbPgg\ . b]jgu/sf Ps efOn] s] rsf{] af]nL u/]sf lyP, ltgsf] ;ftf] vfP . g]kfndf klg lxh8f 5g\ xf]nf t/ dfgjtfsf] o:tf] b'b{zf g]kfndf b]lvPg . dfG5]df x'g] ;+:sf/ logLx?df k6Ss} lyPg . vfhf, kfgL lagf o:t} o:t} dfG5]x?sf] cfjt– hfjtdf clg alnof b'O{ v'§] kz'x?sf] ldrfOdf lg/Lx b]lvPsf c? kz'x?sf cg'xf/ lgofNb} / slxn] lgbfpg vf]Hb} xfd|f] ofqf lrlKn/x]sf] x'GYof] . csf{] lbgsf] @ ah] xfdL uf]/vk'/ cf]Nof{}+ . :6];gaflx/ cfPkl5 ;'gjn;Dd hfg] uf8Lsf] Joj:yflt/ nfluof] . sf]xL elg/x]sf lyP– æot} s'g} xf]6ndf g'xfpmF, vfgf vfpF, cf/fd u/f}+ clg hfg] xf]Æ t/ w]/} ofqLx? oltsf lbgsf] c:tJoj:t ofqfn] cflQO ;s]sf] a'lemGYof] . To;}n] d;lxt w]/}sf] cfzo æuOxfnfF}Æ eGg] g} eof] . tLgj6f ;;fgf uf8Lx? l/he{ u/]/ xfdL lxF8L klg xfNof}+ . ;'gjn glhs}sf] Pp6f xf]6n 5]pdf /f]s]/ vfgf vfOof] . cem vfgfeGbf kfgLsf] a9L cfjZostf dx;"; eof] . 6\jfOn]6 hfFbf lk;fa geP/ a8f] kL8f eof] . To;} t uP u'h|]sf] d]/f] :jf:Yo emg\ t of] hfqfn] aaf{b agfO;s]sf] /x]5 . l;dfgfdf uf8Ljfnfn] ef8fdf aafn u¥of] a]Odfgx?n] k'ln;nfO{ eg]/ a9L b'O{;o ?lkof“ xfdLl;t lnP/} 5f8] . g]kfnL cg'xf/nfO{ df}sf k/]sf] 7fp“df n'6\g sxL“ 5f]l8bf] /x]g5 eGg] klg nfUof] .

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kª\vfd'lg a:bf t z/L/ cf]efpg ;Sof 5}g . emg\ of] 6G6nfk'/ 3fddf aflx/ lgl:sP/ gbL lsgf/lt/ hfg] < gbLsf] lr;f]sf] dfq} s'/f u/]/ x'G5 ls Tof] au/sf] afn'jf / 9'Ëfsf] klg Vofn ug'{ k5{ < pd]z – xf, 5f8\b] au/ / 9'Ëfsf s'/f . cN5Lsf s'/f h};Ln] hfGb}g eg]sf] oxL xf] . o:tf] udL{df sf]7fleq u'lD;P/ a:g'eGbf t aflx/sf] tft} hftL . To;dfly klg gbL;Dd k'Ug g clNn ufx|f] xf] . h:t} eP klg gbL lsgf/ k'u]/ 9'Ëfdf a:b} kfgL v]nfpg yfNbf t of] udL{ stf efU5 stf . lxF8\ hfpmF cN5L gu/\ ¤ pd]z – -cfgfsfgL ub{}_ ef] ¤ z}n', tF hfg] eP hf d t dl/uP lg hfGg . To;dfly cfˆgf] t clkm;sf] lx;fasf rfªsf rfª nfu]/ a:of5g\ . cfh 5'§Lsf] lbg ;f/f lx;fa lstfa ldnfpg' 5 . sfd ;fFr] cfk"mnfO{ vfgf ;fFr] c?nfO{ . cfh olt lx;fa 6'ª\Uofpg ;lsPg eg] d]/f] t rf}k6} x'G5 . lKnh dnfO{ s/ gu/\ of/ . z}n]Gb| – -cln l/;fP h:tf] u/]/_ s;}sf] gePsf] t]/f] lx;fa ¤ s;}sf] gePsf] t]/f] Joj;fo ¤ xfd|f klg t 5g\ lg t]/f h:tf Jofkf/ Joj;fo . udL{n] cflQP/ sf]7fdf a:g g;s]/ kf] hfpmF eGg cfPsf] t ¤ To;dfly hfpF eGg] t c? klg t lyP lg . Tof] hfaf] lx;fa lstfa t e/] u/] e}xfN5 lg . a¿ tF;Fu hfGg eg\ g . pd]z – nf} nf} of] t To;} l/;fP h:tf] kf] u5{ . d}n] c? sf]xL gkfP/ dnfO{ hfpmF eGg cfxf];\ eGof 5' / < x]/\ z}n' ¤ Ps t aflx/ lglS;;Sg' 5}g To;dfly d]/f lx;falstfa y'k|} k]lG8ªdf a:of 5 Sof ¤ s:tf] s'/f] ga'em]sf] < n e}uf] hfg] eP hfpFnf dnfO{ b'O{ tLg 306f hlt sfd ug{ b], clg ;fFemkv la:tf/} lg:sf}+nf 319

x'Gg < -o:t}df k|]dsf] k|j]z ._ k|]d – -z}n]Gb| lt/ x]/]/_ n˜˜ of] t oxfF kf] cf/}r ¤ s] xf] df]afOn klg p7fpFb}g;\ t < slt rf]l6 df]afOn u/]+ Hofg uP p7fpg] x}g < z}n]Gb| – -vNtLaf6 df]afOn lems]/ x]b{}_ P cF t #–# j6f ld;sn cfP/ a;]sf] /}’r . P˜˜ af6fdf cfpFb} ubf{ t]/f] 306L aHof] xf]nf . df]6/;fOsnsf] cfjfhn] ubf{ ;'lgPg xf]nf . cF˜˜ s] 5 k|]d eg\ g . k|]d – s] 5 eGg' 7Ls} 5 eGg' k¥of] . d t sf]7fleq a:g g;s]/ lgl:sPsf] eGof . 5\of ¤ s] ljlw a9]sf] xF udL{ klg . g aflx/ lxF8\g ;lsG5 g sf]7fleq a:g ;lsG5 . s] u/]/ sf6\g] xf] lbg klg ;fx|} ufx|f] kf] eof] xf] ¤ z}n]Gb| – To} t, udL{ t crfSnL a9\of] . x}g ut jif{sf] udL{ lal;{P/ xf] ls udL{ g} a9\of xf] < P]n] t ;fx|} eof] xf] x'g klg . To} eP/ of] pd]znfO{ o;f] gbL lsgf/lt/ 3'Dg hfpmF eg]sf] Hofg uP dfGb}g . s;}sf] gePsf] sfd dfq b]vfpF5 eGof of] t . pd]z – x}g z}n' ¤ s:tf] a'em]/ klg a'em krfPsf] h:tf] u¥of, d}n] elgxfn]F lg hfG5' eg]/ t/ ========== z}n]Gb| – s]sf] t/ < n e}uf] tF ghfg] eP sf]7}df a;\, k|]d / d hfG5f}+ . lxF8\ k|]d gbL lsgf/lt/ hfpmF ¤ k|]d – -z}n]Gb|nfO{ ;Demfpg vf]h] h:tf] ub{}_ x}g slt rfF8} l/;fPsf] xf] z}n]Gb| < hfG5' t elg/x]s} 5 lg pNn] klg . hfpmF la:tf/} hfpmF a¿ ahf/af6 ! sf6'{g lr;f] lao/ clg clnslt sfh';fh' / kmf:6 k'm8 h] kfOG5 lnP/ hfpmF ¤ clg cfh Tot} em'df}+ . hfaf] udL{ t efluxfN5 lg . pd]z – ef] af ¤ ltdLx?;Fu t d g;Sg] ePF . ubf{ub{} lbpF;}b]lv lao/l;o/sf] s'/f kf] ug{ yfNof} x}g < ltdLx?nfO{ hxfF hltv]/ klg /dfOnf] dfq} ug'{k5{ x}g < x]/ ;fyL xf], d t k|To]s s'/f ;do ;Ldfleq /x]/ ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5' . lbpF;}b]lv cfˆgf] sfd} 5f8]/ /dfOnf] ug{ hfg] kIfdf rflxF d 5}g . k|]d – xf ¤ pd]z klg s] efxf]nf < hxfF hltv]/ klg o;f] /dfOnf] u/f}+ eGg] lalQs} cfbz{sf / sfdsf 320

dfq} s'/f u5{ af ¤ xfdL klg t sfd} geP/ lxF8\of t 5}gf} lg . o;f] Psl5g\ /dfOnf] kf] u/f}+ eGof . z}n]Gb| – -6fpsf] xNnfP/ k|]dlt/ kms{b}_ To} t eGof lg ¤ x}g o:sf] t sfd sfd sfd eGbf eGb} hLjg hfg] eof] . hlt v]/ klg sfd . x}g tF sfd s} nflu afFr]sf] ls afFRgsf] nflu sfd ub{} 5;\ xF < pd]z – xf] oxLFg]/ ltdLx?sf] / d]/f] ;f]rfOsf] km/s 5 . d afFRgsf nflu sfd u5'{ / sfdsf] cfh{g vfG5' . ltdLx? rflxF vfgsf] nflu afFr] h:tf] u5f{} cyjf vfgsf] nflu afFR5f}+ . k|]d – ef] ef] tF;Fu bfz{lgs s'/f ug{] kIfdf d 5}g . 7Ls} 5 tFnfO{ k'm;{b 5}g eg] xfdL hfG5f}+ . k'm;{b ePkl5 kmf]g ug"{, kl5 e]6f}+nf hfpmF z}n]Gb| lxF8\ . z}n]Gb| – hfpFm t hfpFm n t xfdL lxF8\of}F kl5 e]6f}Fnf . pd]z – n afO{ ¤ ;do ldNof] eg] d klg cfpFnf . -z}n]Gb| / k|]d aflx/ lg:sG5g\ pd]z cfˆgf] sfddf Jo:t x'G5 ._ kbf{ aGb

bf];|f] b[Zo ;do pxL . pv/dfpnf] udL{ . g]kYodf df]6/sf] £jf/{3'/{ . l/S;fsf 306L l6/{l6/{ . cfsfz l/Qf] 5 oltv]/ ;fob r/fr'¿ËLx? cfˆgf] ofqf to ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\, 6G6nfk'/ 3fd;Fu tl;{P/ . k/ gbL lsgf/df rf/ kfFr hgf a;]/ lkO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . lao/sf l/Qf af]tn 5/k:6 9n]sf 5g\ . k|]d – -/S;Lsf] af]tn 78\ofpFb} xl/nfO{ O;f/f ub{}_ hf hf xl/ ¤ d]/f] k;ndf uP/, d]/f] sfpG6/df a:g] s]6fnfO{ eg]/ b'O{ sf6'{g lao/ / # af]tn ANofsn]en lnP/ cfOh . xl/ – sxfF hfg] < tkfO{+sf] k;ndf < gfOF d t hfGg . tkfO{+sf] sfpG6/df a:g] Tof] s]6f 5 lg a]sf/sf] nkm8f u5{ . ;fx'hLn] eg] lg ;fx'hLsf] afpn] eg] lg pwf/f] t Ps k};f x'Gg eg]/ x}/fg kf5{ eGof, hfGg d t . k|]d – xQ]/L wGbf gdfg\ g d kmf]g ulb{xfN5' lg .

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s] 5 sfdsf] ls/f] < sfd ;lSsof] < n cfh xf]n gfO6 ug'{k5{ . s;f] ca t k'm;{b 5 lg, /ft t xfd|f] xf] lg x}g t < pd]z – xf]n gfO6 ;f]n gfO6 x}g, ca 3/ gfO6 xf] . d t ;fyLefOsf] dg /fVgsf] nflu dfq} cfPsf], km]l/ cfh t dnfO{ lbge/sf] lx;fan] ;fx|} 6]G;g kf] agfO{ /f’ 5 k6Ss} d'8 5}g . k|]d – -;'sL{ tfGb}_ ToxL t 6]G;g ePsf] a]nfdf lbof] eg] 6]G;g ;]G;g ;fkm x'G5 . n tfg\ Ps ;'sL{ ¤ -pd]zlt/ af]tn t]:of{pF5 _ pd]z – lKnh k|]d ¤ dnfO{ s/ gu/\ . kmf]gdf slt s'/f ug{] eg]/ dfq d cfPsf] . lKnh d]/f] s'/f a'‰g] k|of; u/ k|]d ¤ lbg e/ cfˆgf] sfd 5f8]/ o;/L a:g' /fd|f] x'Fb}g . x]/\ ¤ k;n aGb ug{] a]nf eO;Sof] . sd;]sd k;n aGb ug{ t cfˆgf] k;ndf cfkm}+ hfg' k5{, lxF8\ hfpFm . k|]d – 5f8\b] of/ ¤ k;nsf] s'/f . Tof] hfaf] k;n t s]6fn] aGb ul/xfN5 lg . d}n] cl3 g} elg;s]+ Hofb} OdfGbf/ 5 s] Tof] s]6f] t . tfGg of/ ¤ clnslt t tfg\ . pd]z – x]/ k|]d ¤ cfhsf] hdfgfdf olt ;lhn} s;}sf] ljZjf; ug{ x'Gg . d}n] d]/f] nflu s'/f ul//fVof 5}g . lh2L gu/\ . z}nG] b| – x}g, s]sf] kl08t ag]sf] of] pd]z < ls t gcfpg' lyof], sd;]sd cfO;s]kl5 Ps\ k]u t n] g of/ ¤ pd]z – x]/\ z}n' ¤ ltdLx?nfO{ Hofb} a9L /S;L nflu;s]sf] 5 . dnfO{ vfg' 5}g . ltdLx?nfO{ nfg' 5 . o;f] Ps–l5g eP klg cfˆgf sfddf Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg] cfu|x xf] d]/f] . x]/ ¤ ltdLx? t vfP/ lalu|of} lalu|of}, tL ;'/z ] , k|eft / xl/ h:tf s]6fx?nfO{ ;d]t ltdLx?n] laufg{] eof} . ltdLx? hfg] eP lxF8, gq d t hfG5' . z}n]Gb| – -emls{+b}_ hf hf tF hfg] eP hf ¤ xfdL t cfh xf]n gfO6 ug{] xf], s;f] k|]d < k|]d – -af]nL na{¥ofpFb}_ cfh k"/f l/NofS; xf]ngfO6 . -pd]z kmls{G5_ kbf{ aGb . 322

t];|f] b[Zo df3sf] hf8f] lgs} a9]sf] 5 . pd]z p7\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g klN6O/x]sf] 5 la:tf/fdf . l;/fgLdf yd{;sf] efF8f] 5 . la:tf/} d'G6f] p7fpF5 / kfgL /fV5 lunf;df . 5fD5 l7Ss tftf] 5 clg lkpF5 . g]kYodf e':ofxf s's'/x? e's]sf] cfjfh cfpF5 . o;f] p7\5 / u'gu'g u5{– sfd y'k|} 5, ;fdfgx? k7fpg' kg{] . la:tf/} 9f]sfdf k'U5, 7Ls oxL a]nf 9f]sfdf 6s\6s\ cfjfh cfpF5 9f]sf vf]N5 . 9f]sfdf k|]d l7Ë pleP/ a;]sf] 5 . pd]z – -cfZro{ k|s6 ub{}_ k|]d ¤ o:tf] hf8f]df Psf laxfg} stfaf6 cfOk'lu;\ < a]n'sf 3/d} lyOg;\ ls s] xf] < x]/\ t cf]7 d'v ;'ss ] f] ¤ x}g sxfFaf6 cfO;\ eg\ t . k|]d – v} s] eg"F pd]z ¤ d t aaf{b ePF of/ ¤ pd]z – s] aaf{b < s] eof] eg\ t < k|]d – s;/L eGg] of/ ¤ d]/f] t rf}k6 g} ef] . lxhf] a]n'sL;Dd dL/f 3/d} lyO{ . d 3/ hfFbf ;'lt;s]sL . d cfˆg} lx;fan] csf{] a]8df uP/ klN6PF . laxfg p7\bf t sfd ug{] s]6f] klg 5}g . b/fh k"/} v'nf 5 . p7]/ x]/]F – b/fhsf] ;]km ;d]t v'Nn} 5 . pd]z – -cln cflQPh:tf] u/]/_ s] /] ¤ clg < k|]d – b/fhsf u/uxgf ;'grfFbL s]xL 5}g . Tolt dfq} eP t x'GYof] lg . ce}m Tof] eGbf cs{} s'/f=== . -af]Nbf af]Nb} unf cj¿4 x'G5 k|]dsf]_ pd]z – s] csf{] s'/f < gub klg 3/d} /fv]sf] lyO;\ ls s] xf] < k|]d – gub dfq ePsf] eP t x'GYof] lg ¤ ;f/f ;DklQ ;d]t p;}sf] gfddf lyof] . -k'gM unf cj¿4_ pd]z – -cSs g aSs kb{}_ x}g s] eGb}5;\ xF k|]d ¤ s;sf] gfddf ;f/f ;DklQ < clg s;/L, lsg < lrGg' g hfGg' dfG5]sf] gfddf ;f/f ;DklQ < x}g k|]d ¤ s] tF 7Ls\ t 5;\ < k|]d – x}g pd]z ¤ d Psbd 7Ls 5' . t/ s'/f cs{} 5 tF kTofpg} ;Sb}g;\ d]/f] s'/f . pd]z – -cflQFb} clg lh1f;' aGb}_ xQ]/L ¤ s] nLnf

u/]sf] t}+n] < lsg tf}nL tf}nL s'/f ub{}5;\ < eg\ g ufF7L s'/f s] xf] < k|]d – -nfdf] ;':s]/f kmfNb}_ dL/f ¤ t]/L efph" dL/f ¤ pm klg 3/df 5}g, ToxL s]6fl;t ==== -k|]d /f]lsG5_ pd]z – wt\ s] e]g]sf] k|]d t}+n] of] < To:tf] klg x'G5 < a¿ tF a]xf];\ cj:yfd} p7]/ t cfOg;\ < === -pd]z lhNn k/]/ k|]dsf] d'vdf x]5{_ k|]d – -;Dxflng vf]h]h:tf] u5{_ d]/f] s'/f d}nfO{ yfxf 5 pd]z ¤ 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 kf] dfG5]nfO{ k"j{ :d[lt x'g] /}5 . nueu Ps dlxgf hlt eof], Tof] s]6f]nfO{ 3/d} NofP/ /fv]sL lyO{ . s] ug'{ < klxnf sNkgf;Dd ePg clxn] kf] ======== ¤ pd]z – -efj's aGb}_ s]6fnfO{ 3/df NofP/ /fv]sf] s'/f t dL/f efph"n] d;Fu klg eGg' ePsf] lyof] . æs] ug'{ pd]z afa' ¤ pxfFsf] e/g} gx'g] . slxn] (–!) ah];Dd ;'ltlbg] . pm 8]/faf6 vfgf vfP/ cfpFbf !)– !! alh;Sg] . Tolt ca]nf k;n vf]Ng'eGbf t cfhsn sfd ug{] s]6fnfO{ 3/d} /fv]sL 5', of] laxfg cf7} ah] lrofl;of vfP/ k;n vf]Ng hfG5 . cfhsnsf] t Jofkf/} a]Un} 5Æ eGg'x'GYof] . k|]d – nf}g pd]z ¤ eg\ d s] u?F < d]/f] t lbdfun] sfd} ug{ 5f8]sf] 5 . o:tf] s'/f s;nfO{ eg"F < sxfF eg"F < lsg eg"F < eg]/ kf] s] cy{ 5 < -cfFvfel/ l6lNkn l6lNkn cfF;' aufpF5 ._ pd]z – v} s] eGg] k|]d ¤ dnfO{ t cem} ljZjf; nfUof 5}g . o;/L efph" uOg\ eg]/ sxLF st} tFnfO{ cTofpg cfkmGtL 3/lt/ t hfg' ef 5}g < o:;f] a'lem;\ cfkmGtL 3/x?lt/ < k|]d – a'em]+ pd]z rf/}lt/ a'em]+ . p;sf dfOtL dfjnLb]lv cfˆgf rf/}lt/ a'em]F . st} kQf] 5}g . csf{] s'/f, olb pm 3'Sof{pg lxF8]sL eP b/fh, ;]km, u/uxgf, gub ;a} lnP/ lsg lxF8\yL < Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / p;sf] gfdsf hUuf wgL k|df0f k"hf{ ;d]t ==== -eGbf eGb} km]l/ jfSo aGb x'G5 ._ pd]z – -;Demfpg vf]Hb}_ e}uf] k|]d, a9L lk/ gu/\ . v} lsg lsg dnfO{ t cem} klg k6Ss} ljZjf; 5}g

efph"sf] afgL Jojxf/ b]v]/ o:tf] ul/g\ eGg] . st} jgdf af3 s/fpg] uf]7df ufO{ x/fpg] ePsf] t x}g < k|]d – eof] k|]d, dnfO{ Ps} l5gsf] nflu ==== Gofgf] u/fpg gvf]h\ . a¿ eg\ g d ca s] u?F < g 6]Sg] 8fnL g ;dfpg] xfFuf] eg\ t d s] u?F < pd]z – k|]d gcflQO{, cfk"mnfO{ ;DxfNg] k|of; u/\ . hLjg ;+3if{ xf] / ;+3if{ g} ;fy{s hLjg xf] . cF ;fFRr} t}n] efph"nfO{ kmf]g ;Dks{ ug]{ k|of; t ul/;\ < k|]d – u/]F of/ ¤ xhf/ rf]l6 u/]F xf]nf 3/L l:jr ckm eG5 3/L k"/} 306L hfG5 t/ p7\b} p7\b}g, gp7fPsL xf]nL lg . pd]z – v} efph"sf] gDa/ eg\ t d k|of; u5'{ . k|]d – p7\b} p7\b}g s] k|of; u5{;\ < pd]z – P afaf gDa/ t eg\ g gp7] p7\b}g s] km/s k5{ < k|]d – (*======== . -df]afOn gDa/ lbG5 pd]znfO{ / pd]z cfˆgf] df]afOnaf6 8fon u5{, df]afOn p7\5_ dL/f – x]nf] ¤ sf] af]Ng'ePsf] xf]nf < pd]z – x]nf] d pd]z af]n]sf] efph" clg xh"/ stf efph" < dL/f – v} stf eGg' afa' < stf xf] stf s]xL 7]ufg 5}g . -k|]d 6\jfNn k/]/ ;'lg/xG5_ pd]z – eGgf];\ g efph" s:tf] 7]ufg 5}g eGg'ePsf] < oxfF k|]d kfun h:tf] eO;s]sf] 5 tkfO{+ eg] ========== . dL/f – P ToxfF cfOk'Ug' ePsf] 5 . x'g lbg';\ afa' kfun x'g lbg';\ . slxn]sf] ;4] xf] / < pxfF kfun eP/ g} d}n] o;/L lxF8g\ ' k/]sf] -k|d] pd]zsf xftaf6 df]afOn vf]:g vf]H5, pd]z xftsf] O;f/fn] r'k nfu\ eGg] ;Í]t u5{_ pd]z – -dL/fnfO{ ;Demfpg vf]Hb}_ o;/L lxF8]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg t x'Gg lg efph" lKnh o:tf] gug'{;\ efph" kmls{gf];\ lKnh ¤ dL/f – x]g'{;\ afa', d Tof] a]nf kmls{G5' h'g a]nf pxfFnfO{ sfdsf] dxŒj af]w xf];\, kl/jf/sf] cfjZostf v8\lsof];\, /S;L hLjg x}g eGg] nfuf];\, ;fdflhs k|lti7f k|flKtsf] nflu s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] ;f]rfOn] 3/ u/f];\ clg dfq . 323

pd]z – -uDeL/ aGb}_ Tof] t xf] efph" t/ tkfO{+n] 3/ 5f8\b}df oL ;a} s'/f ;'lN6G5 t < dL/f – ;'lN6g ;S5 . Tolt ubf{ klg ;'lN6Pg eg] d]/f] k]6df pxfFsf] aRrf 5, oxL aRrfnfO{ x'sf{pF5' k9fpF5' / of]Uo gful/s agfpF5' . d cfkm" klg st} uP/ s]xL sfd u5'{ . pd]z – efph", tkfO{+sf s'/f d a'‰5' t/ tL ;a} s'/f oxLF a;]/} klg t ug{ ;lsG5 lg . dL/f – ToxfF a:g' eg]sf] afFsL /x]sf] ;DklQ klg p8fpg' dfq xf] afa' . sDtLdf d ToxfF gePkl5 t afFsL ;DklQ t aRof] lg . d hxfF uP klg s]xL sfd u/]/ a:5' . d;Fu ePsf u/uxgf / ;'grfFbL laqmL u/]F eg] dnfO{ /fd|} Joj;fo ug{ k'U5 . ToxL eP/ sfd ug]{ s]6fnfO{ klg lnP/ cfPsL 5', cfˆg} efO agfP/ . pd]z – p;f] eg] oL ;a} s'/f k|]d;Fu} eGgf];\ g t efph" lKnh . dL/f – ef] 5fl8lbg';\, d pxfF;Fu af]Ng] kIfdf 5}g . a? pxfFnfO{ elglbg';\ ls dL/f ;w}+ tkfO{+nfO{ x]/]/

324

al;/x]sL x'G5] . pxfF ;'lw|Psf] v08df dL/f pxfFs} hLjg ;fyL xf] . clxn] dL/f cfˆgf] aRrfsf] eljio lgdf{0fsf nflu pxfFnfO{ 7Ls af6f]df lxF8fpg] k|of; ug{ lxF8]sL xf] . of] pxfFn] ;f]Rg] ljifo xf] . df]afOn sfl6lbG5] dL/fn] . pd]z – x]nf]˜ x]nf] x]nf] ==== . k|]d – s] eof] < sfl§of] < pd]z – v} sfl§P h:tf] 5 -pd]z k'gM gDa/ 8fon u5{ t/ l:jr ckm x'G5_ k|]d – s] eG5] < pd]z – -lbSs dfGb}_ v} s] eGg] k|]d ¤ ha;Dd tF ;'lw|b}g;\ ta;Dd kmls{Gg dfq} eGg'x'G5 . k]6sf] aRrfsf] eljiosf nflu 3/ 5f8]sf] eGb} ¿g vf]h]h:tf] ug'{x'G5 . hLjge/ 6f9faf6 ePklg tFnfO{+ g} x]l//xg] s'/f ug'{ x'G5 . k|]d – of] ;a p;sf] gf6s xf] . dnfO{ 5f8\g] gf6s . cfFvfel/ cfF;' emfb{} ?dfnn] k'5\b} u5{ . kbf{ aGb

syf

;Dkfbg  l;h{g clj/n lrtjg

clxn] s]xLa]/ /]i6'/fFdf ;ª\uLt /f]lsof] . p;n] l/Qf] lunf;df xft k'¥ofpg gkfpFb} j]6/n] Ps k]u / s]xL cfO;sf 6'qmfx? /flvlbof] . ‘of] k6Ss} ;:tf] /]i6'/fF xf]Og’ lunf;df Ps d'v nufO;s]kl5 cg'xf/ s]xL ljs[t em} t'NofpFb} eGof], ‘;lnkmf Û ca xfdL oxfF e]6\b}gf}F .’ lunf;sf] afFsL /S;L :jf§ kf/]/ ;8ssf] k]6Llt/ lgofNg Jo:t eof] . p;n] ;lnkmfsf] k|ltlqmofsf] s'g} ck]Iff /fv]sf] b]lvPg . ‘of] ;DaGw c? slt lgs6 x'g ;S5 <’ cgk]lIft k|Zgn] p;sf] Wofg k'gM ;lnkmflt/ ljifofGt/ x'g k'Uof] . cFWof/f] dg k/fpg] Psfw o'un hf]8Lafx]s ;8s k"/} zfGt lyof] . ;lNsFb} uPsf] cFWof/f] / of];Fu lhl:sPem}F nfUg] ;8s aQLsf] k|efj lkmtnf] zf;sh:tf] lyof] . ‘dnfO{ ;w}Fsf] cf}krfl/stf dg kg{ 5f]8\of]’ cfO; k"/} g3'ns ] f] /S;Lsf] lunf; xftdf p7fP/ PsfPs ;lnkmfn] of] jfSo af]Nbf p;sf cfFvf /ftf / n¶ k|foM lyP . pm ;fpb cfkm"nfO{ cf};t :jf:gL dfG5]eGbf km/s b]vfpg rfxGyL . To; /ft uhn /]i6'/fFaf6 cfO/x]sf] ;fª\uLlts Wjlg / dfbstf el/Psf] p;sf] cf]7 ljlrqsf] lyof] . p;n] l/Qf] lunf;df csf]{ Ps k]u yk]/ ;lnkmflt/ kmls{of] / O;f/fd} l;u/]6 dfUg] ;°]t u¥of] . ‘dnfO{ l;u/]6n] 89]sf] sfnf] cf]7 dg kb}{g d]/f] lktfsf] d[To'sf] sf/s oxL l;u/]6 xf] .’ ;lnkmfsf] cg'xf/ efj'sem}F b]lvof] . ev{/} p;sf] cf]7sf] Ps 5]pdf b]lvPsf] d':sfg ufnfsf] aLrdf gk'Ub} lanfof] . dfgf}F s]xLa]/ cl3sf] cfO; / d':sfg b'j} t/n eP/ lunf;leq} ;dflxt eP . ‘/S;L lkpg' / afFRg'df ltdLnfO{ s'g /dfOnf] nfU5 .’ ;lnkmf /S;L lkpg'nfO{ hLjg elGbg / ;fob o;}n] d[To';Fu hf]8\5] . pm lgMzAb ;'lgdfq /xG5 === .

/]i6'/fFsf] pQ/tkm{sf] s'gfdf dfluPsf] l;u/]6 e"njz j]6/n] p;sf] cl3lNt/ NofP/ k;f¥of] . Tof] o'un k|]ldn hf]8L z/L/sf] k"/} h;f] efu k|]ldsfsf] cf]9\g]n] n'sfP/ l;u/]6sf] k|tLIffdf lyof] . cfˆgf] cl3lNt/sf] l;u/]6nfO{ v]nfpFb} ca p;n] ;f]Rof] – hLjg o:t} c;ª\ultx?sf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] . p;n] lz/Lifsf] km"nleqsf] lzj/fhnfO{ ;lDemof] / ;lnkmfsf] ?lr lagf g} l;u/]6 ;Nsfof] . Ps ;sf]{ tfGbf gtfGb} p;n] s'g} bfz{lgsn] em}F eGof] – ‘hLjg ;Dkfbg u/]/ afFRg] j:t' xf]Og .’ p;n] clxn];Dd k9]sf] / l;s]sf] klg oxL xf], ‘of] t k"/} ck|fs[lts x'G5 .’ p;n] ToxL l;u/]6sf] clGtd ;sf]{n] csf]{ l;u/]6 ;Nsfof] . cfkm"nfO{ lzj/fhem}F cg'et" ug]{ p;n] ;lnkmfnfO{ ;sDa/Lsf] ?kdf e]6\g ;s]g . l;u/]6;Fu /S;L ls /S;L;Fu l;u/]6 p;n] s];Fu s] lkPsf] xf], Tof] em§ 5'6o\ fpg ;s]g . Pd=P=df p;n] ljZj]Zj/ k9\of] / k|mfo8sf] glhs k'Uof] . ;fob oxL emf]sdf p;n] o; k6s k'gM bf]xf]¥ofof] – ;lnkmf d ltdLnfO{ k|]d u5'{ . dnfO{ cj}wflgs k|d] dg kb}g{ . ‘nfdf] df}gtfkl5 ;lnkmf ;+jfbdf k|:t't eO{ . ;f]x| ;o uf]lkgL grfpg] s[i0f / ;w}F k/:qLudgdf 3[0ff ug]{ lx6n/df ltdLnfO{ sf] 7Ls nfU5 <’ ;lnkmfn] cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ gf3]em}F ;+jfb ;'¿ u/L . of] ljZj]Zj/sf] ;d:ofsf] s'/f xf], p;n] k|Zgaf6 klG5g plrt ;lDemof] . ‘/S;L / r'/f]6sf] nt gePsf] lx6n/ s;/L s'?k eof] <’ ca pm r'k /x]/ a:g] cj:yfdf lyOg . p;n] lgw{Ss eP/ eGof], of] klg ljZj]Zj/ s} ;d:ofsf] s'/f xf] . lgb|fdf k6Ss} ljZjf; gug]{ of] ;x/ clgb|fsf] Jofkf/df Jo:t 5 . clego u/]em}F lbgdf km/s b]lvg] ;x/ /ftdf x]l/g;Sg' / a'lemg;Sg' v]ndf d:t 5 . p;n] 325

;x/sf] rf/}lt/ cfFvf 3'dfpg vf]h]em}F u¥of] . ‘cfˆgf] s'g} df}lnstf 5}g of] ;x/df,’ p;n] d'v lauf¥of] . ‘cfofltt ;+:s[ltdf n5Kk leh]/ ;x/n] jiff}b+{ l] v cfˆgf] df}lnstf u'dfof] . s]6fs]6Ldf b]v]sf] ;x/sf] xflb{stf cfw'lgstfn] k"/} lgNof] a'‰of} .’ lunf;sf] tn–tn ;b}{ uPsf] /S;L x]/]/ ;lnkmfn] egL vf]Hof}F eg] oxLF st} 5 lhGbuL . p;sf] cfzo lunf;leqsf] /S;Ldf xf] of ;x/df p;n] a'‰g ;s]g . ;fFem ;lNsP/ km}lnFb} ubf{ /]i6'/fFdf ;ª\uLtsf] /fu a9\b} uof] . c? lbgsf] ;fFemeGbf of] ;fFem k[ys lyof] b'a}sf nflu . yfldFb} / hf]l8Fb} uPsf] ;+jfbsf] Pp6f nfdf] ofqf g} to ePsf] lyof] . lagf ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] ts{df klg bz{gsf] uGw lyof] . clxn] cf]7;Dd gk'¥ofpFb} 5rlNsPsf] lunf;leqsf] /S;L;Fu ;lnkmfn] hLjgnfO{ tf}ns ] f] p;nfO{ slQ dg k/]g . o:tf] kl/efiffn] p8\g vf]Hg] hLjg?kL sNkgfsf kv]6fnfO{ v'DRofpF5 / s'FHofP/ df5{ klg . ‘hLjg?kL gbLdf xfdL slxn] cfkm" eP/ aUg ;sf}Fnf <’ of] ljrf/ af]Nbf af]Nb} p;sf] cg'xf/df kf]ltPsf] af:gf xf] ls cg'/fu ;lnkmfn] 5'6\ofpg ;lsg . pgLx?aLrsf] ljz[ª\vlnt ;+jfbnfO{ ;lnkmfn] k'gM laxfgsf] klqsfdf nu]/ hf]8L . ‘c?lrk"0f{ /fhgLlts ;dfrf/ / lbSs nfUbf] n]vn] ca klqsf a]sf/sf] ljifo aGb} 5 . klqsfsf nflu ul/g] k|ftsfnLg r'Dag ;fy{s x'g ;s]g eg] l;ª\uf] lbg af]lemnf] eP/ laT5 . ;Dkfbgdf ga:g] vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf / lagf ;Dkfbg klqsfdf gc6\g] ;ª\u|f}nf g} klqsfsf] jf:tljs cfsif{0f xf] . laxfg /f]lsPsf] k|;ª\u ;lnkmfn] k'gM ;'¿ u/L, of] b]zsf] k|To]s g]tfeGbf k|ftsfnLg :gfg u/]/ ox'bLx?sf] ;fd'lxs xTof ug]{ lx6n/ lgs} pQd lyof] . ;fd"lxs xTof u/]/ cfgGb lng] lx6n/ / ;fd"lxs anfTsf/sf] ;dfrf/ k9]/ d':s'/fpg] g]tfdf sxfFg/] s] km/s 5 < ;fd"lxs xTof / anfTsf/ Ps};fy ePsf] 5 oxfF . hgtfsf] ;kgf / eljiodflysf] xTof / anfTsf/ ;+;f/sf] s'g} xTof / anfTsf/eGbf sd 5}g .’ pm ;lnkmfsf] /fhgLlts r]tgfnfO{ Tolt cgf}7f] dfGb}g . /fhgLlt p;sf] kf/Ljfl/s ;+:sf/ xf] oBkL 326

p;n] slxNo} cg'z/0f ul/g . jiff}{Fb]lv klqsfdf ;ª\u|f}nfnfO{ k9L / Ps k|sf/sf] gzfh:tf] ntdf km;LF . ;ª\u|f}nf ;Dkfbgdf k/] t/ p;n] cfˆgf] ntnfO{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg . pm eG5] – ‘dleq cgGt ;Defjgf 5 .’ Tof] s:tf ;Defjgf xf], p;n] a'‰g ;s]g . ;Dkfbgkl5sf] hLjg s[lqddfq} xf]Og, c?lrs/ klg aGbf] /x]5 . p;n] klg yKof] – lghL sDkgLdf hLjg e'nfpg' / ;Defjgfsf Ps–Ps KjfFvx? y't]/ ldNsfpFb} hLjge/ p8\g g;Sg] x'g'sf] kL8f yf]/}n] dfq a'em]sf x'G5g\ . cfhsn cfˆgf] kl/lw ;fF3'l/b} uPkl5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{ slxn] lzj/fh;Fu hf]8g\ vf]Hof] t slxn] ;'of]ujL/;Fu . p;n] klg ;'of]ujL/n] em}F /S;Lsf] lunf;df ;lnkmfnfO{ b]Vg'kg]{ xf] . oBlk /S;Lsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf t}l/Psf cfO;sf 6'qmfafx]s s]xL b]Vg ;s]g . ‘;sDa/L / ;lnkmfdf km/s 5,’ p;n] PsfPs ;f]Rof] – ‘sfnf cf]7leqsf] lgnf luhf / d'8'nf] 6fpsf] lnP/ z/L/nfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf ug]{ ;sDa/L;Fu cfˆgf] k|fs[lts uGw u'dfP/ cfw'lgs cQ/df k|:t't x'g] ;lnkmf t'ngfof]Uo 5}g .’ p;n] lgs} a]/ csf]{ l;u/]6 v]nfO/Xof] t/ ;Nsfpg] OR5f b]vfPg . d Pp6f snfsf/ aGg rfxGy]F a'‰of} . d]/L cfdfn] dnfO{ /fhgLltdf gnfuf];\ eGg] OR5f b]vfPkl5 g} d}n] /fhgLlt 5f]8]sf] x'F . p;n] cfˆgf] ctLtnfO{ k'gM /S;L;Fu 3f]n]/ lkpg ?rfof] . /]i6'/fFleq dfG5]sf] cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ /f]lsof] . t/ pgLx?sf] ;+jfb /f]lsPg . ef]Ug g;lsg] k|]d bfz{lgs x'G5 . ‘v} Û p;n] o;f] eGb} ubf{ s] ;f]Rof] .’ ;lnkmf aQLsf] dw'/f] k|sfzdf k6\ofP/ /fv]sf] klqsf kN6fpg yfnL . ‘s] ltdL cfˆgf] k|]dnfO{ j}wflgs 7fG5f} < ;lnkmfn] klqsfaf6 cfFvf gp7fO{ af]nL, of] t :jtGqtfsf] b'¿kof]u xf] .’ ‘xfdL hxfF ;b'kof]u b]V5f} ToxfF b'¿kof]u / hxfF b'¿kof]u b]V5f}F, ToxfF ;b'kof]u klg t x'g ;S5 .’ ‘s] ufGwLeGbf slt s'/fdf lx6n/nfO{ dfly b]Vg] dfG5] 5}gg\ / <’ p;n] cfˆgf] ts{n] ;lnkmfnfO{ x:tIf]k u¥of] . /]i6'/fFaf6 aflx/ lg:sFbf glg:sFb} ;lnkmfn] egL d of] ;a} s'/f d]/f] pkGof;df n]V5' . t/ Tof] pkGof;df ;Dkfbgsf] clwsf/ ltdLn] kfpg] 5}gf} ===.

xfd|f] lrtjg /fd|f] lrtjg  vgfn /]jtL/d0f e/tk'/–!), lrtjg

wfg e'mNg] u/f u/f tf]/L k'mNg] kmfF6 5b}+ 5}g csf{] lhNnf lrtjgsf] sfF6 hlt 8'Nof] 8'n"F 8'n"F xfd|f] lrtjg htfaf6 x]/]klg /fd|f] lrtjg . xfQL, u}+8f, lrqL oxLF ldlnh'nL r5{g\ ag]n / gLnufO{ ljr/0f u5{g\ /fktLdf hnqmL8f u5{ hn]jfn] tL/ a;L dfofF k|Llt nfpF5 dn]jfn] . pTt/df l;/fOr'nL blIf0fdf r'/] Jof;hLnfO{ j]bsf Crf oxL 7fpFdf k'm/] 3f]8f r9L nj, s'z oxL 7fpFdf e'Ny] jg ljxf/ ub{} oxL kfFr kf08j 8'Ny] .

d]nf eg{ ko{6s lrq;f/L cfpm lguf/ / lrRr/ vfg a8x/f hfpm glurdf b]j3f6 k5{ lbJo wfd uf]nf3f6 uO{ x]/ c:tfpFbf] 3fd . nds, nds 6f6] af3 lgs'~hdf 8'N5 ot} st} ?v x'FbL ;'gfv/L k'mN5 ;f}/fxfdf /ft a;L x]/ yf? gfFr ;b\efj / Gofgf] d}qL lbnleq ;fFr . ltqf, a§} sfF8]Eofs'/ h:tf r/f w]/ ;+;f/s} ;fgf] r/f kmNsf]g]6 x]/ Sofd'gf / hfd'g clg cr{n l6kL vfpm Psl5g\ a;L jg lar} Sj}nLl;t ufpm . oxLF ldN5 b'n{e hGt' 3l8ofn uf]xL st} ot} lj/xdf GofpnL a:5] /f]O{ x]/] x'G5 dg nfu] do"/sf] gfr ltd|f] xfd|f] lk/t:df gcfcf];\ x} cfFr .

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . ch'{g ;fksf]6f df]=M (*%%)%*)$*

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;S5 . oxL ;f]rn] ;f] dfu{sf hUuf wgLx?, uflj;, gu/kflnsf, lhlj;, pkef]Qmf / ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s, g]kfnsf lgdf{0f Joj;foL, pBf]uL–Joj;foLsf ;fy} ;ª\3;+:yf / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx? x]6f}F8f s'n]vfgL sf7df8f}F ;'¿ª dfu{ lgdf{0fsf nflu h'l6/x]sf 5g\ . nufgL / pRr k|fljlws ;xof]u dfq cGo d'n'ssf] lnO{ gful/s nufgLdf o:tf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;s] /fHonfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] / ljb]zLsf] d'v klg tfSg' gkg]{ eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] klg of] cfof]hgf ;kmn agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

s;/L cfof] gofF ;f]r < dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] s'n]vfgL x'Fb} x]6f}F8fnufot t/fO{sf] ljleGg ;b/d'sfdaf6 ;fgf ;jf/L ;fwg @ ;o @& lsldsf] ;6\6f hDdf &%–&& lsldsf] ofqfdf /fhwfgL k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . dsjfgk'/–s'n]vfgL eP/ sf7df8f+F k|j]z ug{ :yfgLo:t/af6 cfˆg} >d cfˆg} hUuf, nufgL / kxnaf6 s/La @) jif{ nufP/ rf/j6f

gofF kl/sNkgfdf o;af/] :yfgLo:t/af6 gofF kl/sNkgf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . h'g kl/sNkgfn] b]z ljsf;df k|To]s gful/sx?sf] ;fdflhs bfloTj x'G5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] ;jf{lws rrf{df /x]sf] x]6f}F8f–sf7df8f}F ;'¿ª dfu{ ;~rfng x'g 336

337

;8s lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . pQm rf/ ;8sdWo] s]xLdf dfq :yfgLo lgsfosf] nufgL 5, cGo ;8s ;/sf/L nufgLlagf :yfgLo pkef]Qmf jf ufpFn] hgtfaf6} lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . tL dfu{x?df blIf0fsfnL–5}dn] l;:g]/L eP/ s'nv ] fgL hf]8g\ ] dbg e08f/L dfu{, kmlk{ª 6Ns' x'dfg] kmfv]n eP/ s'nv ] fgL hf]8g\ ] s'nv ] fgL kmfv]n kmlk{ª ;8s, dftftLy{ r]vn] eP/ s'nv ] fgL hf]8g\ ] ;8s / yfgsf]6 lrTnfª eP/ s'n]vfgL hf]8\g] u0f]zdfg dfu{ 5g\ . TolQsf jif{ nufP/ :yfgLo hgtfn] @^ ls=ld= ;8s lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ eg] ;a} g]kfnL ldn]/ nufgL ug]{ xf] eg] eLdk]mbL s'nv ] fgLsf] #=% lsld ;'¿ª lgdf{0f u/L x]6f}8F f–s'nv ] fgL sf7df8f}F ;'¿ª dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ lsg g;Sg] < eGg] ;f]r g} pQm ;'¿ª dfu{sf] gofF kl/sNkgf xf] .

af6f]sf] ;f6f] #=% lsldsf] cTofw'lgs ;'¿ª lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . ;'¿ª lgdf{0fkl5 hg:t/af6 ag]sf rf/j6f ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt u/L :yfgLo If]qsf] ax['cfoflds ljsf; ug]{ o; of]hgfsf] csf]{ nIo xf] . o;/L @ ;o @& lsldnfO{ 36fP/ hg:t/af6 ag]sf ;8sx?sf] k|r'/ pkof]u ug{] u/L hDdf %) lsldsf] ;8s lgdf{0f ubf{ /fi6« / hgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . hg:t/af6 ag]sf ;8sx?sf] pkof]u x'g,] sf7df8f}F ^) nfvsf] hg3gTjsf] rfknfO{ sf7df8f}F blIf0fsfnL If]q / dsjfgk'/sf] pQ/L If]qsf !& uflj; / kfn'ª bfdgb]lv l;:g]/L;Ddsf] e"efudf pko'Qm cfjf; If]q jf k"mnaf/Lsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . hxfF, vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ko{6g, s[lif pTkfbg ;8s cflb k"jf{wf/nufotsf cfjZos ljsf; klg 5 . of] dfu{sf] lgdf{0fkl5 x]6f}F8f gu/kflnsf, kbdkf]v/L, xfF8Lvf]nfnufot :yfgdf dfgja:tL ljsf;, pBf]u–wGbf ljsf;, s'n]vfgL OGb| ;/f]j/, bfdg Eo" 6fj/, lr;fkfgL u9L, rGb|flul/h:tf ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhwfgLaf6 Ps 306fdf ;lhn} k'lug] /d0fLo / ;a} ;'ljwfo'Qm ;x/ s'g} x'g]5 eg] Tof] x]6f}F8f x'g]5 . x]6f}F8fkl5 k"j{ / klZrd b'j}tkm{sf] ofqf ;xh x'g]5 . l5d]sL d'n's lrgaf6 g]kfn eO{ ef/t / ef/taf6 g]kfn eO{ lrg hfg]–cfpg] 6«flGh6 KjfO06sf] ljsf; eO{ Jofkf/ tyf cGo ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf] ;'¿ª dfu{ ;fljt x'g]5 .

s:tf] x'G5 t ;'¿ª;lxtsf] of] dfu{ < of] of] h gfsf] k| d ' v sfo{ s' n ] v fgLb] l v eLdkm]bL;Ddsf] lr;fkfgL u9Ldf cjl:yt cToGt} c;lhnf] 3'dfp/f] ;fF3'/f] psfnf] cf]/fnf] !^ lsldsf] 338

339

;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 t of] of]hgf < ;'¿ªdfu{ lgdf{0fsf nflu s/La @) ca{ ?k}ofF nufgL nfUg]5 . k|f/lDes cWoogaf6 $ jif{df lgdf{0f k"/f eO{ & jif{df nufgL p7\g] of] dfu{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfox? qmdzM lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dsjfgk'/ tyf sf7df8f}F b'j} lhNnfsf @% uflj; / ToxfFsf %) xhf/eGbf a9L hgtfx?sf] ;xof]u 5 . To:t} ;8s lgdf{0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?, x]6f}F8f–sf7df8f}F hf]8\g] ;8sx?df jiff{;Dd lgMz'Ns >d ug]{ hgtf tyf xhf/f}F /f]kgL hUuf lgMz'Ns k|bfg ug]{ hUufwgLx?, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / o;cGtu{tsf ;ª\3 tyf pBf]uL Joj;foLx?sf] klg pQm ;'¿ªdfu{ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;ª\3 / o;sf …sÚ ju{sf ! ;o (# lgdf{0f Joj;foL sDkgL, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;ª\3sf k|ltlglwx?, ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/ /fVg] dxŒjk"0f{ ;ª\3;+:yf / JolQmx?;d]t g]kfn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sDkgLdf cfj4 5g\ . b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] of] ;'¿ª dfu{df nufgL ug{ ;a} k|lta4 /x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

;fef/ M cfly{s cleofg, /fli6«o b}lgs

lrtjgsf] uf}/j / ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j–@)^( sf] k"0f{ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s dËndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ . – k|]daxfb'/ clwsf/L k|aGw lgb{]zs

P;= lk= k|sfzg k|f= ln= afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gM )!–$@$%!(&, df]=M (*$!#()#%^

340

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l/8df]/ klAn;;{ P08

l8li6«Ao'6;{ s'n]Zj/, lq=lj= /f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]gM )!–^&@)&#, df]=M (*%!)#)!%^ 341

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