Front cover (inside), (1964) The Beatles arrived in San Francisco, to begin an American tour and were driven into a protective fence enclosure so that photographers could take pictures. As the 9,000 fans pressed against the fencing, it gave way, with The Beatles managing to get out split-seconds before it came crashing down. Penutup depan (di dalam), (1964) The Beatles tiba di San Francisco, untuk memulakan tur Amerika dan didorong ke dalam kandang pagar pelindung sehingga jurugambar boleh mengambil gambar. Sebagai penggemar 9.000 menempel pagar, itu memberi jalan, dengan The Beatles menguruskan keluar split-saat sebelum runtuh. Back cover (inside), Neon sign of the Olympia Theatre, advertising The Beatles’ concerts in Paris. Penutup belakang (di dalam), Papan tanda neon di Teater Olympia, iklan konsert The Beatles di Paris.
Beatlesque: The Beatles Revolution Revolusi Beatles
A Bilingual Book English/Melayu
by Nur Faizah Omar
Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design & Media 81 Nanyang Drive, Level 3 Singapore 637458 www.fproductions.tumblr.com First published 2011 Š 2011 FProductions Limited ISBN 0 7148 3281 0 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otheriwse, without the written permission of FProductions Limited. Printed in Singapore
Contents Kandungan
4
Prelude
4
Pendahuluan
6
Introduction
6
Introduksi
11
Music
11
Music
Music-making revolution Lennon and McCartney Impact on other music cultures Breaking boundaries
31
Art & Culture Album Covers Films Fashion
Revolusi membuat musik Lennon dan McCartney Kesan pada budaya muzik lain Melanggar Batasan
31
Seni & Budaya Sampul Album Filem Fesyen
Prelude Pendahuluan
There’s no denying that the Beatles changed the music industry profoundly. From the way album covers appeared, to writing their own songs, to innovative recording techniques, the Beatles led the way to change what rock bands could do. In terms of recording, the Beatles released 13 original albums in ONLY 8 years. Never before or since has any rock band come close to that quantity and quality of output. For example, U2, one of the most popular bands of the day, has released 11 original albums in 24 years. While the band was officially together from 1962 to 1970, the Beatles obviously were a huge success. The difference between a great band and a musical phenomenon 4 Prelude
Tidak dinafikan bahawa The Beatles menukar industri muzik. Dari cara sampul album muncul, ke menulis lagu sendiri, ke teknik rakaman inovatif, The Beatles memimpin jalan untuk mengubah apa band rock boleh lakukan. Dalam hal pencatatan, The Beatles merilis 13 album asli dalam 8 tahun. Pernah sebelum ataupun sejak mempunyai band rock datang dekat dengan kuantiti dan kualiti output. Sebagai contoh, U2, salah satu band yang paling popular sepanjang hari, telah merilis 11 album asal dalam 24 tahun. Sementara band ini secara rasmi dari 1962-1970, The Beatles jelas adalah sukses besar. Perbezaan antara sebuah band besar dan fenomena muzik adalah bahawa band besar menghasilkan muzik besar, tetapi fenomena lebih
is that a great band produces great music, but a phenomenon goes further to influence a multitude of cultural outlets such as art, photography, literature, fashion, politics and belief systems. As a result, the Beatles’ phenomenon has kept growing and growing ever since the group disbanded in 1970. The group’s lasting influence in society is evident in many ways from the use of Beatle phrases and lyrics in everyday life to modernday hairstyles. No musical act can trace more cultural influences to the present than the four lads from Liverpool.
jauh untuk mempengaruhi banyak outlet budaya seperti seni, fotografi, sastera, fashion, politik dan sistem kepercayaan. Akibatnya, fenomena The Beatles telah terus tumbuh dan berkembang sejak kumpulan dibubarkan pada tahun 1970. Pengaruh yang abadi dalam masyarakat terbukti dalam banyak hal daripada penggunaan frasa Beatle dan lirik dalam kehidupan sehari-harian ke gaya rambut moden. Tidak ada tindakan muzik lain yang dapat luas mengaruhi budaya dari empat pemuda dari Liverpool ini. Pengkritik Paul Evans menyatakan tentang The Beatles: “Mereka adalah konsensus, final besar dalam muzik popular, tidak menyukai mereka adalah sebagai jahat tidak menyukai matahari.”
Critic Paul Evans states about the Beatles:
“Theirs is the final, great consensus in popular music, not liking them is as perverse as not liking the sun.” Pendahuluan
5
What makes The Beatles so popular? Apakah yang membuat Beatles terkenal?
It all started on February 1964, beginning with their Ed Sullivan Show appearance, the Beatles brought to a new generation much more than just a great, new sound and long hair for boys. John, Paul, George, and Ringo were workingclass guys with no formal music education. Yet they were changing the world. They achieved what they did entirely by instinct, and on the effervescence generated in a perfectly balanced, freakishly rare form of musical and personal chemistry. They offered the first real ray of sunshine since the assassination of President Kennedy, and were a much needed distraction to the melancholy of the “cold war.” Their songs seemed to somehow reflect the search of people’s souls at the time. The new idyllic and fresh elements did ketch the imagination of that generation, and we might say that it still
Semuanya bermula pada bulan Februari 1964, berimulai dengan penampilan mereka di Ed Sullivan Show, The Beatles membawa ke genetrasi baru lebih daripada sekadar yang suara baru dan rambut panjang untuk lelaki. John, Paul, George, dan Ringo adalah orang-orang kelas pekerja tidak memiliki pendidikan muzik yang formal. Namun mereka mengubah dunia. Mereka mencapai apa yang mereka lakukan sepenuhnya dengan naluri.
Girls going nuts over The Beatles, hoping to get a glimpse of them. Ramai wanita bersikap gila kerana The Beatles, dan berharap untuk mendapatkan sekilas dari mereka.
Mereka menawarkan sinar matahari pertama sejak pembunuhan Presiden Kennedy, dan merupakan gangguan yang sangat diperlukan sejak “Cold War”. Lagu mereka mencerminkan jiwa manusia pada waktu itu. Unsurunsur yang indah dan segar baru itu keci imajinasi generasi itu, dan kita boleh mengatakan bahawa masih tidak hari ini. Lagu-lagu seperti “Imagine” yang berbicara Introduksi 7
Hamburg-born photographer Astrid Kirchherr, famous for taking early, iconic shots of The Beatles. Hamburg-lahir jurugambar Astrid Kirchherr, terkenal untuk mengambil gambar ikon The Beatles.
8 Introduction
does today. Songs like “Imagine” that speak about an ideal world without barriers of religion – actually without religion- and no race or other concepts seen as a hindrances between people reflect many people’s inner wish of freedom. “Imagine all the people living for today…living life in peace” indeed that triggers our imagination.
tentang dunia yang ideal tanpa halangan agama-sebenarnya tanpa agama-bangsa dan tidak ada atau konsep lain yang dipandang sebagai kendala antara orang-orang yang ingin mencerminkan batin banyak orang kebebasan. “Bayangkan semua orang hidup untuk hidup hari ini ... hidup dalam damai” memang mencetuskan imajinasi kami.
For many, the group’s musical appeal lay in the interaction of John and Paul’s voices and musical styles. It is said they not only supplied missing bits and pieces for each other’s songs, but shared a competitive edge that brought out the best in them both.
Bagi banyak orang, daya tarikan muzik kumpulan terletak pada interaksi suara John dan Paul dan gaya muzik mereka. Mereka tidak hanya suplemen lagu-lagu masing-masing, namun sama-sama memiliki keunggulan kompetitif yang membawa keluar yang
George’s lead guitar and vocals along with Ringo’s understated but faithful drumming contributed their own chemistry. After the group dissolved many critics cited inconsistencies in each of their solo releases as a demonstration of how important this group collaboration had been.
terbaik di mereka berdua. George permainan gitar dan vokal bersama dengan Ringo permainan drum menyumbangi bakat mereka sendiri. Semenjak mereka berpisah, banyak pengkritik mengata inkonsistensi dalam setiap keluaran solo mereka sebagai demonstrasi tentang betapa pentingnya kerjasama kumpulan ini: Bersama-sama mereka mencetuskan satu sama lain untuk mencapai ketinggian yang jarang dicapai pada keluaran solo mereka.
Together they sparked each other to reach heights rarely attained on the later solo releases.
The Beatles at Shea Stadium, August 16, 1965. Beatles di Shea Staidum pada 16 Ogos 1965.
Introduksi 9
1
Music Musik
“I’m always trying to do better music. I don’t know if I’ve written my best song yet. That’s the big question. It doesn’t stop you trying.” - Paul McCartney, 2010 (DailyRecord)
(Right) An article in the Billboard magazine raving about the Beatles’ Invasion in the US. (Kanan) Sebuah artikel dalam majalah Billboard mengoceh tentang The Beatles pencerobohan di Amerika Syarikat.
Music Musik
The Beatles’ career paralleled the rise of the post-war youth culture, which came to be a potent force in the world economy just as the Beatles were making their earliest records. The Beatles quickly dominated this emerging culture, first as conventional teen idols, as Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley has been before them, but eventually as political and even quasi-religious figureheads. They were able to produce music that so thoroughly filled their listener’s expectations that it could almost be taken for granted that their records would dominate the hit parade. Yet, they never stood still. Particularly in the years between 1963, when they were 12
MUSIC: Introduction
Kerjaya The Beatles ‘sejajar dengan munculnya budaya pemuda pascaperang, yang kemudian menjadi kekuatan potensi dalam ekonomi dunia seperti The Beatles sedang membuat catatan mereka awal. The Beatles cepat didominasi budaya muncul, pertama sebagai idola remaja konvensional, seperti Frank Sinatra dan Elvis Presley telah di depan mereka, tetapi akhirnya sebagai politik dan bahkan kuasireligius boneka. Mereka mampu menghasilkan muzik yang begitu benar-benar penuh harapan pendengar mereka bahawa hal itu hampir boleh diambil untuk diberikan bahawa catatan mereka akan mendominasi hit parade. Namun, mereka tidak
fresh and eager, and 1968, when they began to fragment, every one of their records explored new ground and either tested or redrew the limits of pop sensibilitiy. The Beatles seldom, if ever, repeated themselves. Unlike many rock and roll singers who preceded them, they did not attempt to continually recycle the sound or “formula” of their first hit over and over, a mindless strategy that was followed by far too many artists and producers in the ‘50s and early ‘60s, and which spawned a legion of one-hit wonders. Each new Beatles record, particularly after their first two albums, showed significant creative growth.
pernah berdiri diam. Terutama pada tahun-tahun antara tahun 1963, ketika mereka segar dan bersemangat,, dan 1968 ketika mereka mulai serpihan, setiap satu daripada catatan mereka menjelajah tanah baru dan baik diuji atau redrew batas sensibilitiy pop. The Beatles jarang, jika pernah, diulang sendiri. Tidak seperti banyak dan penyanyi rock roll yang mendahului mereka, mereka tidak berusaha untuk terus mengitar semula suara atau “formula” dari hit pertama mereka berulangulang, strategi mindless yang diikuti oleh jauh terlalu banyak seniman dan penerbit di ‘50 dan awal 60an, dan yang melahirkan legion MUSIK: Introduksi
13
But experimentation aside, the group’s songs are so durable because they are good. The lyrics are unusually articulate (if sometimes deliberately cryptic) and Lennon, McCartney and later Harrison proved to be not only inventive, original melodists, but skilled manipulators of song structures. In any case, the music has survived the rebellious AngloAmerican 1960’s youth culture that spawned it, and has flourished outside its original context.
keajaiban satu-hit. Setiap nota Beatles baru, terutama selepas dua album pertama mereka, menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang signifikan kreatif. Eksperimentasi atau tidak, lagu-lagu mereka tahan lama kerana mereka berbakat. Lirik yang luar biasa mengartikulasikan (jika kadangkadang sengaja samar) dan Lennon, McCartney dan Harrison kemudian terbukti tidak hanya inventif, melodists asli, tapi manipulator terampil dari struktur lagu. Dalam hal apapun, muzik telah selamat dari pemuda pemberontak budaya Anglo-Amerika tahun 1960-yang melahirkan, dan telah berkembang di luar konteks asalnya.
Screaming girl fans at a Beatles concert. Peminat perempuan memekik di sebuah konset Beatles.
14
MUSIC: Introduction
Music-making Revolution Revolusi membuat musik
(Left) The Beatles at the Cavern. (Right) The Beatles in their video ‘All You Need Is Love’. (Kiri) Beatles bermain di Cavern. (Kanan) Beatles dalam video mereka ‘All You Need Is Love’.
16
Consider these two images of the Beatles: The first shows them on stage at the Cavern, a crowded basement club in Liverpool, on 22 August 1962. They are not quite at their most primal: nearly a year earlier, their manager, Brian Epstein, had persuaded them to abandon leather outfits in favour of jackets and ties, and to tone down their raucous stage acts. They are seen here, playing someone else’s music, a song called ‘Some Other Guy’, which had recently been a hit for Ritchie Barrett. The music could hardly be simpler: its chord progression is a slightly embellished blues pattern, its beat is steady and danceable, and its lyrics are basic: my girlfriend ran off with someone else, and now I’m sad and lonely.
MUSIC: Music-making Revolution
Bayangkan kedua gambar ini: Yang pertama menunjukkan mereka di panggung Cavern, sebuah kelab ruangan bawah tanah yang ramai di Liverpool, pada tarikh 22 Ogos 1962. Hampir setahun sebelumnya, pengurus mereka, Brian Epstein, telah memujuk mereka untuk meninggalkan pakaian kulit menyokong jaket dan tali leher. Mereka kelihatan di sini, bermain muzik orang lain, lagu berjudul ‘Some Other Guy’, yang barubaru ini menjadi hit untuk Ritchie Barrett. Muziknya sederhana: progresi chord adalah sedikit blues, rancaknya agak mantap, dan lirik yang merupakan asas: pacar saya lari dengan orang lain, dan sekarang saya sedang sedih dan kesepian.
Leap forward to 25 June 1967. The Beatles had released Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, a remarkably colourful album, with songs that ran the gamut from pure fantasy to treatises on inner spirituality. They produced ‘All You Need Is Love’ – the perfect song for the broadcast of Our World, a global satellite broadcast that would reach 400 million people. In this clip, the Beatles are shown perched on high stools, wearing headphones and dressed in the flowery, rich-textured style of the day. A thirteen-piece ensemble – strings, winds, brass and accordion – accompanies the foursome. And the heart of the instrumentation was not the energetic guitar playing of the Cavern performance, but a delicate harpsichord.
Lompat ke 25 Jun 1967. The Beatles telah mengeluarkan Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, album yang sangat berwarnawarni. Mereka menghasilkan ‘All You Need Is Love’ - lagu yang sempurna untuk siaran Our World, siaran satelit global yang akan mencapai 400 juta orang. Dalam klip ini, The Beatles dipaparkan bertengger di bangku tinggi, memakai headphone dan mengenakan bunga-bunga, gaya kaya bertekstur hari. Sebuah ensemble tiga belas potong - string, angin, kuningan dan akordeon menyertai berempat. Dan jantung instrumentasi itu tidak bermain gitar energik prestasi Cavern, tetapi harpsichord halus.
MUSIK: Revolusi membuat musik
17
Lennon and McCartney Lennon dan McCartney
By this point, the Beatles were playing only their own music, songs composed mostly by John Lennon, the rhythm guitarist and Paul McCartney, the bassist. The songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney is one of the best-known and most successful musical collaborations in history. Between 1962 and 1969, they wrote and published approximately 180 jointly credited songs, of which the vast majority were recorded by The Beatles and form the bulk of their catalogue. Unlike many songwriting partnerships which comprise separate lyricist and composer, both Lennon and McCartney wrote words and music; often, however, their songs were principally the work of one of the two credited authors. We look again at the song, ‘All You Need Is Love’. The song begins with a cosmospolitan touch, a brass setting of the opening bars of ‘La Marseillaise’. And then something odd happens. A seemingly simple, sweetly harmonized vocal section creates the illusion of a smooth natural flow, but actually moves back and forth between three and four beats to the bar. These metre shifts continue through the rest of the song, as if Lennon, unhindered by the strictures of pop song structure, had decided to make the music follow the contours of his lyrics instead
Pada titik ini, the Beatles hanya bermain muzik mereka sendiri, lagu yang sebahagian besar terdiri oleh John Lennon dan Paul McCartney. Perkongsian lagu dari John Lennon dan Paul McCartney adalah salah satu kolaborasi muzik paling dikenali dan paling berjaya dalam sejarah. Antara tahun 1962 dan 1969, mereka menulis dan menerbitkan sekitar 180 lagu bersama dikreditkan, yang sebahagian besar dirakam oleh The Beatles dan membentuk sebahagian besar katalog mereka. Tidak seperti perkongsian banyak lagu yang terdiri lyricist berasingan dan komposer, baik Lennon dan McCartney menulis kata-kata dan muzik; sering, bagaimanapun, lagulagu mereka terutama karya salah satu dari dua penulis dikreditkan.
Mal Evans working with McCartney and The Beatles’ producer George Martin. Mal Evans bekerja dengan McCartney dan penerbit The Beatles George Martin.
MUSIK: Lennon dan McCartney
19
of bending the words to suit the musical form. And as the song ‘All You Need Is Love’ winds to a close, a string of musical quotations drift past – a trumpet figure from Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, a string version of the old English lute song ‘Greensleeves’, a touch of the jazz standard ‘In the Mood’, and a bit of an early Beatles hit, ‘She Loves You’. Surely no one watching the Beatles at the Cavern in August 1962 could have envisaged the Beatles playing so complex and colourful a song, let alone composing it.
Kami melihat kembali pada lagu, ‘All You Need Is Love’. Lagu ini bermula dengan sentuhan cosmospolitan, kuningan tatacara dari pembukaan bar ‘La Marseillaise’. Dan kemudian sesuatu yang aneh berlaku. Sebuah bahagian yang nampaknya sederhana, vokal manis harmoni mencipta ilusi sebuah aliran alami yang halus, namun sebenarnya bergerak bolak-balik antara tiga dan empat ketukan bar. Pergeseran meter terus melalui sisa lagu, seolah-olah Lennon, tanpa halangan oleh penyempitan struktur lagu pop, telah memutuskan untuk membuat muzik mengikuti kontur lirik bukannya membongkok kata-kata yang sesuai dengan bentuk muzik. Dan sebagai lagu ‘Semua anda Perlu Apakah Cinta’ angin untuk menutup, string kutipan muzik hanyut lalu - tokoh terompet dari Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto No 2 versi string ‘Greensleeves’, sentuhan lagu kecapi standard jazz ‘In the Mood’, dan sedikit dari awal Beatles hit, ‘She Loves You. Tentunya tidak ada yang menonton The Beatles di Cavern pada Ogos 1962 boleh membayangkan The Beatles bermain begitu rumit dan berwarna-warni lagu, apalagi menulisnya.
Paul during the “Hey Bulldog” recording session. Paul semasa sesi “Hey Bulldog” rakaman.
20
MUSIC: Lennon and McCartney
The Beatles a press conference held at JFK Airport, on February 7, 1964 to start a 10-day tour.. The Beatles persidangan akhbar di Lapangan Terbang JFK, pada tarikh 7 Februari 1964 hingga memulakan tur 10 hari.
MUSIK: Lennon dan McCartney
21
Impact on Other Music Cultures Kesan pada budaya musik lain
A fascination with the Beatles can still be detected in parts of the classical music world. By the 1970s, composers as diverse as Leo Brouwer in Cuba, Toru Takemitsu in Japan, and Peter Maxwell Davis in Great Britain, had published arrangements of Beatles songs. In the late 1980s, Aki Takahashi, a Japanese pianist who specializes in new music, commissioned dozens of compoers from around the world to set Beatles tunes. There is also, of course, the appeal the Beatles’ music had in various pop realms outside mainstream hit-parade rock. The Beatles often cited American performers – particularly those who recorded for the Detroit-based Motown record label – as primary influences. By the mid-1960s, quite a few of the Motown artists whose music the Beatles used to play were recording their own takes on Lennon and McCartney songs. Ray Charles, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald recorded Beatles songs as well. The most successful of this songs, of course, was McCartney’s ‘Yesterday’. More than 2,000 performers of all stripes have recorded it, and Broadcast Music Incorporated, the American performing rights organization has estimated that it was played on the radio more than five million times between 1965 and the
Sebuah daya tarikan dengan The Beatles masih boleh dikesan di bahagian-bahagian dunia muzik klasik. Pada tahun 1970-an, komposer pelbagai seperti Leo Brouwer di Cuba, Toru Takemitsu di Jepun, dan Peter Maxwell Davis di Inggeris, telah menerbitkan tatacara lagu-lagu Beatles. Pada akhir 1980an, Aki Takahashi, seorang pemain piano Jepun yang mengkhususkan diri dalam musik baru, menugaskan puluhan composers dari seluruh dunia untuk menetapkan lagu-lagu Beatles. Ada juga, tentu saja, daya tarikan muzik The Beatles telah di alam berbagai pop rock luar hitparade mainstream. The Beatles sering dikutip penyanyi Amerika - terutama mereka yang dirakam untuk label Motown Detroit sebagai pengaruh primer. Pada pertengahan 1960-an, cukup beberapa seniman muzik Motown yang digunakan untuk bermain Beatles sedang rakaman mereka sendiri mengambil lagu Lennon dan McCartney. Ray Charles, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra dan Ella Fitzgerald merakam lagu-lagu Beatles juga. Yang paling berjaya lagu ini, tentu saja, adalah ‘terakhir’ McCartney. Lebih dari 2.000 pelaku dari semua garis telah mencatat itu, dan Broadcast Muzik Incorporated, yang melakukan organisasi hak asasi Amerika menganggarkan MUSIK: Kesan pada budaya musik lain
23
Recording their hit songs from Liverpool. Merakam lagu-lagu hit mereka dari Liverpool.
early 1990s. But virtually every song the Beatles wrote has been covered (or reinterpreted) by someone – even Lennon’s quirky, unreproducible electronic music piece, ‘Revolution 9’. And the music has been reconfigured by performers of all kinds, from pop orchestras to jazz bands, from country and western singers to 1950s’ retro-rockers. The Beatles also probably did more to introduce eastern mysticism to a spiritually-hungry American culture than any other person, program or publication. The Fab Four were culturally hip and when they started meeting with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (the founder of Transcendental Meditation) in 1967 and later spent an extended stay in India with other western celebrities, the news made noise. And while John Lennon and Paul McCartney would sour fairly quick on eastern mysticism, followed closely by Ringo Starr,
24
MUSIC: Impact on other music cultures
bahawa itu dimainkan di radio lebih daripada lima juta kali antara tahun 1965 dan awal 1990-an. Tapi hampir setiap lagu The Beatles menulis telah tertutup (atau ditafsirkan semula) oleh seseorang - bahkan aneh Lennon, unreproducible sepotong muzik elektronik, ‘Revolution 9’. Dan muzik telah dikonfigurasikan semula oleh pemain dari segala jenis, dari orkestra band pop jazz, dari penyanyi negara dan barat kerocker retro tahun 1950-an ‘. The Beatles juga mungkin melakukan lebih untuk memperkenalkan mistisisme timur ke budaya Amerika spirituallapar daripada program, orang lain atau penerbitan. Empat Fab secara kultural pinggul dan ketika mereka mulai bertemu dengan Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (pengasas Meditasi transendental) pada tahun 1967 dan kemudian menghabiskan diperpanjang tinggal di India dengan selebriti barat lain, berita yang dibuat hingar. Dan
guitarist George Harrison lived his whole life delving into eastern philosophy and especially Hindu religious ideas. His popular song “My Sweet Lord” would feature a chant to Hare Krishna as the song closed. Harrison’s use of the sitar introduced the instrument to millions of Western listeners. He adopted Hinduism and his last rites were performed according to Hindu tradition.
sementara John Lennon dan Paul McCartney akan asam cukup cepat dalam mistisisme timur, diikuti oleh Ringo Starr, gitaris George Harrison tinggal menggali seluruh hidupnya dalam falsafah timur dan khususnya idea-idea agama Hindu. lagu popular Nya “My Sweet Lord” akan memaparkan nyanyian untuk Hare Krishna sebagai lagu tertutup. menggunakan Harrison’s sitar memperkenalkan instrumen kepada berjuta-juta pendengar Barat. Ia mengadopsi ritual Hindu dan terakhir dilakukan mengikut tradisi Hindu.
The Beatles final performance on the Apple’s Headquarters rooftop in London, UK on the 30 January 1969. Prestasi akhir Beatles di bumbung Markas Apple di London, UK pada 30 Januari 1969.
MUSIK: Kesan pada budaya musik lain
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Breaking Boundaries Melanggar batasan
The Beatles were the first entertainment act to stage a large stadium concert. At Shea Stadium, New York City on Sunday, August 15, 1965 the group opened their 1965 North American tour to a record audience of 55,600. The event sold out in 17 minutes. If you watch the footage of The Beatles’ Shea Stadium 30 minute concert, you will see mostly 60,000 fans of this age, screaming, fainting, climbing the fence, dazed. There has never been such an entertainment event. It was the first concert to be held at a major outdoor stadium and set records for attendance and revenue generation, demonstrating that outdoor concerts on a large scale could be successful and profitable.
The Beatles aksi panggung hiburan pertama konsert stadium besar. Pada Shea Stadium, New York City pada Minggu, 15 Ogos 1965 kumpulan membuka tur 1965 mereka di Amerika Utara ke khalayak nota 55.600. Acara ini terjual habis dalam 17 minit. Jika anda menonton rakaman The Beatles ‘konsert Shea Stadium 30 minit, anda akan melihat kebanyakan 60.000 peminat usia ini, berteriak-teriak, pengsan, memanjat pagar, bingung. Ini adalah konsert pertama yang diadakan di stadium luar bilik utama dan menetapkan nota untuk kehadiran dan generasi pendapatan, menunjukkan bahawa konsert outdoor pada skala besar boleh berjaya dan menguntungkan.
Now with touring responsibilities tucked away, the Beatles’ concerns were no longer with the performance aspect of their songs and this resulted in limitless if somewhat exhaustive dependence on overdubs of various samples, sound effects and loops; either homemade or from the EMI library, either enriching, clarifying or sometimes degrading the musical texture.
Sekarang dengan tanggung jawab tur disimpan, kebimbangan The Beatles tidak lagi dengan aspek prestasi lagu mereka dan ini menyebabkan tak terbatas jika agak pergantungan overdub lengkap pada berbagai sampel, kesan suara dan loop; baik buatan sendiri atau dari perpustakaan EMI, baik memperkaya, mengklarifikasi atau kadang-kadang merendahkan tekstur muzik.
The Beatles revolutionized studio recording methods, proving that there was no sound, mood or effect that could not be achieved if all possibilities were explored. Today, many of those innovations
The Beatles merevolusi kaedah studio rakaman, membuktikan bahawa tidak ada suara, suasana atau kesan yang tidak dapat dicapai jika semua kemungkinan dieksplorasi. Saat ini, banyak dari MUSIK: Melanggar batasan
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are taken for granted, but the Beatles had to imagine or invent them on the fly. The Beatles added their own experimental innovations, including endless tape loops that combined multiple layers of sound, backward effects, and the introduction of instruments like the sitar, the mellotron and the synthesizer. They did not hesitate to bring any instrument or musician into their sessions, whether it was a lone horn player, a string quartet, or a full symphony orchestra. After the Beatles, the only limitations were those of imagination, creativity and effort. The Beatles even managed to break the long-standing threeminute time limit rule that had applied to virtually all previous hit singles by clocking in with the 7:11 “Hey Jude.”
mereka inovasi diambil untuk diberikan, tetapi The Beatles harus membayangkan atau menemukan mereka dengan cepat. The Beatles menambah inovasi sendiri eksperimental, termasuk tape loop tak berujung yang digabungkan beberapa lapisan suara, mundur kesan, dan pengenalan instrumen seperti sitar, Mellotron dan synthesizer. Mereka tidak ragu-ragu untuk membawa instrumen atau musisi dalam sesi mereka, apakah itu pemain tanduk tunggal, kuartet string, atau sebuah orkes simfoni penuh. Setelah The Beatles, had-satunya adalah mereka imaginasi, kreativiti dan usaha. The Beatles bahkan berjaya menyelesaikan tiga minit masa yang lama Peraturan batas yang telah dilaksanakan untuk hampir semua hit single sebelumnya oleh clocking dalam dengan 7:11 “Hey Jude.”
George & Paul in a control room during recording sessions for the album “The Beatles”. George & Paul dalam sebuah ruangan kawalan semasa sesi rakaman untuk album “The Beatles”.
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MUSIC: Breaking boundaries
Here are some interesting facts about their recording methods and the innovations that they (mostly engineer Geoff Emerick) introduced that are commonplace today:
Ini adalah beberapa fakta menarik tentang kaedah rakaman mereka dan inovasi yang mereka (kebanyakan jurutera Geoff Emerick) memperkenalkan yang biasa hari ini:
1. Multi-miking drums 2. Close-mike instruments 3. Padding on drums 4. Using a speaker as a transducer 5. Vocal double-tracking
1. Multi-miking drum 2. Alat ‘close-mike’ 3. Padding pada drum 4. Dengan pembicara sebagai transducer 5. Vokal ganda pelacakan
The Beatles pushed their sound engineers to new limits. Paul McCartney: “We would say ‘Try it. Just try it for us. If it sounds crappy, OK, we’ll lose it. But it just might sound good.’”
George Martin, left (producer) with Geoffrey Emerick, right (recording studio audio engineer). George Martin, kiri (penerbit) dengan Geoffrey Emerick, ke kanan (jurutera studio rakaman audio).
The Beatles mendorong jurutera suara mereka untuk batas baru. Paul McCartney: “Kami akan berkata ‘Cubalah. Hanya cuba untuk kita. Jika kedengarannya jelek, OK, kita akan kehilangan. Tapi itu hanya mungkin terdengar baik ‘“
MUSIK: Melanggar batasan
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Introduction
Beatlesque: Revolusi Beatles
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Art & Culture Seni & Budaya
“I read up on The Beatles, who they were, where they were from. I learnt about Liverpool, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, Ringo’s band, and The Quarrymen and all that. I read up everything they did in the news. I followed their failures and their successes.” - Gene Simmons, KISS Introduksi
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Album Covers Sampul album
Abbey Road
The front cover design, a photograph of the group traversing a zebra crossing, was based on sketched ideas by McCartney and taken on 8 August 1969 outside EMI Studios on Abbey Road.
Design sampul depan, foto kumpulan melintasi zebra crossing, didasarkan pada idea-idea membuat sketsa oleh McCartney dan diambil pada 8 Ogos 1969 luar EMI Studios di Abbey Road.
In the scene, the group walk across the street in single file from left to right, with Lennon leading, followed by Starr, McCartney, and Harrison. There’s an interpretation of the Abbey Road album cover as symbolising a funeral procession, in line with the “Paul is Dead” hoax.
Dalam adegan itu, kumpulan berjalan di seberang jalan dalam fail tunggal dari kiri ke kanan, dengan Lennon terkemuka, diikuti oleh Starr, McCartney, dan Harrison. Ada tafsiran dari sampul album Abbey Road sebagai melambangkan prosesi pemakaman, selaras dengan “Paul is Dead” tipuan.
It has since become one of the most iconic covers in history for two reasons - no album cover has inspired more imitations, and none has spawned such a mass of conspiracy theories.
Sejak itu menjadi ikon merangkumi dalam sejarah kerana dua alasan - tidak ada sampul album telah mengilhami imitasi lebih, dan tidak ada telah melahirkan seperti massa teori konspirasi. SENI & BUDAYA: Sampul album
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Revolver
The album cover for this album is an original mix of illustration and print by illustrator Klaus Vooman. The hand drawn feel and simplicity are truly refreshing and Klaus achieves a distinct likeness to the FabFour with such a simple use of line and shape. The album cover has a collage feel, with the combination of Robert Whitakers photography and the illustrations. The fact that it is rendered it black and white presents it from being over-crowded and the style of the placement of the photographs around the faces almost fits into the abstract art movement that was still evident in the 1960’s.
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ART & CULTURE: Album covers
Sampul album untuk album ini adalah campuran asli ilustrasi dan cetak dengan ilustrator Klaus Vooman. Merasa digambar tangan dan kesederhanaan benar-benar menyegarkan dan Klaus mencapai sebuah kemiripan yang berbeza untuk FabFour dengan penggunaan yang sederhana seperti garis dan bentuk. Sampul album kolase merasa, dengan kombinasi fotografi Whitakers Robert dan ilustrasi. Fakta bahawa itu diberikan hadiah hitam dan putih dari yang di atasramai dan gaya penempatan fotofoto di sekitar wajah hampir sesuai menjadi gerakan seni abstrak yang masih terlihat pada tahun 1960-an.
HELP!
The album cover features the group with their arms positioned to spell out a word in flag semaphore. According to cover photographer Robert Freeman, “I had the idea of semaphore spelling out the letters HELP. But when we came to do the shot the arrangement of the arms with those letters didn’t look good. So we decided to improvise and ended up with the best graphic positioning of the arms.”
Album cover ciri-ciri kumpulan dengan lengan mereka diposisikan untuk mengeja kata dalam bendera Semaphore. Menurut menutupi jurugambar Robert Freeman, “telah saya idea Semaphore mengeja huruf HELP Tetapi ketika kita datang untuk melakukan tembakan susunan lengan dengan surat-surat itu tidak tampak bagus Jadi kami memutuskan untuk berimprovisasi dan berakhir .. dengan kedudukan grafik terbaik dari senjata. “
On the UK Parlophone release, the letters formed by The Beatles appear to be ‘NUJV’, whilst the slightly re-arranged US release on Capitol Records appeared to feature the letters ‘NVUJ’.
Pada keluaran Parlophone Inggeris, surat-surat yang dibentuk oleh The Beatles tampaknya ‘NUJV’, sedangkan keluaran US sedikit kembali ditetapkan di Capitol Records nampaknya ciri huruf ‘NVUJ’.
SENI & BUDAYA: Sampul album
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Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band
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The cover of Sgt. Pepper’s was designed by Peter Blake and put together by Peter Blake and Jann Haworth, who painstakingly combed through hundreds of photos for months before the photo shoot. The photo was taken by Michael Cooper at Chelsea Manor Photographic Studios on March 30, 1967.
Sampul Sgt. Pepper’s ini dirancang oleh Peter Blake dan disatukan oleh Peter Blake dan Jann Haworth, yang dengan susah payah menyikat melalui beratus-ratus foto selama berbulan-bulan sebelum pemotretan. Foto ini diambil oleh Michael Cooper di Chelsea Manor Fotografi Studio pada tarikh 30 Mac 1967.
Many of the people pictured in the cover were personal heroes of the Beatles or people they admired. It also was the first album to have a gatefold sleeve, and the first to include printed lyrics.
Banyak orang yang digambarkan di cover adalah pahlawan peribadi dari The Beatles atau orang yang mereka dikagumi. Ini juga adalah album pertama yang memiliki lengan gatefold, dan yang pertama termasuk lirik dicetak.
ART & CULTURE: Album covers
Films Filem
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ART & CULTURE: Films
A Hard Day’s Night The Beatles had a successful film career, beginning with A Hard Day’s Night (1964), a loosely scripted comic farce, sometimes compared to the Marx Brothers in style. A black-and-white film, it focused on Beatlemania and the band’s hectic touring lifestyle and was directed by the upand-coming Richard Lester, who was known for having directed a television version of the successful BBC radio series The Goon Show as well as the off-beat short film The Running, Jumping and Standing Still Film, with Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan. A Hard Day’s Night is a mockumentary of the four members as they make their way to a London television programme. The film, released at the height of Beatlemania, was well-received by critics, and remains one of the most influential jukebox musicals.
The Beatles memiliki kerjaya filem yang berjaya, bermula dengan A Hard Day’s Night (1964), sebuah lelucon komik longgar scripted, kadang-kadang berbanding dengan Marx Brothers dalam gaya. Sebuah filem hitam-putih, itu difokuskan pada Beatlemania dan gaya hidup tur sibuk band dan diarahkan oleh Lester Richard up-dan-datang, yang dikenal memiliki diarahkan versi televisyen daripada siri radio BBC berjaya Filem pendek off-beat The Running, Jumping dan Film Masih Berdiri, dengan Peter Sellers dan Spike Milligan. A Hard Day’s Night adalah mockumentary kerana mereka membuat sebuah program televisyen di London. Lain-lain, yang dikeluarkan pada ketinggian Beatlemania, adalah diterima dengan baik oleh pengkritik, dan tetap menjadi salah satu muzikal jukebox yang paling berpengaruh.
SENI & BUDAYA: Filem
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ART & CULTURE: Films
HELP! In 1965 came Help!; an Eastmancolour extravaganza, which was also directed by Lester. The film was shot in exotic locations (such as Salisbury Plain, with Stonehenge visible in the background; the Bahamas; and Salzburg and the Tyrol region of the Austrian Alps) in the style of a James Bond spoof along with even more Marx Brothersstyle zaniness: For example, the film is dedicated “to Elias Howe, who, in 1846, invented the sewing machine.” It was the first Beatles film filmed in colour. The set decor comes alive as fun and stylish at a time when surrealism influenced spare pop art colors and the whole thing was infused with a bit of humor.
Pada tahun 1965 datang Bantuan;! Sebuah ekstravaganza Eastmancolour, yang juga diarahkan oleh Lester. Filem ini ditembak di lokasi eksotis (seperti Salisbury Plain, dengan Stonehenge kelihatan di latar belakang, Bahamas, dan Salzburg dan daerah Tyrol dari Alp Austria) dalam gaya spoof James Bond bersama-sama dengan Marx Brothers bahkan lebih gaya zaniness: Misalnya, filem ini didedikasikan “untuk Elias Howe, yang, pada tahun 1846, menemukan mesin jahit.” Ini adalah filem pertama Beatles difilemkan dalam warna. Dekorasi ditetapkan menjadi hidup sebagai menyenangkan dan bergaya pada saat surealisme mempengaruhi warna pop art cadang dan seluruh hal itu diresapi dengan sedikit humor.
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ART & CULTURE: Films
Magical Mystery Tour The Magical Mystery Tour film was essentially McCartney’s idea. He felt inspired to take this idea and blend it with the peculiarly English working class tradition of charabanc mystery tours, in which children took chaperoned bus rides through the English countryside, destination unknown. The film was critically dismissed when it was aired on the BBC on Boxing Day. While the film has historical importance as an early advance into the music video age, at the time many viewers found it plotless and confusing. Compounding this culture clash was the fact that the film was made in colour and made use of colour filters for some of the scenes - particularly in a sequence for “Blue Jay Way”. In December 1967 practically no-one in the UK owned a colour receiver, the service only having started a few months earlier.
The Magical Mystery Tour filem idea dasarnya McCartney. Dia merasa terinspirasi untuk mengambil idea ini dan berbaur dengan tradisi kelas khusus Bahasa Inggeris kerja pelancongan misteri charabanc.Filem ini kritis diberhentikan ketika itu ditayangkan di BBC pada Boxing Day. Sementara filem mempunyai sejarah penting sebagai wang muka awal menuju era video muzik, pada saat banyak penonton menemuinya plotless dan mengelirukan. Peracikan benturan budaya ini adalah kenyataan bahawa filem itu dibuat dalam warna dan dibuat menggunakan penapis warna untuk beberapa adegan - khususnya dalam urutan untuk “Blue Jay Way”. Pada Disember 1967, tidak ada di Inggeris memiliki sebuah penerima warna, perkhidmatan hanya mempunyai mulai beberapa bulan sebelumnya.
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ART & CULTURE: Films
Yellow Submarine Released in the midst of the psychedelic pop culture of the 1960s, the animated movie Yellow Submarine was a box-office hit, drawing in crowds both for its lush, wildly creative images, and its soundtrack of Beatles songs. It was acclaimed for its boldly innovative graphic style and especially stinging pangs of heartbreak, along with the soundtrack.
Dirilis di tengah-tengah budaya pop psychedelic tahun 1960-an, filem animasi Yellow Submarine adalah hit box-office, menarik orang ramai baik untuk subur nya, gambar liar kreatif, dan soundtracknya lagu-lagu Beatles. Hal itu diakui untuk berani gaya grafik yang inovatif dan khususnya menyengat kepedihan patah hati, bersamasama dengan soundtrack.
The full-length Beatles’ feature cartoon remotely resembled and can be said to have paved the way for Terry Gilliam’s animations Monty Python. The similarities extend to the surrealist plot-lines and fantasy landscapes, although there is more of a childlike quality to the Beatles cartoon, compared to the very grown-up grotesqueness of much of Gilliam.
Ciri-ciri kartun The Beatles fulllength ‘remote mirip dan boleh dikatakan telah membuka jalan untuk animasi Terry Gilliam untuk Monty Python. Kesamaan memanjangkan ke garis plot dan lanskap surealis-fantasi, walaupun ada lebih daripada high anak kecil pada kartun Beatles, berbanding dengan grotesqueness sangat dewasa dari banyak Gilliam.
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ART & CULTURE: Films
Let It Be Let It Be was an ill-fated documentary of the band that was shot over a four-week period in January 1969. The documentary, which was originally intended to be simply a chronicle of the evolution of an album and the band’s possible return to live performances, captured the prevailing tensions between the band members, and in this respect it unwittingly became a document of the beginning of their break-up.
Let It Be adalah dokumentari naas band yang ditembak selama empat minggu pada bulan Januari 1969. Filem dokumentari, yang awalnya ditujukan untuk menjadi hanya sebuah kronik dari evolusi album dan kemungkinan kembali band untuk hidup persembahan, menangkap ketegangan yang berlaku antara ahli band, dan dalam hal ini tanpa disedari menjadi dokumen awal mereka break-up.
When the film finally appeared, it was after the break-up, which gave the film’s depiction of the band’s acrimony and attempts to recapture the group’s spirit a significant poignancy.
Ketika filem akhirnya muncul, hal itu setelah break-up, yang memberikan gambaran filem tentang kepahitan band dan cuba untuk menangkap kembali semangat kumpulan sebuah ketajaman yang signifikan.
SENI & BUDAYA: Filem
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Credits Kredit
Kozinn, Allan, The Beatles (20th Century Composers), Phaldon Press (1995) The Beatles Website (http://www.thebeatles.com) Beatles History, The Complete Online Biography of The Beatles (http://www.beatles-history.net/) The Beatles: 47 years of Musical Innovation (http:// www.fastcompany.com/pics/beatles-47-years-musicinnovation#5) The Invisible Agent - Screaming Beatles Fans (http:// theinvisibleagent.wordpress.com/2009/09/25/screaming-beatles-fans-1960s/)
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BEATLESQUE:The Beatles Revolution follows the extraordinary development of four lads from Liverpool who revolutionized the world of popular music and created a treasury of songs astonishing for their variety and innovation.
BEATLESQUE: Revolusi Beatles mengikuti perkembangan yang luar biasa dari empat pemuda dari Liverpool yang merevolusi dunia muzik popular dan mencipta perbendaharaan lagu yang menakjubkan untuk variasi dan inovasi.
Beginning with their Ed Sullivan Show appearance, the Beatles brought to a new generation, much more than just a great, new sound and long hair for boys. John, Paul, George, and Ringo were working-class guys with no formal music education.Yet they were changing the world. They achieved what they did entirely by instinct, and on the effervescence generated in a perfectly balanced, freakishly rare form of musical and personal chemistry.
Dimulai dengan penampilan mereka Ed Sullivan Show, The Beatles dibawa ke generasi baru, lebih daripada sekadar yang besar, suara baru dan rambut panjang untuk anak laki-laki. John, Paul, George, dan Ringo adalah orang-orang kelas pekerja tidak memiliki pendidikan muzik yang formal. Namun mereka mengubah dunia. Mereka mencapai apa yang mereka lakukan sepenuhnya oleh naluri, dan pada buih yang dihasilkan dalam bentuk yang sempurna seimbang freakishly langka kimia muzik dan peribadi.
As a result, the Beatles’ phenomenon has kept growing and growing ever since the group disbanded in 1970. The group’s lasting influence in society is evident in many ways from the use of Beatle phrases and lyrics in everyday life to modern-day hairstyles. No musical act can trace more cultural influences to the present than the four lads from Liverpool. The more time that passes, the bigger the legacy grows.
Akibatnya, fenomena The Beatles ‘telah terus tumbuh dan berkembang sejak kumpulan dibubarkan pada tahun 1970. pengaruh yang abadi Kumpulan dalam masyarakat terbukti dalam banyak hal daripada penggunaan frasa Beatle dan lirik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari untuk gaya rambut moden. Tidak ada tindakan muzik dapat mengesan lebih banyak pengaruh budaya sampai sekarang daripada empat pemuda dari Liverpool. Semakin banyak masa yang berlalu, semakin besar warisan tumbuh.
Price / Harga S$18.99
Cover Illustration based on The Beatles album cover ‘HELP!’ Cover Ilustrasi berdasarkan album Beatles cover 'HELP! "