Volume: XIV Part I Section: 2 Chapter: 9 Page No:
79
Chapter 9: Community Development Block Mashobra 1. Data TABLE NO:10 HORTICULTURE CROPS
Almond Amrood Apple Citrus Kimiso Pears
VARIETIES (LOCAL/IMPRO VED)
AREA
0.5 1 6.5 19 0.5 2.5
IRRIGATED/UNIRRIGATE
MEAN FYM
LOCAL %
IMPRO VED%
IRRIGATED %
UNIRRIGATED %
100 100 100 100 100 100
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 100 100
MEAN YIELD
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
MEAN SALE
YES%
1.5 1.8 5 2.25 1 2.25
2 0 0 0.11 0 0
7000 0 0 9500 0 0
NO%
0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 100 100
SOURCE OF PLANT MATERIAL
PESTICIDES YES %
NO %
0 100 100 75 100 50
100 0 0 25 0 50
LOCAL %
100 100 100 100 100 100
GOVT. %
0 0 0 0 0 0
NO %
0 0 0 0 0 0
AVAILABILIT Y OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE NO YES% %
100 100 100 75 100 100
0 0 0 25 0 0
TABLE NO:11 AGRICULTURE CROPS
Barley Kolth Losiya Maize Mustard Paddy Potato Rajmash Urd Wheat
AREA
160.5 36 2 341.2 93.5 2 100.5 66 23 321.5
VARIETIES (LOCAL/IMPROVED) LOCAL% IMPROVED%
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
IRRIGATED/UNIRRIGATE IRRIGATED% UNIRRIGATED%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.71 0 0 4.12 3.7 0 7.84 2.22 0 4.35
95.29 100 100 95.88 96.3 100 92.16 97.78 100 95.65
MEAN FYM
MEAN YIELD
7.17 6.27 6 11.46 5.79 6 6.37 4.51 4.78 11.52
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
2.15 2.22 1 2.19 1.76 2.35 2.22 1.2 1.61 2.01
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS YES% NO%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE YES% NO%
2.35 0 0 2.06 0 0 0 0 0 2.17
97.65 100 100 97.94 100 100 100 100 100 97.83
Volume: XIV Part I Section: 2 Chapter: 9 Page No:
80
TABLE NO:12 VEGETABLE CROPS
Arbi Brinjal Cabbage Capsicum Cauliflower Chilli French Beans Garlic Ginger Peas Tomato
AREA
VARIETIES (LOCAL/IMPROVED) LOCAL% IMPROVED%
2 6 14 18.8 13.2 5.4 22.3 33.2 20.2 27 6.2
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
IRRIGATED/UNIRRIGATE IRRIGATED% UNIRRIGATED%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 37.5 46.15 31.25 46.15 60 18.75 38.46 46.15 30 50
100 62.5 53.85 68.75 53.85 40 81.25 61.54 53.85 70 50
MEAN FYM
6 2.89 6.04 4.19 4.96 5.4 4.75 4.35 6.92 6.65 3.38
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS YES% NO%
MEAN YIELD
2 0.83 1.29 1.38 1.21 0.56 0.72 0.21 0.69 1.07 1.13
100 75 61.54 68.75 61.54 60 81.25 61.54 46.15 60 37.5
AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE YES% NO%
0 25 38.46 31.25 38.46 40 18.75 38.46 53.85 40 62.5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.69 5 0
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 92.31 95 100
TABLE NO:13
LIVES STOCKS
Buffalo Bullocks Cows Goat Heifers Horse/ Ponnies Sheep
NO OF LIVES
HEALTH CARE YES%
NO%
41 130 187 12 21.2
9.68 14.29 16.85 0 23.08
90.32 85.71 83.15 100 76.92
4 12
0 33.33
100 66.67
NATURAL/AI SERVICE NATUR BOTH AI% NO% AL% % 61.29 29.03 0 9.68 3.17 0 0 96.83 41.57 43.82 14.61 0 66.67 0 0 33.33 15.38 0 0 84.62 0 100
0 0
0 0
100 0
BREED LOCAL IMPROVED % % 100 0 96.83 3.17 41.57 58.43 100 0 30.77 69.23 100 100
0 0
STALL FEEDING/GRAZING OR BOTH STALL GRAZING BOTH No % % % % 64.52 19.35 16.13 0 17.46 44.44 38.1 0 49.44 24.72 25.84 0 0 100 0 0 69.23 23.08 7.69 0 0 0
0 0
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
100 100
0 0
MEAN CONCENTRA TE FED
MEAN LACTATI ON
AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL GUIDANCE
MEAN YIELD
YES%
NO%
1.65 0.84 2.08 1.5 0.19
356.26 0 548.76 0 0
1652.9 0 1759.55 0 0
45.16 44.44 44.94 33.33 53.85
54.84 55.56 55.06 66.67 46.15
1 1.5
0 0
0 0
0 0
100 100
Volume: XIV Part I Section: 2 Chapter: 9 Page No:
81
TABLE NO 14 NO OF HOUSE HOLDS STUDIES GENERAL% CAST CATEGORY
SC% ST% OBC %
ELECTRICITY CONNECTION MOTORABLE ROAD TO VILLAGE
YES% NO% YES% NO% YES%
DISPENSARY/MEDICAL FACILITY IN VILLAGE
TAP WATER TOILET NO OF FAMILY MEMBER
NO% MEDICAL FACILITY DISTANCE (KM) YES% NO% YES% NO% TOTAL MALE TOTAL FEMALE DEGREE% +TWO%
EDUCATION(MALE)
MATRIC% MIDDLE% PRIMARY% ILLITRATE% DEGREE% +TWO%
EDUCATION(FEMALE)
MATRIC% MIDDLE% PRIMARY% ILLITRATE%
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
99 80.81 19.19 0 0 100 0 68.69 31.31 51.52 48.48 1.53 98.99 1.01 87.88 12.12 309 279 11.6505 16.5049 29.1262 22.6537 13.5922 6.4725 7.53 11.47 18.28 20.79 26.16 15.77
Volume: XIV Part I Section: 2 Chapter: 9 Page No:
82
11501940 2415820 979000 1168650 162276.9
SERVICE AGRI/HOTI
ANNUAL INCOME
LABOUR MISC TOTAL ANNUAL INCOME
TABLE NO:14(A) MARKETING PATTERN OF PRODUCE
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION MAHILA MANDAL %
YOUTH CLUB %
28.28
3.03
SHG %
4.04
MAHILA MANDAL /YOUTH CLUB %
1.01
GRAM PANCHAYAT %
CO-OP %
3.03
ANY OTHER %
0
2.02
NO%
58.59
PRIVATE%
NO%
90.91
SOURCE OF BORROWING
CO-OP%
9.09
0
BANK%
86.87
CO-OP %
8.08
RELATIVES%
FRIENDS %
1.01
4.04
FUEL/FODDER MANAGEMENT FUEL/FODDER
Fuel Fodder
REQUIREMENT % YES%
98.99 92.93
FUEL SOURCE
Forest LPG LPG,Forest
Self Land & LPG
AVALIBILITY%
NO%
1.01 7.07
SOURCE TO COVER GAP %
29.29 18.18 51.52
1.01
GAP %
47.07 50.73
FODDER SOURCE
Forest Forest, Purchase No Private Purchase Self Land
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
51.52 43.83
SOURCE TO COVER GAP %
55.56 23.23 8.08 7.07 5.05 1.01
Volume: XIV Part I Section: 2 Chapter: 9 Page No:
INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES EXISTING
INTERESTED
No No Poultry
Mushroom Poultry Mushroom
MINOR FOREST PRODUCE(MFP) EXISTINGNAME
Dharu,Karu,Guchhi,Bhekal,Fatish No
ANNUALINCOME
SUGGESTION
0 0
Technical guidance be imparted More MFPs be planted and people be educated regarding MFPs
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
83
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
84
2. Analysis District Shimla Community Development Block Mashobra The socio-economic conditions of Mashobra block are summarized in the following tables. Table: 1
Ethnic Group & Religion, Study Area, 2009-10. (Per cent)
Religion Hindu
100.00
Category General 76.15 SC 23.85 OBC 0.00 It can be observed from the Table-1 that in study area the percentage of Hindu was 100. As far as caste category was concerned general category constituted the largest proportion accounting for 76.15 per cent. Next in importance was scheduled caste category (23.85 percent). Table: 2
Infrastructure Facilities, Study Area, 2009-10.
Village Level Motorable road to village Health facility in a village Average distance to be covered to get medical facility Electricity connection Tap water connection Toilet facility
Family level
(Per cent) Yes NO 71.56 27.78 47.71 52.29 1.56 K.M.* 100.00 99.08 88.99
0.00 0.92 11.01
*Kilometre Table -2 exhibits that 71.56 per cent of villages were connected with motorable roads. As far as health facilities in villages are concerned, 47.71 percent villages were having medical facilities. On an average people had to cover 1.56 KM to get medical help. Table further indicates that 0.92 per cent households were not having water connection and 11.01 per cent were going in open for defecation. As far as electricity connection is concerned all the households were having electric connection in their houses. Table: 3
Distribution of selected families according to gender, Study Area, 2009-10. (Number)
Gender Male 333 Female 305 Total 638 Average size of family 5.85 Sex ratio* 915 *Number of females per thousand males The information on average size of family and gender- wise classification of sampled households has been presented in Table – 3. It can be observed form the table that on overall level, the average family consisted of 5.85 members. In the study area sex ratio was 915. Table: 4
Educational Level, Study Area, 2009-10
Educational Level Illiterate Primary Middle Matriculate
(Per cent) Male 06.21 14.11 23.72 27.33 Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Female 15.74 26.54 21.02 17.05
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
85
Sr. Secondary 16.82 12.76 Degree 11.11 6.89 Table -4 represents the educational level of sampled population of the study area. Regarding the literacy of the family members, it was found to be higher among males as compared to females. The proportion of illiteracy in females was more. The majority of the females (26.54 per cent) had their education up to primary level. The proportion of the female population having studied up to middle, matriculation and sr. secondary standards was 21.02, 17.05 and 12.76 per cent, respectively. It can be seen from the table that only 6.89 per cent of the female population had their education up to degree level. Among the male, 27.33 per cent were having education up to matriculation level. The proportion of the male population having studied up to primary and middle standards was 14.11 and 23.72 per cent, respectively. The percentage of male population having education up to degree level was only 11.11. Table: 5 Distribution of Family Income, Study Area, 2009-10 Sr. No 1.
Particulars Service
2.
Horticulture/Agriculture
3.
Labour
4.
Miscellaneous Total
(Average) Annual family Income (Rs.) 108916 (70.96) 24479 (15.95) 9376 (6.11) 10721 (6.98) 153492 (100.00)
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentages. In order to get an insight unto the annual family income as a whole an analysis was carried out on the basis of family as a unit. The major constituents of family income in the study area were service, horticulture/agriculture. A perusal of Table – 5 reveals that on an average, the total annual family income, per household, was worked out to be Rs. 1, 53,492. The major source of annual family income was service. It contributed 70.96 per cent towards total family income. Next in importance was horticulture/agriculture, as it contributed about 15.92 per cent. The contribution of miscellaneous and labour was 6.98 and 6.11 per cent, respectively. Table: 6 Social Participation, Study Area, 2009-10 (Per cent) Participation (40.36) Mahila Mandal 28.44 Co-operatives 8.25 Self Help Groups 3.67 Youth Club 0.00 No Participation (59.64) Table – 6 shows the average social participation of households in study area. Overall only 40.36 percent were participating in Mahila Mandals, Co-operatives and Self Help Groups with 28.44, 8.25 & 3.67 percentages, respectively. The participation in youth clubs was nil. Table: 7
Marketing Pattern of Produce, Study Area, 2009-10 (Per cent) Private 100.00 Government 0.00 Cooperatives 0.00 Table – 7 reveals that all the respondents were selling their produce to private parties.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
86
Table: 8
Source of Borrowings, Study Area, 2009-10 (Per cent) Bank 88.07 Friends & Relatives 8.26 Cooperative Society 3.67 Any other 0.00 The source of borrowings by the sampled households is presented in Table – 8. The majority of the respondents (88.07 per cent) had taken loans from banks. About 8.26 per cent of people had borrowed loan from relatives and friends. The table further reveals that 3.67 per cent of households had taken loan from cooperative societies. Table: 9 Income Generating Activities, Study Area,2009-10 (Activities) Existing Interested Poultry Mushroom, Poultry Table – 9 presents the existing and those income generating activities in which people were interested for future. Poultry was the only income generating activities existed in the study area, but the people showed interest for mushroom and poultry. Table: 10 Fuel/Fodder Management, Study Area, 2009-10 Requirement
Availability
Gap
Fuel
100.00
46.83
51.88
Fodder
93.58
49.79
50.21
(Per cent) Sources to cover gap by household Forests (52.00) LPG (48.00)
Forest (80.00) Market (20.00) Table – 10 shows the fuel and fodder management by the respondents in study area. It can be seen from the table that on average people were able to manage 46.83 percent fuel from their own farms and to cover the gap 52.00 per cent households were dependent on forests. As far as fodder is concerned, to cover the gap which was 49.79 percent, majority of the people (80.00 per cent) were dependent on forests. Table: 11 Minor Forest Produce Existing Names Dharu, Karu, Guchhi, Bekal, Fatish
(Averages) Annual Income (Rupees) 756
A perusal of Table – 11 reveals that in minor forest produce Dharu, Karu, Guchhi, Bakel and Fatish were the important components of income. Average annual family income from minor forest produce in the study area was Rs. 756/- only. Suggestions •
Rural infrastructure like village roads, drinking water, and sanitation needs to be developed and strengthened.
•
Health sub-centers may be provided with proper building and staff at Gram Panchayat level.
•
Family planning and health education campaign needs to be started at Gram Panchayat level. Awards should be given to Gram Panchayats with low decadal variation from the average of state.
•
The occurrence of school dropouts has been quite high as we move from matriculation to senior secondary and above.
•
In order to raise the socio-economic status, increase employment opportunities Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
87
and generate self confidence, the top priority is to be given for their education. The education will help in providing their participation in economic activities and add to their productivity. •
The overall literacy rate of women is low as compared to men folk. Girls often have to drop out of school to assist their mothers. This reinforces gender roles and denies girls access to education. Keeping in view the active role played by women in maintaining and improving the wellbeing of their families and the whole society, special schemes should be introduced to get her more educated. Increasing literacy rates are preconditions for and expressions of a fundamental cultural change that brings empowerment and new responsibilities.
•
Social participation should be encouraged. There is a need to educate the people about the importance of co-operatives, self help groups .In study area the existence of youth clubs is nil. There is dire need to educate the young generation about youth clubs and their functioning. Further, they may be motivated to establish these rural institutions. While using the People Rural Appraisal (PRA), it is noted that most of the people were not having knowledge about development activities. Thus, their participation in such institutions may be encouraged to improve their knowledge about developmental activities.
•
Majority of people in study area are marketing their produce to private parties but resentment was also there among the people that private parties are not purchasing their produce at proper rates. Government should do efforts in this respect.
•
The banks already working in the study area has to gain more confidence among local people. People still prefer to borrow money from relatives and friends. Bank people are required to establish rapport with villagers to win their confidence.
•
In order to make the people economically better off, there is dire need to introduce new income generating activities as suggested by them. Proper training should be imparted to them to start new activities. Existing income generating activities should be strengthened by making them more trained. Women folk should be trained to improve their economic status. Improved economic status will lead to increase in empowerment of women and also enable them to participate increasingly in decision making in the family and society, which at present is more or less the exclusive domain of the men folk.
•
There exists a gap in fodder requirement and which is mostly met with from forests. To meet put this gap new species of fodder trees and grasses and improved management practices (Agronomic practices and fertilization application) should be popularized.
•
To cover the gap in fuel majority of people are dependent on forests for fuel wood. To release the pressure of forests alternative sources like solar energy, bio-gas should be encouraged. An investment in this direction can be cheaper and more eco-friendly source of electrification.
•
Pressure cookers should be provided to them on subsidized rates.
•
Training should be imparted to women to save energy. Wood saving devices like improved chullas should be introduced.
•
Agriculture/horticulture is one of the major sources of family income. Every farmer that wants to expand or even maintain his or her business invariably needs cash. The need for cash implies a need for credit, and as most small scale farmers need relatively small amounts of credit. Microcredit is not always the solution farmers are looking for, and they benefit from it less than other sectors. Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
88
Their need for credit may be relatively small, but it is larger than that of the average micro-entrepreneur. Farmers need access to credit over along period of time as they have to wait until harvest time or later, until they can pay back a loan. Unlike other micro-enterprises, agriculture cannot sustain above market interest rates as the financial returns are not high enough. Keeping this in view government should make efforts for microfinance instead of microcredit. •
To improve the livestock output, farmers should be provided with free or highly livestock subsidized livestock services, especially when it comes to animal health.
•
Minor forest produce can be a good source of income in study area if the market facilities are provided to them. At present they are selling the produce to private parties with the feeling that they are being deceived by these private parties.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume: III Part I Section:2 Chapter:9 Page No:
89
3. Costing DEVELOPMENT BLOCK MASHOBRA
Basic Statistics • •
No of MWs in the CD Block falling in Satluj Catchment Range of general slope of land
• • •
Farmers' owned land area Irrigated area Fodder supply against demand* • Green fodder • Dry fodder Improvement Expenditure to be met from CAT Plan
•
• •
•
• • • •
•
•
•
Cost of 0.5% additional area(13 ha) to be brought under irrigation(@ Rs. 1.0 Lakh/ha) Cost of 1 % area (26 ha) to be brought under organic farming (@ Rs. 10,000/= per ha)(Only incentive portion)*** Rejuvenation of senile orchards {0.5 % of area (13 ha) @ Rs.15,000/= per ha} (Only incentive portion)*** Area expansion under Hort. Crops {0.5% of area (13 ha) @ Rs. 60,000/= per ha}( Only incentive portion)*** 0.5 % of area (13 ha) to be Bench Terraced (@ Rs.1,06,882/= per ha)**** One Community Water Storage Tank for 10 hectare command area in each Block*** One Farm Pond (125 CM) for each micro-watershed (5 Nos.) @ Rs. 2,96, 000/= per pond**** 0.5 % of farmers’ owned land (13 ha ) to be brought under grassland improvement (@ Rs. 1.0 Lakh/ha)***** Fodder cultivation****** i). Kharif fodder cultivation on 5 ha @ Rs.19120/= per ha ii). Rabi fodder cultivation on 5 ha @ Rs. 22800/= per ha One Natural Breeding Centre (NBC) in each micro-watershed (5 Nos.) @ Rs. 25,000/= per centre****** Cost of one Gosadan to accommodate 100 cattle heads 1. Recurring cost@ Rs.40/= per cattle per day 2. Recurreing cost of 4 attendants @ Rs. 120/=/per day/per attendant 3. Fixed cost for raising Gosadan structures Total
Source * ** *** **** ***** ******
Block Dev.Office/Distt. Statistical Office NERIL Survey Cost norms as per Hort.Tech. Mission, GOI/Deptt. of Hort. H.P. Deptt. of Agri. H.P norms Dept. of Ani. Husbandry, H.P. norms Mid Himalayan Project norms Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
5 ** 30 to 85 %** 2591 ha** < 10 %** 40 % 50 % Rs. In Lakhs 13.00
2.60 1.95
7.80
13.89 17.25 14.80 13.00
0.96 1.14 1.25
14.60 1.14 5.00 108.97