10 sistema mixotropic, uma nova abordagem para um cultivo de camarão lucrativo farshad shischechian by Neuma Rocha

Advance Shrimp Farming Dr. Farshad Shishehchian Ph.D., Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Blue Aqua International President & CEO World Aquaculture Society (WAS), Asia Pacific Chapter President ÂŠ 2012 Blue Aqua International All Rights Reserved

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PATENTED IN 144 COUNTRIES

SYSTEM

Decreasing Productivity and Profitability, Why?

•Pond aging •Natural productivity •Mineral deficiency •High load of organic matter •Poor management: pond and water feeding, bio-security

quality,

Issues & Challenges in Shrimp Aquaculture   Diseases *Production costs - Feed/Fishmeal *International market prices Access to disease-free broodstock Production costs - Others Production costs - Fuel Seed stock quality & availability Access to Credit Feed quality and availability Product quality control *International trade barriers Environmental management Banned chemicals / antibiotic use Market coordination Conflicts with other users Public Relations Management Infrastructure

Not Important

Important

Very Important

I n f e c & o u s* d i s e a s e s* caused* by* pathogenic* organisms:* o  Parasites* o  Fungi* o  Bacteria* o  Virus*

Environmental, diseases, caused,by:, o  Mineral,deﬁciencies, o  pH, ﬂuctua9on, related: stress, o  Toxic, gas, related: stress, o  Low,DO:stress, o  Chemical,toxicity, o  Etc., ‘There, is, oPen, an, environmental, disease, behind, an, infec9ous, disease, outbreak,, such,as,bacterial,infec9on,which,are,mainly,opportunis9c’.,,

MX:'2013'

TH:'2012'

CH:2009' VN:'2010' MY:'2011'

Transmission:'horizontal'and'ver>cal'

Pond Aging Syndrome •Water quality and nutrient in shrimp ponds is influenced by the exchange of substances between soil and water

•Soil quality and minerals deteriorates rapidly in semi-intensive and intensive ponds with repeating crops

•Older ponds tend to have lower pH and higher

concentrations of organic matter in bottom soils than newer ones.

•Pond soil exerts a favorable influence on productivity only for a few years

Pond Aging Syndrome

Declining in productivity over time from pond aging and decreased minerals in pond soil bottom

Understanding the Current Condition of Pond •Oligotrophic (new) ponds are either freshly built or have aged slowly due good design and proper maintenance procedures. Small ponds can be drained and cleaned every few years this restores them to an oligotrophic condition.

•Mesotrophic (middle aged) ponds have an intermediate level of nutrients and plants. They experience moderate algae blooms on an intermittent basis.

•Eutrophic (old) ponds generally have high nutrient levels,

large amounts of sludge, turbid or cloudy water, and large algae and aquatic plant populations.

Issues for Mineral Deficiency •Deficient in a necessary mix of essential minerals (Mg, K) and ions in both soil and water

•Limiting growth, survival, productivity and profitability

•Pond-aging syndrome •Insufficient amount, die-off and over bloom of phytoplankton

Ionic Composition of Sea Water

•Main six ions in sea water comprise 99.8%, by weight, of salinity

Cl-‐ 55.3%

SO42-‐ 7.7%

Ca2+ 1.2%

Na+ 30.8%

Mg2+ 3.7%

K+ 1.1%

Deficiency of Mineral Ions in Water Deficiency of mineral ions in water causing osmoregulation stress and more energy uptake in shrimp. Reduce growth efficiency Increase FCR Increase mortality Increase production cost

Phytoplankton Tetraselmis*suecica* !(cells:!10*16!µm!in!length)*

Nitzschia!sp.! !(cells:!12*35!µm!in!length)! !

Haematococcus*pluvialis* (cells:!12*50!µm!in!diameter)*

Skeletonema!sp.! !(cells:!5*12!µm!in!diameter)!

Cyclotella!sp.! !(cells:!7*40!µm!in!diameter)!

Nannochloropsis*oculata* *(cells:!2*4!µm!in!diameter)! *!

Phaeodactylum*tricornutum* *(cells:!6*26!µm!in!length)! *

Isochrysis*sp.* (cells:!4*8!µm!in!diameter)*

Thalassiosira*pseudonana* !(cells:!3*6!µm!in!diameter)*!

Roles of Phytoplankton in Pond • Affects a survival and growth rate • Affects a number of critical water quality variables in ponds.

• Dissolved oxygen • Carbon dioxide • pH cycles • Concentration of nitrogenous water products such as Ammonia and Nitrite.

• Enhancing decomposition of organic matters accumulated in the pond

Roles of Phytoplankton in Pond Phytoplankton!

Copepod!

Fish/Shrimp!

Management of Water Color

•management of the composition and the amount of phytoplankton.

•create an abundant natural food basis and stabilize the environment of the culture pond.

Photosynthetic

•The elemental composition of phytoplankton is similar to the ocean: 16N:1P (Redfield Ratio).

•However, the N:P ratio of 16 for phytoplankton is not a universal optimal value

•The N:P ratio is not fixed in the environment and this is mainly due to the inflow of nutrients from anthropogenic sources such as fertilizers and runoff containing nutrient rich waste (e.g. effluent).

Type nitrogen-fixing (Blue-Green) Green Diatom Red Algae Dinophyceae Blue Green

N:P 42-125 ~30 ~10 ~10 ~12 less than 10

•The optimal N:P ratio will vary from 8.2 to 45.0, depending on the ecological conditions.

Over Bloom !!! Moderate bloom is desirable • A high density of phytoplankton is not desirable in culture ponds.

• Ponds

with heavy "blooms" of phytoplankton exhibit wide shifts in dissolved oxygen concentrations from day to night with readings at sunrise approaching levels that can be stressful to fish and shrimp

Phytoplankton Die-off A phytoplankton crash will adversely affect critical water quality variables. After a crash,

• Dissolved oxygen levels will decrease

• pH will decrease • Carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitrite levels will increase.

Phytoplankton – A Waste Manager in Ponds • Phytoplankton utilizes nitrogenous waste products in the form of ammonia and nitrite as nutrient sources for growth.

• This serves to maintain the concentrations of total ammonia

and nitrite in ponds at low or moderate levels during periods of active phytoplankton growth.

NH4 NO2

Effects of pH in natural food bloom and maintenance

Photosynthesis: process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar that occurs in plants, algae and some bacteria. Photosynthesis breaks down CO2, and increases pH. CO2 solubility much higher than O2 solubility Atmospheric CO2 dissolves in water and carbonic acid (H2CO3) is produced: CO2(g) => CO2 (aq) + H2O => H2CO3 (aq) => HCO3-(aq) + H+ => CO3-(aq) + H+

1.00

Ca(HCO3 ) 2 bicarbonate

CaCO3 carbonate

HCO3 -

CO3 2-

mole fraction

0.75 H2 CO3 and

0.50

free CO2

0.25 .

0.00 4

pH Definition pH or potential Hydrogen is a measure of acidity (hydrogen ions) or basicity of an aqueous solution

pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and a solution according to its pH is defined in neutral, acidic or basic

Definition of pH, pOH, pKw, pKa, pKb

• The p" factor" is defined as the log of whatever quantity that follows the symbol. The "p" is an operator.

• It communicates the instruction to calculate the negative log of any quantity that follows the symbol.

• The definition of pH in equation form is

pH = -log [H3O+]! •

pH = -log[H1+] where [H1+] means the molar concentration of hydronium ions, M = moles / liter

pH Range pH range for aquaculture purposes: 6.5 - 9.0 Death

4.0

Desired range for fish production

6.5

9.0

Death

pH > 9.0

Ammonium converted into ammonia and BGA toxins negative effects

pH < 6.5

Heavy metal release from sediments Optimal pH in the pond: 7.5 - 8.5

pH Range pH strongly influenced by photosynthesis and respiration DENSE BLOOM 10

8 SPARSE BLOOM 7 Sunrise

Sunset

Sunrise

pH buffering with alkalinity Total Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids (HCO3-, CO3- and OH-), thus its buffering capacity Expressed as milligrams per liter (ppm) of equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Alkalinity and Hardness alkalinity

hardness

Total titratable bases

Total divalent salts

bicarbonate HCO3-

calcium Ca2+

magnesium Mg2+

Calcium carbonate

Magnesium bicarbonate

Magnesium carbonate

CaCO3

Mg( HCO3 )2

Mg CO3

carbonate CO23-

Calcium bicarbonate Ca( HCO3 )2

Common practices for pH stabilization Bioavailable mineral addition N:P control Nutritious and balanced phytoplankton bloom Overbloom and phytoplankton die-off prevention Blue Green Algae growth prevention Probiotic application Organic matter decomposition Soil bottom pH regulation Phytoplankton Growth Control

ORP Measure of the cleanliness of water and its ability to down contaminants

Range of â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2,000 to + 2,000 and millivolts (mV) units

Meters measure electrical potential, indirect measurement of dissolved oxygen

break

the

Oxidation-Reduction Potential Redox potential can measure how reduced and anaerobic sediments are relative to the water over them. At the surface of the mud exposed to oxygenated water the redox potential should be in the range of 250 to 500 mV. This oxidized layer would extend a fraction of an inch into the sediment where it would change in color from brown to black as the redox potential fell into the negative range, once it reached -400 mV, the sediment is strictly anaerobic. Hypoxic conditions give a negative reading, the ORP index has been referred to as a "pollution index", since water receiving organic pollution tends to be more hypoxic. Low ORP readings from the water column indicate a level of reducing substances that can have negative affects on shrimp/fish.

Oxidation-Reduction Potential Aerobic O2 + 4e-‐ + 4H+ à 2H2O 600-‐400 mV vs. Eh Anaerobic 2NO3-‐ + 10e-‐ + 12H+ à N2 + 6H2O 500-‐200 mV vs. Eh MnO2 + 2e-‐ + 4H+ à Mn+2 + 2H2O 400-‐200 mV vs. Eh Fe(OH)3 + e-‐ + 3H+ à Fe+2 + 3H2O 300-‐100 mV vs. Eh SO4= + 8e-‐ + 10H+ à H2S + 4H2O 0.0 -‐ -‐150 mV vs. Eh

ORP In oxidative conditions, positive ORP levels (above 0 mV), the higher the ORP level, the higher ability the water has to destroy foreign contaminants such as microbes, or carbon based contaminants

ORP Level (mV)

Application

0-150

No practical use

150-250

Aquaculture

250-350

Cooling Towers

400-475

Swimming pools

450-600

Hot Tubs

600

Water Disinfection

800

Water Sterilization

I do like Oxidized soil!!!

I don’t like Reduced soil!!!!

The Nitrogen Cycle: • In contrast to carbon, elements

such as nitrogen, sulfur, and iron are taken up in the form of mineral salts and cycle oxidoreductively.

• These element cycles are referred to as the mineral cycles.

Air# Water#

Fixation#

N2#

Bacteria# Blue-green#algae#

Denitriﬁcation#

NO3-#

Amino#acids#

Phytoplankton# Macrophytes#

NO2-# NH4+#

Assimilation# Excretion#

Animal## Zooplankton# Death#

Excretion#

Organic#matter# in#decomposition#

Death#

Nitriﬁcation#

Assimilation#

Oxidation Reactions of Nitrifying Bacteria

Oxidation Reaction

Genus Responsible for the Oxidation Reaction

NH+4 +1.5O2

NO-2 + H2O 2H+

Nitrosomonas

NO-2 + 0.5O2

NO-3

Nitrobacter

Comparison of Carbon and Energy Substrates for Organotrophs and Nitrifying Bacteria

Carbon/Energy Substrate

Organotrophs

Nitrifying Bacteria

Carbon source

Organic wastes

CO2 as alkalinity

Carbon source removal

Decrease cBOD

Decreases alkalinity/pH

Energy source

Organic wastes

NH+4 and NO-2

Energy source removal

Decreases cBOD

Decreases nBOD

ORP levels determine natural productivity and benthos biodiversity Negative ORP

anaerobic conditions (fermentation)

Positive ORP

aerobic conditions (respiration)

Oxygen Requirement FCR

KG O2/Kg Feed

1.25

1.118

1.5

1.176

1.75

1.216

1.246

2.25

1.269

2.5

1.288

Assumptions: Feed is 45% C and 5% N; shrimp are 11% C and 2.86% N.

Feed used and feed BOD for 5,000 kg shrimp/ha/yr at various FCRs. FCR

Feed used (kg/ha/yr)

BOD (kg O2/ha/yr)

1.25

6,250

6,988

1.5

7,500

8,385

1.75

8,750

10,640

10,000

12,460

2.25

11,250

14,276

2.5

12,500

16,100

Estimated Aeration Requirement for Maintaining minimum 3 ppm DO Maximum Daily Feeding Rate (kg/ha)

Aeration Requirement (KW/ha)

Maximum Daily Feeding Rate (Kg/ha)

Aeration Requirment (KW/ha)

4.9

160

13.1

6.5

180

14.7

100

8.2

200

16.3

120

9.8

220

140

11.4

240

19.6

Pond Management

Aeration Management

Aerator depth in the water

Optimal depth of 2’’

Low deep only creates water splash and no current

Pond Management

Aeration Management

Engine set-up and performance 67.3%

E Energy 100%

Electric Motor   (1450 RPM)

Pulley, Belt, and Gear

Lose Energy at Motor 32.7%

E   38.4% Shaft System

Lose Energy at Pulley and Gear 28.9%

Lose Energy at Shaft 6.2%

32.2%

Motor-shaft union reduces energy loses

Biosecurity

Feeding area is the most transited area in the pond surroundings and it is necessary to increase the preventive measures because of the transit itself and feed management. ÂŠ 2012 Blue Aqua International All Rights Reserved

Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is defined as the measure of the number of individuals of any species that a particular environment can support. Density or

Environmental Resistance Carrying Capacity

Biological Potential

Stabilized Population Limit

Growth

In other words it refers to the maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain. Time

Increasing Carrying Capacity

PATENTED IN 144 COUNTRIES

SYSTEM

Environmental modulation pH

C:N ratio

ORP

Energy

Nutrients N:P ratio

Probiotic application

Natural food (Phytoplankton , Zooplankton and Benthos)

Microorganisms classification in a shrimp pond •

Autotrophy • Photoautotrophy: •

•

energy from light (phytoplankton)

Chemoautotrophy: energy from inorganic chemical reactions (nitrifying bacteria)

Heterotrophy: organic carbon as energy source (heterotrophic bacteria, or probiotic)

Microorganisms classification in a shrimp pond Heterotroph

Autotroph/ Heterotroph

Pond and water development in shrimp farming Autotrophic microorganisms predominance

Pond preparation Mineral application (N:P ratio) Initial culture with low feed application

Inorganic matter

Pond and water development in shrimp farming Organic matter build up Probiotic application (C:N ratio) Heterotrophic microorganisms predominance

Mid- and late-culture

Organic matter

Phytoplankton (N:P)

Bacteria (C:N)

Inorganic matter

Organic matter

Probiotic phase

Pond preparation based on pH stabilization, disinfection and bioavailable mineral supply. Abundant natural food basis, green algae and diatoms, obtained through N:P ratio modulation. Water and pond bottom stabilization for PL stocking with no stress induction.

Phytoplankton (N:P)

Bacteria (C:N)

Gradual organic matter accumulation due to feeding is decomposed by aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria.

Phytoplankton (N:P)

Bacteria (C:N)

Probiotic application rate increase to break down excess organic matter and avoid a n a e r o b i c / H2S conditions. Prevention of excessive phytoplankton bloom and die-off. ÂŠ 2012 Blue Aqua International All Rights Reserved

Phytoplankton-probiotic phase

N i t r i f i c a t i o n enhancement to reduce toxic effects of n i t r o g e n o u s compounds, facilitated by a high ORP of +100 and +350 mV.

Phytoplankton (N:P)

Bacteria (C:N)

Suppression of pathogenic bacteria.

Less phytoplankton in water, heterotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria promoted to ensure stable water quality.

Phytoplankton (N:P)

Bacteria (C:N)

Probiotic phase

Phytoplanktonic-phase-

es a h p c 2 o i b o Pr

Phyto plank tonprobi o2c-p hase-

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Contact us: Dr. Farshad Shishehchian www.blueaquaint.com farshad.shishehchian@blueaquaint.com facebook: Blueaqua Int https://www.youtube.com/user/BlueAquaInt ÂŠ 2013 2012 Blue Aqua International All Rights Reserved

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