Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1
2.1.1
Section 2: Task A: Creation of Baseline Data Chapter 1: NERIL’S approach to the Terms of Reference UNIT OF STUDY: The unit of study for preparation of this CAT Plan is a MICRO WATERSHED (changed from beat to MWS). This unit was chosen because it was the smallest geographical unit contributing to erosion.
earth surface generated by precipitation (Rain and Snow melt) and controlled by gravitational force. Hydrological cycle define the movement of water on the earth surface.
Evaporation from sea--- Formation of clouds---Clouds generate rainfall---Rain water moves from hills towards the sea----some enter the soil--- some evaporate back to atmosphere from soil and plants---- and major part goes back to sea. The cycle continues in nature and modified by climate. In tropical and sub-tropical regions, monsoonal pattern of hydrological cycle operate—most rains occur in 3months followed by small showers, but floods and droughts are common
The reason for this choice is that it is the smallest natural unit which is affected by water and silt transport. This concept is explained in further details here under:
The rain or snow melt flows down the mountain slopes on either side of the ridge line in small streams flowing down and joining together at the bottom of the valley / gully as illustrated below.
Subject of water (H2O) is covered under the discipline of Hydrology. It has two main branches: Surface hydrology and Sub-surface hydrology (Geo-hydrology): Surface hydrology deals with water flow on
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1
The intensity of rain / snow melt, steepness of hill sides, and the nature of the top soil, vegetation, human interference, grazing and many such factors combine to erode the surface
2.1.2
soil and carry it away in the form of silt load. The different problems of a catchment area can be categorized and analysed as illustrated in the next illustration.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1
2.1.3
(Illustrations and text Credits Dr. SS Grewal & Dr.Dogra)
In order to address these problem areas, we need to apply appropriate technological interventions to the current situation so as to minimize / nullify the problems. These interventions are categorized in the illustration on the next page. It can be seen that the technological interventions relate to slope management, drainage line treatments and problem areas needing special treatments. NERIL therefore decided to carry out detailed survey of every MWs
to identify soil erosion and siltation related problems. The survey methodology was selected to suit this intention. It would be apt to state that application of appropriate technological intervention was also selected at the level of MWs based on what was found to be most appropriate intervention to arrest further degradation or to reverse and rectify degraded area. This approach is illustrated in the schematic diagram of the typically treated watershed drawn after the illustration on the next page.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
2.1.4
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1 Delineation of Satluj Catchment in Himachal Pradesh The nomenclature of sub catchments (SC) and micro-watershed (MWs) is according to nomenclatures provided by All India Land Use and Soil Survey. However such nomenclature for Spiti valley and for the area between Wangtoo to upper Kinnaur is yet to be done therefore nomenclature is provided by the Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (HPKVV) is used. The total catchment of Spiti and Satluj is therefore divided in SC and MWs as tabulated below:
•
We have promoted time tested, proven and recommended technologies after review of success or failure of the lessons learnt from the implementation of the previous projects.
•
Our approach is basically to control degradation of land, water and vegetation resources by improving forest cover by conserving the existing ecosystem and addressing the environmental concerns.
•
Our approach is consistent with central and state forest policies to facilitate participatory implementation of the project programmes.
Approach and Methodology •
We have adopted watershed concept / philosophy as specified by the GOI and National Rain fed Area authority and state guidelines.
•
We have adopted integrated, participatory, process based; bottom up approach for social development and top down for technology adoption.
2.1.5
Locations
Sub-catchments
Micro-Watershed
Kol dam to Wangtoo
10
179
Wangtoo to upper Kinnaur
23
Not delineated
Spiti
8
Not delineated
Total
41
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 1
2.1.6
Satluj basin map with Micro-watershed and sub-catchment boundaries
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 2:
2.2.1
Section 2: Chapter 2 Preparation of Base Maps using GIS Although the terms of reference did
changes to each MWS. In addition to
provide for the forest department to
these NERIL has made a GIS based
provide the base map prepared by
inventory of the assets of the HPFD,
Satluj
Limited
such as nurseries, guard huts, forest
(SJVNL), such a base map was not
rest houses and so on to facilitate
available to the FD and therefore not
better informed planning and decision
available to us. NERIL had to prepare a
making. The list of base map and value
base map of the expected 10 layers.
addition layers is tabulated below:
Jal
Vidyut
Nigam
The base map was the start point. All the
primary
and
secondary
data
obtained during the assignment was added as value addition to make an inventory of natural and man made Sr. No.
Base Map Layer
Feature Type
1.
State Administrative Boundary
Polygon
2.
Satluj River
Polyline
3
Satluj Catchment Boundary
Polygon
4
Sub Catchment Boundary
Polygon
5
Watershed Boundary
Polygon
6
Microwatershed Boundary
Polygon
7
Tributaries
Polyline
8
Rivulets
Polyline
9
Roads
Polyline
10
Village Locations
Point
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 2:
2.2.2
Sr. No.
Value Added Layers
Feature Type
11
Digital Elevation Model
Raster Image
12
Unsupervised Land use and Land cover
Raster Image
13
Supervised Land use and Land cover
Raster Image
14
District Administrative
Polygon
15
Tehsil Administrative
Polygon
16
Community Development Block Administrative
Polygon
17
Forest Division
Polygon
18
Forest Range
Polygon
19
Forest Beat
Polygon
20
Agro-ecological Zones
Polygon
21
Forest Type
Polygon
22
Landforms Type
Polygon
23
Rainfall Map
Polygon
24
Soil Type
Polygon
25
Plantation Details
Point
26
Soil Conservation Measures in Forest area Details
Point
27
Grazing Land Details
Point
28
Soil Conservation Measures in Non Forest area Details
Point
29
Landslides Details
Point
30
Silt Sampling Locations
Point
31
Priortization
Polygon
32
Forest Dept. Nurseries
Point
33
Guard Huts of Forest Dept.
Point
34
Rest House of Forest Dept.
Point
35
Hydel Power Projects location
Polygon
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 2: Chapter 3
2.3.1
Section 2: Chapter 3: Collection of Baseline Data from the Forest Department A coordination meeting was held in each forest circle, division and range. This exercise was of value as the FD officials were briefed on the need and the importance of the data for the basin level CAT Plan. NERIL’s field investigators and experts received the highest degree of corporation from all levels of the HPFD. In fact, our field investigators were always accompanied by the HPFD staff during their survey of the MWs. This coordination resulted in high reliability and accuracy of the data obtained during the survey of MWs. These meetings also resulted in better coordination.
AT TOLLAND
Data was collected with respect to: •
area under forest,
•
Forest working plans
•
Any area that needs plantation including increasing the plantation density (by species and type),
•
Areas that require soil moisture conservation,
•
Agro-forestry,
•
Grazing Lands.
•
Landslides
•
Journal & Brochure for Huts / nurseries etc
AT POOH
and
The CAT Plans of the EIA and EMP Reports of Projects cleared by MoEF were studied for their efficacy within the basin level planning and for the need to recast the CAT Plans under execution.
AT TABO
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin