China
Seawater aquaculture in China 中国海水养殖
张素芳
教授
中国鱼病研究会常务理事 中国鱼病研究会西部分会主任 四川省水产学会常务理事 Executive director of the China Fish diseases Research Society Director of the China Fish diseases Research Society in the western branch Executive director of the Fisheries Institute of Sichuan Province
Ms. Zhang 1978 – 1987 Institute of Aquaculture of Sichuan Province, China. Established the Department of Aquatic Animal Disease Control. 1987 – 1993 Professor. Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, the Southwest University, China. 1993 – Present Funder of Fangcao Pharmaceutical Co. Focusing on producing Chinese herb to treat and control aquaculture disease
2004
2000
1996
美国鲶鱼协会, 市场推广
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Seawater aquaculture in China 中国海水养殖
Contents Species & Farmed Modes 中国海水鱼养殖品种及模式
Market
中国海水鱼市场前景
Problems 中国海水鱼养殖面临的问题
Chanllenges 环境变化、天气变化给海水养殖带来的挑战
Species of seawater aquaculture
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海水养殖品种：
Sea Bass(1)
鲈鱼
cobia
军曹鱼
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Large yellow croaker(2) 大黄鱼
Turbot(3) 大菱鲆（多宝鱼）
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Sea cucumber 海参
Shrimp 对虾
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Puffer fish 河豚
Grouper 石斑鱼
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Red drum 美国红鱼
Snapper 鲷鱼
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Pomfret 鲳鱼
Salmon 三文鱼
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Abalone 鲍鱼
Tunny 金枪鱼
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2010-2012 Aquatic Production in China Category (Ten thousand 2010 tons)
2011
2012
Aquatic production
5373
5603.2
5907.6
Seawater Production
2797.5
2908.0
3033.3
Freshwater production
2575.5
2695.2
2874.3
类别（万吨） 水产品总产量
海水产品
淡水产品
From China Statistical Yearbook
2010 Seawater Production (Ten thousand tons)
2080 one thousand hectares
2010 Seawater Aquaculture area
(hectares)
2010 import and export of aquatic products aquatic products
Weight(tons)
USD(billion)
Total
7160600
20.364
import
3338800
13.828
export
3821800
6.536
2005-2013 Shrimp production（ten thousand tons) 2005-2013年中国养殖对虾生产情况（万吨）
Years
Seawater shrimp
Freshwater shrimp 低盐度养殖对虾
养殖对虾总量
2006
48.2
63.2
111.4
2007
55.6
71.0
126.6
2008
48.4
60.3
108.7
2009
50.7
79.6
130.3
2010
61.5
83.3
144.8
2011
66.0
81.5
147.5
2012
76.0
89.0
165.0
2013
49.5
60.5
110.0
年份
海水养殖对虾
Total
Seawater shrimp 中国虾类主要养殖的品种
Chinese shrimp 6% Japanese shrimp 6%
中国对虾6%
日本对虾6%
Monodon 7%
斑节对虾7%
Others 8%
其他对虾8%
凡纳滨对虾 73%
Vannamei 73%
Main area of seawater shrimp production 海水对虾主要养殖区域
2012年 海水对虾主要养殖区域
Main areas of seawater shrimp culture 海南16%
福建4%
山东8% 其他13%
广西21% 广东38%
The output of seawater culture According to the classification of water area: 1. The output of mariculture is 7.709 million tons 2. Beach aquaculture is 5.486 million tons 3. Others 1.029 million tons According to the classification of the mode of cultivation thousand tons 1. Pond culture ------------ 197.8 2. Ordinary Cage culture---- 32.5 3. Deep sea-cage culture---- 5.6 4. Raft culture ------------ 403.3 5. Suspension cage culture ------ 86.8 6. Natural maricultural aquaculture--- 401.9 7. Industrial aquaculture ------- 0.115
Seawater aquaculture production Algae 1.541 million tons : • Kelp 0.884 million tons • Sea Mustard 0.109 million tons • Laver 0.107 million tons • Gracilaria 0.115 million tons • Eucheuma 6.426 thousand tons • Agar120 tons • Sargassum fusiforme 7.821 thousand tons • Seaweed1.115 thousand tons Others 0.33 million tons : • Sea cucumber0.13 million tons • Sea urchin 6.169 thousand tons • Seawater Pearl 15.781 thousand tons • Jellyfish 60 thousand tons
Fish 0.8082 million tons : • Weever 0.106 million tons • Flounder 85 thousand tons • Large yellow croaker 86 thousand tons • Cobia 36.3 thousand tons • Seriola quinqueradiata 17 thousand tons • Bream45 thousand tons • Sciaenops ocellatus 52 thousand tons • Puffer fish 17 thousand tons • Grouper 49.36 thousand tons • Plaice 5.372 thousand tons
Crustaceans 1.061 million tons : ď Ž Shrimp 0.833 million tons : 1. Penaeus vannamei 0.608 million tons 2. Penaeus monodon 56.6 thousand tons 3. China shrimp 45.3 thousand tons 4.Japanese prawn 54.8 thousand tons ď Ž Crab 0.228 million tons : 1.Swimming crab 91 thousand tons 2. Mud Crab 0.1158 million tons
Shellfish 11.082 million tons : • Oysters 3.643 million tons • • • • • • • •
Abalone 56.511 thousand tons Snails 0.208 million tons Ark shell 0.31 million tons Mussel 1.407 million tons Pen shell 31 thousand tons Scallop1.407 million tons Clam 3.539 million tons Solenidae 0.714 million tons
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Main modes
of seawater species aquaculture
海水鱼养殖主要模式：
Industrial aquaculture （一）工厂化养殖
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Industrial aquaculture
Advantages
Disadvantages
优点
缺点
工厂化养殖
Fast growth；DO Flowing water Great production 流水开放式 生长快 养殖效果好
Recirculation systems 封闭循环式
No Environmental & Location restrictions water, Energy saving, No Environment problem
High energy consumption, Low production per cubic meters of water, Overcrowding leading more disease Environment
High aquaculture facilities cost ￥￥ Management required Trained person
Remote Aerator Monitor and Controller 程增氧控制器
远
用户案例
用户案例
用户案例
用户案例
用户案例
Cage Aquaculture （二）网箱养殖
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Features 特点： Cage culture
Advantages
Disadvantages
网箱养殖
优点
缺点
Floating fish rafts 近岸浮式（鱼排）目前主要模 式之一
Less production better quality than pond 资金投入小 产品品质高于池塘
bad anti-wave self-pollution Disease easy to infected 网箱结构落后，抗风浪能力差，自身污 染、病害严重
IPN VHS IHN Ichthyophthirius
Deep antiwave 深水抗风浪式
Anti-wave large production less pollution better quality land saving 抗风浪、大容量、低污染，改善产品品
Natural disaster More capital $$ 安全性差，资金需求大，流通渠 道存在问题
Ichthyophthirius
48
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Chemoattraction Index (CI) of Fish Serum and Mucus to C. irritans theronts
Serum samples
Mucus samples
Host Species
Undiluted
5x diluted serum
SD*
Seriola dumerili
100%
78.0%
3.8%
Acanthopagrus schlegelii schlegelii
100%
78.7%
2.4%
Trachinotus ovatus
100%
78.7%
2.2%
Diplodus sargus capensis
100%
86.7%
2.0%
Larimichthys crocea
100%
71.4%
2.0%
Plectorhynchus cinctus
100%
78.7%
0.6%
Miichthys Miiuy鎸鹟
100%
72.1%
2.6%
Pomadasys hasta
100%
77.4%
6.0%
Epinephelu coioides
100%
77.2%
1.2%
Lutjanus argentimaculatus
100%
77.3%
1.2%
Trachinotus ovatus
74.8%
-
1.9%
Larimichthys crocea
72.7%
-
3.1%
Epinephelu coioides
72.5%
-
2.9%
Lutjanus argentimaculatus
77.0%
-
2.3%
* Standard deviation based on 3 assays
50
III. How Does the larva find hosts effeciently? • Chemoattraction of Fish serum or mucus to C. irritans parasites
Serum or mucus
Seawater
Chemoattaction Index (CI) =No. of parasies in the hole with serum or mucus 100% Total no. of parasites tested
x 51
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Pond Aquaculture （三）池塘养殖
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Features 特点： Pond culture
Advantages
Disadvantages
池塘养殖
优点
缺点
Primary
Disease easy to control Less risk Less $$ investment 发病率相对较低 风险相对较小
More land needed
Pollution Environmental Safety 占用土地资源、环境污染严重
Representative varieties: weever\cyan grouper (代表品种：鲈鱼、青石斑鱼等)
Water Quality Analyzers parameters Range 测试范围
检测参数
Ammonia Dissolved oxygen Copper Chlorine Hydrogen sulfide Nitrite PH Phosphate The total iron Chrome Total alkalinity Total hardness
氨氮
0.05 - 12.0 mg/l
溶解氧
0.5 - 20 mg/l
铜
0.01 - 3.0 mg/l
余氯
0.02 - 1.0 mg/l
硫化氢
0.004 - 0.35 mg/l
亚硝酸盐 0.005 - 1.3 mg/l 酸碱度
9.0 - 14.0
磷酸盐
0.02 - 1.2 mg/l
总铁
0.01 - 5 mg/l
铬
0.01-1mg/L
总碱度
0 - 300 mg/l
总硬度
0 - 300 mg/l
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Raft type cultivation Mudflat culture Suspension Cage ….
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Future 海水鱼养殖前景
One salmon One world 一条三文鱼 打遍天下
• Local market • The high-end consumer market • Processing of aquatic products
The problem of seawater aquaculture 海水养殖业存在的主要问题
Transportation Storage Processing
Marketing issues
Quality of fingerlings 良种覆盖率极低/种质退化严重
Uneven growth/poor resistance/low production 缺点：生长不均匀、抗逆性差、产量低。
Low risk resistance capacity 设施和模式落后/抗风险能力低下 （主要以港湾浮式网箱养殖和池塘养殖为主）
Diseases Safety Medication In some area, the rapid increase in aquaculture output has been based on species diversification which has led to an increase in the demand for introduction and transfers of live non-indigenous aquatic animals, some of which have introduced new diseases with them.
feed
Ice fish
Nutrition: Food fish used More pollution Alfatoxin Fat rancidity
• 800,000 tons marine products , 2% of China
• 350,000 tons feed , 2% in aquatic feed.
• •
根据2012年中国年鉴和市场调研，我国海水鱼产品80万吨，占水产养殖产品的2%，饲料产量35万 吨，占水产配合饲料的2%。 两个2%说明——无论是海水养殖产量还是饲料普及率都是最低的。
Little Nutrition Research; Low Feed Technology 营养研究不够系统 饲料工艺针对性不强 营养—工艺—养殖模式—投饲策略”衔接
Disadvantages: Ineffective Feed and Low ROI 缺点：部分养殖鱼类饲料效果不理想，养殖效益低下。
Chanllenges from environment & weather Human safety issues 四、环境变化、天气变化给海水养、殖带来的挑战 食品安全的问题
Where shall we go？ 努力方向：
Alive fish shipment as a gift
Live fish transport tanks
Half water Half Oxygen 12-24hours
Internet
Information system platform New apps! E-fishmarket 快来安装渔买卖
Download: http://www.e-fishmarket.com/download.html
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