Gender and Racial Diversity of Louisiana's Judges by Newcomb Institute

THE GENDER AND RACE OF LOUISIANA’S JUDGES 1992-2017 A RESEARCH REPORT BY Heather L. Johnson and Sally J. Kenney

January 2018

Foreword The bedrock of justice and the rule of law is equal justice under law. If explicit or implicit bias permeates the judicial selection process or if the dispensers of justice are disproportionately white men, citizens may lose confidence that the judicial system is fair to all. The judicial system needs our best and brightest and we do not secure the highest possible quality of justice if we do not fairly or fully consider half the population for public service, or if young women and non-white men fail to see a judicial career as a possibility because historically people who look like them have been excluded. You cannot be what you cannot see. As the senior ranking woman jurist in the United Kingdom Brenda Hale has said, “the issue is not whether women’s presence makes a difference but what their absence means.”Are women and non-white men not capable of appreciating the majesty of law? Making fair and wise decisions? Exercising compassion, good judgment, and leadership? Participating in our democracy as full and equal citizens? What message does Louisiana’s judiciary send? Many people mistakenly assume that women and non-white men will assume their rightful proportion of judicial offices as their numbers in the legal profession increase. In fact, the progress toward a diverse and representative bench has been agonizingly slow. Statistical analysis reveals no necessary relationship between the percentage of women judges and the percentage of women lawyers.1 In 2012, women made up 27% of state judges, mostly concentrated at the lowest levels with little chance for advancement.2 Now, slightly less than 32% of state court judges are women. In no state have women or nonwhite men achieved representation commensurate with their percentage of the population. In 2010 and 2011,3 a report done by researchers at the State University of New York at Albany ranked Louisiana 23rd and 24th among states for its percentage of women judges.4 A more recent report analyzing the underrepresentation of women and non-white men on the state court bench— “the gavel gap”—ranked Louisiana 17th. Just because Louisiana is uncharacteristically average rather than at the bottom of state rankings is no reason for complacency. Rather, we must draw encouragement from the limited success of women and non-white men to spearhead a discussion about greater inclusion in all branches of government. We must develop new strategies for achieving genuine equality rather than mere presence. We must ensure that inclusion is not confined to certain districts. And we must ensure that we continue to make progress. It is easy to forget that our government consists of three branches that share power. Those political scientists and journalists who do study courts often direct their attention to federal rather than state courts and mostly focus on the U.S. Supreme Court. We have occasional snapshots of the gender and race composition of state courts, but no systematic and reliable annual monitoring.5 Those who monitor women’s political progress routinely ignore the judiciary.6 The focus of the Newcomb Research Center, directed by Dr. Anna Mitchell Mahoney, is gendered intersectional political leadership. Women judges are political leaders. Gender, race, party, and other factors shape who wields judicial power. The Newcomb Research Center’s focus on the judicial branch of government and its gendered intersectional lens on political leadership distinguishes it from other women’s research centers. For this year’s report, Heather L. Johnson compiled data from the Louisiana Secretary of State to provide insight into the last twenty-five years. The historical data remind us how recently women and non-white men ascended to judicial offices in Louisiana, how uneven and fragile that toehold is, and how partisan realignment has shaped the demographics. We offer this deeper analysis to draw attention to the importance of a diverse and representative judiciary. Journalists, interested citizens, good government groups, the legal profession, and the judiciary itself cannot hold us accountable to high standards without regular evidence as to our progress, or lack of it. This report is part of our ongoing monitoring of the Louisiana judiciary and our efforts to mobilize for equal justice under law, as well as a society where gender and race do not diminish one’s ability to contribute one’s talents.

Sally J. Kenney Newcomb College Endowed Chair Professor of Political Science; Director, Newcomb College Institute January 25, 2018 2

Highlights •

This report builds on the previous report by Shomade & Kenney (2016) by both updating the data through 2017 and adding data for the last 25 years.7

•

Women constitute 51% of Louisiana’s population (U.S. census 2016 population estimates), yet women judges comprised 31.88% of all state and federal (active and senior status) judges based in Louisiana as of December 31, 2017.

•

Racial minorities are 36% of Louisiana’s population; non-white judges were 22.27% of all state and federal (active and senior status) judges in the state as of December 31, 2017.

•

In the federal courts based in Louisiana (3 U.S. Courts and the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals), women constitute 28% of all active and senior status judges while non-white judges are 15.38% of all active and senior status judges.

•

A gradual increase in both the number of women and the number of non-white judges has occurred over the past 25 years at every level of the Louisiana state and federal courts.

•

The state of Louisiana has elected 71 Black women in the last 25 years, all Democrats.

•

The state of Louisiana has elected one woman with a race designation of “Other” in the last twenty-five years; she is also a Democrat.

•

The state of Louisiana has elected 66 Black men in the last 25 years; 64 identify as Democrats, one as a Republican and one has “No Party” affiliation.

•

Nine current vacancies exist on the federal courts based in Louisiana. Recent appointments nominated by President Trump include one white and one Asian man. There are five pending nominations by President Trump, all white men.

•

Louisiana Courts of Appeal have the highest percentage of elected women with 39.62% of women judges (21 out of 53 positions) in 2017.

•

In 1992, all seven Supreme Court Justices in Louisiana were white men, all Democrats. In 2017, six Supreme Court Justices in Louisiana are white men, five are Republican, and one has “No Party” affiliation.

•

One woman justice serves on the Louisiana Supreme Court. She is the chief justice and is also the only non-white justice on the Court.

•

As of December 31, 2017, racial minorities constitute about 66% of Orleans Parish, non-white judges make up 84.62% of the Orleans Parish Civil Courts and 61.54% of the Criminal Courts while women judges are 76.92% and 46.15% in these courts respectively.

•

Of the forty-two district courts in Louisiana, Black women judges serve or have served on only six district courts; Black men serve or have served on 13 district courts, women serve or have served on 28 district courts. Black men serve or have served on 13 district courts, women serve or have served on 28 district courts.

•

In 1992, non-white judges held 22.61% of the district court positions, but that number has hardly budged increasing a little over one percent to 23.93% in 2017.

•

Statewide, the court of appeals, district courts, and city and parish courts all have 24-25% non-white judges. The diversity on these courts comes largely from the elected judges from Orleans Parish.

Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................2 Highlights ...............................................................................................................................................3 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 6 Importance ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Data Collection and Methodology ...........................................................................................................7 State Court Data..................................................................................................................................7 Why 1992? ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Variables .......................................................................................................................................... 8

Federal Court Data ............................................................................................................................. 8 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 9 TABLE 1.1: 2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the State Courts of Louisiana ....................... 9 TABLE 1.2: 2017 Racial Demographics for the State Courts of Louisiana ............................................ 9 TABLE 1.3: 2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the State Courts of Louisiana.................. 10 TABLE 1.4: 2017 Race and Party Demographics for the State Courts of Louisiana ............................. 10

2017 Federal Level Judges Serving Louisiana ..........................................................................................11 TABLE 2.1: 2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for Federal Courts Serving Louisiana................. 11 TABLE 2.2: 2017 Racial Demographics for Federal Courts Serving Louisiana..................................... 12 FIGURE 1. Active Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judges by Appointing President’s Party ........... 13 FIGURE 2. All Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judges by Appointing President’s Party ................ 13

1992-2017 LOUISIANA STATE JUDGES .................................................................................................. 14 Louisiana Supreme Court .................................................................................................................. 14 TABLE 3.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana Supreme Court ............. 15 TABLE 3.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana Supreme Court .................................. 16 TABLE 3.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana Supreme Court ......... 17 TABLE 3.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana Supreme Court .................... 18

Louisiana State Courts of Appeal....................................................................................................... 19 TABLE 4.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal.. 20 TABLE 4.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal ...................... 21 TABLE 4.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 TABLE 4.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal ........ 23

Judicial District Courts ......................................................................................................................24 TABLE 5.1: 1997-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana State District Courts ..... 25 TABLE 5.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana State District Courts .......................... 26 TABLE 5.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana State District Courts. 27 TABLE 5.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana State District Courts ............ 28

City and Parish Courts .......................................................................................................................29 TABLE 6.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 TABLE 6.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts .................. 31 TABLE 6.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 6.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts .... 33

Orleans Parish Courts........................................................................................................................34 TABLE 7.1: Number of Women by Race for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts ........... 34 TABLE 7.2: Racial Demographics for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts..................... 34 TABLE 7.3: Gender, Race, and Party Frequency for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 TABLE 7.4: Racial Demographics for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts .................... 35

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................36 Notes .................................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix I: Louisiana Justice of the Peace Courts .................................................................................39 Appendix II: 1997-2017 List of Women and Non-White Judges ............................................................. 40

Introduction This report builds on the original work The Gender and Race of Louisiana’s Judges (2016) by Salmon A. Shomade and Sally J. Kenney. The original report took a snapshot of the judiciary in Louisiana in 2016. This report provides updated information for the Louisiana judiciary from the 2017 election cycle and offers a longitudinal look back over the last 25 years. Working with the Louisiana Secretary of State’s Office, we were able to acquire a complete set of judicial data from the Elected Official Database. The data in this report vary slightly from the data we reported in 2016 due to the different collection methods.

Importance Ever since the first women and non-white men became judges in sufficient numbers to conduct quantitative analysis, social scientists have sought to statistically determine whether women and non-white men decide cases differently than white men. In Gender and Justice: Why Women in the Judiciary Really Matter,8 I review this evidence and find it unpersuasive and urge us to ask more important questions about race and gender. Perhaps the compulsion to investigate this difference question derives from the implicit assumption that if women and non-white men do not decide cases differently from white men, no one is harmed by excluding them? Yet we did not need to prove that women voted differently than men as a group or whites than Blacks or decided cases differently as jurors; instead, we now see such participation as voters or jurors as inherent rights of citizens in a democracy. As political theorist Anne Phillips has argued with respect to the British Parliament, surely by the 21st century, the burden of proof has shifted from those who believe women and non-white men should serve in numbers proportionate to their representation in the population to those who believe women and non-white men should not serve in numbers proportionate to their representation in the population.9 Under statutory and constitutional provisions prohibiting employment discrimination, it is impermissible to ban women and non-white men outright from judicial positions or discriminate against them in selection processes. Perhaps the best reason for fully including them in the judiciary, however, is that we cannot afford to waste talent by unfairly narrowing the employment pool. Given our troubled criminal justice system, the current state of race relations, as well as the importance of high quality and fair decision making for the rule of law, we need the very best people in our state to serve in our judiciary. As former deputy White House Counsel Christopher Kang observed, “While judges will not necessarily consider a case differently because of their background—they are sworn to uphold the law and precedent—when the men and women who deliver justice look more like the communities they serve, there is greater confidence in our justice system overall.” 10 Some dismiss such concerns as merely symbolic, as window dressing or political correctness. But justice must not only be done but be seen to be done. All white or all male juries raised legitimate concerns about fairness to excluded communities just as a disproportionately white male judiciary does today. As Tracey George and Albert Yoon argue in their report, The Gavel Gap: Who Sits in Judgment on State Courts?, 11 state courts handle over 90% of judicial matters in the nation and for many individuals and organizations seeking judicial intervention, the judgment these courts render becomes the law for these litigants. State courts decide who lives and who dies, who serves life sentences. They decide which parent has custody of children after divorce, who inherits property, who is liable for injuries, and whether Mrs. Newcomb made an unconditional bequest to Tulane University, to name just a few of the important matters our political system has delegated to state courts to decide.

Other countries, international, and supranational courts have begun to explicitly require gender balance, gender equality, and even explicit gender quotas. The International Criminal Court, for example, has a voting system designed to ensure the selection of a fair proportion of women judges as well as judges who have experience litigating cases of gender-based violence (the requirements do not see one as a proxy for the other).12 The Council of Europe prohibits member states who submit a shortlist of three nominees to the European Court of Human Rights from forwarding candidates of only one gender.13 Egypt’s new constitution explicitly prohibits excluding women from the judiciary and Kenya’s has a gender quota.14 The African Union finally made good on its commitment to gender parity and five of the eleven judges serving on the African Court on Human and People’s Rights are now women.15 Worldwide, a consensus is growing that the judiciary will not become representative without explicit goals and procedures. This report is an opportunity to take stock of our progress and lack of progress. We invite readers to consider that moving from representation to parity—representation proportional to the population—may require new strategies than those used to select the first few women and non-white men. We have a long way to go before the appointments to the federal bench in Louisiana reflect this state’s racial diversity. We need to make sure, too, that women and non-white men do not remain on the lower rungs of the judicial ladder while only white men ascend or enter directly at the top positions.

Data Collection and Methodology State Court Data

The primary source of state court data for this report was provided by the Louisiana Secretary of State. We were able to obtain records from the Elected Official Database that are collected and maintained for every elected official in Louisiana. Information submitted by a candidate running for office on the Notice of Candidacy Qualifying Form is the main source of data for the Elected Official database.16 Records in the Elected Official Database can also be modified when the candidate takes the oath of office or if they notify the Secretary of State’s Office regarding changes. In the rare event that complete information about the elected judicial official was not available in the Elected Official Database no fewer than two other sources were used to fill in missing values. The sources include the election returns publicly available on the Secretary of State Website,17 official court websites, campaign websites of recently-elected judges, the website of the Louisiana State Bar Association,18 Judgepedia,19 and online news reports.

Why 1992? The Louisiana Secretary of State started keeping electronic records of elected officials in 1992.

Variables The key variables examined in this report are race, sex, and political party. Each of these key variables is defined in the Elected Official Database received from the Louisiana Secretary of State. For the variable of race, the candidate information form lists Black (B), white (W) and other (O) as racial categories on the form. Additional labels for Asian (A), Indian (I), and Hispanic (H) also appear in the database. The variable for sex is sorted into male (M) and female (F). The variable for a political party has varied over time and candidates can write in the name of their party. Louisiana recognizes five political parties Democrat (D), Republican (R), Green (G), Libertarian (L), and Independent (I). If a party name is provided but not recognized the candidate is listed as a member of the “Other” (O) political party. “No Party” indicates that a candidate is not affiliated with a political party.

RACE B W O A I H

SEX Black White Other Asian Indian Hispanic

M F

PARTY Male Female

D R G L I NP O

Democrat Republican Green Libertarian Independent No Party Other

Federal Court Data The Federal Judicial Center website20 is the primary source for data on the U.S. District Courts and U.S. Fifth Circuit Court in this report. The data collected has been checked against the respective court websites for confirmation.

Results 2017 Louisiana State Judges TABLE 1.1: 2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the State Courts of Louisiana

Supreme Court Court of Appeal Judicial District Court City and Parish Courts Total State

Black Women 1 9 29 12 51

White Women 0 12 42 11 65

Total Number of Women 1 21 72 23 117

Other Women 0 0 1 0 1

Number of Judges 7 53 234 73 367

%Women 14.29% 39.62% 30.77% 31.51% 31.88%

In 2017, 65 white women, 51 Black women, and one “Other” (racial category designation) woman served as elected judges in the state of Louisiana. Women judges comprised 14.29% of the Supreme Court justices, 39.62% of the courts of appeal judges, 30.77% of the judicial district court judges, and 31.51% of the city and parish court judges in the state of Louisiana.

TABLE 1.2: 2017 Racial Demographics for the State Courts of Louisiana

Supreme Court Court of Appeal Judicial District Court City and Parish Courts Total State

Black 1 13

White 6 40

Other 0 0

Total Number of Non-white Judges 1 13

Total Number of Judges 7 53

% Non-white Judges 14.29% 24.53%

178

234

23.93%

23.29%

280

367

23.71%

In 2017, 87 non-white judges, 86 Black and one “Other” (racial category designation) individuals served as elected judges in the state of Louisiana. Non-white judges currently comprise 14.29% of the Supreme Court justices, 24.53% of the courts of appeal judges, 23.93% of the judicial district court judges, and 23.29% of the city and parish court judges in the state of Louisiana.

TABLE 1.3: 2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the State Courts of Louisiana Court Type Dem 1 9 29 12

Supreme Court Court of Appeal Judicial District Court City and Parish Courts Total State

Black Women Rep Ind NP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 0 0 0 0

Dem 0 2 18 5

White Women Rep Ind NP 0 0 0 9 0 1 21 0 1 5 0 1 35

O 0 0 2 0

Dem 0 0 1 0

Other Women Rep Ind NP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 0 0 0 0 0

In 2017, all 51 Black women serving as a judge were Democrats. White women elected judges were more likely to be Republicans than Democrats with a few claiming “Other” party designations; 35 white women Republicans, 25 white women Democrats, three white women with “No Party” affiliation, and two white women with “Other” party affiliations. One woman in the “Other” (racial category designation) was elected, and she is a Democrat.

TABLE 1.4: 2017 Race and Party Demographics for the State Courts of Louisiana Court Type Supreme Court Court of Appeal Judicial District Court City and Parish Courts Total State

Dem 1 13 53 17 84

Black Rep 0 0 1 0 1

Ind 0 0 0 0 0

NP 0 0 1 0 1

O 0 0 0 0 0

Dem 0 16 58 27 101

White Rep Ind 5 0 22 1 95 1 22 0 144 2

NP 1 1 12 7 21

O 0 0 12 0 12

Dem 0 0 1 0 1

Rep 0 0 0 0 0

Other Ind NP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 0 0 0 0 0

In 2017, non-white judges were almost all Democrats, and white judges were more evenly split with a slight majority of Republicans. Of the 87 elected non-white judges, 85 were Democrat, one was Republican, and one claimed “No Party” affiliation. Of the elected white judges 144 were Republicans, 101 were Democrats, 21 held “No Party” affiliation, 12 were members of “Other” parties, and two were Independents.

2017 Federal Level Judges Serving Louisiana TABLE 2.1: 2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for Federal Courts Serving Louisiana

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Sitting Judges

Active

33.33%

Senior Status Total Bench EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

0 0

1 6

0 0

10 25

10.00% 24.00%

Total Number of Seats

Vacancies

%Women of current Judges

FIFTH US CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS

Active

40.00%

Senior Status Total Bench MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

0 1

2 5

0 0

4 14

50.00% 42.86%

Active Senior Status Total Bench

33.33%

0 0

0 1

0 0

2 5

0.00% 20.00%

0 0 0

1 1 2

0 0 0

2 6 8

7 7

5 5

14.28% 16.67% 25.00%

36.67%

28.85%

WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA Active Senior Status Total Bench Total Active Federal Total ALL (Active + Senior) Federal

Demonstrating how tenuous the gains in the number of women and non-white judges are on the bench is the current fluctuation between active and senior status judges on the federal bench. One might expect that the percentage of women and non-white judges would be higher among the recently appointed active federal judges than older senior status judges. While this is true in the Fifth Federal U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals; the number of active women judges is 33.33% compared to the percentage of senior status women at 10%; the percentage of non-white judges is 26.67% compared to senior status nonwhite judges at 10%; it is not true for the Eastern or Western District Courts of Louisiana. In the Eastern and Western District Courts, the percentage of women on the bench is greater among senior status judges than active judges. In the Eastern District, women comprise 40.00% of active judges, and 50% of senior status judges and non-white judges comprise 10.00% of active judges and 25.00% of senior status judges. In the Western District, women comprise 14.28% of active status judges and 16.67% of senior status judges, and there are no non-white judges on the court. Given that the pending nominees by President Trump are all white men, the number of active women and non-white judges on the federal bench will continue to decline in the next few years.

For Federal Article III judges, according to 28 U.S.C. § 371, a judge who meets the age and service requirements will be eligible for senior status. Commonly referred to as the Rule of 80, when a judge reaches the age of 65, a judge may retire at their current salary level or take senior status after performing 15 years of active service (65 + 15= 80). If a judge has fewer than 15 years on the bench, they would be eligible at a later age (i.e., 70 + 10 = 80). A judge with senior status may hear a reduced number of cases and is considered semi-retired. In 2016, John Roberts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, noted that over 500 senior status judges “are eligible for retirement with full pay but continue to work—most in a part-time capacity, but many full-time—without additional compensation.”21 When evaluating who hears cases on the federal bench, it is important to consider all active and senior federal level judges. Women comprise 28.85% of all federal judges and non-white individuals compose 15.38% of the federal bench serving Louisiana. The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has a greater number of judges appointed by Republican Presidents than Democratic Presidents. Of current active judges, 62% of judges were appointed by Republican Presidents (Reagan 15%, W. Bush 39%, Trump 8%) while 38% were appointed by Democrats (Clinton 15%, Obama 23%). Of all active and senior status judges, 67% of judges were appointed by Republican Presidents (Reagan, 25%, H.W. Bush 13%, W. Bush 25%, Trump 4%) while 33% were appointed by Democrats (Carter 8%, Clinton 12%, Obama 13%).

TABLE 2.2: 2017 Racial Demographics for Federal Courts Serving Louisiana

FIFTH US CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS Active Senior Status Total Bench EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA Active Senior Status Total Bench MIDDLE DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA Active Senior Status Total Bench WESTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA Active Senior Status Total Bench Total Active Federal Total ALL (Active + Senior) Federal

Black

White

Other

Total Number of Sitting Judges

2 0 2

11 9 20

2 1 3

15 10 25

17 17

2 0 -

26.67% 10.00% 16.67%

1 1 2

9 3 12

0 0 0

10 4 14

12 12

2 -

10.00% 25.00% 14.29%

1 0 1

2 2 4

0 0 0

3 2 5

3 3

0 -

33.33% 0.00% 20.00%

0 0 0

2 6 8

0 0 0

2 6 8

7 7

5 -

0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

4 5

24 44

2 3

30 52

39 39

9 -

20.00% 15.38%

Total Number of Seats

Vacancies

% Nonwhite Judges

FIGURE 1. Active Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judges by Appointing President’s Party Trump 8%

Clinton 15%

Obama 23%

W. Bush 39%

Reagan 15%

FIGURE 2. All Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Judges by Appointing President’s Party Trump 4% Carter 8% Clinton 12%

W. Bush 25%

Obama 13% H.W. Bush 13%

Reagan 25%

1992-2017 LOUISIANA STATE JUDGES Louisiana Supreme Court In the last 25 years, 20 unique individuals have held the possible 30 positions on the Louisiana Supreme Court. During this time, seven positions on the Court have been held by three different women. Cumulatively, women have held a spot on the Louisiana Supreme Court at the rate of 23.33%. Women held seats in the Second and Fifth Districts; men now hold these seats. One Black woman has served on the Court for two elected terms. In the last 25 years the First, Second, Fourth, and Sixth Districts have only been represented by white men. Of the 30 positions overall, Democrats have held 20 of those spots at the rate of 66.67% over the last 25 years. In 1992, every seat on the Louisiana Supreme Court was occupied by a Democrat. Recent elections show a realignment with nine of the most recent positions being won by Republicans for a rate of 30%. Justice John L. Weimer switched party affiliation from the Democratic party to “No Party.” The Court now has only one sitting Democrat, five Republicans, and one Justice with “No Party” affiliation. The Elected Officials Database does not reflect the service of Revius O. Ortique, Jr. from 1992 -1994, or the service of Bernette J. Johnson who served on the Court from 1994-2000 prior to being elected to the Seventh Supreme Court District of Louisiana in 2000.22

TABLE 3.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana Supreme Court

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Women

1992

0.00%

1993

14.29%

1994

14.29%

1995

14.29%

1996

14.29%

1997

28.57%

1998

28.57%

1999

28.57%

2000

28.57%

2001

42.86%

2002

42.86%

2003

42.86%

2004

42.86%

2005

42.86%

2006

42.86%

2007

42.86%

2008

42.86%

2009

42.86%

2010

42.86%

2011

42.86%

2012

42.86%

2013

28.57%

2014

28.57%

2015

28.57%

2016

28.57%

2017

14.29%

Supreme Court

Number of Judges

%Women

TABLE 3.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana Supreme Court

Black

White

Other

Total Number of Non-white Judges

1992

0.00%

1993

0.00%

1994

0.00%

1995

0.00%

1996

0.00%

1997

0.00%

1998

0.00%

1999

0.00%

2000

0.00%

2001

14.29%

2002

14.29%

2003

14.29%

2004

14.29%

2005

14.29%

2006

14.29%

2007

14.29%

2008

14.29%

2009

14.29%

2010

14.29%

2011

14.29%

2012

14.29%

2013

14.29%

2014

14.29%

2015

14.29%

2016

14.29%

2017

14.29%

Supreme Court

Total Number of Judges

% Non-white Judges

TABLE 3.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana Supreme Court Black Women Supreme Court

Dem

Rep

Ind

White Women NP

Dem

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Rep

Ind

Other Women O

Dem

Rep

Ind

TABLE 3.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana Supreme Court Black Supreme Court

Dem

Rep

Ind

White NP

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other NP

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Dem

Rep

Ind

Louisiana State Courts of Appeal In the last 25 years, 122 unique individuals have held 203 elected positions on the Louisiana Courts of Appeal. Women held 47 of the 203 positions. Of the positions held by women, 30 have been held by 13 different white women, 17 have been held by ten different Black women. Men have held 156 of the 203 possible positions. Of the positions held by men, 139 have been held by 92 different white men, 17 have been held by seven different Black men. In the last 25 years on the Louisiana Courts of Appeal, white men have held 75.41% of the positions, white women have held 10.65% of the positions, Black women have held 8.19% of the positions, and Black men have held 5.6% of the positions overall. In 1992, only five positions in the courts of appeal were held by Republicans. There is not a single seat on the courts of appeal that has remained exclusively Republican for 25 years, while 25 seats have been occupied exclusively by Democrats. Democrats have held 148 of the 203 positions while Republicans have held 48 positions. Democrats have held 72.91% of the seats while Republicans have held 23.64% of the seats overall. Seven positions have been held by candidates that were Independent (1 position, 0.49% overall), “Other” (4 positions, 1.97% overall), and “No Party” (2 positions, 0.98% overall).

TABLE 4.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal Courts of Appeal

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Women

Number of Judges

%Women

1992

14.63%

1993

16.28%

1994

16.28%

1995

19.15%

1996

18.37%

1997

18.37%

1998

20.41%

1999

20.00%

2000

21.57%

2001

21.15%

2002

20.75%

2003

20.75%

2004

20.75%

2005

18.87%

2006

20.75%

2007

20.75%

2008

20.75%

2009

20.75%

2010

20.75%

2011

25.00%

2012

26.42%

2013

30.19%

2014

30.19%

2015

30.19%

2016

33.96%

2017

39.62%

TABLE 4.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal

Black

White

Other

Total Number of Non-white Judges

1992

12.20%

1993

11.63%

1994

11.63%

1995

12.77%

1996

12.24%

1997

12.24%

1998

12.24%

1999

14.00%

2000

17.65%

2001

17.31%

2002

18.87%

2003

18.87%

2004

18.87%

2005

18.87%

2006

18.87%

2007

18.87%

2008

18.87%

2009

20.75%

2010

20.75%

2011

19.23%

2012

20.75%

2013

20.75%

2014

20.75%

2015

20.75%

2016

20.75%

2017

24.53%

Courts of Appeal

Total Number of Judges

% Non-white Judges

TABLE 4.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal Black Women Courts of Appeal

Dem

Rep

Ind

White Women NP

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other Women NP

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Dem

Rep

Ind

TABLE 4.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana State Courts of Appeal Black Dem

Rep

Ind

White NP

Other

Dem

Rep

Ind

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Dem

Rep

Ind

Judicial District Courts In the last 25 years, there have been 1,161 elected positions in the district courts of Louisiana.23 Women held 257 positions or 23.77% of the district court positions overall with white women holding 169 positions (14.56%), Black women holding 105 positions (9.04%) and women claiming the unspecified racial category of “Other” holding two positions (0.17%). Non-white justices held 262 positions or 22.39% of the district court positions overall with Black men holding 155 (13.35%). The tables below provide data for each year that show an increase in women and non-white judges over time. In 1992, women held 13.04% of district court positions. In 2017, the percentage of women holding a position on the district court has reached 30.34%. Racial demographics for the last 25 years indicate that the percentage of non-white judges on the district court has remained constant. In 1992, non-white judges held 22.61% of the district court positions, but that number has hardly budged increasing a little over one percent to 23.93% in 2017. Louisiana has 42 district courts. There are 14 district courts where a woman has never been elected judge, 29 district courts where a Black man has never been elected to serve, and 36 district courts where a Black woman has never been elected. Orleans Parish is the most diverse district court. Out of the 105 district court positions held by Black women in the last 25 years, 56 Black women have been elected in Orleans Parish, accounting more than half of all Black women elected at the district court level. Of the 155 positions held by Black men, 38 have been by Black men elected in Orleans Parish. Out of the 1,161 possible district court positions, the Democrats held 67.87% (788 positions), Republicans held 27.04% (314 positions), members of the “Other” category held 2.76% (32 positions), “No Party” held 2.24% (26 positions), and Independents held 0.08% (1 position). Like the data from the Louisiana Supreme Court, and the courts of appeal, the judicial district courts also show realignment. In 1992, Democratic judges held 88.69% (102 positions) while Republican judges held only 9.57% (11 positions) out of a total of 115 positions. By 2017, no political party holds a majority with Democratic judges holding 47.86% (112 Positions) and Republicans holding 41.02% (96 Positions) at the district court level.

TABLE 5.1: 1997-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for the Louisiana State District Courts

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Women

1992

115

13.04%

1993

126

11.11%

1994

127

11.81%

1995

142

13.38%

1996

138

14.49%

1997

208

16.83%

1998

210

17.14%

1999

221

18.10%

2000

219

18.72%

2001

216

19.91%

2002

217

19.82%

2003

223

19.73%

2004

227

18.94%

2005

227

19.38%

2006

224

20.09%

2007

225

13.78%

2008

223

13.90%

2009

231

26.41%

2010

233

26.61%

2011

232

27.59%

2012

232

26.72%

2013

238

26.89%

2014

231

27.27%

2015

231

29.44%

2016

232

31.03%

2017

234

30.34%

Judicial District Courts

Number of Judges

%Women

TABLE 5.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for the Louisiana State District Courts

Black

White

Other

Total Number of Non-white Judges

1992

115

22.61%

1993

126

24.60%

1994

127

25.20%

1995

104

142

26.76%

1996

102

138

26.09%

1997

165

208

20.67%

1998

167

210

20.48%

1999

177

221

19.91%

2000

175

219

20.09%

2001

170

216

21.30%

2002

170

217

21.66%

2003

175

223

21.52%

2004

177

227

22.03%

2005

177

227

22.03%

2006

174

224

22.32%

2007

175

225

22.22%

2008

174

223

21.97%

2009

180

231

22.08%

2010

181

233

22.32%

2011

181

232

21.98%

2012

179

232

22.84%

2013

184

238

22.69%

2014

177

231

23.38%

2015

175

231

24.24%

2016

175

232

24.57%

2017

178

234

23.93%

Judicial District Courts

Total Number of Judges

% Non-white Judges

TABLE 5.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for the Louisiana State District Courts Black Women Judicial District Courts

Dem

Rep

Ind

White Women O

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other Women

Dem

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Rep

Ind

TABLE 5.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for the Louisiana State District Courts Black Judicial District Courts

Dem

Rep

1992

1993

Ind

White

Other

Dem

Rep

Ind

Dem

1994

1995

1996

1997

119

1998

119

1999

126

2000

122

2001

128

2002

118

2003

119

2004

123

2005

122

2006

119

2007

119

2008

118

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Rep

Ind

City and Parish Courts In the last 25 years, there have been 48 city and parish courts with 355 judicial positions. Most of these positions 85.35% (303 positions) have been held by white judges with 14.65% (52 positions) held by Black judges. Women have held 22.54% (80 positions) overall with white women holding 13.24% (47 positions) and Black women holding 9.3% (33 positions). Black men have held 5.35% (19 positions) in the last 25 years. Only 1.92% of judges in 1992 were women in the city and parish courts. Women have made constant and steady gains increasing the number of positions held to 31.51% in 2017. Non-white judges held 1.96% of city and parish court positions in 1992 but only hold 23.29% of positions as of 2017, making fewer gains overall. Similar to the trends we have seen in other courts, the majority of judges who have served in the city and parish courts are Democrats 77.46% (275 positions). Republicans hold 18.59 % with the “Other” Party designation claiming 2.82% (10 positions) and the “No Party” designation claiming 1.13% (4 positions). In 1992, Democrats held 88.23% (45 positions) and Republicans held 11.76% (6 positions). In 2017, the Democrats retained the number of positions but held only 60.27% (44 positions) compared to the Republicans who made major gains holding 30.24% (22 positions) and those with the party designation of “Other” holding 9.6% (7 positions). As new positions have been added to city and parish courts, they have been filled almost exclusively by Republicans and “Other” political parties.

TABLE 6.1: 1992-2017 Number of Women Judges by Race for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Women

1992

1.96%

1993

3.51%

1994

5.45%

1995

9.84%

1996

11.67%

1997

15.87%

1998

17.46%

1999

17.46%

2000

21.88%

2001

24.19%

2002

23.81%

2003

23.44%

2004

23.08%

2005

21.88%

2006

21.88%

2007

22.73%

2008

25.00%

2009

29.23%

2010

29.23%

2011

33.33%

2012

33.85%

2013

33.82%

2014

34.33%

2015

30.56%

2016

30.99%

2017

31.51%

City and Parish Courts

Number of Judges

%Women

TABLE 6.2: 1992-2017 Racial Demographics for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts

Black

White

Other

Total Number of Non-white Judges

1992

1.96%

1993

5.26%

1994

3.51%

1995

8.20%

1996

8.33%

1997

11.11%

1998

11.11%

1999

14.29%

2000

15.63%

2001

12.90%

2002

12.70%

2003

12.50%

2004

12.31%

2005

12.50%

2006

12.50%

2007

15.15%

2008

14.06%

2009

16.92%

2010

16.92%

2011

19.70%

2012

18.46%

2013

20.59%

2014

20.90%

2015

22.22%

2016

22.54%

2017

23.29%

City and Parish Courts

Total Number of Judges

% Non-white judges

TABLE 6.3: 1992-2017 Number of Women by Race and Party for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts Black Women City and Parish Courts

Dem

Rep

Ind

White Women O

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other Women

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Dem

Rep

Ind

TABLE 6.4: 1992-2017 Race and Party Demographics for Louisiana State, City, and Parish Courts Black City and Parish Courts

Dem

Rep

44 48 46 48 47 47

6 6 6 7 7 8

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 1

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

7 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 11 11 13 12 14 14

47 46 45 45 45 44 44 44 44 43 43 40 40 38 38 39 39

8 7 8 8 9 10 11 10 10 11 10 12 12 12 12 12 11

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

2015 2016

16 16

30 29

19 19

7 7

0 0

2017

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Ind

Other

1 3 2 5 5 7

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Rep

White Dem

Rep

Ind

Orleans Parish Courts Orleans Parish Courts are the most diverse courts in Louisiana with the highest rate of women and non-white judges reported in both 2017 and over the last 25 years.

TABLE 7.1: Number of Women by Race for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts

Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Total Number of Women

Number of Judges

%Women

2017

Civil

76.92%

Criminal

46.15%

Juvenile

80.00%

City

36.36%

2017 Total

57.14%

1992-2017 Civil

59.52%

Criminal

26.39%

Juvenile

51.85%

City

53.57%

1992-2017 Total

211

46.45%

TABLE 7.2: Racial Demographics for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts

Other

Total Number of Non-white Judges

Total Number of Judges

% Nonwhite Judges

Black

White

Civil

84.62%

Criminal

61.54%

Juvenile

80.00%

City

63.64%

2017 Total

71.43%

1992-2017 Civil

73.81%

Criminal

43.06%

Juvenile

62.96%

City

50.00%

1992-2017 Total

122

124

211

58.77%

2017

TABLE 7.3: Gender, Race, and Party Frequency for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts Court Type

Black Women Dem

Rep

Ind

White Women O

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other Women O

Dem

Rep

Ind

2017

Civil Criminal Juvenile City 2017 Total 1992-2017 Civil

Criminal

Juvenile

City

1992-2017 Total

TABLE 7.4: Racial Demographics for Orleans Civil, Criminal, Juvenile, and City Courts Court Type

Black Dem

Rep

Ind

White NP

Dem

Rep

Ind

Other NP

Dem

Rep

Ind

2017

Civil

Criminal Juvenile

City

2017 Total

1992-2017 Civil

Criminal

Juvenile

City

1992-2017 Total

120

Conclusion Louisiana often ranks last or next to last in analyses of the pay gap between men and women, maternal and infant mortality, and percentage of women in the state legislature.24 Some political scientists have gone so far as to argue that women either cannot win in the South or face more significant gender-based hurdles than in other regions. Yet women do relatively well in partisan judicial elections in Louisiana, hold positions of judicial leadership, and are relatively well represented in federal courts. The Gavel Gap ranks Louisiana 17th among the states for a judiciary that reflects its population.25 The National Association of Women Judges analysis puts Louisiana in the middle of the states for its representation of women judges.26 What can women seeking other leadership positions learn from the relative success of women judges in Louisiana? Women have made significant progress in the last ten years, moving from 21% of the judiciary to almost 32%.Yet progress is not natural, inevitable, or irreversible. If the Chief Justice were to not seek re-election, it would be possible that the Louisiana Supreme Court would return to having only white men sitting justices. Several states—Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, have gone from having women on their supreme courts to having none while others now have a majority of women justices such as Oregon, California, New Mexico, New York, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Tennessee.27 Women’s and nonwhite men’s significant progress in the legal profession is no automatic guarantee of their representation in the judiciary. One need only recognize the wide variation in representation on courts to conclude that it is not a function of the composition of the legal profession. In 2014, Louisiana elected to the Senate Republican Bill Cassidy to replace Democrat Mary Landrieu who had served for 18 years, and in 2016, John N. Kennedy was elected to replace Senator David Vitter. Senator Kennedy is a member of the Judiciary Committee and has voted to endorse the candidates nominated by President Trump with few exceptions. Kennedy voted to confirm Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court and to confirm Don R. Willett and James Ho to the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court. He has recently voted to reject the nomination of Gregory Katsas to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals for his ties to the White House.28 Kennedy initially withheld his support for Louisiana’s Kyle Duncan who was nominated by President Trump to the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court because he was concerned that the process for Mr. Duncan’s nomination did not follow normal protocol. 29 Eventually, he endorsed Duncan who will likely be confirmed by the Senate. Kurt Engelhardt, a current judge in the Eastern District of Louisiana, was also nominated by President Trump for a seat on the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and he awaits confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee. President Trump has nominated seven men to the federal bench that would serve Louisiana, three white men and one Asian man to the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court, two white men to the Western District of Louisiana, and one white man to the Eastern District of Louisiana. Those of us committed to a diverse and representative bench and equal justice under law need to keep vigilant to ensure that we do not reverse the progress Louisiana has made. We need to closely monitor reversals—when women are replaced by men or non-white judges by whites—as well as monitor our overall numbers. We need to actively recruit women and nonwhite men to run for judicial office in Louisiana and look for locations where only white men have served. We need to demystify the path to the bench, recruit women and non-white men, and help them prepare to navigate the process successfully. We must educate the public and the media about the importance of a diverse and representative bench. We need to organize and mobilize to draw attention to this issue. And lastly, we need to monitor the data annually, keeping up-to-date statistics that are publicly and easily available.

Notes 1

Kenney, Sally J. and Windett, Jason. 2012. “Diffusion of Innovation or State Political Culture? Explaining the First Women State Supreme Court Justices.” Presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting 2012. http://2012sppconference.rice.edu/files/2012/02/Kenney_Windett_SPPC_Draft.pdf (January 18, 2018) 2 Refki, D.A., Eshete, Abigya, and Hajiani, Selena. 2012. “Women in Federal and State-level Judgeships.” Center for Women in Government & Civil Society. https://www.albany.edu/womeningov/publications/summer2012_judgeships.pdf. (January 18, 2018). 3 Refki, D.A., Long, Cara-Aimee. 2010. “Women in Federal and State-level Judgeships.” Center for Women in Government & Civil https://www.albany.edu/womeningov/judgeships_report_final_web.pdf (January 18, 2018). 4 Refki, D.A., Eshete, Abigya, and Long, Cara. 2011. “Women in Federal and State-level Judgeships.” Center for Women in Government & Civil Society. https://www.albany.edu/womeningov/judgeship_report_partII.pdf. (January 18, 2018). 5 The National Association of Women Justice, in partnership with The American Bench, has updated its annual statistics. Unfortunately, the national map no longer groups states by progress nor does the report rank order states or report on progress or reversals–it simply lists the numbers. “2016 US State Court Women Judges.” National Association of Women Judges. https://www.nawj.org/statistics/2016-us-state-court-women-judges (January 18, 2018). 6 Center for American Women and Politics. 2016. http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/facts. (January 18, 2018). and Status of Women in the States. 2016. http://statusofwomendata.org. (January 18, 2018). 7 Shomade, Salmon A. and Kenney, Sally, J. (2016). “Gender and Racial Diversity of Louisiana’s Judges.” Newcomb College Institute of Tulane University. https://newcomb.tulane.edu/content/publications-and-reports (January 18, 2018). 8 Kenney. Sally J. 2013. Gender and Justice: Why Women in the Judiciary Really Matter. New York: Routledge. 9 Phillips, Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. 10 Christopher Kang, “Editorial: Opinion: President Obama, Nominate the first Asian-American Justice,” http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/opinion-president-obama-nominate-the-first-asian-american-justice, (accessed January 15, 2018). 11 George, Tracey E. and Albert H. Yoon. 2016. “The Gavel Gap: Who Sits in Judgment on State Courts?” American Constitution Society. http://gavelgap.org/pdf/gavel-gap-report.pdf (January 15, 2018). 12 “The Judges of the Court.” 2015. International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/PIDS/publications/JudgesENG.pdf. (January 15, 2018) 13 “Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights.” 2014. Parliamentary Assembly. http://website-pace.net/web/as-cdh. (January 15, 2018) 14 Kenney, Sally J. 2016. “From Cairo to Louisiana, More Female Judges Needed.” Women’s E News. http://womensenews.org/2016/04/from-cairo-to-louisiana-more-female-judges-needed-2/. 12 April. (January 15, 2018) 15 Advisory Opinion 2 of 2012. 2012. Supreme Court of Kenya. http://www.judiciary.go.ke/portal/assets/files/Rulings/Majority%20Decision-One%20Third%20Rule.pdf. (October 16, 2016). 16 Louisiana Secretary of State. 2017. “State of Louisiana- Notice of Candidacy (Qualifying Form) QF-42 (Rev. 2/17) https://www.sos.la.gov/ElectionsAndVoting/PublishedDocuments/QualifyingForm.pdf (January 15, 2018) 17 Louisiana Secretary of State. https://www.sos.la.gov/ (January 15, 2018) 18 Louisiana State Bar Association. https://www.lsba.org/default.aspx (January 15, 2018) 19 Judgepedia (part of Ballotpedia). https://ballotpedia.org/Judgepedia (January 15, 2018) 20 Federal Judicial Center. http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges.html (January 15, 2018) 21 Roberts, John G. 2016. “2016 Year-End Report on the Federal Judiciary,” Supreme Court of the United States. https://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/year-end/2016year-endreport.pdf (January 15, 2018).

Justice Revius O. Ortique, Jr. and Justice Bernette J. Johnson both served as an eighth temporary seat on the Louisiana Supreme Court. See Chisom v. Edwards (1992), a lawsuit brought to challenge the way the Louisiana Supreme Court District lines were drawn to exclude Black representation on the state’s highest court. Louisiana State Act 512 was adopted to address the lack Black representation on the court. To settle the lawsuit, Louisiana state officials compromised by creating the temporary “Chisom Seat” or an eighth temporary seat to the Louisiana Supreme Court, by elevating a justice elected to the Courts of Appeal, that was set to expire in 2000. Justice Revius O. Ortique Jr. took the bench in 1992 and served for a year and a half before turning 70 and being forced to retire. Justice Johnson was elected to the Chisom Seat in October 1994. In 1995 a lawsuit against the constitutionality of ACT 512 was filed and subsequently declared unconstitutional ending the “Chisom Seat.” 23 In Louisiana, there are 42 district courts. A district is composed of at least one parish. The First District (Caddo), Nineteenth District (East Baton Rouge), Twenty-Fourth District (Jefferson) Orleans Parish and Civil District (former FortyFirst District) include the parish civil, criminal, family, or juvenile courts. 24 Manuela Tobias, “The States of our Union … Are not all strong,” POLITICO Magazine, 12 January, 2016. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/state-of-the-union-2016-state-ranking-213521 (January 15, 2018) 25 George, Tracey E. and Albert H. Yoon. 2016. “The Gavel Gap: Who Sits in Judgment on State Courts?” American Constitution Society. http://gavelgap.org/pdf/gavel-gap-report.pdf (January 15, 2016). 26 National Association of Women Judges. https://www.nawj.org/statistics/2016-us-state-court-women-judges (January 15, 2016). 27 Paris Achen, “Historic first: Oregon Supreme Court to have majority women,” East Oregonian, 10 May, 2017. http://www.eastoregonian.com/eo/capital-bureau/20170510/historic-first-oregon-supreme-court-to-have-majority-women (January 15, 2018) 28 Bryn Stole, “Sen. John Kennedy votes against Trump judge nominee—and blasts another as ‘embarrassing’,” The Advocate, 28 November, 2017. http://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/article_278b8122-d4a0-11e7-9a0987d90d1df9de.html (January 15, 2018). 29 Bryn Stole, “Kennedy” ‘Incredible’ resume, but selection process, Fifth Circuit nominee’s Louisiana ties raise doubts,” The Advocate, 291 November, 2017. http://www.theadvocate.com/acadiana/news/courts/article_bb78b934-d556-11e7-87c28fb7330aa700.html (January 15, 2016).

Appendix I: Louisiana Justice of the Peace Courts Justices of the Peace are elected in Louisiana. Office-holders are not required to be lawyers, and they have limited jurisdiction on specific matters.

TABLE A.1: Number of women by Race for Louisiana State Justice of the Peace Courts Black Women

White Women

Other Women

Unknown

Total Number of Women

Number of Judges

%Women

130

156

380

41.05%

690

773

2306

33.52%

2017 1992-2017

Table A.2: Racial Demographics for Louisiana State Justice of the Peace Courts Black

White

Other

Unknown

Total Number of Non-white Judges

322

380

15.26%

284

2000

293

2306

12.71%

2017 1992-2017

Total Number of Judges

% Non-white judges

Table A.3: Number of Women by Sex, Race, and Party for Louisiana State Justice of the Peace Courts Court Type

Black Women

White Women

Dem

Rep

Ind

2017

1992-2017

Dem

Other Women O

De m

Rep

Ind

Unknown

Rep

Ind

432

163

Table A.4: Racial Demographics by Party for Louisiana State Justice of the Peace Courts Court Type

Black Dem

Rep

Ind

2017

1992-2017

265

White NP

Dem

Other NP

Unknown

De m

Rep

Ind

Rep

Ind

120

117

1270

446

119

160

Appendix II: 1997-2017 List of Women and Non-White Judges 1992-2017 WOMEN AND NON-WHITE JUDGES IN LOUISIANA STATE LEVEL

Rows shaded in green indicate former office holders. SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

Chief Justice

Office Title

District

First Name

Last Name

Race

Gender Party

Year Elected

Term Ending Date

2013-2020

Chief Justice

7th Supreme Court District

Bernette Joshua

Johnson

Black

Female

Democrat

2001

12/31/2020

Terms served 2

2009-2013

Associate Justice Chief Justice

3rd Supreme Court District 4th Supreme Court District

Jeannette Theriot Catherine D.

Knoll Kimball

White Female White Female

Democrat Democrat

1997 1992

12/31/2016 12/31/2012

2 3

Gender Party

Year Elected

Term Ending Date

LOUISIANA APPELLATE COURTS Parish

Circuit, Division or Section WOMEN 1st Circuit, 1st District, Division D 1st Circuit, 2nd District, Subdist. 1, Division A 1st Circuit, 3rd District, Division B 1st Circuit, 3rd District, Division C 2nd Circuit, 1st Dist., Elec. Sect. 1C 2nd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 1A 2nd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 2B 2nd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 2C 2nd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 2C 3rd Circuit, 1st District, Division A 3rd Circuit, 1st District, Division A 3rd Circuit, 2nd District, Elec. Sect. 2A 3rd Circuit, 3rd District, Division B 3rd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 2D 3rd Circuit, 3rd Dist., Elec. Sect. 5A 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division B 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division B 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division C 4th, Circuit, 1st District, Division D 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division E 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division F 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division F 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division G 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division G 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division H 4th Circuit, 2nd District, Division A 5th Circuit, 1st District, Division B 5th Circuit, 1st District, Division D MEN 1st Cir., 2nd Dist., Subdist. 2, Division D 2nd Circuit, 3rd District, Elec. Sect. 1A 3rd Circuit, 2nd Dist., Elec. Sect. 1C 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division A 4th Circuit, 1st District, Division C 5th Circuit, 1st Dist., Elec. Sect. 2C

Last Name

Vanessa Toni Manning Page Allison Felicia Toney Shonda Frances Gay C. Jeanette Elizabeth A. Billie Colombaro Candyce Sylvia R. Phyllis Montgomery Miriam G Tiffany Gautier Paula Regina Terri F. Pattie Madeleine M. Joan Bernard Rose Sandra Cabrina Joyce Cossich 'Joy' Fredericka Homberg Susan M.

Guidry-Whipple White Higginbotham White McClendon White Hopkins Penzato White Williams Black Stone Black Pitman White Gaskins White Garrett White Knoll White Pickett White Woodard White Perret White Cooks Black Keaty White Waltzer White Chase Black Brown Black Bartholomew-WoodsBlack Love Black Murray White Landrieu White Armstrong Black Ledet Black Jenkins Black Lobrano White Wicker White Chehardy White

Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female

Democrat Republican Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Republican No Party Democrat Democrat Other Republican Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Republican

1992 2011 2003 2017 1992 2016 2013 1995 2013 1992 1997 1992 2017 1992 2011 1992 2017 2017 2017 2000 1995 2010 1992 2012 2013 2012 2006 1998

12/31/2022 12/31/2020 12/31/2022 12/31/2024 12/31/2022 12/31/2024 12/31/2022 1/21/2012 12/31/2020 12/31/1996 12/31/2022 12/31/2004 12/31/2024 12/31/2022 12/31/2020 12/31/2002 12/31/2022 12/31/2018 12/31/2026 12/31/2024 12/31/2011 6/30/2017 12/31/2011 12/31/2021 12/31/2022 12/31/2021 12/31/2020 12/31/2022

3 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 3

John Michael James E. Ulysses Gene Edwin A. Dennis R. Marc E.

Guidry Stewart, Sr. Thibodeaux Lombard Bagneris, Sr. Johnson

Male Male Male Male Male Male

Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat

2000 1995 1992 2003 1999 2009

12/31/2021 9/6/2015 12/31/2020 12/31/2022 12/31/2017 12/31/2024

3 3 3 2 2 2

Jeannette Theriot

Race

Terms served

First Name

Black Black Black Black Black Black

LOUISIANA JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURTS Parish

Circuit, Division or Section

WOMEN 1st JDC, Election Section 1, Division B 1st JDC, Election Section 1, Division D 1st JDC, Election Section 2, Division H 1st JDC, Election Section 3, Division F 1st JDC, Election Section 3, Division F 1st JDC, Election Section 3, Division K Shreveport (1) Juvenile Court, Elec. Sect. 1C Shreveport (1) Juvenile Court, Elec. Sect. 1C 2nd JDC, Division A 3rd JDC, Division A 4th JDC, Election Section 2, Division B 5th JDC, Division C 6th Judicial District, Division B 7th JDC, Division A 9th JDC, Election Section 1, Division A 9th JDC, Election Section 2, Division C 9th JDC, Election Section 2, Division C 9th JDC, Election Section 2, Division E 10th JDC, Division A 10th JDC, Division B 10th JDC, Division B 14th JDC, Election Section 1, Division F 14th JDC, Elect. Sect. 1 & 3, Division I 14th JDC, Election Section 3, Division E 15th JDC, Election Section 2, Division E 15th JDC, Election Section 3, Division L 15th JDC, Election Section 3, Division M 15th JDC, Election Section 3, Division M 15th JDC, Election Section 5, Division G 16th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 16th JDC, Election Section 2, Division B 16th JDC, Election Section 2, Division E 18th JDC, Election Section 2, Division D 18th JDC, Election Section 2, Division D 18th JDC, Election Section 2, Division M 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division D 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division J 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division K Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section 1, Division B Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section 1, Division Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section 2, Division C Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section3, Division A Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section3, Division A Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section3, Division D Baton Rouge East (19)Juvenile Court, Election Section 1A Baton Rouge East (19)Juvenile Court, Election Section 2B 20th JDC, Division A 21st JDC, Division B 21st JDC, Division E 21st JDC, Division F 21st JDC, Division H 21st JDC, Division I 22nd JDC, Division B 22nd JDC, Division C 22nd JDC, Division C 22nd JDC, Division K 22nd JDC, Division L 23rd JDC, ES 2, Division C 23rd JDC, ES 2, Division D 23rd JDC, ES 2, Division D

First Name

Last Name

Emanuel Ramona L. Stewart Karelia R. Garrett Jeanette G. Pitman Frances Dorroh Katherine Clark Erin Leigh Waddell Garrett Stone Shonda D. Casey-Jones Ree J. Clason Jenifer Cynthia T. 'Cindy' Woodard Marchman Sharon Ingram McIntryre Ann B. Williams Felicia Toney Johnson Kathy A. Rauls Monique Swent Rae Doggett Mary Lauve Koch Patricia Dyess Desiree Hawthorne Dee Ann Sylvester Lala Brittain Wilson Sharon Cutrer Lilynn A. Minaldi Patricia Breaux Michelle Meaux Castle Marilyn Phyllis MontgomeryKeaty Theall Susan Hulin Laurie A. Landry Lori A. deMahy Suzanne M. Simon Anne L. Harris Sharah Engolio Elizabeth Bates Kay Clark Janice White Trudy Jackson Bonnie White Lisa Woodruff Higginbotham Toni Charlene Charlet Day Luse Jennifer Baker Pamela Lassalle Annette M. Richey Kathleen Johnson Pamela Taylor Jones Betsy Hughes-Foster Charlotte Ricks Brenda Bedsole Wolfe Elizabeth 'Beth' Waguespack Zorraine M. Edwards Blair Downing Elaine W. Guillot DiMiceli Patricia Hedges Allison Hopkins Penzato Devereux Mary Amacker Dawn Stromberg Tess Percy Triche-Milazo Jane LeBlanc Jessie M.

Race

Gender Party

Year Joined Term Ending Date Terms served

Black Black White White White White Black Black White White White White Black White Black White White White White White White Black White White White White White White White Black White White Black White White Black Black Black Black White White White White White White Black White White White White White White White White White White White White White White

Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female

1995 2015 2003 2009 2013 2015 2015 2016 1991 1997 2000 2015 1991 1996 2015 1997 2009 2005 2015 2005 2015 2014 1999 1997 2015 1999 1999 2011 2015 2003 2017 1997 1992 2016 1997 1992 2009 1992 2009 1997 2011 1997 2015 1997 1997 2015 2015 2016 1997 2005 1999 2009 1997 1995 2009 2009 2009 2015 2009 2012

Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Other Other Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Republican Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Other Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Democrat Republican

12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2012 12/31/2012 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 3/5/2016 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2016 12/31/1992 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 5/9/2003 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2010 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2002 12/31/2002 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2010 12/31/2020 12/31/2006 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020

5 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 4 4 1 1 4 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 4 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 5 2 5 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 5 1 1 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 2

LOUISIANA JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURTS - Continued Parish

Jefferson (24) Jefferson (24) Jefferson (24)

Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41) Orleans (41)

Circuit, Division or Section

First Name

Last Name

Race

Gender Party

Year Elected

Term Ending Date

24th JDC, ES 1, Division O 24th JDC, ES 2, Division A 24th JDC, ES 2, Division I 24th JDC, ES 2, Division I 24th JDC, ES 2, Division K 24th JDC, ES 2, Division N 24th JDC, ES 3, Division C 24th JDC, ES 7, Division B Juvenile Court, Section A Juvenile Court, Section B Juvenile Court, Section C 25th Judicial District, Division B 29th JDC, Division D 29th JDC, Division D 29th JDC, Division E 33rd JDC, Division B 34th JDC, Division B 34th JDC, Division C 36th JDC, Division A 38th JDC 40th JDC, Election Section 1, Division B 40th JDC, Election Section 2, Division A Civil District Court, Division A Civil District Court, Division A Civil District Court, Division B Civil District Court, Division B Civil District Court, Division B Civil District Court, Division D Civil District Court, Division E Civil District Court, Division E Civil District Court, Division F Civil District Court, Division G Civil District Court, Division I Civil District Court, Division I Civil District Court, Division I Civil District Court, Division J Civil District Court, Division J Civil District Court, Division J Civil District Court, Division M Civil District Court, Division N Criminal District Court, Section A Criminal District Court, Section A Criminal District Court, Section B Criminal District Court, Section B Criminal District Court, Section C Criminal District Court, Section E Criminal District Court, Section F Criminal District Court, Section H Criminal District Court, Section I Civil District Court, Domestic Section 1 Civil District Court, Domestic Section 2 Juvenile Court, Section A Juvenile Court, Section B Juvenile Court, Section C Juvenile Court, Section C Juvenile Court, Section E Juvenile Court, Section E Juvenile Court, Section E Juvenile Court, Section E 42nd JDC, Division A

Danyelle Joan Schilleci Jo Ellen Nancy A. Ellen Shirer Susan June Berry Fredericka Homberg Ann Murry Andrea Price Nancy Armato Joyce Cossich "Joy" Mary Ann Vial M. Lauren Michele Patricia C. Jeanne Nunez Kim Cooper Martha Ann Penelope Mary Hotard Madeline Carolyn W. Tiffany Gautier Rose Regina Rachel Nakisha Madeleine Clare Yada T. Robin Bernette Joshua Terri Piper D. Nadine Michele Paula D. Nicole Paulette Ethel Simms Miriam G. Laurie Lynda Tracey Sharon Keva Robin Camille Karen Bernadette Monique Ernestine S. Tammy Yvonne Candice Bates Anita H. Tracey Yolanda J. Desiree Amy Burford

Taylor Benge Grant Miller Kovach Chehardy Darensburg Wicker Keller Janzen Konrad Lobrano Lemmon Lemmon Morel Cole Juneau Jones O'Neal Richard Becnel Jasmine Gill-Jefferson Chase Ledet Bartholomew Johnson Ervin-Knott Landrieu Jupiter Magee Giarrusso Johnson Love Griffin Ramsey Brown Sheppard Irons Julien Waltzer White Van Davis Flemings-Davillier Kaye-Hunter Landrum-Johnson Pittman Buras Herman D'Souza Barial Gray Stewart Hughes Anderson Ganucheau Flemings-Davillier King Cook-Calvin McCartney

White White White White White White Black White White White White White White White White White White White White White White Black Black Black Black Black Black Black White Black Black White Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black White White Black Black Black Black Black White White Other Black Black Black Black Black White Black Black Black White

2015 2001 1997 2009 2009 1992 2006 1997 1991 1997 1991 2009 1991 2009 2012 2003 2013 2015 2009 2009 1993 1997 1994 2007 1999 2012 2017 2015 2001 2012 1991 1988 1984 1995 2001 1997 2010 2017 2004 1995 1982 2007 2003 2013 1997 2009 2009 1998 2008 2012 2015 2015 2015 2001 2010 1989 2010 2013 2015 2016

12/31/2020 11/31/2009 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/1998 12/31/2020 12/31/2005 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 11/26/2013 12/31/2011 12/31/1996 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2016 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/1994 9/1/2000 12/31/2020 9/10/2009 3/25/2017 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/1992 12/31/2020 12/31/2012 12/31/2020 23/31/2002 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/16/2004 12/31/2020 12/31/2004 12/31/2012 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020

Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Republican Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat No Party

Terms served 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 5 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 6 1 2 4 3 2 1 3 5 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

LOUISIANA JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURTS - Continued Parish

Circuit, Division or Section

MEN 1st JDC, Election Section 1, Division D 1st JDC, Election Section 1, Division G 1st JDC, Election Section 1, Division J Caddo (1) Juvenile Court, Election Section, 1C 4th JDC, Election Section 1, Division G 4th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 4th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 4th JDC, Election Section 1, Division I 4th JDC, Election Section 1, Division J 9th JDC, Election Section 1, Division A 9th JDC, Election Section 1, Division F 14th JDC, Election Section 1, Division F 14th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 14th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 15th JDC, Election Section 1, Division B 15th JDC, Election Section 1, Division D 15th JDC, Election Section 1, Division G 15th JDC, Election Section 1, Division G 16th JDC, Election Section 1, Division H 18th JDC, Election Section 1, Division C 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division B 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division B 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division J 19th JDC, Election Section 1, Division O Baton Rouge East (19)Family Court, Election Section 1, Division B 23rd JDC, ES 1, Division E 24th JDC, ES 3, Division G 24th JDC, ES 5, Division C 24th JDC, ES 5, Division P 24th JDC, ES 5, Division P 27th JDC, Election Section 1, Division C 32nd JDC, Division C Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division C Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division D Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division H Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division H Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division L Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division M Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division N Orleans (41) Civil District Court, Division M Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section C Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section E Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section G Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section G Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section J Orleans (41) Criminal District Court, Section K Orleans (41) Magistrate Section, Criminal District Court Orleans (41) Juvenile Court, Section B Orleans (41) Juvenile Court, Section C Orleans (41) Juvenile Court, Section E

First Name

Last Name

Race

Gender Party

Year Joined Term Ending Date Terms served

Leon L. John Ramon Vernon Carl Benjamin Larry D. Alvin R. Robert C. Donald George C. Wilford D. Alcide Ronald 'Ron' Jules Edward D. Charles Curtis Carl J. Alvin Ralph E. Donald R. Curtis A. Wilson Luke Alvin Adrian Alan J. Melvin C. Lee V. Alonzo Juan Sidney H. Lloyd J. Revius O. Michael G. Kern A. Ronald J. C. Hunter Okla Benedict 'Ben' Calvin Julian Byron C. Darryl Arthur Harry C.Hern David L. Louis F.

Emanuel, III Mosely Lafitte Claville Sharp Jones Jefferson Sharp Johnson Johnson Metoyer Carter Gray Ware Edwards Rubin Porter Sigur Williams Batiste Tyson Johnson Calloway Fields LaVergne Turner Adams Green Zeno Faulkner Harris Pickett Cates IV Medley, Jr. Ortique, Jr. Bagneris Reese Sholes King Jones, II Willard Johnson Parker Williams Derbigny Hunter Cantrell Taylor Bell Douglas

Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black

Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male

1992 1995 2009 1995 1992 1992 2015 1997 2009 1992 1992 1992 1992 2009 1993 1992 1993 2015 1993 2003 1993 1999 1992 2002 1992 1993 2015 1992 1992 2009 1993 2015 2004 1997 1991 1993 2001 1991 1999 1991 2003 1991 1997 2015 2003 1997 2014 1991 2004 2005

Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat No Party Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat

12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2002 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2002 12/31/2020 12/31/1998 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2005 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/1991 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/1998 10/1/2003 10/11/1994 12/31/2020 12//31/2008 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 10/12/2010 12/31/2009

4 5 2 3 5 4 1 4 2 4 5 4 3 2 5 5 4 1 2 3 2 4 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 2 5 1 3 3 1 4 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 4 2 3 1 1

LOUISIANA CITY AND PARISH COURTS Parish

Ascension

Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson Jefferson

Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans Orleans

Orleans Orleans Orleans

Circuit, Division or Section

First Name

Last Name

Race

Gender Party

Year Joined Term Ending Date Terms served

WOMEN Parish Court City Court, El. Sect. 1B, Baton Rouge City Court, El. Sect. 1B, Baton Rouge City Court, El. Sect. 1D, Baton Rouge City Court, El. Sect. 2A, Baton Rouge City Court, El. Sect. 2E, Baton Rouge City Court, El. Sect. 2E, Baton Rouge City Court, City of Crowley City Court, City of Eunice City Court, City of Hammond 1st Parish Court, Division A 2nd Parish Court, Division B Juvenile Court, Section A Juvenile Court, Section B City Court, Division A, City of Lafayette City Court, Division A, City of Monroe City Court, Division C, City of Monroe 1st City Court, Sect. A, City of New Orleans 1st City Court, Sect. B, City of New Orleans 1st City Court, Sect. C, City of New Orleans 1st City Court, Sect. C, City of New Orleans 2nd City Court, City of New Orleans 2nd City Court, City of New Orleans Municipal and Traffic Court, Division C City Court, City of Oakdale City Court, City of Opelousas Elec. Dist. 2, Division C, City of Shreveport Elec. Dist. 2, Division C, City of Shreveport Elec. Dist. 2, Division D, City of Shreveport City Court, City of Winnfield City Court, City of Winnsboro

Marilyn Trudy M. Kelli Terrell Yvette Mansfield Laura Prosser Suzan S. Judy Moore Marie B. 'Melise' Lynette Y. Grace Bennett Rebecca Raylyn Reine Ann Murry Andrea Price 'Francie' Tammy D. Aisha Monique G. Angelique A. Sonja Veronica E. Mary E. 'Teena' Desiree Judi F. Vanessa LaLeshia Walker Pammela S. Sheva M. Anastasia 'Staci' Ann B.

Lambert White Temple Alexander Davis Ponder Vendetto Trahan Feucht Gasaway Olivier Beevers Keller Janzen Bouillion Lee Clark Morial Reed Spears Henry Norman Anderson-Trahan Charbonnet Abrusley Harris Alford Lattier Sims Wiley McIntyre

White Black Black Black White White White White White White White White White White White Black Black Black Black Black Black White Black Black White Black Black Black Black White White

Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican* Republican Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Democrat Republican Republican No Party Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat

1997 1999 2009 1995 2001 1994 2017 2009 1990 1997 2015 2013 1991 1996 1994 2000 2015 2011 1999 1999 2011 1993 2013 2007 2007 2009 1997 2009 2011 2009 1997

12/31/2018 12/31/2006 12/31/2018 12/31/2018 12/31/2018 6/30/2017 12/31/2018 12/31/2020 12/31/2014 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2022 12/31/2022 12/31/2010 12/31/2022 12/31/2012 12/31/2018 1/19/2017 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2008 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2020 12/31/2014

4 3 2 4 3 4 1 2 4 4 5 2

MEN City Court, City of Baker City Court, El. Sect. 1B, Baton Rouge City Court, Division C, City of Baton Rouge City Court, Division A, City of Monroe City Court, Division C, City of Monroe City Court, Division C, City of Monroe City Court, Division C, City of Monroe Municipal and Traffic Court, Division B Municipal and Traffic Court, Division G Municipal and Traffic Court, Division H Elec. Dist. 2, Division D, City of Shreveport

Kirk A. Don Tarvald Anthony Larry D. James Garland Daryl Larry D. Robert E. 'Bobby' Steven Herbert Randy E.

Williams Johnson Smith Jefferson Smith Blue Jefferson Jones Jupiter Cade Collins

Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black Black

Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male

Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat

2009 1995 2015 1991 1991 2003 2007 2012 2016 2014 1997

12/31/2020 12/31/2000 12/31/2018 1/18/2000 12/31/2002 5/17/2007 12/31/2014 12/31/2018 12/31/2022 12/31/2020 1/23/2011

2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3

5 4 1 2 4 2 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4

FEDERAL LEVEL

FEDERAL COURTS U.S. DISTRICT COURTS EASTERN DISTRICT COURT Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Senior Status Judge Senior Status Judge

Race

Gender Party

Appointed

Years on Bench

Female Female Female Female Female Female

Obama Obama Obama Clinton Clinton Clinton

10/4/2011 10/12/2011 3/30/2012 9/29/1994 3/10/1994 7/25/1996

7 7 6 24 24 22

Nannette Jolivette Jane Triche Susie Sarah S. Helen G. Mary Ann

Brown Milazzo Morgan Vance Berrigan Lemmon

Black White White White White White

Elizabeth Erny Rebecca F.

Foote Doherty

White Female White Female

Obama H.W. Bush

6/15/2010 11/5/1991

8 27

Shelley Brian

Dick Jackson

White Female Black Male

Obama Obama

5/10/2013 6/15/2010

5 8

Stewart Clement Elrod Haynes Jones Owen Graves, Jr. Prado Benavides King

Black Male White Female White Female White Female White Female White Female Black Male HispanicMale HispanicMale White Female

Clinton W. Bush W. Bush W. Bush Reagan W. Bush Obama W. Bush Clinton Carter

5/9/1994 11/26/2001 10/19/2007 4/18/2008 4/4/1985 6/3/2005 2/15/2011 5/5/2003 5/9/1994 7/13/1979

24 27 11 10 33 13 7 15 24 39

WESTERN DISTRICT COURT Active Judge Senior Status Judge MIDDLE DISTRICT Active Judge Active Judge

FIFTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS Active Judge, Chief Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Active Judge Senior Status Judge Senior Status Judge

Carl E. Edith Brown Jennifer Walker Catharina Edith Hollan Priscilla Richman James Earl Edward Charles Fortunato Carolyn

This event is sponsored by

LAW SCHOOL

Tulane American Constitution Society | La Alianza del Derecho Latin Student Alliance | Newcomb Women in Pre-Law