Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2
1.2.1
Section 1: Chapter 2: Introduction to Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment for Satluj in Himachal Pradesh 2.1
Introduction
Himachal Pradesh is predominantly a mountainous state. Its geographical area is about 55,673 km² and is bordered by the states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest per capita incomes in India. Himachal Pradesh generates and sells hydro power to other states, as it has an abundance of perennial rivers with steep descent. The economy of the state is mainly dependent on hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
2.2
Climate and Geography:
Himachal is situated in the western Himalayas. It is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 metres (1,148 ft) to 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) above the sea level. There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti, which are cold deserts. Broadly Himachal experience three seasons; the summer, winter and the rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which
experiences mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28°C (82 °F) to 32°C (90 °F). The rainy season is from July to September, which is followed by a relatively warm October. The winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region).
2.3
Drainage System of Himachal Pradesh
The drainage system of Himachal is comprises of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to Indus and Ganga basins. The major river basins of Himachal are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall.
2.4
Satluj River
Satluj, originates at Lake Rakshatal near Mansarover, and is called as ‘Longcchen Khabab’ in Tibet. It flows generally west and southwest till it
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 enters India at Shipkilla at an altitude of 6,608 metres. The Satluj was known as Shatadru or Su盪ｭudri in the Vedic period. It is an important tributary of the Indus River and is the longest of the five rivers. The river cuts through both the great Himalayan and the Zaskar ranges The Spiti River joins Satluj from the north at Khab. It runs for 320 km in Himachal Pradesh, Passing through gorges, it emerges from the mountains at Salapad at the tail end of the Govindsagar reservoir of the famous Bhakra dam.
1.2.2
The catchment area of Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is about 20,000 kmﾂｲ. Tributaries of Satluj River in HP: The major right and left bank tributaries joining the Satluj are schematically displayed below.
2.5
Projects on Satluj drainage system
It is a well known fact that the hydropower potential of various River Basins in HP is 20,463.5 MW. Out of which for Satluj Basin alone it is ~9000MW. The details are as follows.
Projects on Satluj Sr No
Name
River/Khad
MW
1.
Nathpa Jhakri
On Satluj
1500
2.
Bhakra Dam
On Satluj
1200
3.
Karcham Wangtoo
On Satluj
1000
4.
Kol Dam
On Satluj
800
5.
Jhangi Thopan
On Satluj
480
6.
Khab 窶的
On Satluj
450
7.
Luri
On Satluj
425
8.
Shongtong- Karcham
On Satluj
402
9.
Yangthang Khab
On Spiti
400
10.
Thopan Powari
On Satluj
400
11.
Rampur
On Satluj
400
12.
Baspa Stage-II
On Baspa
300
13.
Baspa Stage-I
On Baspa
210
14.
Khab 窶的I
On Satluj
186
15.
Chango Yangthang
On Spiti
140
16.
Kashang-III
On Kashang Khad
132
17.
Sumta-Kathang
On Kothans
130
18.
SVP Bhaba
On Bhaba Khad
120
19.
Lara Sumata
On Spiti
104
20.
Tidong-I
On Satluj
100
21.
Tidong-II
On Satluj
90
22.
Mani Nadang
On Spiti
70
23.
Keshang-I
On Keshang Khad
66
24.
Sorang
On Satluj
60
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 Sr No
1.2.3
Name
River/Khad
MW
25.
Kashang-II
On Keshang Khad
60
26.
Lara Project
On Spiti
60
27.
Ropa
On Ropa Khad
60
28.
Kuling Lara
On Spiti
40
29.
Ghanvi
On Ghanvi Khad
22.5
30.
Kut
On Kut khad
15
31.
Ghanvi-II
On Ghanvi Khad
10
32.
Bahairari
On Bahajrari Khad
5.5
33.
Bhaba Aug. P/H
On Shango Khad
4.50
34.
Nogli Stage-I
On Nogli
2.5
35.
Rongtong
On Rongtong Khad
2
36.
Chaba
On Nauti Khad
1.75
37.
Rukti
On Rukti Khad
1.5
Total
9450.25
I. Under Operation.
3150.25
II. Under execution in state/Pvt./Central Sector
1880.50
III. DPR Ready
862.00
IV. Under Investigation
692.00
Source:http://www.infraline.com/power/State/Himachal/HPHydroPowerPotential.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
2.6
Problem Area
The Satluj flows from the high-elevation arid parts of the eastern Himalayan ranges. This is the region of the mountain desert. This orographic rainfall barrier at about 3000 m changes abruptly into very humid sectors further downstream with mean annual precipitation of 3 m.
zone, bounded to the east by the orographic rainfall threshold barrier, is characterized by pronounced geomorphic changes, such as a decrease in river sinuosity, steepening channel gradients and hill slopes over a short distance of a few kilometers. Numerous landslide deposits dammed the Sutlej River and its tributaries in the past and acted as sediment traps storing large quantities of sediment. 1 Thus the Himachal Pradesh faces a gigantic problem of soil erosion and loss of water. The hydro electric projects mentioned above may suffer serious damages by the huge amount of silt coming into their turbines and forcing closure for long periods during the peak generating hours. The silt though
1 This significant increase in precipitation Bookhagen, B.; Thiede, R. C.; Strecker, M. R. 3. Mass Movements, Erosion is also reflected by amplification in Patterns and Sediment Transport along the Sutlej sediment flux, hill slope processes, and River (NW-Himalaya) vegetation cover. The climatic transition Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 directly affects the hydel projects but indirectly causes many uncountable damages to electricity generation, financial loss, losses to electricity user and so on. Apart from these, silt load harms the farming lands during monsoon damages agriculture to the extent that people shift their occupation due to huge losses. The anthropogenic aspects, geology, soil type, rains and snow are main reasons for landslides in this region. They cause severe landslides resulting in endangering human life, loss to biodiversity as well as to infrastructure such as roads and such other development. These issues can only be handled if we have clear knowledge of the catchments of the river Satluj and catchments of its tributaries.
2.7
consequent retention.
soil
1.2.4 or
moisture
loss
/
Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and transportation of soil. Water is the major agent responsible for this erosion. In many locations, winds, glaciers, etc. also cause soil erosion. Hence planning for treatment of catchments of the major Himalayan Rivers would primarily require collection of a large amount of baseline data. This data was collected from both the primary and secondary sources. The catchment area treatment involves: •
Understanding of the erosion characteristics of the terrain and,
•
Suggesting remedial measures to reduce the erosion rate
Catchment Area
Catchment Area of Satluj River is spread over an area of about 20,000 sq kms. This is highest compared to any other river in Himachal Pradesh. It may be reiterated that in the Himalayas, movement of soil (landslide / soil erosion) is a very common phenomenon. A comprehensive database on terrain conditions, different types of soil of the catchment, natural resources and socio-economic status etc. is essential to evolve an appropriate and site specific treatment plan. NERIL in keeping with the ToRs therefore planned to create an inventory of natural and manmade resources, impacts and infrastructure to arrive at the most appropriate technique for Catchment Area Treatment (CAT). The plan involves various techniques to control erosion in the catchment area. In high hills, variability of site specific parameters such as topography, soils, land use, climate, rainfall sociological compulsions, lively hood options, biodiversity and so on combine together to affect the stability of hill slopes and
The ministry of environment and forest has promulgated a number of projects by types that need the environmental clearance under the EP act. Large river valley projects necessarily need the environmental clearance. Under this routine catchment area treatment plan is made compulsory. However such a plan is restricted in its application to the immediate catchment of the project and it does not cover the entire basin. It must be appreciated that on a large river such as Satluj, the traverse of water is from a very longer distance and that too at the very large velocity. Thus treating the immediate catchment areas does not provide protection from heavy erosion.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 A typical approach for good catchment area treatment is the ridge to valley approach. It means that The eroding surface, and the streams that flow down in the valleys, eventually joining and becoming larger tributaries, have to be
1.2.5 treated from the beginning i.e. from the origin of the river throughout the entire river basin. The Himachal Pradesh government has rightly chosen this approach.
2.7.1. Present Status of Catchment Area Treatment Plans on Satluj River Number of CAT plans approved for Satluj River is 9. Please refer to Section 4 Chapter 1 for details of project wise progress as on 30 Nov 2010. River Basin
Satluj
Total catchment area in HP (in Km2)
20398
Hydroelectric Potential in the River Basin (MW)
Tapped HE potential (MW)
9863.7
4430.75
Number of CAT Plans approved & Total Outlay (Rs. In Lakhs)
Amount deposited by the User Agency
Expenditure till 30.9.2010 (Rs. in lakhs)
Balance to be spent (Rs. in lakhs)
9321.96
9533.59
(Rs. in lakhs) Nine &
16914.99
(18855.55) Source: Presentation by Addl. Chief Secretary Mr. Avay Shukla River Basin Development work For Satluj, Ravi, Beas and Chenab, Initiatives by HP Forest Department
Hydroelectric power potential which can be generated from the river basin is about 9863.7 MW. There are 9 CAT plans prepared for H.E.P on Satluj. Total outlay for this is Rs. 18855.55 lakhs. Total amount deposited by the user agency is Rs. 16914.99 lakhs and expenditure done till 30.9.2010 is Rs.9321.96 lakhs. Balance amount which should be utilized is Rs.9533.59 lakhs. Status of CAT plans for different hydroelectric projects on Satluj River are given below: I.
Hydro-Electric Projects with clearances and CAT Plans approved are:
1.
Baspa - II HEP, Rampur/Shimla
2.
Karchham Wangtoo HEP, Kinnaur
3.
Kashang HEP, Kinnaur
4.
Kol Dam HEP, Bilaspur
5.
Nathpa Jhakri, Rampur/Shimla
6.
Rampur HEP, Rampur/Shimla
II.
Hydro-Electric Projects with clearances awaited and CAT Plans yet to be Commenced are:
7.
Kut HEP, Rampur/Shimla
8.
Sorang HEP, Sarahan/Shimla
9. Tidong HEP, Kinnaur III. Cost Distribution Total cost of all these 9 CAT plan is 19725.06 lakhs. Total amount of funds released for implementation of CAT plans upto 31-03-2010 was 10176.76 lakhs and total amount of funds released during 2010-11 is 1252.84 lakhs.
2.8
Objective
Integrated basin wide watershed management aims at minimizing the sedimentation and ecosystem conservation of the catchment area,
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 1: Chapter: 2 which can be further, simplified and listed as: •
2.9
To prevent soil erosion and land degradation
•
To improve land capability and moisture regime
•
To rehabilitate the degraded forest areas slopes and landslide prone areas
•
To promote land-use to match land capability
•
To improve the pasture land
•
To plant wild fruit species and create water resources for wildlife
•
To seek people’s Participation in Planning & Implementation
•
To upgrade skills in planning and execution of land development
1.2.6
D4: Monitoring Plan and Review and Evaluation Mechanism
2.10
Deliverables
1. A Base Map [covering all items in the scope of works] 2. Basin-wide CAT Plan, including Implementation Arrangements, Financing Plan, and Monitoring, Evaluation and Review Plan [covering all items in the scope of works] 3. A separate report documenting all stakeholder consultations during the assignment;
4. All support to the GoHP in public disclosure and consultation during and at the end of the preparation of the Satluj basin CAT plan.
Terms of Reference
Task A: Creation of Baseline Data A1: Preparation of Base Maps using GIS A2: Collection of Baseline Data from the Forest Department A3: Collection of Other Secondary data A4: Collection of Primary Data on Sediment Load A5: Finalization of GIS Overlays Task B: Analysis of the current situation Task C: Plan for Prevention of Further Degradation of Catchments Task D: Develop CAT Plan Actions D1: Specific Action Plans D2: Implementation Arrangements D3: Financing Plan Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin