This Space Has More Potential - Proposal to improve the linear park under AMK viaduct

Proposal to improve the linear park under Ang Mo Kio MRT viaduct A collaborative effort by: Gong Hailun, Lee Sze Sze, Rachel Ng

Table of Contents 1.

Purpose Statement - Project Objectives ......................................................................... 4

2.

Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................ 6

3.

Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 7

4.

Methodologies ................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 Case study ..................................................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Structured Observations .............................................................................................................. 9 4.3 Surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 10 4.4 Interactive-Participatory (Semi-Structured) Interviews .......................................................... 11

5.

Case studies..................................................................................................................... 12 5.1 The Underline project in Miami, USA ........................................................................................ 12 5.2 Project Underway (Rockaway Freeway) in New York, USA ................................................... 14

6.

Preliminary Findings ........................................................................................................ 15

7.

Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 23

8.

References ....................................................................................................................... 25

9.

Appendices....................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix 1: Field Notes ................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix 2: Observation Schedule ................................................................................................. 28 Appendix 3: Survey & Interview Form (English-Chinese) .............................................................. 29 Appendix 4: Google questionnaire .................................................................................................. 30 Appendix 5: Gallery of six pictures of potential uses of the space .............................................. 31 Appendix 6: Stickers of potential items .......................................................................................... 32 Appendix 7a: CAD model (front view with different height) .......................................................... 33 Appendix 7b: Bird’s Eye View of the entire AMK Linear Park ...................................................... 34

Appendix 8: Results from phone interview from personal network ............................................ 35 Appendix 9: Google survey responses ........................................................................................... 36 Appendix 10: Results from semi-structured interviews ................................................................ 36

1. Purpose Statement - Project Objectives This project is a proposal to the relevant authority, currently identified to be National Parks Board (NP), to study how the linear park underneath the Ang Mo Kio (AMK) MRT viaduct is currently being used. We believe this study is important because the urban environment is a determinant of health (Barton, 2009) and public space can promote social interactions and even urban solidarity. However, vibrant public life does not happen on its own and some interventions may be necessary. We hope to witness through qualitative research – activities, social interactions and people taking ownership of the space, identify potential factors contributing to or inhibiting such behaviours, and find areas of improvement. In addition, we will be conducting interactive-participatory sessions to gain a richer and deeper understanding of the potential uses of the space. This study could then serve as a pilot case study to be extended to similar publicly accessible paths, sidewalks, and other forgotten informal spaces.

The said linear park is 1 km long running along AMK Ave 8, starting from the cross junction with AMK Ave 3 and ending with another cross junction on AMK Ave 1 (see Figure 1 and 2 below).

It is a transit route as it contains footpath and cycling track to connect the AMK Hub and MRT station on one end, to the Bishan-AMK Park on the other, as well as to the housing estates, schools and other amenities in the vicinity. It is situated on a slope in between housing estates on top of the slope and the streets on the bottom of the slope. There is greenery along the housing estate side of the slope, and several access points via staircases or ramps. A search on Google Map showed that there is only one user review of the public path four years ago: “As part of the Ang Mo Kio Walking & Cycling Town route which goes underneath the MRT tracks. Think more could be done to decorate the pillars – right now only 3 are painted! There is also a terrarium along the way” (Seow, 2016).

Figure 1: Map of space from above

Figure 2: Cross section view of the space under AMK MRT viaduct

The overall demographic in the vicinity of the space, which comprises Townville and Chong Boon subzones, is as illustrated in Figure 3 below. The population age bar charts of both subzones show bulging in the middle, which is consistent with the overall aging trend in

Singapore. Therefore, considerations for the development of the space should be age-friendly and universal for all to participate in.

Figure 3: Demographics of town surrounding the space

2. Hypotheses Hypothesis 1: People value safe, sheltered, and conducive publics spaces to rest, gather, socialize, and use for their own. This linear park under AMK MRT viaduct has the potential to be such a space but currently yet to be explored and examined.

Hypothesis 2: The population is also increasingly wealthy, individualised and digitalised, and have long shed the communal semi-autonomous kampong way of life (Seng, 2009). The space may be underutilised because people have little necessity to be on the street, feel restricted for fear of contravening rules and regulations or put off by the lack of aesthetics.

Therefore, some interventions are needed to realise the said objectives, without sacrificing the transit element of the space.

3. Literature Review It is widely recognised that spatial planning is important for quality of life, social networks, and physical and mental wellbeing (Barton, 2009). While personal factors contribute to determinants of health, there is growing consensus that “the urban environment exacerbates or mitigates” human wellbeing (ibid.). Although open public spaces and informal spaces are necessary for public life, social networking, and serendipitous encounters, “vibrant city life does not happen by itself” (Gehl & Svarre, 2013: 3). This is especially so in increasingly wealthy and digitalised Singapore, where people have extraordinarily little necessity to be on the street apart from commuting. According to Appleyard’s 1980 book Liveable Streets: “Streets need to be redefined as sanctuaries; as places; as communities; as resident territory; as places for play, greenery, and local history” (as cited in Gehl & Savarre, 2013: 55).

Cities represent the strangest "proximities and multiplicities" (Meskell, 2009) and increasingly promote the so-called urban diseases like stress, chronic depression, obesity, diabetes, and cardio-vascular disease, which could be due to water and air pollution, dependence on automobiles or violence in the city. There is an urgent need to resolve the human disconnect from nature resulting partly from underutilised spaces and mismatched urban fabric (Söderlund, 2019). Kaplan et al. (1989) advocated that nature environments should be restorative by fostering recovering from urban diseases to regain effective functioning. Beatley (2017) shares that nature is a necessary condition for happier, healthier, and more productive lives. We become more creative, caring and compassionate, and lead more meaningful lives (Beatley, 2011).

As a shelter and pathway, this linear park has served its transit purpose. There are however many possibilities laying beneath the concrete structure that can generate better public spatial experience. As Jane Jacobs (1992: 92) highlighted in The Death and Life of Great American Cities: “A sidewalk life arises only when the concrete, tangible facilities it requires are present. (…) If they are absent, public sidewalk contacts are absent too.” Such infrastructure supplies the intangible connection between public and private spaces. The more engagement among neighbourhoods, the more community cohesion will be created. People will start to take

ownership of the space and enhance vibrant public life correspondently. This incidental linear park naturally forms a space, collocates attributes of both the public and private, however, the current utilitarian transit function of the space is unitary and mundane. Referring to Sim (2010) thought based on Virginia Woolf’s idea of patterns of ordinary experience and Michael Gardiner (2000), this space has potential to provoke creativity and sense of belonging which would then cultivate community cohesiveness. Gardiner (2000: 199) argues that "Although everyday life can display routinized, static and unreflexively characteristics, it is also capable of a surprising dynamism and moments of penetrating insight and boundless creativity.", which echos with Jacob’s idea of having diversity for public space. Jacob (1992: 92) perceives the public space as “backdrop” of collective social interaction, which forms socio-spatial networks and diversity of social groups. Diversity itself includes architectural and social aspects.

4. Methodologies As shared by Creswell (2018), qualitative researchers will gather data from multiple sources to arrive at a definitive conclusion. Our team, as a result employed the following instruments and methods to design this proposal to support the project objectives and hypotheses: a. Case study b. Structured observation c. Survey d. Interactive-participatory (semi-structured) interview

4.1 Case study This proposal will use two overseas cases with similar architectural attributes to the linear park to reflect how such places have been reinvented. We recognize that the use of case study has limitations in that places could have similar physical attributes but vastly different social, cultural, political and economic underpinnings. Nonetheless, our case studies will serve to illustrate the potential and open minds to possibilities for the AMK linear park. The two selected cases, to be elaborated in section 5 – Underline project in Miami and Underway project in Rockaway.

4.2 Structured Observations As suggested by Creswell (2018), structured observations should be conducted in a natural manner by going directly on-site to understand and experience the problem first-hand without interacting with the participants. It allows for collection of data according to set of predefined rules and procedures for the purposes of this proposal, capture of factual data with a temporal dimension (i.e., duration, frequency and sequence of events) and that may be replicated for comparison across other similar spaces. When combined with interviews, it will yield results with strong cogency and sufficient data generalisation between what people say with what they actually do. Overall, structured observation enables us to examine the condition of the space and user's behaviour pattern.

Our team altogether conducted four on-site structured observations. The first and second onsite structured observations (SO1 and SO2) are conducted on a Saturday afternoon. This timing is chosen because we wish to capture usage of the space outside of its transit purposes, which is more likely to happen and in greater numbers in the weekends as opposed to weekdays. The purpose of SO1 is to observe: a. observe the physical attributes of the space (including location, surrounding amenities, access points and features), b. feel the conditions of the space (such as lighting, sound, smell, windiness and humidity), c. identity users of the space; and d. gather intelligence to plan for subsequent site visits for observations, surveys, interviews and interactive sessions.

SO2 is a continuation of SO1 and conducted at similar timing to quantify usage of the space.

Based on intelligence gathered in SO1, the section closer to the AMK MRT station was chosen as it is the site with the most users and variety of activities. The findings of SO1 and SO2 are recorded in the form of a field note (see Appendix 1), observation schedule (see Appendix 2) and photograph (as illustrated throughout this proposal).

SO3 is conducted a Tuesday late night to see if people claim the space for their own at odd hours when the commuters fall away, and the space is quieter. The entire stretch of the liner park is observed for this purpose. As new evidence of people claiming the space is found in SO3, SO4 is scehduled to attempt to capture the said people claiming the space and study their motivations.

In addition to structured observations, our team also conducted surveys and interviews on the above-mentioned site visits.

4.3 Surveys Survey consists of three main approaches: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory surveys (Williamson & Johanson, 2013) depending on the parameters of target group and objective.

There are in addition five survey design options to construct efficient survey framework, namely, time period, respondent group, variable choices, data collection and analytical method (Lau F, 2017). Survey is considered as best method to obtain overall impression and attributes of a large group. With regards to this proposal, our team strategically select explanatory surveys and data collection to supplement our structured observations. Data collection will mainly refer to questionnaire and semi-structured interview.

Our team designed two surveys for both active sampling (SV1) as part of interview, and passive sampling (SV2). SV1 is meant for users of the space and residents in AMK and SV2 for general public residing in Singapore who may or may not personally experienced the linear park.

SV1 is designed with simple English-Chinese closed-end questions (see Appendix 3) to cater to the nature of the space where majority of users are constantly in motion whether in transit or exercise and serve as a primer to engage participants for a more in depth interactiveparticipatory interviews (to be elaborated in 4.4 below). SV2 is similarly designed with simple questions (see Appendix 4) in recognition of the difficulty to obtain survey response from the general public who have no vested interests and are not otherwise incentivised. It is nonetheless important to consider the views of general public if the fruits of our work were to

be extended to similar underutilised or forgotten public spaces. SV2 is done with Google form, posted on Telegram channels relevant for research, as well advertised via the team’s social network.

4.4 Interactive-Participatory (Semi-Structured) Interviews Interviews are important for researchers to gather data about the issue from the participants instead of only trying to express knowledge from literature (Creswell, 2018). Our team utilise survey and informal questions together in interactive sessions to supplement the data collected from the participants during the interview (Hone et al., 1998). The interactive use of diagrams and illustrations will allow us to further obtain greater and deeper understanding from the participants (Crilly et al., 2006). This is especially so as planner is usually unable to be fully informed of all the diverse range of users as well as their experiences (i.e., emotional, spiritual, or aspirational) (McDonagh-Philp & Lebbon, 2000), therefore our team hopes to close this gap through the use of participatory sessions with the residents of AMK. As mentioned above the transit nature of the space is a challenge to obtain interviews on-site and therefore our team had to be reflexive (Creswell, 2018). SV1 is used as a primer to lead to interviews, when participants become more comfortable with us and are more vested in the conservation to spend additional minutes. If at first the participant indicates no time for us, our strategy is to attempt a quick one-shot question, firstly to get more answers to the most important concern – purpose of the space – and secondly to increase chances that the participant stops for us.

In interactive portion, the participants are first shown a set of 6 illustrations (see Appendix 7a and 7b) meant as conceptualisation of the potentials of the space. The reserachers would first guide the participants to select their preferred choice(s) through simple elaboration of the illustrations. If the participants demonstrate difficulties in picking, the team will probe them with simplier choices in the form of stickers (see Appendix 6) to elicit mental imagery for potential user-centric suggestions for the space (Kathy & Richard, 1978). And for the participants off-site who may have no clue about the space, we will supplement with the landscape CAD model of

the site (see Appendix 7). The interview thus does not follow a fixed set of questions but instead naturally flow from exploring themes together with the participants (Institute of Development Studies, n.d.). With our guidance, the participant can actively intervene, freely express their views, bring up new ideas upon elicitation with illustrations and given cues.

5. Case studies The analogous architectural attribute of the linear park under AMK MRT viaduct space is also captured and reinvented in other places. This section will showcase how such typology of space can be transformed and revitalized through different interventions. The focal criteria to choose the most relevant case study are cycling experience, culture connection and social interaction. Based on the analysis of case studies, we would like to draw out the supportive evidence for potential new vision of the linear park.

5.1 The Underline project in Miami, USA The Underline is a public-private project involving federal, state, local and private sectors’ contributions and funding. The aim of project is to transform the underutilised space underneath the Metrorail into a multifunctional signature linear park with urban trails targeted at improving quality of life. Along with this 10-mile corridor (see Figure 4 below), activities and pop-ups penetrate the surrounding at a socio-economic level, which includes revitalisation of businesses, and properties. Additionally, it is a connection spline for various access points.

Figure 4: Map of The Underline project, the Underline master plan (2018)

Figure 5: SW 19th Avenue to Dadeland South Metrorail Station, Field Operations (2020)

The Underline project together with a ‘cycling and walking’ program was designed with social experience outcome in mind, similar to our proposal for the AMK linear park. In view of improving mental and physical wellbeing, sustainability and resiliency, the Underline targets urban regeneration which has strong relevance to our proposal. For instance, the Underline focus on cycling and walking experience of users through injection of visual arts and greenery.

Compared to the Underline, the AMK linear park is less barrier-free and lack openess due to the tiered landscape and architectural structure, whereas the Underline has bigger space for various interventions (see Figure 5 above). Nonetheless, the Underline demonstrates possibilities through engagements with the private sectors and the community, the linear park

could have potential beyond its current main function as a transit route and secondary exercise space.

5.2 Project Underway (Rockaway Freeway) in New York, USA Project Underway was a neglected and underutilised underpass space 5-mile long connecting both the east and west end of Peninsula. In 2015, “Rockaway Waterfront Alliance (RWA)” organisation started to transform it into a safer and easier access for the surrounding communities through the project. This project saw a collaboration between the neighborhood and governmental agencies, in hosting a variety of activities for community and to address oversights in management of the property. RWA strives to empower residents and enrich communities though advancements of physical, economic and social sustainability of the roadway.

Figure 6: Project Underway (2015)

Throughout a periodic schedule of exhibitions and workshops (i.e., Bike Parade, Bike Bonanza, and Far Rock Block Party etc) (see Figure 6 above), Project Underway demonstrated active mobility and traffic fluidity. Drawing parallels to the AMK linear park, it seem to reflect unexplored opportunities of the linear park to enrich community spirit. Thus, Project Underway offers relevant references to suggest that the linear park could be improved through community engagements.

6. Preliminary Findings SO1 is conducted on Saturday, 17 October 2020 from 1430 to 1930hrs, with one break in between. The team’s main aim during this stie visit was to observe users using the space for purposes on top of its original transit and exercise intentions. Our team found that users of the space can be categorised into transit, exercise and relaxation. The modes of transit are predominantly by foot and bicycles and are concentrated in the section near the MRT. Majority of people exercising are joggers, brisk walkers and cyclists, and those relaxing are mainly found on the bolted benches provided. In addition, two teenagers are spotted skating on an empty space, away from the transit crowd.

Figure 7: Art Installation by URA and artwork on floor

Figure 8 (Left to Right): NParks terrarium (Day, Night)

Instances of social activities and interactions, spontaneous or otherwise, are unfortunately missing. The presence of art installation on three pillars and on the floor surrounding these pillars is good as transparent to users (see Figure 7 above), as none were found to offer a sideglance, not to mention stop and interact with them or with each other. The same is observed for the terrarium by NParks which seem to have been abandoned and forgotten (see Figure 8 above).

There are very little seating options that may promote social life, with only 8 metal double-seat bolted benches along the entire 1km stretch of which all are in the section near the MRT (see Figure 9 below). It is also worth noting that there are no power sockets, vending machines, water coolers and portable toilets, which are amenities that may encourage different utilisation of, and time spent at the space. Additionally, despite this space being a public space, it contains next to no litter, personal items and vandalism, except for one inconspicuous graffiti on the floor (see Figure 7 above, top right), to suggest that the space is claimed by residents. Lastly, our team feels that the space is not visually appealing with too much cold grey concrete.

Figure 9: Near the start of the space (note the lady on the right corner)

In contrast, the space is found to be breezy and not humid, clean with no funny smell, and relatively bright during the day and well-lighted in the evening. Two young skaters are found (illegally) practicing their craft, one elderly lady informally hawking flea-market items on the bench, and one lady hanging out serenely on the floor (see Figure 9 above, right corner). A young boy is observed cycling up and down numerous times dressed in casual clothes. Even the two exercise stations (out of three) (see Figure 10 below) which appeared old and worn are still attracting users.

Figure 10: User of the exercise stations (SO1)

The findings from SO1 thus lend support to our hypotheses that people do see the space in personal ways or as extension of their homes, and the space is underutilised but definitely has more potentials yet to be explored and examined.

On Saturday, 31 October 2020 from 1315 to 1415hrs, we conducted SO2 and interviews. The bar chart (see Figure 11 below) reiterated our initial findings from SO1, with commuters being the largest set of users. In addition, it is observed that people found relaxing are majority middle-aged to elderly men of different races (i.e., Chinese, Malay and Indian). Those found relaxing on the floor are all foreign workers having their meals. SO2 again showed no evidence of social activities and interactions or people claiming the space for their own. Unlike in SO1 however, there are no interesting observations of other informal usage whatsoever.

Types of activities and number of occurences (SO2) Transit (on foot)

228

Transit (on foot; cutting across)

56

Transit (on bicycles)

30

Delivery (on bicycles)

11

Exercise (Cycling)

18

Exercise (Jogging)

10

Relaxing (on chairs)

15

Sitting on the floor

7 0

50

100

150

200

250

Figure 11: Types of activities and occurences during SO2

Of the five interviews conducted, all are male, middle-aged to elderly, retired and frequent users of the space in the daytime. Our team acknowledges the limitation of the above results and the difficulty of obtaining respresentative interviews, and have to adjust and redesign our work through what Creswell (2018) described as ‘emergent’. First of all, we have to expand our

interviews off-site to the vicinity area to include people who may not have set usage of the space to counter spatial bias and user bias. For this purpose, and to gather information more effectively and richly, our team redesigned the interactive sessions with stickers and CAD drawing, as detailed in Section 4.4 above.

Secondly, our team supplemented face-to-face interview with phone interviews of people living in AMK. Lastly, our team designed SV2 as detailed in 4.3 above for passive sampling the wider population to gather general sentiments and suggestions for the space. In this manner, our team altogether conducted 12 interviews and gathered 44 online responses. It is worth noting that there is a juxtaposition of results between phone interviews and face-to-face (e.g.

“Weekend Flea Market (like Bangkok Chatuchak Weekend Market)” from Interviewee 1, Appendix 8, vs “Flea Market with handicraft” from Person 9, Appendix 9). These results that cut through multiple sources of data aligned with Creswell’s (2018) characteristics of qualitative research. The combined results of all interviews and SV2 will be discussed below.

SO3 is conducted on Tuesday, 15 December 2020 from 2230 to 2330hrs, to capture any unusual uses on the entire stretch of the space at odd hours. There is less commuters but there are people still exercising. No group activities, social interactions, or people hanging out are witnessed. The most significant discovery is the addition of an assortment of metal and plastic chairs, stools and a rack (see Figure 12 below). Some of the chairs are chained to the fence.

The rack is situated between two chairs suggesting its intention as a side table. This is a sign that people are claiming the space, possibly due to lack of seating options.

Figure 12: Space at 2300hrs (15 December 2020)

Finally on Thursday, 17 December 2020 from 1045 to 1530hrs, with one break in between, our team conducted SO4 and final face-to-face interviews. The purpose of SO4 is to follow-up on the discovery of personal furniture in SO3. A user is observed taking advantage of the added chair for a rest after exercise (see Figure 13 below) and such usage is also confirmed in interviews. We are however unable to undiscover if there are other motivations behind the additions, nor witness social gatherings and interactions as a result. On general note, SO4 revealed that the pace of the space is considerably slower than over the weekend at the same time with noticeably fewer users.

Figure 13: elderly man sitting on provisional furniture in the space

For the interviews, due to the adjustments made as described above, our team scouted the vicinity of the space to catch a more diverse range of residents in terms of age, gender and ethinicity. Compared with the first set of interviews, different perspectives and novel options are indeed successfully brought up, confirming the need to counter spatial bias and user bias from interviewing existing users in the space and proving the effectiveness of our interactive redesign. For example, there are suggestion for a historical display of AMK town and even a rock climbing wall. These residents who are non-frequent users of the space also remarked that they would use the space more often if it were to be improved!

The combined results of all the interviews show that two thirds of interviewees are there for exercise mainly to keep fit, followed by transit for the shelter and convenience. Half of them are frequent users of the space. All but one would like to see more art or other aesthetics in the space. In the interactive portion, photos for exercise (Photo 4 Exercise Stations) followed by enhancing aesthetics (Photo 2 Graffiti, Photo 6 Installations and Photo 2 Paintings) are most

popular. This is in contrast with the results of SV2, which attracted 96% of respondents aged 21-40, where Photo 5 Outdoor Cinema, Photo 1 Swings and Photo 6 Installations are most popular in that order (refer to bar chart ‘Which do you like?’ in Appendix 10).

For the improvements to the space, the majority of interviewees want more seating options, followed by exercise options including water coolers, and lastly children-friendly play options.

In addition, they value the space for its convenience and shelter and the fact that it is free. One of the interviewee showed strong disapproval for the terrarium, stating “it is a failure, we should remove it” which affirms our own observations, although other asesthetics or greenery to the space is welcomed. This is consistent with the comments such as “make it more beautiful”, “now very ugly, dark and grey”, and “something interesting is needed”, and also strongly corresponds to comments by respondents in SV2 which include “Allow people to do street art”, “Make colorful!, and “Night lifts for (different) experience”.

The suggestions for activities are more diverse including flea markets, outdoor cinema, pushcart events, books for reading when the interactive-participatory semi-structured interviews are performed. However, we note that there are contrasting perspectives, for example people asking for skate park vs those who consider it a danger to other users of the space. On an interesting note, none except one phone interviewee opted for mahjong tables.

Please refer to Appendix 8 for detailed results of the phone interviews, Appendix 9 for detailed results of the face-to-face interviews, and Appendix 10 for detailed results of SV2.

7. Conclusion It was a serendipitous encounter with the linear park under AMK MRT viaduct by one of our team members, who felt the space to be intrinsically healing physically and mentally, that our initial idea to study the space was conceptualised and our hypotheses formed. Cities represent the strangest "proximities and multiplicities" (Meskell, 2009) because of the way it is interacted with, and vice versa. Jacobs (1992) agrees that more engagement among neighbourhoods would lead to more community cohesion and social capital. Most importantly, “vibrant city life does not happen by itself” (Gehl & Svarre, 2013: 3), therefore, our team hopes to intervene to stimulate public social interaction, but also elaborate mundane daily life experiences By studying the current users and usage of the space first-hand on-site as a team on SO1, our team witness people using the space for purposes on top of its original transit and exercise intentions (i.e. resting on the floor, skating, and selling flea-market items). Following that, our team reserched case studies overseas to learn how the space may be value-added and reinvented, and from there, purposefully devised a semi-structured interview framework combining survey questionnaires and interactive-participatory ellicitations. This allows interviewees to actively participate and steer the direction of the conversation, by use of illustrations to elicit suggestions and novel ideas, thus leading to richer, deeper and more fruitful results. We also adjust to better serve our purpose our methods as we went along and learn more about the space.

The analysis of two case studies resonates with our hypotheses as stated above. Urban interventions are required to transform underutilised urban spaces as seen in the Underline, Miami. Additionally, Project Underway, New York, shows that the implementation of arts and activities have proven to greatly increase the social (and economic) revitalisation, which ultimately led to uses other than commuting. With the collaborative efforts of the local community and authorities, planners are able to design a space for the people, together with the people.

The preliminary findings above support our first hypothesis that people value the space but they also overwhelmingly believe improvements are needed, which confirms that the space has potential for vibrant social life though some government interventions are necessary to make it work. Through a widening of interview targets and broadening the study to the general public using SV2 to capture non-users or non-frequent users of the space, the preliminary findings again support our second hypothesis that the space is currently underutilised. From the comments of the respondents, it appears that a lack of asesthetics is the main reason for underutilisation.

However, our team do acknowledge several limitations in this proposal to be corrected or avoided in a full-scale study, if our proposal to study the space were to be approved. Firstly, our team altogether conducted four on-site fieldwork but did not manage to cover different timings over weekdays and weekends such as during the small hours (i.e., late night and early mornings). Secondly, our team face constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the ratio of participation on the street is relatively lower than expectated and people are cautious to speak to strangers. While the wearing of masks lower the risk of disease spread, they prevent people from seeing our faces and thus heightened sense of strangeness. Lastly, the small data set collected are limited in respresentation, for example only one quarter of interviewees are female and one third below age 40, while the respondents in SV2 is over-represented by age 21-40.

Small date set also posed challenges in getting definitive suggestions to the space.

Overall despite the limitations, we hope to have convinced you that the preliminary findings are strong enough to lend support to our proposal to fully examine and explore the hidden potential of the space in a full-scale study. Such a study would also be relevant to other similar transit pathways, public areas and forgotten spaces to open up their potential. We are open to discussion as to the duration and funding of the full-scale study. With this, thank you for reading our proposal and we sincerely wish to gain your support.

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Rockaway Waterfront Alliance (RWA). (2015, September 17). Project Underway. https://www.rwalliance.org/rwa/projects/project_underway/rwa_dot-presentation:en-us.pdf The Underline. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.theunderline.org/2014/11/17/the-underline-miami-masterplan-rfq/ Seng, L. K. (2009). Conflict and change at the margins: Emergency kampong clearance and the making of modern Singapore. Asian Studies Review, 33:2, 139-159.

Seow, T. [Tracy Seow]. (2016). Review of Ang Mo Kio Indoor Terrarium [Online forum post]. Google Maps. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ang+Mo+Kio+Indoor+Terrarium/@1.3658099,103.8502249,18.31z/ data=!4m14!1m6!3m5!1s0x31da165edd8bb409:0xa6fa70fff4285b36!2sAng+Mo+Kio+Linear+Park!8m2!3 d1.3790985!4d103.8713725!3m6!1s0x31da16e26c045cd9:0x85978683a3a66eff!8m2!3d1.3648357!4d10 3.8523932!9m1!1b1 Sim, L. (2010). Virginia Woolf : The patterns of ordinary experience.

Söderlund, J. (2019). The Emergence of Biophilic Design. Springer International Lau F. Chapter 13 Methods for Survey Studies. In: Lau F, Kuziemsky C, editors. Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based Approach [Internet]. Victoria (BC): University of Victoria; 2017 Feb 27. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481602/ Publishing.

9. Appendices Appendix 1: Field Notes

Field Notes ----- Observation of the Space ----Team 5: Gong Hailun, Lee Sze Sze, Rachel Ng (17-Oct from 2.30pm to 4pm)

Weather, and physical attributes of the space -

Hot sunny humid, 32oC afternoon, Breezy on the path, relatively bright, no funny smell, Traffic noise from street and MRT, but not unbearably loud No litter around, place is relatively clean, although there are only a few trash bins along the whole stretch No power sockets (for the public to use)

Amenities found at the space -

-

Only 8 double seat bolted benches at the MRT access point (and nowhere else to sit) No signage to destinations, no signage to demarcate/introduce the space, only signages are the bicycle/pedestrian path and the watch-out-for-cyclist Bicycle facilities: o 4 yellow rental bike parking squares (with only 2 rental bikes found), 1 ‘unofficial’ bicycle parking rack at MRT access point (people use the fence to lock their bikes), o 1 multi-purpose tool and pumping station by National Parks Distance between each Lighting lamps on the cycling path are shorter as compared to the ones on the pedestrian path which are more sparse 2 exercise stations (not well maintained - looks abandoned) Terrarium by National Park looks like it is not maintained or has been forgotten, though plants are still alive. The viewing glass is stained, there is no lighting, and it is not inviting to look at.

Access points -

3 main access points: at MRT station, Street 41 and Bishan-AMK Park 7 ramps found along the whole stretch, with 5 on HDB side and 2 on street side Of the 2 ramps connecting to street, only one connect to a bus stop Other bus stops have no ramp connection, only staircases Besides ramps there are several staircase access points connecting to HDB and main street level

１

Surrounding amenities visible to users on the path -

1 Nursing home (Ren Ci Hospital) 1 community center 2 schools 1 church, 1 petrol station 2 playgrounds A few bus stops, though not very visible unless walking next to fence No car driveways or taxi stands

Users of the space -

3 main groups of users observed: Transit/commuters, Exercise/Play (skateboarders), Resting/Sitting There is no observable concentration in gender, or minorities, or foreigners Age range from school kids, teens to elderly - no toddlers or pre-school kids More details on users: o Lady (elderly looking) selling flea market items informally on a bench o Uncles sitting alone on bench resting and staring into space o One Malay lady with full grocery basket coming to rest on a bench o Two young ladies sitting and chatting on a bench holding bubble teas o 2 skaters (young men) practicing and playing o One lady sitting on the floor by a pillar facing the HDB side, using light transparent plastic cover as mat weighed down by her bag and a can of drink, playing with her mobile phone o One young boy cycling up and down numerous times - wearing causal street wear (no helmet) o Commuters accessing path from staircase, some cutting directly across the path from bus stops to HDBs. o There are many cyclists in exercise attire, some in pairs/groups o There are several joggers/brisk walkers in exercise attire (who go up and down the stretch and some on the cycling path), mostly alone

Non-humans -

Very few animals on the path; no cats, one dog walker, one bird There is greenery on the HDB side

２

Art -

-

-

1 street graffiti that looks unofficial, o it is a drawing on the floor (mono-color outline drawing of the head of a cartoon figure; this drawing is near the ‘official’ floor and pillar art below.

3 “official” pillar artworks on pillars next to each other forming a cluster; they are wall wraps (i.e. not graffiti) o The pillar art does not seem to gel with the surrounding, it is not outstanding, looks dated/old Floor art is painted on, it is supposed to be a traditional game for kids in Singapore widely played in the past, but younger generation and non-Singaporeans may not know what it is nor appreciate it o No users are observed, and the colors are still bright indicating that it is not wellused

General feel or impression of the space -

Not visually appealing Too much grey cold concrete Some pillars have irregular shaped blotches in several shades of grey Space is well-used; relatively maintained

３

Appendix 2: Observation Schedule

Time of the Day Day of the Week Weather conditions

Physical well-being

Commuters, Workers and others

What are people doing?

How are they using the space?

1

Walking to get from point A to B, e.g. in uniforms or officewear or carrying bags/items, not in exercise attire

2

Cycling to get from point A to B, not wearing exercise attire

3

Workers who do not interact with public e.g. cleaners, police, delivery persons

4

Workers who interact with public e.g. donations, promoters/sales, baskers, tissue aunty/uncle

5

Sitting on benches, chairs, steps, floor etc

6

Sleeping on bench, floor

7

Joggers/brisk walkers in exercise attire

8

Cyclists in exercise attire

9

Users on the exercise stations

10

Walking or clocking steps or strolling in exercise attire, causal attire, or carrying minimum belongings

11

Exercise activities e.g. skating, dancing, aerobics, yoga, meditation, martial arts

12

Did the audience take a double glance at a particular piece of art?

13

Did the audience stop to interact with the art for more than 5 seconds?

(double glance include walk past briefly the first time, only to turn back and take another glance)

(interaction includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art)

14

Did the audience stop to interact with the art for more than 10 seconds?

Unexpected activities and behavious

Arts

(interaction includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art)

15

Did the audience stop to interact with the art for more than 60 seconds? (interaction includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art)

16

Did the audience stop to discuss the art with another party for more than 5 seconds?

17

Did the audience stop to discuss the art with another party for more than 10 seconds?

18

Did the audience stop to discuss the art with another party for more than 60 seconds?

(discussion includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art and interaction with another party)

(discussion includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art and interaction with another party)

(discussion includes looking, trying to touch, using a device to capture the art and interaction with another party)

Female

Male

Malay

Indians

Chinese

Others (pls specify)

Teenagers/ young adults

Middle age

Seniors

Count instances

Disability

On cycling track

On footpath

Alone

Pair

Group

Family

Comments: e.g. interactions, conflicts, activities, emotions etc (Interactions include chance encounters with strangers, greetings, chit-chatting, long conversations.

Conflicts include collision, quarreling, pointing fingers, angry stares, shouting, hurling vulgarities, warnings.)

Appendix 3: Survey & Interview Form (English-Chinese)

Survey & Interview Questions Team 5: Gong Hailun, Lee Sze Sze, Rachel Ng

Hello, good afternoon, we are students from SUTD, and we would like to ask you a few questions for school research. Would you mind spending 3-5 minutes telling us more about how you experience this Linear Park (Ang Mo Kio Ave 8)? This will be anonymous and confidential, there will not be any video/audio recording of any forms.

我们是来自 SUTD 的学生， 我们在做学校的作业想问一些问题 你介意花 3-5 分钟的时间讲一讲你 在这个空间的体验感吗？这个调查不会通过视频/录音等任何方式泄露任何个人信息。

Answer: No ☹ One question shot: What do you use this space for? [prompts: Transit/commuter; Exercise/Play; Resting/Sitting] 你通常使用这个空间是来做什么？

** The main aim is to understand how they actually use this space. Any improvements to be made to encourage more frequent visits

Answer: Yes 😄 We have a short questionnaire; it would take no more than 3 - 5mins. 我们有一个小问卷调查，不会超过 3-5 分钟

< refer to Questionnaire below>

Questionnaire 1. Age Group 年龄 < 21

21 - 40

41 - 65

> 65

2. Occupation? 职业/工作

3. Household Size? Any eldery members? Any kids? Marital Status? 请问居住几房式？有老人在家吗？有小孩吗？婚姻状况？

4. What do you use the space for? Can choose more than one. 请问你使用这个地方的原因？你可以选择多个选项

Exercise

Transit

运动

经过

Rest/ Extension of Home 休息

Others? 其他

5. What is your motivation for exercise? [Skip if not exercise user] 请问你的锻炼的动力是什么？

Training for something 训练

Lose weight 减肥

Keep fit

Combat stress

健身

减压

6. What is your motivation for transit here? [Skip if not transit user] 请问你更愿意使用这里作为中转的原因是什么？

Shelter from Rain/Sun 遮雨/遮阳

Shortest route

Connecting bus stop

Others

最捷径

连接 bus 车站

其他

7. What is your motivation for resting here? [Skip if not resting user] 请问你使用这里作为休息的地方的原因是什么？

Home related e.g. too crowded

Work related e.g. too stressful

Unexpected event e.g. conflict

Environment related e.g. noisy

跟家有关 e.g.太挤了

工作有关 e.g.压力太大

意外事件 e.g.吵架

环境有关 e.g.太吵了

8. Would you like to see more street art or urban graffiti or other forms of art to be displayed in this space? 请问你愿意在这里看到更多的城市街头艺术涂鸦或者其他的艺术形式？

Yes

No, (I like the look now as it is)

No, (I want something else)

9. How many times do you usually use this space in a week? 请问你一周使用这个空间的次数？

Never (-)

Rare (1 - 3 times)

Frequent (3 - 6 times)

Very frequent (more than 7)

10. What time do you normally come to use this space? 请问你一般什么时间段使用这个空间？

Morning (5am to 12pm)

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

Evening (6pm to 12am)

Night (12am to 5am)

早晨

中午

旁晚

半夜

11. Does this space make you feel? (Use one word to describe) 请用一个字形容你对这个空间的感受

12. Please choose from the following photos, which you prefer (and why)? 请选择你喜欢以下哪一张的图片， 为什么？

13. If you are a city planner, how would you improve this space? 如果你是城市规划师，你会怎样改进这个空间？

Thank you for your time, the survey is finished...

Appendix 4: Google questionnaire (SV2)

This Space Has More Potential

18/12/20, 12:39 AM

This Space Has More Potential Hello, we are a group of students from Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). And, we would like to know what you think about this space (Ang Mo Kio Ave 8 Linear Park), and the potential uses for this space? *Required

1.

Age Group * Mark only one oval. < 21 21 - 40 41 - 65 > 65

2.

(Previous) Occupation *

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16rsUwVpLJKKZyIsM_6eb_1w2T2EJDaZiLVQ_lppd4U0/printform

Page 1 of 5

This Space Has More Potential

3.

18/12/20, 12:39 AM

Have you been to this space before? **this space is opposite the Ang Mo Kio MRT station under the MRT viaduct *

Mark only one oval.

Yes No

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16rsUwVpLJKKZyIsM_6eb_1w2T2EJDaZiLVQ_lppd4U0/printform

Page 2 of 5

This Space Has More Potential

4.

18/12/20, 12:39 AM

Which do you like? *

Tick all that apply.

Picture #1 Picture #2 Picture #3 Picture #4 Picture #5 Picture #6 Nope, I'm happy :)

5.

What other suggestions on the potential uses of the space? *

Thank You! Thank You for spending time with us. Have a great day! :)

This content is neither created nor endorsed by Google.

Forms

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/16rsUwVpLJKKZyIsM_6eb_1w2T2EJDaZiLVQ_lppd4U0/printform

Page 3 of 5

Appendix 5: Gallery of six pictures of potential uses of the space

Appendix 6: Stickers of potential items

Appendix 7a: CAD model (front view with different height)

Appendix 7b: Bird’s Eye View of the entire AMK Linear Park

Appendix 8: Results from phone interview of team’s personal network

Appendix 9: Results from semi-structured interviews

1. Age

2. Occupation 3. Household size

5. What your 7. What your 4. What do you use motivation for 6. What your motivation for motivation for resting? this space for? exercise? (Exercise transit here? (Transit user) (Resting user) user)

8. Would you like to have 9. How many times do you art/urban graffti/other fors usually use this space in a of art displayed in this week? space

10. What time do you normally 11. Does this space make 12. Please choose from the following 13. If you are a city planner, how come to this space? you feel? (One word) photos, which you prefer (and why)? would you improve this space?

Fit looking Chinese uncle Male

>65

Retired

2

Exercise, Transit, Rest

Keep fit

Shelter from rain/sun

-

No (I want something else)

Very frequent (more than 7)

Morning (5am-12pm)

-Convenient

Photo 2 & 4

SO2 (31-Oct) SO2 (31-Oct)

-

Male Male

>65 41-65

Retired Retired

4 child (3M, 1F) 1 Daughter

Exercise Exercise

Keep fit Keep fit

Shelter from rain/sun Connecting bus stop

-

No (I want something else)

Very frequent (more than 7)

Morninng (5am-12pm) Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

Photo 4 Photo 4 & 6

4

SO2 (31-Oct)

Malay uncle

Male

41-65

Jobless

3

Rest

Home related

No (I like the look now as it Very frequent (more than 7) is)

Whole Day

Photo 5

More chairs and toilet

5

SO2 (31-Oct)

Fit looking Chinese Uncle Male

>65

Retired

2

Exercise

Yes

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

-Convenient Nice good place Close to amenities Just need toilet Now very ugly, dark and grey

- Have more seats down the road (Bring kids to play) - Have more exercise stations - Good to have other installations - Stays nearby Safety, Childern cannot play

Photo 2 & 4

More Exercise Stations

Person

Date

Description

1

SO2 (31-Oct)

2 3

6

17-Dec (SO4)

Lady ex -PMO

Gender

Female

>65

Retired

-

Transit

Keep fit

-

-Shortest route -Connecting bus stop

-

Yes

Frequent (3-6 times)

Very frequent (more than 7)

Morninng (5am-12pm) Evening (6pm-12am)

7

17-Dec (SO4)

Uncle exercising

Male

>65

Retired

-

Exercise

Keep fit

-

-

-

Frequent (3-6 times)

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm) Evening (6pm-12am)

8

17-Dec (SO4)

Boy; in uniform

Male

<21

Student

4, 2 parents and 1 brother

Exercise

-

Connecting bus stop

-

-

-

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm) Evening (6pm-12am)

-

-Take away exhibit, terranium structure, it’s a failure -Can do better with other things Photo 2 & 3 -Art gallery Add more seats & water cooler -seats add more No majong cause encourage gambling - No need for vending machine, cooler cause exercise do not need these

-

-Photo 4 -More exercise stations & seats -Some Books, no sofa cause people will sleep -More seats needed as older folkes use this place often as AMK ages, to rest and stop

- Have more seats down the road (Bring kids to play) - Have more exercise stations - Good to have other installations - Stays nearby

-

-events, pushcart -sofa, books -skate park, no need to travel to woodlands -cooler, vending machine

-

9

17-Dec (SO4)

Youngster

Male

21-40

-

-

Transit

-

Others

-

-

-

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm) Evening (6pm-12am)

-

Photo 2, 4 & 6

-Skating, recreational -Playground, rock climbing wall, swing -Not cinema cause its noisy, add fans to cool place -Lightings at night cause a little dark -water coolers for people exercising -art display - lightings, meuseum

10

17-Dec (SO4)

Student

Male

< 21

Student

-

Transit

-

Shortest route

-

-

Rare (1-3 times)

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

Boring, for convenience

Photo 4, Place not maintained properly

-

-

-Recreational space with greenery, with stalls -Skate, need bigger space, not family friendly -for elderly and family it is safe -resting area, brighter lights to keep safe -security camera for safety -books and chairs to encourage reading -flea market, selling handicraft, not pasar malam style with food to encourage more people to come around -mural art on the wall and running tracks

Spacious Free

Photo 1, 2 & 5 -for recreation useage by adults and children -skate park is a recreation for the young people -open air cinema for families to be able to enjoy family time -more collabration with the nearby teck ghee CC for the movie screening for the open air cinema, church opposite the road and nursing home for activities open to all age groups

11

12

17-Dec (SO4)

17-Dec (SO4)

Young lady

Homemaker

Female

Female

21-40

41-65

-

homemaker

-

4, 2 kids and husband

Exercise, Transit

Exercise, Transit

-

Keep fit

Others

Connecting bus stop

-

-

Yes

Yes

Frequent (3-6 times)

Rare (1-3 times)

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

Afternoon (12pm to 6pm)

Appendix 10: Google survey (SV2) responses

Timestamp

Age Group

(Previous) Occupation

15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20

21 21 21 21 21 21

- 40 - 40 - 40 - 40 - 40 - 40

Student Student Student Student Student Student

Have you been to this space before? **this space is opposite the Ang Mo Kio MRT station under the MRT viaduct No Yes No No Yes No

7 15/12/20 19:51 21 - 40

Student

No

Picture #2

Entrepreneur Student Student Student Student Student Student

No Yes No No No No Yes

Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture

15 15/12/20 19:52 21 - 40

Student

Yes

Picture #6

16 15/12/20 19:53 21 - 40

Student

No

Nope, I'm happy :)

17 15/12/20 19:53 21 - 40

Student

Yes

Picture #3

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Student (classmate) Student Civil engineer / graduate student Student Student Student Student Admin Student

No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture

27 16/12/20 12:29 21 - 40

Student

No

Picture #1, Picture #3, Picture #5

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 < 21

Student Student Student Student Program Manager Project manager Civil engineer Designer Designer Project designer Consultant Senior Procurement Manager Designer Machine engineer Engineer Student

Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture

21 - 40

Supply chain specialist

Yes

Picture #4, Picture #5, Picture #6

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20

15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 15/12/20 16/12/20 16/12/20

16/12/20 16/12/20 16/12/20 16/12/20 16/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20 17/12/20

19:50 19:50 19:50 19:50 19:51 19:51

19:51 19:51 19:51 19:51 19:51 19:52 19:52

19:53 19:54 20:07 20:09 20:40 20:47 23:12 10:02 12:03

12:33 13:10 13:20 14:14 15:09 12:38 12:55 13:00 13:13 14:05 14:34 14:50 14:54 15:48 18:20 23:17

44 18/12/20 9:30

21 21 21 21 21 21 21

- 40 - 40 - 40 - 40 - 40 - 40 - 40

21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40 < 21 21 - 40 21 - 40 21 - 40

Which do you like?

What other suggestions on the potential uses of the space?

Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture

Open it for residents to paint more natural vegetation More interactive elements, perhaps Skate parks! There’s a lack of it/understanding of its designs. I think the concrete setting is perfect to creat ramps.

Night lights for difetrent experience Make it happen! :) Places to charge phones Besides public exercise equipment, how about considering container gyms there too e.g. gympod.com? Would train noise be minimised too?

#1, #1, #1, #1, #6 #4

#4, #1, #1, #1 #1, #2, #2,

#4, #1, #1, #5 #1 #3 #1, #1, #2

#2, #1, #1, #5 #2, #1, #2, #1, #3 #3 #5, #6 #2, #5 #4, #1,

Picture Picture Picture Picture

#5 #4 #4, Picture #6 #5, Picture #6

Picture #5, Picture #6 Picture #2, Picture #3 Picture #3, Picture #5, Picture #6 Picture #2, Picture #4, Picture #5 Picture #3, Picture #4 Picture #5

I think the space being empty provides more flexibility to it's usage, i.e. less fixtures better

Picture #5 Picture #2, Picture #4 Picture #2, Picture #3

Picture #5 Picture #2

Picture #4, Picture #5 Picture #4, Picture #5 Picture #4, Picture #5, Picture #6 Picture Picture Picture Picture

#3, #5, #4, #5,

Picture Picture Picture Picture

#5, Picture #6 #6 #6 #6

Picture #6 Picture #6 Picture #6 Picture #5, Picture #6

Combination of several choices listed above. Archery court like the one under Pasir Panjang viaduct Plenty of seating and more access points Great job!

Viaduct columns as mural/art media Art illustrations Garden / more greeneries Flea market More colourful! Maybe more murals or graffiti or art? I feel like when its grey and less attractive id be less inclined to stay in the space. A splash of colour would add more vibrancy and make me see it less as just some random tunnel or transient space :) Allow people to do street art. (Reference Hosier Lane in Melbourne) for more shade so that people can rest there too!

Listen the voice from the surrounding （nature or human factor） More vegetation cover would be great Car park More plants and art works Green space No suggestions A nice space with place to sit down and chat!

Could have a buggy car ride available for resident that have difficulty to walk the long distance