Ecological Democracy by Nicholai Go

A UTOPIC MANIFESTO FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

NICHOLAI DAVID GO RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN B. ARCH 2016 THESIS

NICHOLAI DAVID GO

A UTOPIC MANIFESTO FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN B. ARCH 2016 THESIS

Dedicated to my future children.

ECOLOGICAL DEMOCRACY

Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture in the Department of Architecture at Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, Rhode Island.

By Nicholai David Sy Go Rhode Island School of Design Class of 2016

CONTENTS

Epigraph

Preface

Abstract

Introduction

Manifesto

Zoning

Zone 6: National Zone

Government and Political Structure Ownership Model Economic System Business and Industry Healthcare System

Zone 5: Regional Zone Agriculture Transportation Jobs and Occupation Recreation Healthcare

Zone 4: City Zone

Zone 3: District Zone

Zone 2: Neighborhood Zone

Zone 1: Personal Zone

Agriculture Transportation Jobs and Occupation Recreation Healthcare Education Spiritual Architecture Energy

Agriculture Transportation Jobs and Occupation Recreation Healthcare Education

Agriculture Transportation Recreation Healthcare Education

Agriculture Healthcare Architecture Energy

Masterplan Design Framework

Site Simulation

Region Masterplan City Masterplan Transportation System District Masterplan Housing Energy, Water, and Waste Healthcare System Agriculture

Site Research and Analysis Masterplan Building Types Site Selection

188

Vignettes

195

Initial Survey

211

Acknowledgements

213

List of Drawings

Can we aspire to design sustainable architecture within an unsustainable context? If not, we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a choice but to redefine our context.

PREFACE

I was born and raised in the Philippines where I studied in both a local and in an international school. This provided me a diverse type of education that exposed me to different cultures and systems. This type of learning only escalated when flying to America to attend university at Rhode Island School of Design. From a very young age, self-awareness has always been crucial for me. I continuously endeavor to test my limits in all aspects of life to understand where my strengths truly lie. The more I learned about myself and the world around me, the more I realized how intrinsically intertwined the two were. In its own chaotic natural beauty, the world has shaped me and vice versa. I operate within a context that dictate my actions and decisions. Unless I expanded that context, my bounded rationality would be limited. Knowing this, I sought diversity and multiple disciplines. Throughout my short time on earth, I have become an athlete, a breakdancer, a fine artist, a graphic designer, a photographer, an international student, an architect, and a business owner. Some were circumstantial but most were of my own volition in acknowledgement of unbounding my rationality. As a photographer, I have received international accolades and awards for my work. As an architect, I specialized in healthcare architecture and flew to Kenya to help design a hospital, which aided my production of a previous manifesto for an ideal healthcare system. As a businessman, I started a restaurant and food business at the young age of 15, which now supplies ingredients to several high-end hotels and restaurants in the Philippines. This multi-disciplinary approach to life enables me to perceive issues and problems through a multivalent systemic perspective. This specific perspective seeks a more dynamically cohesive architecture that reconcile multiple contentious issues that are embedded within our current context. Within my architectural education I have had multiple attempts in designing architecture that is truly sustainable. However, very much like my predecessors Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Ebenezer Howard, I have arrived at a realization that true sustainability is impossible without having to design its context as well. Like them, this epiphany has led me to my thesis: a utopic manifesto.

ABSTRACT

Within this singular planet, all things are connected. Architecture and context are intrinsically united in a beautifully chaotic relationship. As such, the perpetual exploration and development of sustainable architecture is moot unless we simultaneously tackle the context it builds on. As of the year 2016, there is no argument against the inefficiencies inherent with our global systems of living designed from a corruptible set of values. These have been physically manifested by architects which built everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shared physical reality. These inefficiencies are revealed as inequity, climate change, war, species extinction, and much more. This thesis can be described as the exploration and formulation of a sustainable context wherein true sustainable architecture can then be simulated from. It takes shape as a utopic manifesto, which in essence is a tool wherein one can simultaneously criticize our current world view and provide an alternative. It is utopian because it involves a conscious and rational choice of a set of ideals rather than laissez-faire planning. It is both critique and aspiration. It is a direction and not a destination. This painting of a sustainable future is aptly named Ecological Democracy. Ecological Democracy is based on sharing, a time-tested value that act as an all-encompassing framework that can be applied to all scales of life. Throughout this thesis, this value spawn a series of systems that then begin to simulate architecture and the built environment. This idealized masterplan framework is then placed on an empty but real world site to test its feasibility. This tabula rasa isolates this future at any moment but now. The motivation behind this thesis lies in the hope of creating a large enough emergence to make this manifesto a reality and create a sustainable present. It is a call for action by causing the audience to evaluate their own values and their current reality. On the personal level, it provides a framework for my own current and future practice with sustainable architecture.

INTRODUCTION Architects have the power to shape peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives through physically manifesting certain ideals. These ideals are projections of the future and are based on both individual and shared values. It is a decision-making process that is solidified and experienced by the whole of society. Evidence has shown that people are creatures of context and are formed by their surroundings. Within this principle, architects heavily influence the human condition and are then vital leverage points for creating a better future. When this responsibility is ignored, architects throw systems and lives off-balance. Â There is no argument for the inefficiencies inherent in our current system of living, designed from a corrupted set of values. The same ones that architects have physically manifested and built the reality we experience today. These inefficiencies are revealed as inequity, climate change, war, species extinction, and much more. This cannot be sustained and for us to survive we must reiterate. Â We must not forget that human systems are designs and therefore we must perceive them through a design perspective. Within the design process, there are four vital intertwining steps: Pre-Design, Design (through iteration), Manifestation, and Impact Analysis. From this perspective, we see that this system is not a failure but merely a single iteration in global human design. We have seen the impact analysis of our current system. Through this, we can find and pinpoint the leverage points to improve it. We are at the verge of a new iteration as our current system reaches its limit threshold. The world is seeing the birth of new sub-systems, but these are still independent due to differing values and visions. Emergence can be defined as the process of revealing something and the process of coming into being. It is spawned by collective thought. System emergence can only be brought about when people who share a common vision connect, therefore making it a shared reality. Part of the process of reality manifestation is naming, which helps us see. Language represents shared reality: the world of culture. We have yet to name a shared vision and I believe that this emergence for a sustained way of life will be named Ecological Democracy. The creation of the name is in parallel to the birth of this utopia. Ecological Democracy is grown from a time tested value that has

proven to promote generative behavior: sharing. Historically, nations and by extension cities and settlements are places formed for the sole purpose of sharing. We share to survive and thrive. Humans have flourished due to our ability to maximize this universal trait of life. Therefore, any type of system may it be political or economical is incompatible and thus unsustainable when not grounded within this singular value. Our current and historic dilemmas are brought upon by our resistance to the inevitability of sharing with our base animal instinct of selfishness. Formed from the concept of maximizing this value, Ecological Democracy is a utopic manifesto for sustainable architecture and its rich context. In its essence, it is a social contract which promises sustainability. It is a framework for sustainable social and physical constructs which seeks a dynamic balance between humanity and its ecosystem. It creates communities that can regulate their own ecosystem. This vision shapes systems and cities but is not rigid. It is polymorphic and not prescriptive. Instead, it is a framework for sustained living. It celebrates the genius loci and the informal. Ecological Democracy provides classless citizens with equitable access to a full life which provides them with autonomy, the ability to make informed, un-coerced decisions. As it enables citizens to become better participants by unbounding their rationality, it grows and changes accordingly. It creates an elastic reinforcing feedback loop that generates sustainable life. As it is based on a time-tested value, this manifesto is simultaneously anchored and lost in time. It is driven but not shaped by recent technological advancements, but is rooted in a much more human scale that can adapt. Ecological Democracy is based on a material and resource reality grounding it on a more sustainable present and future. Nonetheless, the shared reality we currently exist in is at an opportune moment in time and history to live within this utopia. I believe that true sustainability is possible given our current shared wisdom as a race. There could be no greater tool than architecture for this as it represents our capacity to share. It is up to us to shape our future but we must be bold enough to first change its context.

MANIFESTO

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Sustainability is achieved when all types of human systems and their physical manifestations are grounded within the value of sharing.

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Sharing generates other values such as stewardship, equity, transparency, diversity, and freedom.

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Create a classless society with equitable access to a full life which provides each citizen with autonomy: the ability to make informed un-coerced decisions.

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Zoning system is not initially a division of space by separation of uses or mix of them, but instead is a system of organization based on organization to ensure equitable distribution of resources.

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Land is a shared resource and ownership remains within the government, which is just an extension of the self.

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All types of organization have a cooperative hierarchal structure.

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Citizens are entitled to the same basic resources which are considered as shared resources which includes food, medical care, water, sanitation, shelter, and education.

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Design framework is polymorphic and not prescriptive, allowing it to grow and change accordingly based on its locus.

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Employs a research-based organic healthcare system that can react to any scenario including natural disasters and disease outbreaks.

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Ecological Democracy is a true social contract wherein citizens have the choice to opt in and out of the system. Therefore, maximum mobility is provided through transit-oriented development.

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ZONING

Zoning is at the heart of this manifesto. It is used as a tool to control the use of land when societies aggregate and create shared decisions. Within the values of Ecological Democracy, the zoning system applied within is not initially a division of space by separation of uses or the mix of them, but instead is a system of organization based on proximity. The hierarchy of zones depend on population density and programs in relation to each citizen. Each zone contains different systems and components that satisfy each aspect of well-being. This type of allocating resources and spaces are evidence of Ecological Democracy. These proximity zones are translated into principles for spatial organizations of architecture and its embedded programs. There are a total of 6 zones scaling up from individual citizens to the entire country. This type of zoning gives rise to dense cities to ensure amenities and transportation are cost efficient. This zoning system and the size of the city are scalable depending on the resources of the site. This creates differing cities, which promote diversity. Since zones are based on proximity to each citizen, size of city does not heavily change their experience of the physical realm. This manifesto is not a prescription but a framework. This type of zoning framework generates diversity. According to chaos theory, in spite of similar frameworks, minute changes within our environment generate complexity and thus diversity. Designs of regions and programs within each differ from one another and are therefore unique.

ZONE 6: NATIONAL ZONE (Entire Country)

Zone 6: National Zone

Government and Political Structure No matter what kind of society one envisions, communal decisions will always be placed on a group of individuals due to the nature of human aggregation. This is a recurring natural phenomenon that inevitably gives birth to political structures. Politics is simply a means in where people make collective decisions. As such, our survival as a race depends on a social contract that is true to its real nature. One that serves and improves the lives of all its citizens equitably while maintaining an ecological equilibrium. This is the only rational and time-tested reason that one would sustainably abide within the rules and constraints of a social contract. Within Ecological Democracy, a sustainable social contract is achieved by the use of sharing which manifests itself as a true democracy. This provides and empowers individuals to all be actors in the larger stage. By allowing everyone to be heard and creating a shared voice, a more sustainable society can be attained. Each individual citizen understands their role within the community and vice versa. It also acts as a checking mechanism, which provides a platform for transparency. This authentic democracy is realized by employing a coopbased political and government structure. Cooperatives are an autonomous association of persons that unite voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. They have members who have a direct input in how their cooperative develops, the products and services they sell, and the prices they set. They do this by way of their voting power and control over the coop’s board of directors. This is authentic democracy and is the organizational structure that embodies the values of the Ecological Democracy. Unlike other political structures, a coop based government and political structure is scalable and operates within the different zones and functions of the country. Each coop elects their own

board of directors, who then decide on the next zone tier of board of directors. For example, on the national scale, all regional board of directors appoint the national board of directors. Any level of board directors is responsible for governing each coop and is accountable to all members. They report to their stakeholders in a timely manner suited to their scale, but can take no longer than a quarter of the year. Since directors of higher zones are part of multiple coops, they participate within different scales. This empowers them to have a more wholesome and systematic point of view. A narrow focus on optimizing various parts of a complex system may undermine the sustainability of the whole. Since board of directors are accountable to all citizens and vote meetings happen on a regular basis, director positions are flexible. There is no fixed time that a director stays in position. It all depends on their overall performance and ability to lead. This enables the community to focus on ideas and visions rather than individual members. It also prevents corruption within the system. The coop is stronger than any single member or director. All citizens are treated as stockholders and have the responsibility to attend coop meetings on a weekly basis. These meetings will become a part of each citizens’ metabolism. Anyone above the age of 15 is required to attend these meetings and participate. Those not of age are encouraged to attend but will be unable to vote. All citizens are fully informed when making decisions aided by the use of personal technology. Votes are conducted and tallied using proper algorithms to streamline the procedure and negate any type of corruption. Transparency is vital to this system and is practiced at all times.

Ownership Model All citizens are entitled to the same basic resources which are also considered as shared resources. These are based on basic human

Zone 6: National Zone

needs including food, medical care, water, sanitation, shelter, and education. These resources cannot be owned and accumulated by any one individual. The government which is the extension of the community retains ownership of these and is in charge of management and distribution. This vision of equity ensures that citizens have equal access and opportunities, which create true democratic freedom. It creates autonomous citizens who have the capacity to make un-coerced rational decisions. Furthermore, an ownership model designed for fairness and fairer distribution of wealth is likely to be more resilient. The employment of a sharing ownership model incentivise and inspires citizens to cooperate and work in harmony. When the country grows, their basic resources per capita improve as well. This fosters a healthy community driven by a generative balance of both altruism and individualism. Ultimately, sharing resources promise better utility and efficiency of said resources. Additional goods and services for individuals are distributed according to the monetary wealth one accumulates. This capitalistic system incentivise citizens by utilizing the human nature of competition, which promotes innovation. To ensure balance and equal access, ownership of these goods and services either remains with the government or with the corporations that manufacture them. They are “leased” to citizens, which creates another gatekeeping mechanism for equity and environmental protection. When one passes away, these leased objects are returned to the original owner, which is either the government or the corporation. There is no need for inheritance due to guaranteed basic human needs. As such with a true social contract, citizens trust the government to provide for everything they need and have no insecurity for the future of their children. Land is a shared resource and ownership remains within the government. This ownership model is in parallel with the coop system and guarantees proper stewardship. The government is in charge of distributing land and leasing them to businesses

and individual citizens. They set and implement controls over environmental concerns, which facilitates better land development. This is both a top-down and bottom-up approach since the government structure is a coop. Within each zone, citizens decide and vote on how land is distributed. Since use of land is voted upon, it is more likely to be viewed through a systems thinking lens and this must be so. Land cannot be treated as individual independent units. It is an ecosystem that is rich in networks which produce biodiversity. Proper stewardship of this ecological network is a principle within Ecological Democracy. .

Economic System Ecological Democracy promotes solidarity, equity, and selfmanagement by creating an ecological and classless economy. At the heart of Ecological Democracy’s economic system is the concept of sharing. This shared economy perpetuates the values that promote generative living. Through sharing, the economy can efficiently distribute resources to its citizens by employing the traditional economic model of economy of scales. However, instead of being a model for production and cost, this model applied to the sharing economy promises that goods and services reach maximum efficiency of utilization. It is an economic model based on intrinsic motivators which contribute to a much more resilient type of satisfaction. Use of monetary currency is still needed to ensure efficient distribution and use of resources by simplifying means of barter and creating a common unit language. To promote generative stewardship, the monetary system is rooted on a ratio between the human population of the nation and the available resources for human use. This system warrants equilibrium between humans and their natural surroundings. When human population increases without

Zone 6: National Zone

improved production, the value of currency decreases because there are fewer resources per person. In reverse, value decreases when population decreases as there is less manpower. Through this, ecological equilibrium is found. However, equilibrium within this system is not static, it shifts depending on efficiency of production. This incentivise innovation. This type of currency negates the financial and speculative aspect of the economy as it is anchored on a real economy. It promotes long-term investments that are research-based which fosters economic development that is generative. In essence, it is true economics as it concerns itself with the long-term welfare of the whole community. At the human scale, this currency feels real due to its deep engagement with the material world. Trading between nations is limited to products that each country cannot produce. This global trade bloc enhances specialization by creating a universal limit. Within Ecological Democracy, limiting factors are understood as necessary and also opportunities for generative practices. Primary sector products such as agriculture are produced solely within the country. Trading is mostly limited to the secondary and tertiary sector. A strong resilient local economy is a vital component of Ecological Democracy.

Business and Industry It’s a fact of life that every living thing in this planet must do work to pull in the resources it needs to sustain itself. Working together in groups inevitably leads to social constructs such as businesses and corporations. Much like any kind of organization within the Ecological Democracy, businesses and corporations are composed using a coop structure. The ownership of which are held by the collective.

Each member of the company is given income and stock. Members being the primary stockholders gives companies the ability to pursue “true” goals, which align with their individual mission and vision. Businesses do not operate solely for profit but use profit as a means to a goal. They are to be designed as mission-controlled corporations, which have strong social missions. Within Ecological Democracy, manufacturing processes employ a circular closed-loop system in where the waste of one producer is sent to another production line as input. Unusable waste is transformed into materials that can decompose naturally to minimize impact on the environment and health of the population. This type of system is employed throughout all zones within Ecological Democracy. With the lack of monetary incentives for businesses, others with the same vision and mission are going to merge and create larger coops to better utilize resources. Game theory ceases to exist and so does lowest price syndrome. The system solely relies on the law of supply and demand to reach equilibrium. The shift from individual gain to shared value, promotes sharing and maximizes resources. As mentioned in the ownership section, goods and services are no longer sold but instead are leased. It is vital that we support ourselves in ways that care for the earth that provides for us, care for the community we are embedded in, and let us limit our consumption to generate life. Therefore, all manufacturing corporations are operated as service-oriented manufacturers. They are in charge of the entire life cycle of a product, from production to waste management. This ensures that products are designed and produced with longevity. It also creates a culture of accountability. Individual positions within businesses are based on member votes. This hierarchy provides the necessary incentive for workers to perform without imposing on the rights and resources of others.

Zone 6: National Zone

The goal is to create leaders rather than bosses. Positions are given to those that deserve it based on skill, capacity, and merit. Barriers to employment are minimized due to shared basic standard of living. Without financial constraints, people are free to pursue any field they want as long as they are qualified. As previously mentioned, every citizen within Ecological Democracy is provided with all the base resources one needs. However, like businesses, there are still monetary incentives in place for people to work harder to increase their surplus and match their wants. If one wants to consume more, one must work harder, longer, or under worse conditions. This creates an environment where self-management and responsibility are generated. However, the difference in monetary compensation between members is minimal promoting positive competition while negating class structures. Since income between individuals are not high, everyone is treated in high regard as they are all integral parts of the company and contribute towards the larger goal.

Healthcare Access to equitable healthcare is a fundamental human right within Ecological Democracy. By law, everyone has access to a primary care physician at birth who then counts as their family doctor. Without currency as a key to access and priority, resources are equally divided and ensures every patient are treated equally. Healthcare is inclusive of all services from preventive, to primary, all the way to tertiary. Due to lack of monetary incentives, healthcare focuses on providing wellness which is inherently preventive rather than reactive. Efficiency and success is measured by people’s complete state of wellness. The healthcare sector is also responsible for research and maintenance of public health.

The Ecological Democracy employs an organic healthcare system, which like most systems in Ecological Democracy is simultaneously decentralized and centralized. It can react to any scenario including natural disasters and disease outbreaks. Furthermore, it is a research-based system that can distribute its healthcare and treat its patients efficiently using information and data gathered in real time. This information system has a report and feedback loop using Performance-based Promotions (PBP) which creates incentives for practitioners to record data. Positions in healthcare are driven and allocated by said reports. Cross reporting such as patient feedback reports on their provider create transparency and prevent fraud. It also empowers patients with a sense of control, which is highly important for the concept of wellness. With an environment of disciplined reporting, better data is generated. This data is fed through different levels of healthcare through the different zones, which makes its way toward the national zone in where they can make decisions based on accurate information. The different levels of the healthcare system in different zones create a referral system that enable it to be efficient through proper gatekeeping. Only those that truly need it are sent to specialized care while others go through the many levels of healthcare. This clear hierarchy of responsibilities provide clarity, accountability, and transparency. Healthcare is a vital component of Ecological Democracy as it equips the nation with a healthy workforce and increases individual freedom by minimizing health insecurity. Without wellness and healthcare, citizens can never truly be autonomous.

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ZONE 5: REGIONAL ZONE (>1-hour walking radius)

Zone 5: Regional Zone

Agriculture Agriculture in the regional zone is geared towards the harvest and gathering of fresh ocean seafood, pork, beef, and dairy. Since these produce are vital leverage points in ecological balance, they are limited to the proper nutrition diet levels of the region. Too much production or overharvest leads to environmental degradation and less natural capital. They relatively generate much more environmentally harmful emissions than other food sources. Therefore, production and distribution are handled by both the regional farmers coop and environmental coop. Another limiting factor of production in zone 5 is the utilization of free range farming techniques that aims to be both generative and sustainable. Fresh ocean seafood fishing is harvested at a sustainable rate wherein the fish population does not decline overtime. This is achieved by the introduction of individual fishing quotas and disallowing destructive methods such as dynamite fishing. The regeneration rate of fish is very dependent on their density within an area. Grounded on the same roots as the economic system of Ecological Democracy, too many fish in one area lead to zero reproduction rates. If the population is too low, then they breed very slowly and cannot regenerate to their normal stock. However, there is an equilibrium where fish regenerate at maximum. Fishermen need to acknowledge this phenomena and plan around it to optimize current and future yields. Pigs, cows, and other animals are left to roam in prairies wherein they are exposed and left to the natural environment. Similar to fish, consumption of these animals are limited to the amount that they can be naturally grown and their rate of regeneration. All types of farming within this zone employs agroecological techniques that perceive agriculture as a system in where multiple parts can mutually benefit from one another. Agroecological practices are based on an area’s ecological stock such as weather, climate, and human demographics. This promises that each region can provide different produce, which leads to diversity and agri-tourism.

All food products for human consumption are labelled with a cohesive food label that delivers all the information that consumers need. This is practiced and enforced within food that are produced in zones 5 to 3. Three types of label are utilized including traffic light label, nutrition facts, and a digital QR code. Labeling not only informs consumers but also drives producers to be more conscious and transparent. The traffic light label consists of three colors: Red, Yellow, and Green. Red signals the consumer that the food product that they are consuming has high amounts of certain components that have been deemed detrimental to one’s health. The scale is based on three key factors including nutrition and health benefits, how close the product is to real food, and production. The last metric involves quality of treatment of workers, animals, and the earth. This label provides the consumer with readily accessible information in a universal language. Nutrition facts include the breakdown of nutrition components and its percentage relative to recommended calorie diet. The digital QR code on the other hand, includes a much wider range of information such as Type of Seed Used (GMO or not), Type of Fertilizer Used, Location of Farm, Location of Processing, Type of Processing, Additives Used, Date of Planting, Date of Harvest, and Recommended Shelf Life. The information can also link to an individual’s health monitoring device in where they can get instant feedback on the effects of the food that they are interested in consuming.

Transportation All modes of transportation within the different zones are all connected through a multi-modal branch system. Zone 5 is home to the airport, seaport, and the rapid train system. The airport and seaport allow for trade and tourists to travel within regions and

Zone 5: Regional Zone

countries. Each region should have at least an airport, a seaport, or both. These ports are then linked to the main mode of transport within zone 5: the rapid train system. It is a public transportation system that connects cities throughout the region and the region with other adjacent regions. This is also the main transportation mode for economic goods. Â Travelling to other regions and countries for recreational purposes requires the use of money unless sponsored by the co-ops. This acts as an incentive for citizens to perform well in their job. By limiting people that travel long distances, environmental costs are minimized and local social capital stabilized.

degradation and has thus been limited to 30 minutes of travel. All employees still live within zone 4 and use the rapid train system to commute to their work.

One type of rapid train system employed is the mag-lev train, which is a transport method that uses magnetic levitation to move without touching the ground. By using magnets for propulsion to minimize friction and drag, energy use is minimized. They move very smoothly, quietly, and swiftly. Maintenance is very low due to lack of physical wheels and rails that experience wear and tear. Â The transportation coop made of members that work within transportation are in charge of operating and maintaining public transportation within zone 5 and all other zones. Since it is a branch system, everything operates in a schedule determined by demand of use. Demand is determined by data gathered from sensors and smart tracking. This allows the system to be efficient and minimize environmental costs. By only using vehicles when really needed, emissions are kept minimal.

Recreation

The jobs within zone 5 include mineral extraction, regional agriculture, ports, and recreational facilities. These are located the farthest from individuals as it requires more natural capital to achieve ecological equilibrium. They also require less human density and capital relative to other job types and sectors.

Large scale recreational venues such as resorts and theme parks are located within zone 5. As mentioned earlier, diversity is spawned from the Ecological Democracy framework. Designs of these recreational venues are the productions of said complexity. Therefore, each region have their own signature recreational venue making them unique and attract travelling. Travelling is a necessary tool for educating the public of different histories and cultures. Different densities create distinct kinds of social activities of differing strength and intensity. The higher zones create less intense social interactions by creating networks that are spatially farther apart. This then dictates what kind of recreational facility is provided within the zone. All of these add up to a healthy diverse social capital which is vital for the well-being of each citizen within Ecological Democracy.

Jobs and Occupations The regional scale is the farthest location one can work at when living within the region so as to decrease the need to commute long distances. Long distance commute lead to social capital

Â Healthcare The Regional Ministry of Health (RMOF) are located in zone 5 and are responsible for elaborating policies and strategies,

Zone 5: Regional Zone

ensuring proper monitoring and evaluation, and the regulations within the entire region. Each region within the country has their own ministry of health that coordinates with each other to create the National Ministry of Health. Since part of the healthcare infrastructure are modular and are continuously in motion, the RMOF is responsible for the efficient allocation of said resources based on data and research. They must continuously monitor disease burdens and trends of illnesses. The RMOF are also be in charge of the PBP system. Â Since healthcare facilities operate and maneuver using the transportation system and has a similar branch system, the RMOF works side by side with the transportation coop.

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ZONE 4: CITY ZONE (60-minute walking radius)

Zone 4: City Zone

Agriculture Unlike zone 5, the city zone employs denser agricultural methods for poultry, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and grains. These are the basic staple diet that everyone has access to and are considered a shared resource. Zone 4 agricultural coop are in charge of production, distribution, and processing of all agricultural goods within the city zone. All are produced using the aforementioned agroecology method. Agroecology applies a systemic view to farming as it unites ecological science with time-tested traditional wisdom, and farmers’ ongoing experience. It is not a formula but a range of integrated practices that can adapt in response to a farm’s specific ecological niche. The values of agroecology include sharing and diversity, same as Ecological Democracy. Agroecological practice requires the mixing of multiple crops in the same field - a practice called intercropping, or polyculture. The synergistic interplay among plants and other organisms lead to nutrient cycling that can increase yield drastically. It also nullifies the need for chemical additives such as pesticides because healthy plants can protect themselves from pests. Pest control begins with soil structure rich in organic matter. This type of farming is located in zone 4 because of its proximity to the population. Agroecological process and practice also take into account the distance between consumption and production. This distance is a large component of nutrient cycling as human are considered part of it. Human waste is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen that are essential for plants. All agriculture within this zone are linked to one another and employs nutrition cycling. Seafood is grown through fish farms that employ an aquaponic system. Aquaponics is a combination of fish culture and hydroponics, which operate in a closed-loop system. Fish provide nutrients in the form of “waste”, or excrement which contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Water is continuously

pumped into a grow bed where the plants are located. The plants then remove nutrients from water which effectively cleans it. The clean water is then sent back into the fish tank and then repeats the cycle. This type of system can be emulated in numerous ways and scales. Hydroponics can also be attached to living machines including buildings, as human waste is also rich in ammonia. Vegetables and grains are planted in diverse methods including greenhouse farming. A greenhouse is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. Depending on the need of climate control, greenhouses can be equipped with technological equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for plant growth. There are many ways to plant within a greenhouse including traditional soil top planting, raised bed, hydroponics, and aquaponics. Greenhouse traditional soil top and raised bed planting are much more efficient in comparison to planting without one. It extends the growing season, which results in higher yield per year. With tomatoes, yield can increase by 170% by the use of a greenhouse. It controls pests and drastically decreases the need for pesticide and other chemicals. Since the environment is much more controlled, plants can grow a lot healthier. Water use is also significantly less and can be done through a closed loop system decreasing water cost.

Transportation All zones within the system is networked through a branch system but each has a prominent mode of transportation suitable to its density. A good transportation plan is a good land use plan. Zone 4 is where the second and third branch of the public transportation

Zone 4: City Zone

system takes place. A comprehensive network of both subway and bus lines connect to the regional rapid train system. Since zones are organized based on proximity, multi-modal transportation provides ease of access to any zone. It creates an efficient use of space by offering proper gatekeeping to transportation use. This minimizes the traffic congestion within the city. A subway or bus stop is located within a 5-minute walking radius of any location in the city. Subways stops serve denser populated areas within the city. The bus line acts at the third branch in where it connects the rest of the population with the subway stops. Both transportation methods are powered by renewable resources generated within the city. Biking is also encouraged as a mode of travel within zone 4 through dedicated bike paths along the city. However, biking is much more prominent in zones 3 and below as the distance grows shorter. By providing a multi-modal transportation system, citizens have the option to select a mode that is conducive to their needs based on availability, privacy, and speed. Enabling citizens with choices improves their mental health and sense of autonomy. and sense of autonomy.

Jobs and Occupation Zone 4 houses the primary and secondary sector jobs similar to zone 5. The only difference is in the need of denser population to operate jobs within zone 4. In addition, the city zone also contains hotels and wet markets. Hotels promote tourism and thus attract diversity. They also offer all basic needs and amenities to visitors. As mentioned earlier, traveling costs money as an incentive for generative growth. The

same applies to hotels in where profit is transferred to the city. It is then used to either maintain the hotels or improve the city. This promotes healthy competition between cities, which then creates diversity. Wet markets are in close proximity to agriculture to decrease transportation costs. It is the catch basin for all food produced within zone 4 and 5. Therefore, they are equipped with storage technology that maintain the freshness of the produce. This is vital for food such as meat and dairy in where a cold chain must be kept consistent. Citizens from all over the city travel to the wet market in where they get their weekly supply of food. Since food is a shared resource, they are highly encouraged to only take what they can consume. Otherwise, citizens have to pay a penalty for any food that is wasted. This not only ensures equitable distribution but also environmental protection. Business incubators and innovation labs equipped with professional equipment are placed along zone 4 to promote entrepreneurship and development of new businesses. Once a concept has been approved by the coop, any citizen can make use of shared equipment. Incubators negate business malpractices by promoting the use of proper technology and equipment. They also provide startup companies with services such as management training and office space. Innovation improves efficiency and increases diversity. It also provides citizens with agency to pursue their interests in a controlled space.

Recreation Unlike recreational facilities in zone 5 which acts more like an escape, the city zone provides recreation that strengthens broader

Zone 4: City Zone

social networks and capital. These consists of museums, conference halls, and sport stadiums. Zone 4 has the needed population density to make these amenities cost-efficient. They not only provide space for entertainment but also cultural education.

Healthcare The healthcare facilities are composed of modular mobile units that are shared within the city. Depending on the situation, units can also be shared between cities within the region. These units provide the basic equipment and personnel that all levels of healthcare need. The system is highly efficient as it allows for expansion and natural growth dictated by actual supply and demand. Since they are modular, there are different configurations of these units that correlate with the different levels of healthcare. As previously mentioned, the healthcare system operates within a hierarchy. Zone 4 is home to the tertiary level of care that includes specialized care and treatment of severe cases. This singular facility serves the tertiary care needs of the entire city. Zone 4 houses the tertiary care hospitals which are the main hubs of the mobile units and are in charge of restocking medicine and supplies, maintenance of all equipment, and disposing of medical waste. From these hubs, the mobile units then trickle down through the other levels of healthcare in lower zones. The architecture of these units make it impossible to block the views of one mobile unit to the outside environment. Therefore, each unit must be placed in such a way that it optimizes the view towards nature. Biophilic views have proven to hasten recovery times and calming the moods of patients. This organic system is designed to be resilient through flexibility.

It’s great adaptive capacity allows it to react to almost any scenario including natural disasters and disease outbreaks. Natural disasters can cripple the system by disabling one of the healthcare nodes within the system. In response however, the modular mobile units shift and aggregate towards the afflicted area in where they create a semi-permanent healthcare structure. Unlike tent-like structures, these units provide security, communication, dignified care. This organic system not only reacts to but can also prepare for natural disasters. Based on weather predictions, resource expensive equipment can be transferred in a moment’s notice to avoid damage. When facing an outbreak, diseases spread faster when infected patients travel. In regards to this system, the mobile units move resources towards the infected area, negating the need to travel and isolates the disease.

Education Within Ecological Democracy, education is a basic right and is accessible to all. The applied system consists of three main levels: primary (elementary school), secondary (high school), and tertiary (university). Each city will contain all levels of education. Each level of education has a corresponding zone due to density and need of farther proximity. Universities are located at zone 4 to grow independence within their student population. It also gives them the freedom to freely pursue their interests. Universities also need a larger population density to operate. Universities are specialized per city to keep it efficient and diverse within the region. When a student chooses to study a field that is not offered within their local city university, they have the option to travel. Their travel is sponsored by the government. When in a

Zone 4: City Zone

neighboring city, students are housed in a university hotel in where they have equal access to the same basic rights as locals. Education within all the different levels promote and employ the values of Ecological Democracy. The only standard within education is its non-standardization. There is no concept of grades since there are no shared standards. To create incentives, merits are given instead not based on results but on process performance. It is important to still have standardized testing but those would only be for entering specialized jobs like engineers and healthcare practitioners. They are performed as simulations in where exam takers would get the chance to creatively deal with real scenarios. These simulations can be done using augmented reality technology. Students enjoy education that is tailored to their own individuality. Complex problem solving and critical thinking are employed to provide students with a process-based education. This promotes multi-faceted perspectives that are vital for systems thinking. Universities are closely linked to local jobs and occupations. Since every organization operate within a coop system, students are integrated into one of their choosing in where they learn how they operate. This increases transparency within the system and also promote hands-on education. This apprenticeship system equips students better for the workforce.

Spiritual Different types of spiritual facilities will be placed within zone 4 that equips citizens with spiritual wellness. Since citizens are free of financial and health insecurity, they are less prone to manipulation. People are free to participate with any religion of their choosing. However, these religious organizations are all

composed of the same organizational structure as any other within the Ecological Democracy. They all operate under a coop structure that safeguards its mission as an organization.

Architecture Architecture is an expression and manifestation of values. The sharing of land and equitable access generate a linear structure in where construction takes place on top of the transportation network and mechanical infrastructure. This employs a highly efficient use of space. They must be built with density but still provide each citizen with ample private space to feel comfortable. Each building connects to its adjacent buildings, creating a systemic network that increases economies of scale for both harvesting and generation. Buildings must harvest water and sunlight to generate living systems. Apart from the required linearity, each building must employ context-driven designs. Since buildings are networked, their sum must reach net-positive energy and waste. They must be constructed using only natural materials. Each ecological niche employs different techniques to reach net-positive. This creates a diverse experience for citizens as they travel along the city. Architects must design buildings to employ passive systems that maximize climate control. The spatial planes between linear buildings are reserved for greenspace of different uses. Biological density must be a perquisite for architectural density. Between the built and unbuilt, a bike lane and sidewalk provide both access and views to biophilia, which improves health. These two different types of experiences attract unique kinds of attention: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary attention is the type of attention given when one negotiates with the built environment and makes one more aware of their immediate surrounding. Involuntary attention is the kind we give to nature,

Zone 4: City Zone

which is a more effortless type of attention. This stimulates a more complex mindset as one traverses the city. Â The buildings and greenspace are in a symbiotic relationship in terms of water management and are therefore coupled. They create another closed-loop system in where each system benefit from one another. Their spatial proximity allows one system to make use of the productive and distributive functions of another. Buildings will harvest brown water from rainfall, which will be stored and used by inhabitants. After being used, black water is sent to septic tanks where solid and liquid waste are separated. Both types of waste are rich in nutrients like ammonia that act as fertilizer for plants and will be sent to the greenspaces. Water is then filtered by these greenspaces and sent back to the building as brown water closing the nutrient loop. In totality, buildings achieve ecological balance in where beneficial relationships with all of the elements of its local ecology are mutually sustained. Both abiotic and biotic elements of each unique site are considered within the design process. Through construction, humans play an integral, beneficial role in improving and sustaining the health and vitality of the local ecology. To add to their ecological designs, buildings must also be flexible. The contexts of buildings are prone to change such as its use, technology, and ecological restraints. Buildings within Ecological Design will be able to adapt to these different changes while minimizing costs.

Energy All electricity used within Ecological Democracy will be harvested via renewable sources. The entire built environment acts as a wind and solar harvester. Since all the buildings and infrastructure operate within a shared network, energy at the city scale will be

produced via cogeneration and maximize economies of scale. Panels and turbines are placed at optimal locations. The system is both centralized and decentralized as it is placed in close proximity to each citizen but is controlled and distributed by a central grid. All types of energy harvester employ simple collocation techniques in where they are also used for other purposes. For example, solar panels are also used as noise barriers which is also known as a photovoltaic noise barrier (PVNB). These grid-connected solarpanel arrays are mounted to sound barriers that protect citizens from the noise generated by the manufacturing plants.

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ZONE 3: DISTRICT ZONE (10-minute walking radius)

Zone 3: District Zone

Agriculture

Jobs and Occupations

The district zone agriculture contains grains, vegetables and fruits that are planted via agroecological methods that resemble small forests. They are smaller areas than in zone 4 but are also maintained by farmers that are within the larger coop. Harvested produce within zone 3 are sent directly to individual homes and residents within the district. This type of agriculture is not only a nutrition provider but also a social amenity in where district members can gather.

Farmers that work within zone 3 agriculture who harvest in surplus can sell their produce in the farmer’s market. Farmers markets are where not only farmers sell their fresh produce but also where other citizens can sell finished products. This provides the community with healthy products that are fresh and artisan. It also provides citizens with opportunities to have multiple sources of income by starting a microenterprise. Farmer’s markets promote education of food culture and is a great social amenity for the district. Retail shops are found along zone 3 in where citizens use their hard earned money to lease objects that they desire such as clothing or electronics. Other retail services such as salons and barber shops are also located within zone 3. Zone 3 also provides primary and tertiary sector job, which are service oriented occupations. They provide services to the other job sectors including but not limited to accounting, financial, and legal services. The service sector consists of the “soft” parts of the economy, which is where people offer their knowledge and time to improve productivity, performance, potential, and sustainability of the economy.

Transportation Transportation within this zone are mainly through the use of walking and biking. This improves the health of the population as it promotes personal exercise. All destinations are designed to be accessible through any mode of transportation. In addition to personal modes of transportation, a network of modular self-driving cars or also known as autonomous cars provide another layer and branch to the system. These are driverless cars that use the same technology as the modular health units of the healthcare system. They are capable of sensing the environment and navigating without human input. Since they operate within a network and senses its surrounding, the system minimizes injury to persons. It is only able to do so due to its shared ownership. Individual cars grant citizens access to transportation to those with different needs such as disabilities. It also provides citizens with a more personal mode of transportation for occasions such as grocery shopping or moving furniture. These cars are connected to each individual’s personal computing device and can be hailed at any location within the city.

Recreation Zone 3 houses the densest social capital network within the different zones. Therefore, the recreational facilities within this zone have the most foot traffic. The district scale provides art galleries, cinemas, community pools, sports parks, churches, arcades, and dance clubs. The most important psychological effect of the given density is the way in which it moderates our relationships with other people. Strong, positive relationships are the foundations of happiness.

Zone 3: District Zone

Healthcare The district scale contains the secondary care hospital which provide second tiered healthcare to citizens. Secondary care consists of services beyond primary care services that do not need specialized care which include the ICU, surgical theaters, and such. Patient visits are higher in number when compared to the tertiary care hospital. Ambulatory care is mainly provided by said hospital which is located at optimal distance of any citizen. These secondary hospitals will utilize a triage system for all cases to optimize efficiency and reduce cross contamination. For this triage system, collecting vitals and initial diagnosis are at the forefront of the process to prioritize segregation of patients. The number of secondary care hospitals depend on the density and demographics of the population within the district. As all healthcare in Ecological Democracy, it is still composed of modular mobile units that connect to the other zones of healthcare.

make these decisions by exposing them to different practices and ways of learning in primary school. Just like in the university level, there is no concept of standardized grading. Based on gamification, children are incentivize to solve difficult problems through trial and error using small and consistent incentives. A majority component of wellness is pieced together during a child’s time in school and education. These years are crucial in building up one’s wellness state especially intellectual, emotional, mental, and social. Education must be used as a space to generate wellness within students. This prepares them to be contributing generative citizens within Ecological Democracy.

Education Primary and secondary school will be provided in zone 3 since students are encouraged to live with their parents. Much like the university, these levels of education provide a process-based education that are tailored to each student’s individuality. The difference between the two is their diversity. Primary and secondary schools maintain the same model throughout the different districts that aims to be equitable to all students. Children in primary and secondary school will not be divided by age and batches. They will be grouped based on interest and skill level, and not by age. Classes are organized by requirement but are flexible in cases when students change their minds. Students are recommended to shape their own education. Schools aid them

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ZONE 2: NEIGHBORHOOD ZONE (5-minute walking radius)

Zone 2: Neigborhood Zone

Agriculture

Healthcare

Zone 2 provides citizens agriculture through community gardens, also known as allotment gardens, which are leased single pieces of land that is gardened collectively by a group of people. In essence, community gardens manifest Ecological Democracy. It promotes sharing of resources and knowledge. Citizens are incentivize to use agroecological methods as they try to produce as much with the little land they have. Â Surplus produce from community gardens can be sold at the zone 3 farmers market which again provide citizens with multiple access to income. It also satisfies labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community, and connection to the environment.

Primary care is the level of the healthcare system that provides entry into the entire system. It is the front line of the entire health services system and acts as a conduit to the other branches of medicine. Its practices are organized to meet the needs of patients with undifferentiated problems. Primary care relies on routine checkups and outpatient diagnoses. Therefore, they must be equipped with being able to practice a complete diagnosis for their patients. Among all of the sectors of health care, primary care is the most important due to its preventive nature.Â Â Primary care buildings will be composed purely of the modular mobile units and provide all the necessary services to the neighborhood. Each neighborhood would contain one aggregation of the mobile units but increase in size depending on the population of the neighborhood. These mobile units are shared across different neighborhoods and higher tiered branches of the system to maximize efficiency. Services that are routine such as dentistry will be scheduled as equipment will be circulating throughout the system.

Transportation Zone 2 is measured as a 5-minute walking radius and promotes walking as a means of transportation. Walking improves not only physical health but also social and mental health. Having essential programs placed within this and different zones provide freedom for individuals to make multi-modal transportation decisions.

Recreation Each neighborhood will have a civic hall which also acts as a clubhouse. It is used for civic meetings in where citizens are required to attend to vote for actions regarding the numerous different coops. When not in use by civic activities, it turns into a clubhouse in where citizens reserve it for social functions.

Education Zone 2 consists of education facilities for young children such as pre-school and day-care. These require a smaller ratio of teacher to student and is thus in zone 2. The number of young children education facilities depend on the demographics of the neighborhood population. An eclectic curriculum is used in where there is a diverse approach to education.

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ZONE 1: PERSONAL ZONE (1-minute walking radius)

Zone 1: Personal Zone

Agriculture

Energy

All homes are designed to have a garden either in the interior or on the exterior. These are low-maintenance gardens that provide homeowners with the capability of planting their own herbs and spices. This aids parents communicate the importance of plants and sustainability to their children and family and provide a space for social gathering. Plants ensure a healthy environment for the family.

To ensure that each citizen receives their fair share of energy, there is an energy cap per citizen. If one chooses to exceed that limit, they would have to pay for the additional use of energy. All homes employ smart technology that links all their appliances to the net in where homeowners can maintain and manage their energy use. Monitoring devices scattered throughout the house will keep citizens aware of their energy use and its impact.

Healthcare Healthcare is comprehensive of all scales and manifests itself even at the personal and family zone. Telehealth and health monitoring devices will be accessible to all citizens. Telehealth allows each member of society communicate with their family doctor from their home in case of inquiry and emergency. Monitoring devices on the other hand sends valuable information to their family doctors for better diagnosis.

Architecture Citizens experience different amounts of privacy throughout the many zones. Through architecture and landscape, interactions with strangers are moderated. Architecture within zone 1 must provide retreat from social engagement providing citizens with a diverse experience. People who live in dense areas feel better when they have their own place that they call sanctuary.

DESIGN FRAMEWORK

The values and principles of Ecological Democracy generate a holistic network of systems that then produce designs for the built environment. These designs are not a prescriptive blueprint tied to any actual site but can be adapted to any. They require a vast knowledge on local environmental context. It is a polymorphic framework that simultaneously strives for both universality and locality. Within Ecological Democracy, these are not opposites as it pursues a singular design that can and must be adapted to any location and environment. Its capacity to generate life hinges upon a communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of place or also known as its genius loci, which is created by humanityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s innate diverse self. It has the ability to define its own unique identity through different environmental, cultural and vernacular qualities. Therefore, this design framework is fluid and not rigid. It is like a snowflake; a single formula that spawns chaos and yet maintains order.

Design Framework

CENTRALIZED

DECENTRALIZED

COMBINATION

Main Spatial Principle Diagram

Design Framework

AIRPORT, SEAPORT REGIONAL RECREATIONAL FACILITY CITY ZONE REGIONAL RAIL LINE REGION LINE

Regional Masterplan Framework

Design Framework

REGIONAL MASTERPLAN FRAMEWORK Regions are the largest proximity zone within Ecological Democracy as its scale is appropriate to consider as an ecological ecosystem and boundary. Even though it is evident that ecosystems cannot be clearly defined within a single scale, regions are delineated to create spheres of responsibility. It promotes self-organization and systemic thinking. The size and shape of each region is dictated by the ecological capacity of each location to sustain the different zones and densities of human activity that it houses. These are not political boundaries. Their shape is determined by the resources available, needs of the collective, and their understanding of the land. Regions are large enough to make regional facilities such as airports feasible and they are designed to fully accommodate the population with agriculture and natural capital. Each region contains cities of varying size due to the same aforementioned reason. These are all equally connected via the rapid train system providing mobility. Cities are uniformly unique interconnected places that form the region but simultaneously blurs these same boundaries. Regions are regarded as a tool for harboring ecological stewardship but not as definite boundaries that create segregation.

Design Framework

REGIONAL RAPID TRAIN RAIL AND MAIN STATION

INITIAL EQUALLY DISTANCED GRID

SECONDARY TRANSPORTATION GRID

GRID DENSITY TRANSFORMATION

City Masterplan Framework

Design Framework

CITY MASTERPLAN FRAMEWORK Whilst regions are the basic unit of ecological ecosystems, cities are its human counterpart. Cities embody Ecological Democracy as it provides citizens equal access to a rich life. Discrepancies between natural resources are minimalized through the act of sharing. It promotes its inhabitants to create relationships and communities through shared infrastructure, which can only be achieved by density. Through density, the city is where human life flourishes and relational distances are kept short. This is achieved by optimal mobility in all modes of life. Using Ecological Democracyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s method of dense cities and scalable spatial organization, its citizens are provided with mobility. As a true social contract, citizens are given the choice to opt in or out of each city or region. This principle of freedom is at the core of the design of the city. Therefore, cities within Ecological Democracy are designed to be Transit-Oriented Developments. Its priority is to promote movement of people, their goods and services, and ultimately their ideas. The most important psychological effect of the density cities offer is the way it moderates peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationships with each other. In response, the design of the city is not based on a rigid grid, but rather one that creates different opportunities for variety, whilst maintaining order. This also enables the city to adapt to any topography and environment. Cities in Ecological Democracy are formed from the intersection of the two main railways from the rapid train system that connects all cities within the country. That intersection is the location of the main train station that acts as the center and hub for each city. From there, the city grows and shapes itself according to the

natural conditions of that specific geographic location. This type of radial growth organization allows the city to be flexible. However, currency and available natural resources will dictate its urban growth boundary. This radial growth organization takes form as two superimposed grids. Streets of 600 feet generate the initial rectilinear grid of the city while the second is a larger grid rotated by 45 degree. This second grid is the subway transportation network connecting the main hubs of the city. Each citizen has equitable access to a subway stop within a 15-minute walk. This type of layout enables the linear type of architecture to provide citizens with equitable access to everything the city has to offer. Every location within the city is just two train stops from any other location. Afterwards, the regular city grid transforms based on the transit layout of the city. The density of street networks increase in relation to its proximity to a train and subway stop. The densest street patterns are located within the main trunk subway lines. The different sizes of the grid offer variety in housing, agriculture, and experiences. It provides efficiency in distributing populations with different interests and jobs. The form of the city is the physical manifestation of Ecological Democracy. The perfection of the geometric form symbolizes the perfection of the political order that resides in the city. It harmoniously combines centralization and decentralization using the two overlaying grids. This form provides equity through regularization but also opportunity for different experiences of the city. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity to adapt is testament to the values of Ecological Democracy.

Design Framework

RAPID TRAIN SYSTEM

SUB-WAY SYSTEM

RAPID TRAIN SYSTEM

SUB-WAY SYSTEM

BUS SYSTEM

Transportation System Framework

Design Framework

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FRAMEWORK The transportation system used within Ecological Democracy is multi-modal which empowers its citizens with alternatives and choices for how they move. Each mode of transportation matches the density of each zone making it highly efficient. This multi-modal system operates within a branch network utilizing the rapid train system as its main trunk. This trunk connects each region and city throughout the country. Branching from the trunk is the sub-way system that connects all districts within the city. This subway system has stops that are located at regular intervals making it easy to use. They are organized within the city to be a 15-minute walk at most from any location. These sub-way stops are then connected through various modes of transportation such as buses, networked individual driverless cars, biking, and walking. The branch system is highly efficient through the use of proper gatekeeping. Citizens use the appropriate mode of transportation depending on the distance they are travelling. Furthermore, all types of transportation use renewable resources. Heat generated from the friction caused by transportation is recycled for other purposes.

Design Framework

BUILDING TYPE A HOUSING PRE-SCHOOL PRIMARY HEALTHCARE RETAIL BUS STOP

BUILDING TYPE B OFFICE INDUSTRIAL FACTORY

NEIGHBORHOOD ZONE

BUS STOP

BUILDING TYPE C RECREATIONAL FACILITIES CIVIC HALL & CLUB HOUSE ELEMENTARY & HIGH SCHOOL SECONDARY HEALTHCARE

DISTRICT ZONE

RETAIL BUS STOP SUBWAY STOP

District Masterplan Framework

Design Framework

DISTRICT MASTERPLAN FRAMEWORK The zoning system applied within Ecological Democracy is based on proximity and density. This generates a city as an aggregate of districts. The center of these districts are located every other intersection created by the grid. They occur every 10-minute walking radius (2400 feet). Intersections are highly valuable in creating spaces that generate social capital and innovations. There are three main types of buildings per district. Building type A is mostly a mixed-use residential building that contains a bus stop, retail, primary healthcare facility, pre-school, and housing. Building type B contains a bus stop, industrial factories, and office spaces. These buildings are where small to medium scaled businesses are located. They are multi-storied facilities that are shared by multiple cooperatives. Since they are located at the perimeter of each district, they are also shared among adjacent districts, which create a larger network of social capital. It also ensures that each factory has enough human capital to operate efficiently. The third type, Building type C houses subway stop, bus stop, retail, secondary healthcare facility, elementary and high school, civic hall, club house, and recreational facilities. This center is designed as the most open and social space within a district. It contains the most human activity. Each district center will differ from one another, especially the recreational facilities it contains. Each district within the city contain a full range of labor opportunities that provide citizens with mobility and choice. Furthermore, it strengthens the basic social unit within Ecological Democracy: the family.

Design Framework

GARDEN

LIVING ROOM BEDROOM

UTIL

BATH

DINING

ELEV

KITCHEN

AUXILIARY

Housing Spatial Distribution Framework

A - SINGLE B - DOUBLE C

A + B - TRIPLE C - GARDEN

Housing Unit Layout and Circulation Framework

Design Framework

HOUSING FRAMEWORK Housing within Ecological Democracy employs traditional apartment typology to create consistency and equity. Vertical circulation allows efficient spatial distribution. Apartments come in three different unit sizes to suit the ever changing needs of citizens. Variety results in a unified system that rationally allocates space according to need and function. Since there is no ownership in terms of housing, the system is organic as it prioritizes mobility and efficiency. Each unit has equitable access to amenities regardless of its size, including a garden and an auxiliary space. They blend public and private space to create a full spectrum of activity and respite. The garden provides the homeowners their own individual space to plant herbs and spices. This space becomes a part of the family dynamic as planting techniques and even seeds are passed down through generations. It also provides a natural air filtering system to ensure a healthy living environment. The auxiliary space on the other hand is a semi-shared space in where homeowners can appropriate depending on their interests; may it be a dance studio, woodshop, or playground. It is open for their neighborhoods to use and is a great opportunity for individuals to feel empowered to share their own talents and techniques. The units are arranged bilaterally to provide large sweeping views for all inhabitants. The circulation corridor is placed in between these units and the external faรงade. This space provides an additional opportunity for social interaction that is bathed in light but also as a thermal barrier. In addition, these units are constructed with a double height to ensure sunlight access to the interior space.

Design Framework

ATMOSPHERE

EVAPORATION SOLAR

STORMWATER

WIND

ELECTRICITY

GREY WATER

ELECTRICITY

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

CLEAN WATER LAKE BUILDING FILTERED WATER GREYWATER

BLACKWATER

GARBAGE CLEAN WATER

GREY WATER SEPTIC TANK

INDOOR GARDEN

COMPOSTING

HEAT SOLID WATER WATER RETENTION CENTER

HEAT BIOGAS HEAT AND COOLING

AGRICULTURE

TRANSPORTATION

FRICTION HEAT FILTERED WATER

Energy, Water, and Waste System Framework

Design Framework

ENERGY, WATER, AND WASTE The architecture of buildings differ in every location due to its environment and micro-climate. It employs a passive design which minimizes both energy use and environmental cost. Every building in Ecological Democracy employs a decentralized closed-loop system for its energy, water, and waste management. By utilizing a decentralized system, transmission and piping are shortened making the system much more efficient. All resources used are renewable and buildings must achieve net-zero. This ensures sustainability and resiliency as it less prone to systemic calamity as it is independent and autonomous. However, not all locations within the globe will be able to achieve net-zero per building. If so, then the entire city must be net-zero. All buildings within the city are still connected within a grid that centrally distributes these services that are shared. The scale of the linear building in relation to the greenspace around it is optimal for this kind of closed-loop system. It utilizes a large scale water retention scheme that makes use of several ponds and lakes, which then filters the water for reuse. This is part of the narrative for the landscape.

Agricultural Transect

DEEP SEA FISHING

FISHING

FISH FARM

INDOOR GARDENING

GREENHOUSE FARMING MIXED CROP CULTIVATION SMALL SIZED PLANTATION

GREEN HOUSE FARMING MIXED CROP CULTIVATION MEDIUM SIZED PLANTATIONS VINEYARDS

LARGE SIZED PLANTATIONS LIVESTOCK PASTURES

TREE FARMING FREE RANGE LIVESTOCK

GATHERING

Design Framework

AGRICULTURE Within Ecological Democracy exists a transect for agriculture in where different zones and scales provide its diverse citizens with access. Depending on their occupation, each citizen can interact with different levels of agriculture that coincides with their lifestyle. Organizing agriculture in this method also ensures sustainability for both its people and the natural environment. The transect can be applied to any location but must be adapted to the specific environment.

Design Framework

REGIONAL MINISTRY OF HEALTH

CITY TERTIARY HOSPITAL

DISTRICT SECONDARY HOSPITAL

NEIGHBORHOOD PRIMARY CLINIC

SERVICES

NEIGHBORHOOD CLINIC

DISTRICT HOSPITAL

Primary Secondary Tertiary Maternal and Child Health Outpatient Treatment Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Short Stay Monitoring Laboratory Inpatient Treatment Operating Department Emergency Department Specialized Consultations Morgue Intensive Care Unit Medical Imaging Recommended Required

Healthcare System Hierarchy

CITY HOSPITAL

Design Framework

HEALTHCARE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION Very much like the transportation system, the healthcare system of Ecological Democracy utilizes a branch system. The Regional Ministry of Health is responsible for gathering health data within the region then allocation resources based on said information. They continuously monitor disease burdens and trends of illnesses. The City Tertiary Hospital offers all services from Primary to Tertiary care and is reserved for people in real need within the city. The District Secondary Hospitals on the other hand houses the services most often needed by a community. The Primary Neighborhood Clinic that is located per neighborhood serves the population with all their daily primary care needs such as check-ups and consultations. It is highly efficient because of the same gatekeeping principle as the transportation system. Only patients that need specialized care will be sent to the tertiary hospital while the rest goes through the system. The system is composed of both fixed architecture and modular mobile units. These modular mobile units contain primary care services that travel on the same road as the transportation system. This system enables healthcare to share resources and information.

Design Framework

ORGANIZATIONS VOLUNTEERS DOCTORS STUDENTS MEDICINE

OFFICES SECONDARY CARE TERTIARY CARE UNIVERSITY INFORMATION HUB

CITY TERTIARY HOSPITAL

STOCKROOM

NEIGHBORHOOD PRIMARY CLINIC

DISTRICT HOSPITAL

Healthcare Infrastructure Network

PRIMARY CARE MODULAR MOBILE UNITS NUTRITION

MINOR SURGERIES

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

VACCINATION

INFECTION

DISASTER MEDICINE

ACUTE INJURIES

RECEPTION

CHRONIC DISEASES

TOILET

Design Framework

HEALTHCARE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM The infrastructure system of the healthcare system operates in the same manner as the organization. This organic system allows for expansion and retraction dictated by both supply and demand. Since it is modular, it allows for different permutations of service delivery based on the health needs of a community. The City Tertiary Hospital can be found at the main train station of the city. This enables it to share its resource with different cities effectively. The District Hospital is located within Building Type C and thus can be found in every district. These two facilities are reserved mostly for inpatient procedures and emergencies. Most primary care services will be offered in the Neighborhood Primary Clinic which is found in every Building Type Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. These services are mostly carried out by modular mobile health units or MHU which are shared across the system. All healthcare related resources within the city are centrally housed at the City Tertiary Hospital. They are in charge of distribution and allocation of said resources. The MHU carry all the necessary supplies and personnel from the City Tertiary Hospital to both the District Hospital and the Neighborhood Primary Clinic. This enables the system to provide equal access to the same standard of healthcare throughout the city.

Design Framework

SYSTEM

NATURAL DISASTER

disease outbreak

SYSTEM

OUTBREAK

Healthcare Adaptive Capacity

REACTION TO DISASTER

moment of isolation

REACTION TO OUTBREAK

Design Framework

HEALTHCARE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY Adaptive capacity is defined as the capacity of a system to adapt if the environment where the system exists is changing. It’s a systems ability to adjust to disturbances, moderate potential damage, takes advantage of opportunities, and copes with the consequences of the occurring transformation. It can be enhanced by: learning to live with change and uncertainty, nurturing diversity for resilience, combining different types of knowledge for learning, and creating opportunity for self-organization towards social-ecological sustainability. Using said metrics, the organic healthcare system of Ecological Democracy has an optimal level of adaptive capacity. It can respond to any scenario as it is both research-based and organic. It has the ability to define and shape itself. It can adapt to both natural disasters and disease outbreaks. During a natural disaster, reaction is quick due to the inherent modularity and constant motion of the MHU’s. When one area gets struck by a natural disaster and cripples its infrastructure, the MHU’s react and shift. They can be transported in almost any means necessary, and when they do they aggregate and form a semi-permanent health structure. These units are equipped with all the required equipment and personnel to deliver dignified care provided by the nearest capable City District Hospital. Not only does the system react to natural disasters, it also prepares for it. Meteorologists can predict the weather to a certain extent. The healthcare system can brace for the impact of a natural disaster by displacing units in the predicted affected area to decrease loss of equipment and personnel. Similar to the natural disaster scenario, the MHU’s can move resources to deal with specific issues such as disease outbreaks. These are carefully monitored by the Regional Ministry of Health. For this kind of scenario, the system needs to quickly isolate the disease. Transportation and movement of infected patients must be hastily prohibited to cease the spread.

Design Framework

8’

5’

10’

CLINICAL ROOM PLAN

CHEMICAL LABORATORY PLAN

RADIOLOGY ROOM PLAN

PHARMACY PLAN

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM PLAN

9’6”

10’

9’6”

10’

CLINICAL ROOM ELEVATION

9’6”

CHEMICAL LABORATORY ELEVATION

10’

RADIOLOGY ROOM ELEVATION

A B C D E F G H I J

P O

Y X

10’

PHARMACY ELEVATION

K L

N U

M T

N O P Q R

R S

M L

E D B

A H

Modular Mobile Health Unit (MHU)

S T U V X Y

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM ELEVATION

STAINLESS STEEL SOUND DEADNING BOARD SOUND DEADNING MAT PLASTIC PANEL STYROFOAM INSULATION GALVANIZED STEEL COLUMN GALVANIZED STEEL STILTS STAINLESS STEEL BRACING CAP FOLDABLE EDGE STRUCTURE STEEL FRAMED DOUBLE PANEL TOP-HUNG CASEMENT WINDOW VENEERED STRIP PARQUET VEENER COVERED GYPSUM BOARD FURNITURE VEENER COVERED GYPSUM BOARD SHELVINGS LED LIGHTING WATERPROOF PANELING DOUBLE PANE SKYLIGHT PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL STAINLESS STEEL GARBAGE VESTIBULE WATER TANK BATTERY ADDITIONAL BED STORAGE VENTILATION FANS AIR CONDITIONER TELECOM SATELITE

Design Framework

MODULAR MOBILE HEALTH UNIT (MHU) All MHUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are designed to function as independent units that can operate autonomously. Each one is equipped with: skylights to enhance user experience, photo-voltaic panels to lengthen operation time, large apertures to improve transparency and enhance user experience, foldable edges to improve structure and create different aggregation vernacular, ventilation fans to increase air circulation, air conditioning to keep interior space dry and cool which increases user experience, water tank to provide clean water, battery that recharges at the docking station, and a garbage vestibule that is decontaminated in a docking station which resolves hazardous waste. They are transported from one place to another using the same technology and system of the self-driving cars. Unlike every other design and architecture within Ecological Democracy, MHUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are all designed in a uniform fashion. They are designed to be part of a network that relies on its consistency due to the nature of how it aggregates.

Design Framework

AGGREGATE TYPE A

CLINICAL ROOM

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM

CLINICAL ROOM

RADIOLOGY ROOM

CLINICAL ROOM

CHEMICAL LABORATORY

CLINICAL ROOM

PHARMACY/ADMISSIONS

MHU Disaster Aggregation

PHARMACY/ADMISSIONS

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM

CLINICAL ROOM

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM

CLINICAL ROOM

CHEMICAL LABORATORY

RADIOLOGY ROOM

ISOLATION/RECOVERY ROOM

AGGREGATE TYPE B

Design Framework

MHU DISASTER AGGREGATION The MHUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s can aggregate in numerous different ways depending on the situation and the extent of the disaster. The first type of aggregation makes use of the MHUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foldable edges to create a curve-like structure. Undulating forms, wave motions, and nonlinearity are crucial and omnipresent in nature. It has proven to hasten patient recovery. The curved path allows patients to engage with the architecture more actively. This type of aggregation is designed for small demand areas where a waiting area is unnecessary. It has the capacity to keep aggregating and form a panopticon. The second type of aggregation takes advantage of the folding doors to create a wide hallway from the negative space in-between units. This type of aggregation is optimal for larger demand areas in where transparency is essential. Since units are facing each other, nurses and doctors can respond to emergency situations quicker. The transparency leads to optimization of the system and decreases amount of needed practitioners on site. Large hallway can also be used to house the waiting room or can be made to a recreational space.

Calabarzon Region, Philippines

SITE SIMULATION

For the purpose of this thesis, a real geographic site was chosen to simulate the values, systems, and frameworks of Ecological Democracy. This site is treated as a tabula rasa which negates any context aside from natural conditions. The Calabarzon Region of the Philippines was chosen to test the manifesto as it contains a variety of topographical elements such as volcanoes, flat planes and lakes. Calabarzon or also known as Region IV-A is situated in the southwestern part of Luzon. This region is composed of 5 provinces which collectively house a total of 20 cities. Its current regional boundaries is about 6,300 square miles which will be altered during simulation to fit the appropriate regional scale of Ecological Democracy.

Site Simulation

15 mi

Region Masterplan Simulation 76

Site Simulation

2 mi

Region Masterplan Simulation 77

Site Simulation

1 mi

Calamba City Simulation 78

CITY SIMULATION SITE: CALAMBA CITY Calamba City was chosen to test the feasibility of the city scale design framework spawned from the values of Ecological Democracy. This specific city was chosen for its adjacency to a lake and mountain side wherein both are at risk of unsustainability. The large flat plain in between is an ideal opportunity to test reconcilement of human settlement with its natural environment.

Site Simulation

1 mi

>5ft High Flood Hazard 1.5-5ft Moderate Flood Hazard 0.3-1.5ft Low Flood Hazard

Flood Hazard Site Analysis 80

Site Simulation

1 mi

No Dwelling Zone Build with Slope Protection Build Only with Continuous Monitoring

Landslide Hazard Site Analysis 81

Site Simulation

1 mi

Annual Variation June Solstice December Solstice

Sun Path Site Analysis 82

Site Simulation

1 mi

Inceptisols Vertisols Ultisols Mollisols Alfisols

Soil Type Site Analysis 83

Site Simulation

1 mi

100

Temperature / Relative Humidity

0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Precipitation (in) Max Temp (°F) Average Temp (°F) Minimum Temp (°F) Relative Humidity (%) Daylength (Hours) Wet Days (>0.004 in) Average Sunlight Hours / Day Average Wind Speed / Beaufort

Climate Site Analysis 84

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Precipitation / Wet Days / Sunlight / Daylength / Wind Speed

SITE ANALYSIS Mapping the flood hazard levels of the site shows that it is susceptible to 1.5 to 5 feet of flooding. These are mainly caused by the many rivers that flow across the site. Site was chosen to proximity of rivers to provide source of water. Flooding will add to the design constraints of the simulation. Spatial analysis of landslide hazards reveal that the site is not in proximity of any â&#x20AC;&#x153;no dwelling zonesâ&#x20AC;?. There are some small areas within the site wherein construction have to be reinforced with slope protection. The soil type analysis shows that the city will be built mostly on top of vertisol soil, which has a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-munching, where the material consistently mixes itself. The natural vegetation of vertisols is grassland, savanna, or grassy woodland. The heavy texture and unstable behavior of the soil makes it difficult for many tree species to grow, and forest is uncommon. When irrigation is available, crops such as cotton, wheat, sorghum and rice can be grown. Climate analysis of the site showcases the drastic variations in its precipitation and number of wet days. This natural phenomena with the soil type vertisol provides a sustainability challenge.

1 mi

City Grid Simulation 86

Site Simulation

CITY SIMULATION PHASE 1 Firstly, the design framework proposed generates a grid that is overlaid on site. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s geographic epicenter, which is the intersection of the railways is positioned based on site analysis. It is located at the most stable land in where it also has the ability to radially grow outwards equally. The number of streets and blocks are based on the carrying capacity of the environment to sustain the basic standard of living of the population it houses. The orientation of the grid is based on the contour of the topography.

1 mi

City Grid Simulation 2 88

Site Simulation

CITY SIMULATION PHASE 2 The next phase of the design framework transforms the initial grid based on the transit layout of the city. The density of street network increases in relation to its proximity to a train and subway stop. The densest street patterns are located within the main trunk subway lines. The different sizes of the grid offer variety in housing, agriculture, and experiences. It provides efficiency in distributing populations with different interests and jobs.

1 mi

City Grid Site Adaptation 90

Site Simulation

CITY SIMULATION PHASE 3 The standardized grid is then adapted to the site based on its natural ecology. As all design frameworks within Ecological Democracy, the grid provides flexibility in a rigid manner. The limited methods of manipulation ensure strict application of the design framework. The grid conforms to the shape of the river and the topography. It then extends towards the river to provide citizens access to aquaculture. The subway lines stay consistent as it travels underneath the rivers. City scale facilities such as universities disrupt the pattern, adding to the diversity and complexity of each city.

1 mi

City Figure Ground 92

Site Simulation

CITY SIMULATION PHASE 4 Next, a figure ground is applied to the adapted grid. This figure ground is based on the standardized building typologies provided by the framework. Manipulations of the standard grid will create discrepancies in the pattern of building typologies. It is up to the discretion of the city cooperative to determine how to proceed in placing additional buildings.

1 mi

Main Train Stop University Fishing Agriculture Mining Building Type C Building Type B Building Type A

City Zoning 94

Site Simulation

CITY ZONING All zoning within Ecological Democracy is based on proximity. Therefore, zoning within the city is categorized using the building typologies. However, the Building Type Câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s at the perimeter are reserved for the primary sector industry. The types of industries they house are based on the adjacent natural resources. The west side of the city will be reserved for the mining and logging industry as it stands next to a mountain that is rich with minerals and forests. The north and south side will be used for the agricultural sector such as food processing. They are adjacent to flatland which is used for growing and collecting food. Lastly, the east side which faces the lake is used for fresh water fishing and fish farming.

1 mi

Subway Stop Minor Branch Subway Rail Main Trunk Subway Rail

City Subway Transportation Network 96

Site Simulation

CITY TRANSPORTATION NETWORK The transportation network system of the city is generated using the design framework. Since cities are designed to be transit-oriented, the street and population density increases in proximity to a subway stop. These stops are located to not be farther than a 15-minute walk from any point in the city. The organization of the network is such that each passenger only needs one transfer to reach the main central terminal. This initial network is complimented with a robust rapid bus system and automated cars. The train stations also act as nodes for the transportation of goods and services such as the Modular Mobile Health Units across the city and the region.

Site Simulation

Site Aerial Rendering

Site Simulation

100

Site Simulation

BUILDING TYPE A This is the most common typology within the city and each operate under the neighborhood zone. Building Type Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contain a bus stop, retail, primary healthcare center, pre-school, and housing. The housing units are designed to provide its residents with an environment that is conducive to a healthy lifestyle. The varying levels of privacy provides citizens with a range of social interactions giving them choice. This gradient is further extended towards each unit where there is a clear division between public and private spaces. The public spaces have a double height elevating the sense of crowding. The emphasis on the living room, dining room, and kitchen showcases the family unit as the basic unit of Ecological Democracy. As per the framework, each housing unit within the building has its own garden space that acts as the agriculture within zone 2. The garden regulates temperature throughout the building through evapotranspiration creating a more comfortable living environment. It is also geared towards the health of the occupants by filtering the air, provides healthy views to the natural environment, and gives access to healthy produce. Residents can use this green space to plant their own fruits, herbs, and spices. This free appropriation of space allows citizens to have a sense of autonomy. To that end, each unit also has access to an auxiliary space in where they are also free to appropriate. The auxiliary space can be turned into anything that the occupants deem desirable including a dance studio, art studio, wood shop, and more. These are openly shared to the neighbors which builds more social capital. This space creates a third place, different from the home and work. The built familiarity of neighbors creates an overall sense of safety and mitigates psychosocial stress associated with isolation. Building Type A also contains a heat chimney which creates a passive force ventilation which removes the heat from living area. This heat chimney is located right behind the kitchen which takes advantage of the additional heat cooking creates. Fresh air is distribution promotes healthy living conditions.

101

Site Simulation

3D View 1

Building Type A Section Perspective

102

Site Simulation

Building Type A Elevation Perspective

103

Site Simulation

104

Site Simulation

PEDESTRIAN LANE

25' - 0"

MHU DOCKING BAY

25' - 0"

PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTER

25' - 0"

SIDEWALK

25' - 0"

9 SERVICE LANE

25' - 0"

8 AUTONOMOUS CAR STOP

25' - 0"

7 BUS AND AUTONOMOUS CAR LANE

CIRCULATION CORE

25' - 0"

COUNTERFLOW AND EMERGENCY LANE

RETAIL

25' - 0"

Building Type A Lower Ground Floorplan 105

Site Simulation

25' - 0"

106

25' - 0"

A4 3

A3 1

Building Type A 5th Level Floorplan

A2 A1

Site Simulation

25' - 0"

A4 3

A3 1

A2 A1

Building Type A 6th Level Floorplan

107

Site Simulation

25' - 0"

108

25' - 0"

A4 3

A3 1

Building Type A 17th Level Floorplan

A2 A1

Site Simulation

25' - 0"

A4 3

A3 1

A2 A1

Building Type A 18th Level Floorplan

109

Site Simulation

Level 29 280' - 0" Level 28 270' - 0" Level 27 260' - 0" Level 26 250' - 0" Level 25 240' - 0" Level 24 230' - 0" Level 23 220' - 0" Level 22 210' - 0" Level 21 200' - 0" Level 20 190' - 0" Level 19 180' - 0" Level 18 170' - 0" Level 17 160' - 0"

Level 16 150' - 0" Level 15 140' - 0" Level 14 130' - 0" Level 13 120' - 0" Level 12 110' - 0" Level 11 100' - 0" Level 10 90' - 0" Level 9 80' - 0" Level 8 70' - 0" Level 7 60' - 0" Level 6 50' - 0" Level 5 40' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0"

Building Type A Section B1

110

Site Simulation

Building Type A Section B2

111

Site Simulation

Level 17 160' - 0" Level 16 150' - 0" Level 15 140' - 0" Level 14 130' - 0" Level 13 120' - 0" Level 12 110' - 0" Level 11 100' - 0" Level 10 90' - 0" Level 9 80' - 0" Level 8 70' - 0" Level 7 60' - 0" Level 6 50' - 0" Level 5 40' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0"

Building Type A Section B3

112

Site Simulation

Building Type A Section B4

113

Site Simulation

28 28

29 29

Level 19 19 180' - 0"

Level 18 18 170' - 0"

Level 17 17 160' - 0"

Level 16 16 150' - 0"

Level 15 15 140' - 0"

Building Type A Section C1

114

Site Simulation

Level 19 19 Level 180' 180' -- 0" 0"

Level 18 18 Level 170' 170' -- 0" 0"

Level Level 17 17 160' -- 0" 0" 160'

Level Level 16 16 150' -- 0" 0" 150'

Level 15 15 Level 140' 140' -- 0" 0"

Building Type A Section C2

115

Site Simulation

Level Level 19 19 180' -- 0"

Level Level 18 18 170' -- 0"

Level Level 17 17 160' -- 0"

Level Level 16 16 150' -- 0"

Level Level 15 15 140' -- 0"

Building Type A Section C3

116

Site Simulation

19 Level 19 180' - 0"

18 Level 18 170' - 0"

17 Level 17 160' - 0"

16 Level 16 150' - 0"

15 Level 15 140' - 0"

Building Type A Section C4

117

Site Simulation

BALCONY

3 BEDROOM UNIT LIVING ROOM GREY WATER

SHARED B SPAC HERB GARDEN

RAIN WATER H

WATER FILTRATION

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL HALL

Building Type A Balcony Rendered Section Perspective 118

Site Simulation

BALCONY CE

HARVESTING

VERTICAL LOUVERS

119

Site Simulation

KITCHEN AUXILIARY SPACE

DINING ROOM TOILET BATHROOM

WASHING

CABINET LIVING ROOM

BEDROOM 1

BEDROOM 2 GARDEN

Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Lower Floorplan

120

PANTRY

Site Simulation

BATHROOM

STUDY

WALK-IN CLOSET

MASTERS BEDROOM

BALCONY

Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Upper Floorplan

121

Site Simulation

AUXILIARY SPACE

KITCHEN

WASH

DINING ROOM BATHROOM

WASH BATHROOM

DINING ROOM

LIVING ROOM

BEDROOM 1 LIVING ROOM

GARDEN

Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Lower Floorplan

122

Site Simulation

BATHROOM

BATHROOM BALCONY

MASTERS BEDROOM

Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Upper Floorplan

123

Site Simulation

Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Interior Rendering

124

Site Simulation

Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Interior Rendering

125

Site Simulation

126

Site Simulation

BUILDING TYPE B Building Type B contains a bus stop, retail, offices, and small factories. It has an open floorplan that can be adapted to any kind of business. Its scale allows the leaser to adapt it to their specific needs. It also opens up the space for more cross business interactions. All business and cooperatives are incentives to have an office as it promotes face to face interactions which are much more productive. As with all buildings in Ecological Democracy, it is part of a sustainable food system, walkable environment, and active transportation infrastructure which increases workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health on and off the job. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s passive systems including cooling through ventilation and daylighting control generates a healthy and productive working environment. The buildings proximity to each home provide workers with choices such as walking back home to have lunch with family. This type of access and environment generate a working environment not based on hours in the office but focus more on tasks. This fluidity of working hours create a more efficient use of time.

127

Site Simulation

Level 17

280' - 0"

Level 16 260' - 0"

Level 15 240' - 0"

Level 14 220' - 0"

Level 13 200' - 0"

Level 12 180' - 0"

Level 11 160' - 0"

Level 10 140' - 0"

Level 9 120' - 0"

Level 8 100' - 0"

Level 7 80' - 0"

Level 6 60' - 0"

Level 5 40' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0"

Building Type B Elevation

128

Site Simulation

Building Type B Section Perspective

129

Site Simulation

PEDESTRIAN LANE UP

SIDEWALK UP

BUS AND AUTONOMOUS CAR LANE

SERVICE LANE

40' - 0"

COUNTERFLOW AND EMERGENCY LANE

40' - 0"

CIRCULATION CORE

40' - 0"

RETAIL

40' - 0"

Building Type B Ground Level Floorplan 130

Site Simulation

SHARED BALCONY

ATRIUM CIRCULATION

ATRIUM UP

CIRCULATION CORE

OFFICE SPACE

Building Type B 5th Level Floorplan 131

Site Simulation

132

Site Simulation

BUILDING TYPE C Building Type C houses most of the social activity within each district and acts as its central hub. The programs within includes a subway stop, bus stop, retail, Secondary School, Secondary Healthcare Center, Auditorium, Sports Facilities, and Offices. Since Ecological Democracy decreases the spread of illness, the Secondary Healthcare Center mostly focuses on inpatient care. It is designed using two main triage sequences: emergency and main. The center has a two-axis corridor that divides the intensive care unit and the outpatient surgical services. Intensive care has multiple entrances using the MHU docking bay. MHUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s act as the ambulatory system and connects the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Healthcare system. It transfers patients depending on their needs. Emergency patients are either transferred or admitted. Those that are transferred from a Primary Healthcare Center enter the building through the MHU docking bay. Others go through the main lobby in where everyone receives an immediate triage check-up in which determines their destination. Immediate triage is important for decreasing cross-contamination and hospital in-borne diseases. The Secondary School on the other hand is designed to accommodate students ranging from 5 to 18 years of age. It has rooms designed for separate disciplines and pedagogies but also space in where they merge. Since it is a shared space, the school is also open to everyone. This allows the schools facilities such as the auditorium, dance studio, and laboratories to be used by anyone within Ecological Democracy. In between the school and the offices above are sports facilities shared by everyone in the district. This includes a gym, swimming pool, tennis court, basketball court, and an indoor football field. These differing programs are layered within a single building to flow with one another providing opportunities for cross innovations. This is made possible by the sharing of space.

133

Site Simulation

OFFICES

INDOOR COURTS AND GYM

AUDITORIUM

MULTI-FUNCTIONAL CLASSROOMS DESIGN, ARTS, AND SCIENCE LABS

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER PATIENT CARE UNITS

PERFORMING ARTS CLASSROOMS

ADMIN OFFICE

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER DIAGNOSTICS

RETAIL

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER LOBBY AND ICU

LIBRARY

MHU DOCKING BAY

SECONDARY SCHOOL CANTEEN

SUBWAY STATION

Building Type C Building Axonometric 134

Site Simulation

Building Type C Section Perspective

135

Site Simulation

1 40' - 0"

2 40' - 0"

3 40' - 0"

4 40' - 0"

5 40' - 0"

6 40' - 0"

7 40' - 0"

8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

Building Type C Third Sub-Level Floorplan 136

Site Simulation

1 40' - 0"

2 40' - 0"

3 40' - 0"

4 40' - 0"

5 40' - 0"

6 40' - 0"

7 40' - 0"

8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

Building Type C Second Sub-Level Floorplan 137

Site Simulation

1 40' - 0"

2 40' - 0"

3 40' - 0"

4 40' - 0"

5 40' - 0"

6 40' - 0"

7 40' - 0"

8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

Building Type C First Sub-Level Floorplan 138

Site Simulation

CIRCULATION CORE

PEDESTRIAN LANE COUNTERFLOW AND EMERGENCY LANE

RETAIL SIDE WALK

AUTOMATED CAR AND BUS LANE AUTOMATED CAR STOP

1 40' - 0"

2 40' - 0"

3 40' - 0"

4 40' - 0"

5 40' - 0"

6 40' - 0"

7 40' - 0"

8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER FIRST LEVEL

SECONDARY SCHOOL FIRST LEVEL

Building Type C Ground Level Floorplan 139

Site Simulation

FOOD PROCESSING AND SERVING FLOW DISHWASHING AND GARBAGE FLOW

CAFETERIA AND PUBLIC INFORMAL SPACE FOOD SERVING AREA DISHWASHING HANDWASHING SHARED COOKING GARBAGE DISPOSAL VEGETABLE PROCESSING WALK-IN CHILLER AND FREEZER STORAGE PRIMARY PROCESSING SEAFOOD PROCESSING MEAT PROCESSING DELIVERY INGRESS 140

Secondary School Ground Level Floorplan

Site Simulation

EMERGENCY FLOW PATIENT FLOW VISITOR FLOW

WAITING AREA CHECK-IN COUNTER AND INITIAL TRIAGE PROCESSING OUT-PATIENT AND VISITOR CIRCULATION CORE MEDICAL GARBAGE SEPARATION AND DISPOSAL PAEDIATRIC ROOM INTENSIVE CARE UNIT OPERATING THEATER PREP ROOM OPERATING THEATER HEALTHCARE WORKER CORE MHU DOCKING BAY

Secondary Healthcare Center Ground Level Floorplan

141

Site Simulation

Ground Level Secondary School Interior Rendering

142

Site Simulation

Ground Level Secondary Healthcare Center Interior Rendering

143

Site Simulation

RETAIL

1 40' - 0"

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SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER SECOND LEVEL

SECONDARY SCHOOL SECOND LEVEL

Building Type C 2nd Level Floorplan 145

Site Simulation

COMPUTER AND QUIET AREA MAIN COLLECTION READING AREA INFORMATION DESK MEETING ROOM COMMUNITY ROOM

146

Secondary School 2nd Level Floorplan

Site Simulation

OUT-PATIENT AND VISITOR CIRCULATION CORE DOCTORS AND NURSES OFFICE PATHOLOGY LABORATORY SPECIALIZED DIAGNOSTICS ROOM

Secondary Healthcare Center 2nd Level Floorplan

147

Second Level Secondary School Interior Rendering

148

Second Level Secondary Healthcare Center Interior Rendering

149

Site Simulation

RETAIL

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6 40' - 0"

40' - 0"

8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER THIRD LEVEL

SECONDARY SCHOOL THIRD LEVEL

Building Type C 3rd Level Floorplan 151

Site Simulation

ADMIN OFFICES GUIDANCE COUNSELOR MEETING AREA OFFICE LOUNGE

152

Secondary School 3rd Level Floorplan

Site Simulation

NURSE STATION OUT-PATIENT AND VISITOR CIRCULATION CORE PATIENT CARE UNIT NURSE CHECK-UP COUNTER DOCTORS OFFICE

Secondary Healthcare Center 3rd Level Floorplan

153

Site Simulation

AUDITORIUM LOUNGE AND GALLERY

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8 40' - 0"

9 40' - 0"

10 40' - 0"

MUSIC CLASSROOM

DRAMA CLASSROOM

DANCE STUDIO

STUDENT LOUNGE

ATRIUM

TEACHERS OFFICE

SHARED BALCONY

Building Type C 4th Level Floorplan 154

Site Simulation

AUDITORIUM LOUNGE AND GALLERY

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10 40' - 0"

MUSIC CLASSROOM BALCONY

DRAMA CLASSROOM BALCONY

DANCE STUDIO BALCONY

TEACHERS OFFICE

ATRIUM

Building Type C 5th Level Floorplan 155

Site Simulation

AUDITORIUM ART ROOM

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3 40' - 0"

4 40' - 0"

5 40' - 0"

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7 40' - 0"

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10 40' - 0"

SCIENCE LABORATORY

WOOD SHOP

DESIGN STUDIO

METAL SHOP

ATRIUM

TEACHERS OFFICE STUDENT LOUNGE

Building Type C 6th Level Floorplan 156

Site Simulation

AUDITORIUM CLASSROOM

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CLASSROOM

WOOD SHOP BALCONY

CLASSROOM

METAL SHOP BALCONY

ATRIUM

TEACHERS OFFICE

Building Type C 7th Level Floorplan 157

Site Simulation

ATRIUM OFFICE AND STOCKROOM AUDITORIUM GYM

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7 40' - 0"

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TENNIS COURT BASKETBALL COURT

CHANGING ROOM

INDOOR FOOTBALL FIELD

LOUNGE AND OFFICE

SHARED BALCONY

Building Type C 8th Level Floorplan 158

Site Simulation

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OFFICE SPACE ATRIUM SHARED BALCONY

Building Type C 14th - 25th Level Floorplan 159

Site Simulation

11 Level 25 240' - 0" Level 24 230' - 0" Level 23 220' - 0" Level 22 210' - 0" Level 21 200' - 0" Level 20 190' - 0" Level 19 180' - 0" Level 18 170' - 0" Level 17 160' - 0" Level 16 150' - 0" Level 15 140' - 0" Level 14 130' - 0" Level 13 120' - 0" Level 12 110' - 0" Level 11 100' - 0" Level 10 90' - 0" Level 9 80' - 0" Level 8 70' - 0" Level 7 60' - 0" Level 6 50' - 0" Level 5 40' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0" Sub-Level 1 -10' - 0" Sub-Level 2 -20' - 0" Sub-Level 3 -30' - 0" Sub-Level 4 -40' - 0" Sub-Level 5 -50' - 0"

Building Type C Section B1

160

Site Simulation

Building Type C Section B2

161

Site Simulation

Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0" Sub-Level 1 -10' - 0" Sub-Level 2 -20' - 0" Sub-Level 3 -30' - 0" Sub-Level 4 -40' - 0" Sub-Level 5 -50' - 0"

Building Type C Section B3

162

Site Simulation

22 Level 25 240' - 0" Level 24 230' - 0" Level 23 220' - 0" Level 22 210' - 0" Level 21 200' - 0" Level 20 190' - 0" Level 19 180' - 0" Level 18 170' - 0" Level 17 160' - 0" Level 16 150' - 0" Level 15 140' - 0" Level 14 130' - 0" Level 13 120' - 0" Level 12 110' - 0" Level 11 100' - 0" Level 10 90' - 0" Level 9 80' - 0" Level 8 70' - 0" Level 7 60' - 0" Level 6 50' - 0" Level 5 40' - 0" Level 4 30' - 0" Level 3 20' - 0" Level 2 10' - 0" Level 1 0' - 0" Sub-Level 1 -10' - 0" Sub-Level 2 -20' - 0" Sub-Level 3 -30' - 0" Sub-Level 4 -40' - 0" Sub-Level 5 -50' - 0"

Building Type C Section B4

163

Site Simulation

Level 6 50' - 0"

Level 5 40' - 0"

Level 4 30' - 0"

Level 3 20' - 0"

Level 2 10' - 0"

Level 1 0' - 0"

Building Type C Section C1 - Secondary School

164

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Level 6 50' - 0"

Level 5 40' - 0"

Level 4 30' - 0"

Level 3 20' - 0"

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Level 1 0' - 0"

Building Type C Section C2 - Secondary Healthcare Center

165

Site Simulation

OFFICES

TENNIS

RETAIL

SECONDARY SCHOOL SEPTIC TANK

166

ELECTR COMMU

Site Simulation

INDOOR FOOTBALL

DANCE STUDIO

SECONDARY HEALTHCARE CENTER MHU DOCKING BAY

RICAL AND UNICATIONS

SUBWAY SYSTEM

167 Building Type C Section Perspective Rendering

Site Simulation

168

Site Simulation

1 mi

Masterplan Selection 169

Site Simulation Simulation Site

Masterplan 170

Selection A

Site Site Simulation Simulation

171

Site Simulation

BUILDING TYPE A

BUILDING TYPE B

BUILDING TYPE C

MEDIUM-SIZED PLANTATION

LARGE SIZED PLANTATION

URBAN FOREST

Masterplan Selection A Aerial Rendering

Site Simulation

SPORTS FIELD

SOCIAL SPACE

RETENTION POND

GREENHOUSE

Site Simulation

NATURAL CORRIDORS

AGRICULTURE

GREY WATER

RIPERIAN PLAN

RETENTION POND

Masterplan Selection A Rendered Perspective A

174

Site Simulation

SOCIAL SPACE AGRICULTURE

OXBOW LAKE

ATURAL BOUNDARY

DENSE FOREST

NTS

175

Site Simulation

Masterplan Selection A Rendered Perspective B

176

Site Simulation

177

Site Simulation

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

MULTI-LAYERED SPACES

RAPID BUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMOUS CAR SYSTEM

RETAIL

PERMEABLE PAVING

PERMEABLE ASPHALT

STONE SEEP

GREY WATER BLACK WATER

SEPTIC TANK

SOLIDS REMOVAL

MAIN WATER PIPE ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATIONS FOUNDATION

SUBWAY SYSTEM 178

PV SOLAR HARVESTING

Site Simulation

DECENTRALIZED ELECTRIC GRID

ANIMAL CORRIDOR GREY WATER FILTRATION

RECREATIONAL GARDEN

IRRIGATION

ANIMAL GRAZING

DRIP IRRIGATION

FARMING PLANTING

MIXED PLANTING

GREENHOUSE GREENHOUSE

FILTERING SYSTEM COAL AND SAND FILTRATION

IRRIGATION

Masterplan Selection A Rendered Section Perspective179 C

Site Site Simulation Simulation

B C

180

Site Site Simulation Simulation

Masterplan Selection 181 B

Site Simulation

BUILDING TYPE A

BUILDING TYPE B

BUILDING TYPE C

LARGE SIZED PLANTATION

MEDIUM-SIZED PLANTATION

MUSEUM

SEA PORT

Masterplan 182

Selection B Aerial Rendering

Site Simulation

GREENHOUSE

RETENTION POND

SPORTS FIELD

FISH FARM

183

Site Simulation

Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective A

184

Site Simulation

185

Site Simulation

Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective B

186

Site Simulation

187

Site Simulation

Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective C

188

Site Simulation

189

Vignettes

VIGNETTE 1: GINNY Ginny and her husband is brought to wake by a gentle cool breeze and the sounds of trees rustling. They both check the hologram for the weather outside and takes note that it is hot and humid. Ginny then takes a quick shower that is timed to her needs. As she steps out of the shower, appropriate clothes for the weather are laid out in front of her by the automated cabinetry system. No time is wasted. She then proceeds to make sure the rest of the family is awake and ready. Ginny and her husband check everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and vitals via their health monitoring device. Everyone gathers at the kitchen in where they make breakfast together. Some say most of the real stuff of life takes place around the kitchen table. They make a simple meal together that including eggs from the hatchery down the street, bread from the bakery downstairs, and vegetables and fruits from the garden upfront and the greenhouse up top. After breakfast, Ginny helps prepare her two children for school. She tells her older son to watch out for his sister as she is still learning how to bike. She watches them leave for school as she prepares to depart herself. She is reminded by her alarm system that she and her husband have to attend the weekly meeting at the city hall. Once a week, before heading to work, all adults are required to attend the district zone meeting. During this time, decisions for the district zone are made in where everyone votes electronically. Today they are deciding if they should spend resources on the construction of a new office building. Ginny and her husband receive all the information they need to make the decision on their tablet. She decides to approve the project because it matches all the construction criteria and is aligned with the initially proposed masterplan. After the meeting, there is ample time in where Ginny gets to meet her friends and neighbors with a cup of locally brewed tea. She then heads straight to work. From the city hall, Ginny takes the train to the plant that manufactures toilets in where she works as both an accountant and as the coop director. As part of the board, she helps make sure that the plant optimizes the resources that it utilizes. Although the work is consuming, she can still breath and exhale with a smile. In the middle of the afternoon, Ginny commutes back home to prepare dinner with her family. On the way, she picks up ingredients from the wet market. When she arrives, a scampering of little feet leapt and her children greet her with a warm hug.

190

Vignettes

VIGNETTE 2: MARCO In the middle of October, Marco is awakened by a series of small electric pulses from his smart band signaling his time to wake. As he raises his head, he calls his mother using the same band to greet her a happy birthday. After they converse, he prepares for his day by taking a quick shower and then clothing himself. Afterwards, he goes and helps cooks breakfast for his fellow students at the dormitories using the shared kitchen downstairs. Him and his classmates eat breakfast, was their dishes and utensils, then walk to class together. Marco is beginning his last year as a transfer university student, and hails from an entirely different city. He currently lives in a city sponsored dormitory that provides for all his needs. For his college education, Marco chose to pursue marine biology as his first choice, which unfortunately is not offered in his own city. Slots for out-of-city students are limited as the interest for marine biology was high during the time of his application. The metrics of success for student acceptances are based on efficiency, which means their merit, skills, and potential. Marco remembers being ecstatic when he received his acceptance letter after days of waiting. Today, his class begins with a short lecture on the Basking shark. As soon as the lecture concludes, his entire class and the professor hails a bus which brings them to the outskirts of town. They then get changed to their wet suit and prepare their equipment to go diving. When they get on the boat, Marco takes a moment to appreciate just how nice and clean the water is. He had taken a history class in where he saw the sad state it was in prior to Ecological Democracy. While on the boat, they monitor the different schools of fishes that were once almost extinct but are now in recovery. When they finally arrived on their diving destination, they take a deep plunge. During their dive, his class finds a rich ecological system, full of fishes and corrals. They also find the remnant of an old submarine that has now been used as a home by many different fishes. After their trip, Marco heads back to his dorm in where dinner has been prepared by his dorm mates. During dinner, they have a great meaningful conversation on the things that they have learned today.

191

Vignettes

VIGNETTE 3: JOHN On a hot summer’s day, John was happily playing football with his fellow teammates on a field not so far away from his house. As he was finally breaking a sweat, he trips with his hand outstretched, which leads to a broken arm. He faints from the excruciating pain as his bone protrudes out of his skin. His teammates immediately calls an ambulance which are also known as Mobile Health Units (MHU). It arrives within 10 minutes. John was then carried on to the ambulance with the help of his teammates and the nurse that arrived with the MHU named Chris. Once on board, Chris scans John’s wound and sends his vitals to the healthcare network. The feedback is immediate and the MHU begins to drive itself to the nearest Secondary Healthcare Center with an available ICU and surgeon. During the trip, Chris begins to stabilize John. As soon as they arrive to the Secondary Healthcare Center, the MHU docks itself which opens up right next to the ICU. With the help of the other attending nurses, John unloads Chris unto the hallway that leads straight to the ICU. When they finally arrived to the ICU, they prep Chris for surgery. The present surgeon uses the Da Vinci Surgical System to realign John’s broken bone and implanted wires and screws which will maintain proper alignment during healing. As soon as they are finished, John is then sent to an individual Patient Care Unit on the third floor. When John wakes up, he finds himself in a bright room with a grand view of the landscape outside. With a slight struggle, he turns around to see his wife and children sleeping right beside him. His time at the hospital is swift and pleasant.

192

Vignettes

VIGNETTE 4: JANE Jane had forgotten to set her alarm up and wakes up with a small panic. She is going to be late for her first day in school if she does not hurry. Jane takes a very quick shower, gets dressed, and has a really quick breakfast that her mother prepared before she left for her job. On her way out of the house, Jane picks some fruit that her mom and her have planted a few weeks ago. She then gets on a bike and pedals away. Fortunately, she arrives at school just in time and heads straight to the auditorium. Since it is the first day of school, teachers spend the morning enthusiastically presenting their classes to the students. Classes are not grouped by age and provide a diverse range of experiences. At the end of everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presentation, the students then get to pick their own classes, which are distributed equitably through an efficient algorithm that matches the students choice with their merit, skills, and potential. As soon as Jane and her other schoolmates had finished with her choices, they receive a notification of their schedule for the rest of the semester. Jane notices that her she didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t receive her top choice of Advanced Robotics, but still got all the other classes she signed up for. Amidst her slight disappointment, she is still ecstatic for her other classes. During lunch, Jane finally gets to meet up with her friends downstairs at the canteen. She picks up her freshly prepared lunch from the counter and sits by all her friends. During the first day of school, lunch is prepared by all the faculty as a way to greet the children. However, during the year, groups of students are assigned to help prepare lunch for the entire school. As soon as they had finished their lunch, Jane and her friends wash their own dishes at the dishwashing area of the canteen. They then proceed to thank their teachers for a wonderful meal. Afterwards, the students are free to roam around the campus and meet their friends and teachers. There are no classes held on the first day. Jane then goes to see her dance teacher Yek. They talked about their summers and what they have been up to since school ended last year. Jane then went on to see a few other teachers. When Jane finally decided to head home, she simply walks back to her house. She notices that her mom isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t home yet and wonders if she will be late from work. Jane then starts to prepare for dinner. Her mom arrives just right after to help her finish cooking the food. They then have dinner together as the sun sets in the background.

193

Initial Survey

INITIAL SURVEY Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

United States

Kinda like evolved humans, minus the super powers. Not so much a commentary on governmental structure, but always fascinated by if people could self organize, some sort of self organizing trait where... Perhaps you won’t need a gov??

Oh. Just explained it above. But yea so it’s not absolute freedom. Has universal truths or laws inherent like gravity that are for whatever reason engrained in people or a culture in which they become self organizing and governing.

Student

Philippines

Freedom (or lack of it)

When common good is practiced and put before self-centered wants. In this case, people would live in harmony together, cultivating a balanced love for self and love for others.

Jack of all trades, master of nothing.

Philippines

Almost like a communist society that actually works.

An entire population that is selfless and has every individual using their natural talents to enrich society. The former is not possible, the latter only if there is a 100% accurate aptitude test that can inform people of what career they’re going to really excel in and, in the process, enjoy.

Medical Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

A lack of extremist belief and advancement of scientific fields.

Student, Design Freelancer

Philippines

Religious, Freedom (or lack of it), Full of creativity

Student

Philippines

Freedom (or lack of it), Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

Business development Associate

United States

Mythical/fantasy

Suspension of reality

Peace

In a true utopia, we’d be free of suffering and poverty. To be successful in creating a utopian world would require all of us to become more open-minded and willing to listen to the stories of others. If we would do that, then empathy could come into play, which would help open our hearts and minds to the realities of people whose lives and backgrounds may be different from our own. At a base level, we would need to create a society where everyone’s voices are heard and where life is sacred from beginning to end (not just in the womb). If these things were in place, the sense of community/ belonging would provide a strong foundation that could manifest itself into utopian world.

It’s a system of organization where all the constituents of the collective body are allowed to exercise their freedoms.

Teacher

United States

Philosophically, the exercise of one person’s freedom could indirectly cause the deprival of another’s ability to exercise their freedom. So, perhaps similar to religions like Christianity and Judaism, it’s also a matter of mediating people’s freedoms with rules and principles that prevent contradictions or conflicts in the system.

Stable from day to day No criminal

- all the citizens contributing what they are actually good at contributing (not what they want) - citizens are guided with their talent development, where they are actually employed 18

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom (or lack of it), Evolved humans (special powers)

- a lessened power of a political government and much more empowerment of internal government; the political government is only present to regulate the nation’s activity - absence of social classes

Ballet dancer

Philippines

Freedom (or lack of it), Full of creativity

a world where every person’s individuality is respected yet at the same time people are capable of working together in harmony despite diversity.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom (or lack of it), Full of creativity

Sustainability. Freedom. Love. Balance. Equability.

Creative (Ad Agency)

Phillipines

Freedom (or lack of it)

A communion and fellowship amongst men and a balance of power between an authorative body and its citizens. With that, though, all must strictly adhere to their set of morals and values and uphold them with utmost integrity. successful, none violent communication. acceptance,

194

Student

United states

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom (or lack of it), Evolved humans (special powers)

its impossible, humans are always changing their state of mind and its impossible to keep up and satisfy everyone... but also... people don’t know what they want... in which case you could show/ tell them what they want, but that lack of freedom is no good. you can’t create something perfect out of something defective. (speaking of humans)

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Freedom (or lack of it), Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

Where everything is equal, a place with no worries.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

for me something that would be that perfect is if we continue to progress for the future without giving up what keeps us alive which is our natural resources.

Initial Survey

What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

Education

Don’t think utopia should have a hierarchy, so everybody ya

Because of constructed mentality. Power and money is almost one of the most important parts of life in SG. People function because of rules, punishment, and incentive

Culture

No one

it would be a challenge, but it’s not impossible. Everyone should start with oneself. Change starts within, and so of they start caring a little more, they could spark change among the other citizens.

Culture

Technocrats

We have a very egocentric culture, at the moment. If their is a cultural paradigm shift, and everyone starts thinking about community first, there’ll be less power grabbing and more ceding to people who actually know how to do things.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Because Miami is chaos and nothing ever gets done.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Ownership/sharing of resources

Designers and engineers

It is definitely possible, but the foundations of infrastructure, corruption, transportation, economy and politics are so heavily engrained and depended on by influential groups of people in the country that only through drastic socio-cultural reforms could Manila aspire to become a utopia.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Philippines hahahaha.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Utopia cannot be achieved. It is near impossible to achieve perfection in all aspects for all types of people. There will always be some amount of sacrifice for better or for worse.

understand that free market capitalism does not always bring about good

Adults, with some adults responsible for advocating for the rights of children

Racism would need to be tackled first; it is rampant in my community, as is religious intolerance.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

It can be achieved, but no where near soon. It’s going to take the education and acceptance of the general public to the idea of the intellectual designers and engineers being empowered to shape the future, which is still sadly looked passed, with the Philippines being a largely political dynasty reliant and power-based nation.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Power is already very much biased towards the rich and to those who are in political power

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Those who promote other people’s freedom and capacities, as well as those who have conquered themselves (as to be not prone to greed, violence, etc). Partly based on meritocracy and accomplishment and learnedness.

Rebuild the city, it still manifests its post-WW2 destruction, i.e. the rebuilding was not that good and systematic. The trains were build after the roads were built. There is no proper sewage system, and we still do open dumps and our streetlamps are not LED. and the MMDA is the highest body governing the whole metro manila, and the individual municipalities build stuff without conferring with each other. -- so it’s an inter-disciplinary, multi-sector problem. SO how is : cooperation, concerted effort, collaboration.

Education

Everybody

The government, Education, Economic system

Everybody

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

No one--or else it wouldn’t be a utopia.

The government, Education, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

195

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

less conflict

Film

United States

Dystopia, Powerful government

Nothing. It cannot be achieved. Perhaps in a single person’s vision it can, but that is subject to his or her own standard.

Photographer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

The ability for everyone (every single individual) to find common ground.

Junior Producer

Sweden

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity, Streamlined, effective society

I believe that a successful utopia is one wherein every individual has both the means and access to pursuing their ambitions as a high standard of living is a right, and not merely a privilege.

Software Engineer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

Affordable yet very efficient transportation system, well-thought out land zoning, great healthcare for everyone, a government that actually fulfils its responsibilities & upholds the law and constitution, easy access to water & food, low poverty, no crab mentality & self-entitlement... There is balance, mutual respect, and love. At first blush I’m tentative to answer, as the very idea and intention of utopia has such a fraught and failed history. A utopia is organized by a standard of perfection, yet no standard of perfection is universal, and any such standard can be less than perfect, banal or even dystopic from a different perspective. That said, I think that utopia may be more powerfully a perspective of a city rather than a design. A city that can be appreciated deeply and wondrously, that can feed the soul with beauty, joy, or whatever standard of goodness you pursue. Providence has been a utopia to me at times, as has been New York and Boulder, other cities I’ve lived in. I don’t mean to sidestep the question - maybe this can offer a slightly different way of considering utopia. I think a standard utopia would offer basic human needs to all its residents, and provide avenues for happiness, sustainability and the creation of meaning.

Painting Student

United States

Dystopia, Freedom (or lack of it)

Student

Thailand

Freedom (or lack of it)

the system running it and the people living in it, not how the infrastructures are placed.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom (or lack of it), Full of creativity, Properly governed freedom

People adhering to the law and living life out fully. People free from envy, discrimination. A place where people live life as to how they want life to be, of course within good reason.

Student

Philippines

Powerful government, Full of creativity

Everything must be accessible and available to everyone, including below average people. The society or civilization should address human needs from a perspective of fulfilled living, as well as sustainable food, energy, and construction practices to combine internal (emotional) needs with external (survival) needs, and provide sustainability for all humans

Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

A utopia would seem to require a level of “perfection” from all participants. Or if not perfection as an absolute, then a perfect harmony...

Business developer

Philippines

Idealistic human integrity

The combination of a lack of mortality and decay, unlimited resources, a people of pure intention with the same vision, and a place where government acts more as a passive overseer as its active enforcement becomes unnecessary.

Consultant

United States

Respectful

Individuals live in harmony with mutual respect and kindness.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

You can create anything that you want and everybody is happy

Attorney

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Harmonious state with nature

Opportunity

Content Analyst at Snapchat

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

equality + equity

Account Executive

United States

Religious, Freedom, Full of creativity

I think of more emotional concepts than physical concepts - happiness, peace, content, lack of want something along the lines of Land Before Time green pastures. Perhaps also futuristic - lots of glass, all resources available, water/nature, young and old people, like a self-sustaining ecosystem that somehow doesn’t create waste or pollution. It would also need to something intellectually stimulating - creativity, arts, music, literature - the ability to always be learning. I think that for a utopia to be successful, it should eliminate every existing problem without creating any new ones. But, truth be told, I don’t know if I have any faith in the possibility of that ever happening because humans have a tendency to create problems where there are none.

196

University Student

United Kingdom

Dystopia, Religious, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Self-sufficient, sustainable, scripted

Student

Canada

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom

For me, it kind of makes sense to think of utopias as being an almost religious concept because I think the entire premise of a ‘utopia’ is based around people believing and having faith in the fact that it actually is a utopia, even if it’s really just an illusion. I don’t know how else to explain it except that it’s kind of like when people begin to hallucinate and see an oasis in the middle of the desert it’s everything you want to be there but in all actuality, it doesn’t actually exist.

A world with equal power, no inequality and pure happiness/bliss. Nothing to stress about and no deadlines to meet.

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), Education, Culture, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Limiting population

Politicians

No one will forfeit their freedom

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

People have conflicting priorities with regards to neighboring cities. On its own, however, Marikina City isn’t doing bad at all.

The government, Sweden has a habit of unfortunately long winters

Designers and engineers

I’m not sure I believe that a true utopia can be achieved, as there is always room to grow and improve. However, the current situation in Sweden requires a more effective government capable of strengthening an economy that has been waning in recent years in addition to taking greater steps in approaching the current immigration crisis.

The government, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system, People’s mentality (crab mentality, self-entitlement, et.c)

Designers and engineers

People here can’t/won’t even follow the simple crossing stoplight, and that’s for THEIR OWN SAFETY! So what more if it involves other people? Sad, but that’s what I see in Makati everyday. :(

In the vein of my previous answer, I am thinking about utopia as a mindset rather than a design challenge.

Everybody

I do think that design can play a role in meaningfully inspiring the people who live in a place to see utopically. I’m not sure how, but I hope my stream of response is helpful. Good luck Nicholai! I’m really excited to see what comes out of this.

The government, Education, Economic system

Everybody

Mindset and expectation of people

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Proper government, proper development, people actually following rules and regulations

The government, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

We are nowhere near advanced technology, our government is corrupt as well as all the systems

All of the above

Everybody

Simply because of the unattainable nature of perfection

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Because utopia demands equality which compromises the variety of perception and physical traits.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture

Everybody

A culture of respect doesn’t exist.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

There are just too many factors for this utopia to go right.

The government, Education, Economic system

Everybody

Unsure

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Culture, Ownership system

enlightened philosophers who have the public’s best interests in mind

I think it’s unrealistic to reach a state of perfection. reaching a utopia is an ideal to constantly push for, but it’s asymptotic

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

With the necessary freedom of choice and freedom of thought, some people will inevitably turn to malice or violence. Tied in with the concept of humanity is an ongoing battle with evil. If we were all perfect, there would be nothing to work towards. One cannot exist without the other..balance..etc.

Education, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Less emphasis on materialism; reduction in racism (result of immigration)

Educators, scientists, designers, and engineers

I kind of explored this concept in my earlier answer but I don’t believe that utopias can exist. They’re kind of like unicorns and Santa Claus, it’s a heart-warming concept and it’s believable, but when it comes down to it, I don’t think that the human race is actually capable of creating a utopia.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system

Everybody

Although achieving utopia is great, I’m not sure it will promote productivity and economic growth. Shanghai as my home city, I do not see this as something the city can achieve as there is a huge disparity between the poor and the rich people, especially with fast industrialization in more urban areas.

If yes, how? If no, why not?

197

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

Mexico

Full of creativity

a world where everyone has enough to fulfill their physical, emotional and spiritual needs. Where our basic needs are met, but there is also space for us to find purpose and fulfillment. Ideally we have time to create and imagine and enjoy life because we do not HAVE TO work, but we choose to dedicate our time to learning, thinking and creating.

Software Engineer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

A place where people have freedom to choose between what’s right and what’s wrong and continuously choose to do the right things.

Illustrator

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

My vision of a utopia is an established region that understands how to run a society perfectly. Technology will always advance to help out this cause but won’t over control the society. It’s finding a balance between the people residing their and the corporations that populate it. Also everyone’s opinion matters.

California

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity, Fictitious imagination, objectively idealistic

1) Structuralized altruism built in the nature of society and government. 22

Audit Services

2) Accessible Education 3) great leaders, creative thinkers, and proactive minds 4) immense sex appeal

Teacher

Tanzania

harmony

Sustainable living- using as few resources as possible and limiting environmental degradation so as not to negatively impact future generations. Equal access to resources, from water to healthcare, food to employment and everything in between. Balance between work and play, natural habitats and manmade infrastructure. Urban centers with far more green spaces. Cooperatives in rural areas (and urban areas). Safe, secure, an atmosphere of trust pervading.

Student

Canada

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers)

The most important aspects of a utopia is that the people cohabitating with in it share similar goals, morals and mindset. While other factors that make up society matter too utopia is a concept. Thus if people living in it share the same beliefs, the concept can be met more easily.

Student/Musician

Philippines

Dystopia

The acknowledgement of the truth that we live in an imperfect world and the determination to do good despite it; when people live beyond themselves and for others, not selfishly. Hope, faith, and love.

198

Student

United States

Freedom

Humanity cooperating for the common good. There is no money, everyone works in response to human duty and responsibility rather than for compensation or monetary gain. Essentially humans living and working together but selfish human nature (money, crime, power, politics, war) is completely eradicated.

Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

A utopia for me would be a world where is no conflict and everyone can get their basic needs

Equestrian rider

United States

A place where money isn’t everything

Everyone does what they enjoy in a balanced manner

Master’s Student

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

A place where there’s a perfect balance between humans and nature. A place where actions are motivated by altruism and kindness rather than greed and personal gain. A place where every action is considered against its long term consequences. Also a place where there is no extortionate consumerism and materialism, but rather a place where there is emphasis on authenticity and being part of a community.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Evolved humans (special powers)

In which people have the discipline an an attitude of self control. Wherein people are selfless and giving. A place full of ideas and kind hearted people.

Student

United States

egalitarian

A very free world where everyone has access to technology that completely raises the baseline standard of living.

Bank officer

Canada

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity, Clean, efficient place without conflict

-everyone is cooperative -no major conflicts -no natural crises (e.g. global warming) -leaders who work for the people and not for the individual

Student

Philippines

Freedom

A world where everyone is given the freedom to follow their passions for the betterment of humanity as a whole.

Entrepreneur

Philippines

Set of circumstances that provides the necessary, and allows for the pursuit of individual and group ambitions

Strong Leaders, Capacity to make decisions beyond the self

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

A place where informal settlers live in an organized and clean housing (condo/apartment type, like in Singapore) more bikes, less cars, the rich and the poor ride public transportation together, more trains, many trees/plants, no pollution, and clean streets, and people don’t abuse their freedom.

Student

South Korea

Full of creativity

A place that you can exist and not exist at the same time. + where you can be free with your opinion and yourself, somewhere bright and refreshing.

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

At least not yet. There is too much poverty and inequality

The government, Education, Internet access, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Entrepreneurs

While the government is capable of policy-making and implementing projects, I strongly believe entrepreneurs have the opportunity to change the world. The Men Who Built America is a great documentary that shows how companies like railroads could change the landscapes of a country by providing value to the people.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Economic system, Ownership system

Designers and engineers

No, because not everyone would agree with the situation presented. It would take to much convincing/planning and would become a struggle for power between all who reside in the area.

The government, Education, Limiting population, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system, Mindset and society that encourage lower classes to resort to violence and illegal acts. These perpetuate AND encourage crime to be cultural used in some demographic areas

Defining power would help . At first, educational institutions (and their board of chairmen), who would be able to grant power to trustworthy individuals who demonstrate leadership qualities through MERIT

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system

Everybody

Government, foreign investment, accelerated rate of development, poor infrastructure

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

If a utopia is a state of mind then by definition it cannot be achieve unless everyone has the same mind. Every persons utopia is going to be different thus impossible to achieve.

The government, Education, Culture, Transportation system

Older citizens

Righteous and wise leadership and communities of people helping each other.

All of it

Designers and engineers

I don’t completely understand the question. In my imagined utopia, sure. It’s imagines. In Providence, RI? No, never. Achieving my Utopia essentially means eliminating human nature, which could potentially eliminate human emotion in which case the scale would shift towards dystopia.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

I think perfect understanding among all members of a society is unachievable. I’m perfectly happy (and actually prefer) that steps are taken to move closer to utopia status but I don’t think a utopia itself is possible in the foreseeable future.

The government, Education, Ownership system, Taxes going towards education and hospitals not roads

Designers and engineers

Maybe, we are the happiest country on earth that’s half of the journey

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system, Culture of greed and materialism. We need to be kinder to each other and to the world in which we live

Everybody

The culture just needs to change, and I believe that is happening already to some extent. These days (from a marketing perspective), consumers demand products that have less/no negative impact on the physical environment and that are ‘authentic’. Consumers also increasingly look for products that are reusable and do not necessarily want ownership of products (check out the concept of the sharing economy). If our buying behavior is changing, is that not a sign that our culture is changing too? I may be naive, but if we all own up to our duties for caring for each other and the world we live, why not?

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

As a Filipino speaking for her own country, The Philippines have remained chaotic in the past decade simply because we ourselves put each other down. In this chaotic world we live in, we need people to be selfless and giving. Politicians have to be in favor of the greater good and not be in favor for what they can ONLY benefit on. People must lift each other up and not be selfish just like how God wanted the world to be. A world without limits. Without the right thinking, the kind of Utopia i believe in, would never be achieved.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

Changes would have to be based a lot in political reform and technological advancements on the national level. It would be a very long process so I doubt it would be achieved in my lifetime.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

-conflicts of interest only serve to delay projects that serve the public, essentially -not being prudent with the city’s resources; being shortsighted in terms of how actions relate to goals

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Culture

Politicians

I’m just an optimist, I personally wouldn’t know how to go about it.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Government, Education, Corruption

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system, Clean streets

Designers and engineers

In Manila, streets are dirty and congested. The MRT and LRT were built on top of the roads, making them narrower. Also, there are just a few routes. The streets are very dirty and it’s very hard to discipline irresponsible and lazy people. All the taxes paid were “used for building new infrastructures.”(That’s what the politicians say) That’s the problem. They keep building and building without planning or considering the factors around it.

The government, Education, Culture

Everybody

I believe that utopia is something that can only exist in people’s imagination.

Manila - not without SIGNIFICANT reform and international aid to education, economy, industry, and architecture. California - just open up a playboy mansion next door and I’m in my utopia

199

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

Philippines

Freedom

A non biased environment which encourages all form of human creativity.

Photographer

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

Creatives will rule!

Career Services

Philippines

Peaceful

Probably a place where all are at peace with one another (people, nature, etc) and all have one goal or are united amidst their differences. Utopia definitely relates to heaven, for me.

Photographer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

Where everyone has access to basic human necessities. Clean, sustainable living. A strong sense of community. Great education system.

Digital Media Executive

United States

A place wherein external circumstances cannot shape the future of the Utopic world for better or for worse.

The utopia is an open system that is in constant equilibrium - the flows of inputs are balanced by the outputs. Most importantly, it is self-regulating and cannot have any kind of governing body in place. If a power imbalance is detected, that threat is “outed” from the system and has to be replaced by an input. I cannot envision a utopia as having a true physical form. Rather, it is an essence of perfection which pervades the space - the individuals who make up a utopia do not know that their society IS a utopia.

Artist/Creative Editor

Philippines

Freedom, Full of creativity

A successful utopia is a place where freedom, innovation and creativity flourish in stride. Individuals are able to pursue their own definition of success and happiness. These individuals make up a society that is functioning in harmony, with all sectors of business being productive in contributing to the overall wellness of the society.

Artist

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

A real utopia would be a world where every person understands that every human being regardless of race, religion, wealth (or lack of it) is deserving of truth, respect, and unconditional love.

Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

I always imagine utopia as being something unattainable, where the most happiness can be gained from everyone in the community and go back to using natural resources in a mutually beneficial way that’s not going to make our land barren.

Teacher

Philippines

Evolved humans: compassionate and educated

Education, compassion, arts, human development, socialism

Information Designer

United States

Impossible

I don’t know if I think it can exist or would be interesting if it did or could

Engineer

Philippines

No problems (war, hunger, poverty) and everything is at an equilibrium

Strong principles that work towards creating a balance / equilibrium

Optometrist

Philippines

Full of creativity

Being contented

Entrepreneur/ Designer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

A successful utopia would be one that is well-balanced, practical, sustainable and has responsible citizens.

Mobilization Associate

Philippines

Philosophical thought

Perfect world where there is no sadness, pain or suffering.

Counselor

Bangladesh

Peaceful

My utopia would be a stress-free, calm place - one very different than my reality - where I can just relax with my kids and not worry about money, or work, or anything really, other than being fully present with the ones I love.

Student

Philippines

Full of creativity, Peace

When you have nothing to worrying about. When you’re stress-free.

Student

Canada

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity, an oasis

Green spaces, full of life and youth, full of artistic talent and culture, full of innovation, has safety without compromising freedom Note: the country I describe below is Canada and not the Philippines The foundation of a successful utopia in my opinion comes when, i. There is a respect for difference. Universal values or morality is not imposed on all members of society. Tolerance, equality, and respect are the fundamental characteristics that bind people together. In this world, any religion or culture can live in harmony with others.

Postgraduate Student

United Kingdom

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

ii. There is a way to resolve conflicts. This entails a peaceful mechanism for change. Those unhappy with the status quo can introduce changes and improvements. Should this come into conflict with other stakeholders, then there need to be a channel for dialogue to resolve them. iii. Education, empathy, and awareness. There needs to a a conscious effort to understand and appreciate your neighbor’s condition. Misinformation and misperceptions breeds suspicion that divides society. Gaining knowledge has the objective to improve the quality of life for your peers.

200

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

The government

Those who can regulate rules without being selfish bastards.

Not at this moment. We are a nation ruled by anxiety due to religion and greed through then capitalist society which glorifies money.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Nothing is ever perfect, and too many people want power. There are too many problems that need to be fixed and streamlined.

Proper exercise of power and resources in relating to the citizens and compliance of the people.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Politicians

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Yes. If people in power are able to implement rules effectively.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

No one has power - the utopia regulates “power” and evenly distributes the flow across all of the utopia’s members

A utopia cannot be achieved because everyone projects a different vision of a utopia. We are self-serving, sentient beings and there is no realistic, costefficient way to align the interests of nearly 7 billion unique individuals. Furthermore, one’s definition of a utopia is dictated by his/her belief systems and what is accepted as “reality”. In order for a utopia to be realized, our ability to act upon “free will” would have to be wiped from our memory. That is, somewhere along our evolutionary path, everyone would have to return to the same starting point. A mass extinction of human life as we know it is the most realistic way for the human race to move in that direction.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Transportation system

The rich

The Philippines can improve by eradicating corruption. Although every country has some form of corruption, this can start in revolutionary changemakers. Metro Manila can start with improving the infrastructure of the city and the drainage systems so it can handle heavy rain and lessen flooding. More opportunities should also be distributed to those involved with agriculture and distribution of food systems. There should be more equal opportunity as the Philippines has so much agricultural land for this to be successful. The government should invest more in the public educational system as well and also eliminate private transport system companies.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Community-building efforts, better law enforcement, and personal discipline

The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Maybe I’m a cynic, but utopia seems like perfection in my mind and we can strive for perfection but because we can never please everybody, the idea of utopia is out of reach at least in the foreseeable future.

The government, Education, Economic system, Culture

Teachers

Education is not a priority.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

A utopia seems impossible to achieve to me

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Because everyone has a different version of what a utopian society would be which leads to different points of view and decisions

The government

People who cares

Culture

The government, Education, Internet access, Transportation system

Politicians

It’ll take a lot of work: giving people proper education, having political leaders that actually get the job done, teaching citizens to respect the law and follow it, fixing the transportation system, and more. I think there’s a lack of urban planning. A lot of people just want to make money. But I believe Manila can be a better place.

The government, Culture

Everybody

Our city is composed of people which are imperfect. Therefore, it is near impossible, if not impossible, to have a utopian world or city.

Less of a class-based system

Everybody

I currently live in a place where every one is put into their place in society with limited room to move out of it. Those in the most comfortable places do not want to change the status quo - they enjoy that comfort to much to the disadvantage of others - preventing an utopia for becoming a reality for the greater population.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system, Everything

Older citizens

No, because utopia- achieving near perfect - is too good to be true. There will always be some imperfections, flaws and people will always complain and ask for something more.

Education, Canada is pretty well off as it is

Everybody

Politics gets in the way with development in Montreal. The pro-Quebec movement pretty much began segregating the population and increases costs for businesses so unless this city separates from Quebec then the idea of a Utopia won’t ever come true.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education

Older citizens

Here in London, there still needs to be an effort to bring different social classes and ethnic group together to live harmoniously. Right now, there are big divides and inequalities that prevent people from interacting and thus understanding others from a different socio-economic of ethnic group.

Transparency of the governing body along with citizens who abide by the regulations set by the former I personally think politics is not bad, it’s only the effect of unfit elected government officials who had the connections to take office and use their access to our national resources for their own benefit in the past. Politics shouldn’t give a sour aftertaste- it should be the avenue where peace and justice flow from.

201

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Employed

Philippines

Religious, Utopia could apply with reference to religious understandings but with respect to government and society utopia has the effect of peace, order and prosperity within a community.

Utopia for me connotes order within a society. Order is important in any community as it creates an environment for growth and prosperity. It creates a structure and helps in the enforcement of it. In our country order is very important especially in the Southern region as there are many different groups with different ideologies which you have to factor in. When there is order there is a system to be followed and then comes peace which then leads us to the “utopia” we are talking about.

Industrial Designer

United States

Freedom, Full of creativity, A world where anger and societal pressures do not exist

In my opinion, a successful utopia is a place where ideas an ideals can be accepted by everyone whether each individual chooses to follow them or not. I think having a world filled with creativity allows serious problems to be solved and brings people together to help others. Having the freedom to think and conduct your life freely with no judgement would be an ideal world. Also, living in a world where there anger does not exist would reduce the amount of rash and unreasonable decisions made. Most of us have made a drastic decision or acted hastily based on emotion instead of thinking through the results of our actions. A world where societal pressures do not exist would allow everyone to accept each other and not force unnatural notions and ideals on others. No one should be judged based on materialism, economic situation, or mental capacity because we’re all different and that’s okay. (Obviously, there are flaws with this since I haven’t fully thought about living in a utopia. ex: Having no judgement would allow one’s sense of “freedom” to range from being naked to killing people depending on your ideals.)

202

Student

United States

Dystopia, Powerful government, Lack of freedom

An ideal society or community would be one in which there was no discrimination of any kind. In order for this to happen, our current world has to undergo a drastic paradigm shift in terms of acceptance of cultures, genders, and all backgrounds. Additionally, a successful utopia would be one in which there were no extremes between rich and poor. Everything would be somewhat equal (in a non-communist type of way).

Unemployed

United States

Lack of freedom

The world created in the utopia is so involved and satisfies everyone’s needs so then there is no reason to leave or seek elsewhere.

Medical Student

Philippines

Full of creativity

Creative people with open minds

Businessman

Philippines

Religious, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

To do whatever it takes and it’s right not wrong.

Student

Philippines

Full of creativity

A place where everyone knows what’s good or beneficial for themselves and people around them, and to have the capability to act towards these. A utopia, even with the current and even future advancements, will never happen. Humans are too much unpredictable for a utopia. For a utopia to happen, the perfect impartial government must rule with an iron hand, enforcing the law perfectly, and keeping all the citizens out of harm. The citizens must also play their part in creating the utopia, avoiding all vices, removing all environmental harm, and following the law. A utopia should be free yet in order, free from chaos and evil, and be kept ideal. A utopia should never happen, and I’m glad that we are never able to attain it.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity, Not exactly “powerful government”, but more of “directional or purposed government” AKA no corruption

Marketing Head, Life Insurance Agent, and financial advisor

United States

Powerful government, Freedom, Full of creativity, End of what is ephemeral.

The composition of successful utopia would be setting aside conflicting sides and reaching understanding at all times.

Analyst

Philippines

Religious, Evolved humans (special powers)

Zero crime rate

Student

Philippines

Dystopia, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Evolved humans (special powers)

peace

Preschool teacher

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), safe place

A government that is ruled by people who are thinking about the interests of the people. A place where there is no crime and people can get free food using the honesty system. A place with advanced technology and cars that can fly. Where every profession, be it a taxi driver is considered as a respectable and decent job.

Student

Philippines

Freedom

Understanding people

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

Education is free, transportation is efficient and fast, costs of basic needs like food, water, shelter are so much lower than they are now, a non-corrupt government

optometrist

Philippines

Freedom, Full of creativity

the culture of the people and individual morality should be centered on a perfect being (God) a world with infinite possibilities

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

Consultant

Philippines

Powerful government, Freedom, Balance; Equity

There is mutual respect and maturity in dealing with matters.

Business Office Staff

Philippines

Powerful government, Freedom

It is a peaceful society where there is a good balance between discipline and freedom of expression. It is where each individual has protected human rights.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

I think what makes a successful utopia is when an individual is willing to enter it knowing that he/ she could end up in any random point in society.

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

I would not say politicians but rather the government because politicians connote acting on their own capacity while as compared to the Government as an entity. Ideally they Government run under the parameters of efficiency, unity, transparency and benevolence should be the ideal bearer of power in this utopia

Order and discipline is very important in achieving this utopia. I consider that the basic foundation of the society. When there is chaos in a society the first thing you have to enforce is discipline and then you will see the effect. I say this because we have a lot of problems with peace and order and I believe this is the first step in achieving this. After this the basics such as education, health care and food security could be easier to attain. Again, utopia could mean a lot of different things to different people but in my city with regards to peace and order I think we are close to achieving it. And to answer your question yes a utopia can be achieved,

Economic system, Culture

Everybody

I think some of my utopia can be achieved but some of it can’t. The parts that I do believe can be achieved are increasing creativity, and reducing societal pressures. I live in Silicon Valley and have lived here my entire life. You never know who you’re standing next to...he/she could be a cashier or a CEO. The general environment is very casual and from my experience, most people are willing to hear you out and help out. There are some prominent pressures present like where you live, where you go to school, etc. Creativity is a big part of Silicon Valley and continues to play a big role in the success of products that come out of the companies here. Promoting creativity on a more individual scale could be improved and can make people feel more empowered. There is no way to “remove” anger as emotions are part who are as human beings, so that part isn’t possible for any city. Removing personal judgements is also difficult because it’s an instinct that we can only control to an extent.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Older citizens

This utopia is far from being achieved due to the extremely large amount of power the government possesses over the people. The rich stay rich, and the poor stay poor (and get poorer).

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Older citizens

There are so many problems with this society and Era we live in regarding economic stability, race relations and beyond that human relations.

The government

Everybody

Choosing the right people in governing the city

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Politicians

By doing things right

all of the above

Politicians

Competent politicians

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Utopia will never be achieved because humans are easily swayed. Remove human emotions and utopia will be achieved. However, in order for that to happen, the free will must also be removed, therefore essentially robbing people of their lives, in order to achieve utopia. As I have said before, utopia should never be attained.

Illegal Immigrants

Everybody

I believe San Francisco is close to utopia if we all get together to meet half way. So far, everything isn’t as terrible as other place. People get along and it’s a humane environment.

The government, Transportation system

Everybody

Impossible

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

chaotic

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

By changing the outlook and perspective of each individual. It starts with one spark then I can build a bonfire.

The government

Everybody

Government

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Transportation system

Everybody

It may be achieved only through so much effort on the part of every single person, and through vigilance and perseverance

The government, Education, Culture

God

God is perfect :)

The government, Internet access, Transportation system

Everybody

we have a corrupt government.

The government, Education, Economic system, Transportation system

Educators

I lack sufficient information about my city for me to claim that this utopia can be achieved.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system

Politicians

It is always possible but there has to be a concerted group effort to do it. Take Davao city, for example, its clean, no people smoking outside the streets, no drunkards loitering around and on top of that, it is okay with the citizens there to have that kind of controlled environment. They even love and appreciate their leader.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Yes, I think utopia can be achieved but I think it will require a lot of reforms beginning with people’s attitudes and behaviors which must then be supported with well-thought-out laws and regulations. Following that, there needs to be thorough execution as well as solid developments in the economy, education, and technology.

203

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word â&#x20AC;&#x153;utopiaâ&#x20AC;?, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers)

Peace

Student

Philippines

Full of creativity

No corrupt officials

Independent Multimedia Artist

Philippines

Full of creativity

Stable Economy. Education is available for all classes of society. All sectors of industry are thriving, especially arts & culture. Able to make innovations in technology. Environment is safe and CLEAN.

Accountant

Philippines

Evolved humans (special powers), evolved human with desirable characteristics living in a near perfect and desirable environment

A world full of courtesy, respect and love.

Teacher

Philippines

Religious, Freedom, Full of creativity

Full of love, creativity, forgiveness and kindness.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

Everything is just perfect.

None

Canada

Religious

One where everyone in the population would agree that it is utopia

Freelance Interior Designer

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

No religious beliefs

Pastor

Philippines

Abundance

Balance

Fresh Graduate

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Freedom, Full of creativity

A place wherein everyone or every citizen/resident is happy and content.

Sales Assistant

Philippines

Full of creativity

When everyone can actually respect everyone.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

Perfect world

Employee

Philippines

Powerful government

n/a

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

I think a successful utopia would consist of people living in a peaceful environment. It would also not have any corrupt officials leading the place. I think it would also be clean and a happy place to live in.

Senior College Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

No evil and conflict yet people are free to make good choices because they want to.

Auditor

Philippines

Powerful government

Willingness. Cooperation. Consistency.

Teacher

Philippines

Religious

A successful utopia is when God totally controls the affairs of the world. He had this chance when He created Adam and Eve. But Adam and Eve sinned, and as a result, the world is under a curse, and this utopia originally intended by the Lord is shattered.

Sales and Marketing

Philippines

Full of creativity

A successful utopia is a world where there is peace and order. No poor people. Everybody serves a purpose

204

Grad Student / NGO Associate

Philippines

Dystopia, Naivety

Student

Canada

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

A Utopia is highly unrealistic. It might be a palpable goal/aim for many people/countries/societies, but I am a staunch believer that flaws and mistakes are what makes humans, human. Flaws are necessary for a society to function, flaws are what makes successes/achievements attractive. Despite my belief, to help you out with your thesis, I envisage a Utopia to be a blank slate of nothingness. A place of which there is neither right or wrong. A place that is desensitized and where calmness takes over. A world where there is no pain or sadness.

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

The Philippines is too chaotic. Utopia in the Philippines is impossible.

The government, Internet access

Older citizens

Impossible

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

It would take a radical leader to turn Manila around. Not only is the government body incapable and corrupt, the masses as well are perpetuating this mindset and are unable to think about the future of society but only their self-being.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system, Health care, proper housing and environment care

A leader who has the best intention for their country with no ulterior motives.

First things first, change of leadership. Second, one brave soul to inspire change and be the change. Third, voters to be intelligent and to be vigilant with their right to vote.

The government, Internet access, Economic system

Everybody

Start within ourselves.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

They’re not willing to accept the change.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Culture

Politicians

Different cultures of people

Limiting population, Internet access, Culture

Designers and engineers

Everyone is too caught up in their own beliefs that they are paralyzed.

The government, Education, Transportation system

GOD

Majority of people are uneducated

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

The rich

It’s virtually impossible for it to be achieved here in the Philippines.

Everybody

The Philippines is full of hypocrites. They want change yet they don’t do anything to fulfil that. The citizens are just waiting for someone to actually do so instead of taking action.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Lack of discipline

The government, Limiting population

Everybody

n/a

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Transportation system

Everybody

I think it could be achieved if everyone has the same goal and the same way of reaching that goal. There would be problems if everyone does not agree, so the first step would be to pray for everything and to always have an open mind. An open mind is very important because there will be different suggestions and opinions from different people, so to have one goal in the end everyone needs to hear out the other suggestions and opinions. I think collaboration is one of the keys for this utopian world.

The government, Education, Economic system, Culture

Everybody

n/a

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Sincere leaders

Filipinos are greedy and selfish.

The government, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

If there will be STRICTER enforcement of the law, an utopia in my own city can be achieved.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Philippines, is far from achieving this utopia. Too much selfishness, not much patriotism and love for others.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Inspite of my remark on achieving a Utopia, I believe that this is improbable in my city (Manila) due to the fact that certain mainstream dogma such as Capitalism is necessary for a city or country to function (you can argue that communism is a type of utopia). But at the same time, without this practice of Capitalism, the city will crumble and fall into dystopia. Indeed there is still much development needed in society before we can achieve something that is even close to a utopia (a developed form of democracy perhaps?)

Culture

Everybody

everyone’s voices are heard.

205

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Student

United States

Freedom, Full of creativity, Zero injustices

A utopia is a place where nothing needs improvement since everything is perfect. It is a place where things like injustices, racial inequality, corruption, sexism, etc do not exist. However, don’t people need to experience some sort of dystopia to fully appreciate utopia? If everything is perfect, how will humans deal with a situation if suddenly nothing ever is? Can such a universe exist and how will it function, how will it alter human behavior?

206

Equality Freedom Good government No poverty Good communication Peaceful

Med Student

Philippines

Employee

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Full of creativity

It is when every person cooperates with one another for the common good.

Teacher

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

A successful utopia is a world that practices holistic and systemic thinking. A progressive world, with great technological advancement but still highlights the importance of every individuals’ role in the society. It involves people living a very convenient, yet very productive and a sustainable life. A perfect world can only be possible if people living in it experience optimum level of wellness. People are all “components” of the community and they should know how they can all contribute for the betterment of the world.

Student

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Freedom, Full of creativity

A successful utopia is when every single aspect of a society works well with each other e.g., cohesion of architectural designs, no crimes, perfect blending of all genders, races, religions, political views and etc., in one and every community or place.

Student

Philippines

Religious, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

A world where there is peace and unity among humans.

Graduate

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

One that helps everyone understand each other :)

Employee

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Full of creativity

Putting imagination into reality.

Unemployed

Philippines

Religious, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Lack of freedom

A world that will be problem free. Nothing that can cause any harm not just for a certain country but the entire world.

College Student

Philippines

Religious, Honestly, I don’t think utopia is possible and imaginable.

No sins. Everyone’s happy, content, and pleased with their lives. No bitterness, resentments, or envy. It does not need to be technological advanced or anything materialistic, a utopia for me is when all the people in this world are happy and satisfied in their lives.

Entrepreneur

Philippines

Religious

Death

Student

Philippines

Full of creativity

Wherein all forms of creativity and creative ideas can be actualized

N/A

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Powerful government, Lack of freedom, Automation

In it’s definition, a world that is self-sustaining and has minimal problems (poverty, crime, uprisings, etc.).

Doctor

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

good governance, high moral standards, advance technology and environmental consciousness

Student

Philippines

Peaceful, simple and efficient.

It’s starts with a single person being concerned with the society he or she lives in. Concerned in a genuine manner to help out in making sure that his or her world will be a perfect place to live in for everybody. No one is corrupt, people understand each other and people are hard working.

Student

United States

A Solipsism

Fantasy

Physician

Philippines

Freedom, Full of creativity

A mind full of imagination.

Student

Philippines

Dystopia, Powerful government, Lack of freedom

A remote place where people are homogenized by an authoritative body. Creativity and individuality is repressed in order to keep this community in check.

Student

Philippines

Full of creativity

peace, cooperation, love, understanding

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Issues like injustices will always occur--no matter how big or small. However, this doesn’t mean that we should stop fighting to make it right. Creating positive change in a world of disparity can be something worth living for or can feed a sense for purpose.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Transportation system

Everybody

Lack of discipline.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

People are not united.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Nothing is ever perfect.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

No because it seems like most of the residents in my city think that the current condition of our place and country is already hopeless and that we cannot really do anything about it. It is this certain mindset that inhibits the society in attaining a close to utopian status.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

People in the city don’t have the proper discipline to achieve this utopia.

Education, Internet access, Economic system, Culture

Everybody

Our culture is very conservative and self-seeking. Great sacrifices are needed to make change :)

The government, Education

Everybody

If all work together by disciplining itself thru proper education and support from the government then the rest will come in.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Politicians

Proper governance

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system, The people in this country need to change the most. But again, for me, utopia is unachievable and unrealistic.

Everybody

Utopia can not be ever achieved in my opinion. No matter what country you reside in, no matter who you are, or no matter how long you wait for it, utopia is just too far-fetched. I just can’t imagine anything “utopian”, aside from Heaven. But you know what, I believe that the world we reside in today is even better than a utopian kind of world. Imagine all the things go your way, then what kind of person will you be then? I assume you to be someone lazy because everything comes easy for you, maybe prideful because you can never be wrong in this kind of society, and boring. Boring because you just don’t have to work hard for what you want in life. And we all know that true fulfillment only comes when you work hard for it. There’s just no such thing as utopia, and you know what, it’s all good.

All hahah

A utopia would have no need for authority

Personally I don’t think anyone can achieve Utopia in this Life. It’s beyond Human-

The government

Designers and engineers

The people are not disciplined nor is creativity encouraged

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

If ever, it would take a very long time, and even then it would never be considered a true utopia. I believe that establishing a true utopia would require highly advanced developments in all fields and sectors - developments which, given the state of things today, are still very far from being achieved. Furthermore, assuming that utopia is synonymous with perfection, a utopia may never be truly achieved.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

Too many POS

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

I believe that it will be hard to rid of this attitude wherein people think of themselves. If not themselves then just their families. Philippine culture is family oriented and we need to step out of that in order to think more for the country or even just our local community.

Unicorns and pixies

None. Power is an illusion only present in non utopian realities

Utopia is by definition impossible to achieve, as what the creators see as a utopia will never be what all think of as a utopia.

The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

The rich

Because there’s no discipline, structure and unity. People are selfish to one’s interest.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Everybody

With its current state. I would say that it is probably falling deep into a state of dystopia as the people blindly follow everything that seems to be “good” without even understand what it really is.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

educated people who want to make the country better

“masa” mentality

207

Initial Survey

Age.

Occupation.

Current country of residence.

A utopia is an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. When you hear the word “utopia”, what kind of place do you think of?

In your opinion, what makes a successful utopia?

Housewife

Philippines

Evolved humans (special powers)

No error in place as you want.

Student

USA

place of equality

Successful utopia has no problems. No greed, poverty, inequality, competition, surveillance etc. I think there is a fine line between utopia and dystopia.

Nurse

USA

No poverty, injustice, pain.

Happiness. Free health care. Lots of access to nature and education.

Student

United States

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars)

A situation in which all individuals were given access to the same opportunities; basically no economic, social or political boundaries.

Infopreneur

USA

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Evolved humans (special powers), Full of creativity

A world in which there are amazing creature comforts, fun and humans that treat each other with dignity and respect.

Unemployed

USA

Religious, Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

A successful utopia would be dependent on a number of situations, which I’ve listed below - Individuals within a utopia should more or less have the same ideals, values, and religious views. Drastic ideal values would make it hard to main a utopia - Everyone has equal rights, opportunities, living situations, and income. There wouldn’t be individuals that live in poverty nor be extremely wealthy in order to prevent inequalities. - Lastly, a successful utopia should have individuals that are happy and able to develop and create items that will help improve the standard of living.

Student

USA / Philippines

Empathetic society with elements of the above

Culture of empathy and generosity... Far from our reality. Doesn’t have to be completely perfect material wealth but the mindset that fosters sharing It’s when capitalism and bureaucracy won’t exist to the extent that it currently does now. It’s a world where people can actually state what their ‘dreams and aspirations’ are without people thinking that they are unreasonable or unrealistic if it doesn’t go along with societal ‘standards’. Instead, it is a world where people improve themselves, others (and society) based on what their passions are. It is when indecision isn’t a limit because they can only choose between certain paths, but indecision as a strength because people will have to know what opportunities they want to pursue, and letting go with acceptance of the others (because even if people want to do everything, they really can’t do it all -- not in one lifetime at least). People are accountable to themselves and their environment. Occupations like janitors, maids, drivers, won’t need to exist (since these are the sort of work that is typically demeaning in this current society, with the pay as the basis). People would clean up after themselves, and live lifestyles that would be sustainable for people in the future.

Marketing Specialist

Phnom Penh

Freedom, Full of creativity, Innovation, accountability, awareness

Corruption and inequality won’t be an issue, but this doesn’t mean that everyone has to live in a world where everyone’s material wealth has to look the same (ie something that would look like some Barbie suburbia), but rather, material things that would show interest, quirks, ideas (instead of ones physical property as a status symbol). Infrastructure and transportation is well-planned. There are good transit methods for both short and long-distance. Examples are bike rentals at the end of stations, good train system that spans not just in city centers, carpooling as a standard. It’s making public transport an ease, instead of making it something that people only will do at a last resort, and will render cars obsolete (or only needed in emergencies). In terms of government, the nearest definition can be holacracy (but even then has its own flaws), but is reliant on people having actual high competency and can manage its own, without a governing body telling them what to do. In the case of needing to discuss, a representative to be the voice of a certain area, but not necessarily the end-all decision-maker.

208

Advanced technology and innovation Creative design Zero waste Freedom Education geared towards application not just knowledge Peace and order -> rules and policies are formulated and implemented fairly and properly

Employee

Philippines

Futuristic (technological advancements like flying cars), Freedom, Full of creativity

Artist

USA

Freedom, Lack of freedom, Full of creativity

Genuine contributions by people for greater good Giving without expecting to receive

Employee

Philippines

Heaven

God

Businessman

Philippines

Religious, Evolved humans (special powers), Higher dimensions

Love. Sharing one’s positive energy influencing others to experience it.

Retired

USA

Full of creativity, Beautiful, healthy environment

Mutual respect for everyone ‘s choices, respect for environment, mutual desire for peace, lots of beautiful art, architecture, creativity

Consulting System Developer

Netherlands

Homogeneity

There are no successful utopias as they are unattainable.

Street vendor

USA

Freedom, Full of creativity, Peaceful

Stress-free, calming, soothing but not boring, maybe stimulating but not overly so- well balanced, pleasing to all senses.

Initial Survey What needs to change in your own country for it to become a utopia?

Who do you think should have the most power in your utopia?

If yes, how? If no, why not?

The government, Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture, Transportation system

Everybody

It needs high financial support and change government policy.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Culture, Ownership system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

To achieve the utopia I am thinking about, we would have to create and implement new ideologies, government, systems, and spaces. You can’t achieve this without wiping out all of the current population and replacing it with a new one. You can’t press the reset button, it’s impossible. Even if you could, there is no guarantee that this utopia will be achieved. Human nature is unpredictable.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Our mayor is an idiot. He only cares about his buddies and business. Never listens to research or science.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Economic system, Ownership system

Older citizens

Many people are too consumed in their efforts to be as wealthy as possible and are mostly concerned with their individual selves. This gives rise to many inequalities and thus imbalances in society.

The government, Education

Everybody

Human nature makes it impossible to achieve my idea of a utopian society. It’s just not possible given the “human condition”.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Culture, Ownership system

Everybody

I currently live in Seattle, WA and despite it being a progressive and friendly city I believe that there was a great divide in terms of people who live in poverty and those who earn high incomes. There is also great diversity in terms of ethnicity in the Seattle area, which would result in varying values and beliefs. All these items make it difficult to create a utopia based upon my opinion of what makes a successful utopia.

The government, Education, Limiting population, Internet access, Economic system, Transportation system

Everybody

Utopia is an ideal society, so it exists in the mind (a la platonic forms). It’s something we strive towards but can’t achieve, but it’s a good asymptote.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Limiting population, Ownership system, Transportation system

Cambodia has a very dark history that is somewhat recent (Khmer Rouge being only around 50 years ago). They are a society that has a large gap of the rich and poor, and also with corruption being one of the worst in Asia, rating 21 out of 99 (with 0 being highly corrupt) in 2014. Education is not very good, with university students often taking more than one degree (and even then, multiple degrees add only little to credentials). The only people that can afford university education are the wealthy as well. All and none

Infrastructure is only developing, but if they do not plan this early, it will end up really bad ones the country starts developing. Even now, the roads are small and the traffic is extremely bad (especially when it rains). That’s just in a country with a population between 15-20 million. The sewage system is not properly done. The roads are not well constructed. Most of their products are imported from Thailand or Vietnam, which is what makes grocery-bought items quite expensive. They have yet to produce their own products that can be at a mass level. However, since it is a developing country, there are so many avenues where it can start fresh. There can be a lot of potential, if done properly. Impact is extremely visible here.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Transportation system

Designers and engineers

Government too corrupt Too many obstacles to solve Change is generally slow City is poorly planned

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education, Internet access, Economic system, Ownership system, Transportation system

Ethical role models

Because we have no system in place to value ethical behavior beyond just following rules

The government, Get rid of corruption

God

Simply because heaven is NOT a place on earth

Education

Everybody

It starts from a person who knows how to love others.

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), Education, Limiting population, Economic system, Culture

Everybody

Intolerance, economic disparity, and lack of respect for our environment are accepted as a way of life in our town as in all of the USA. Voices that promote change are few and are overwhelmed by louder voices that scream about irrelevant issues or that prefer to maintain status quo. Change is slow.

Consensus as to what specifically constitutes a utopia

My utopia would be founded on the perfect balance between the individual and society.

Conflicting utopic models

Food system (agriculture, distribution, and consumption), The government, Education

Nobody

There is no society existing today wherein everybody is equal and nobody has more power. It’s close to impossible to have a completely stress free life or society (unless maybe everyone was high 24/7 and then our lives may not be productive enough to maintain our utopian lives).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

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LIST OF DRAWINGS:

12 21 27 35 39 43 49 50 52 54 56 58 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 77 78 80 81 82 83 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 103 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 120 121

Proximity Zoning Diagram Zone 5: Regional Zone Zone 4: City Zone Zone 3: District Zone Zone 2: Neighborhood Zone Zone 1: Personal Zone Main Spatial Principle Diagram Regional Masterplan Framework City Masterplan Framework Transportation System Framework District Masterplan Framework Housing Spatial Distribution Framework Housing Unit Layout and Circulation Framework Energy, Waste, and Water System Framework Agricultural Transect Healthcare System Hierarchy Healthcare Infrastructure Network Healthcare Adaptive Capacity Modular Mobile Health Unit (MHU) MHU Disaster Aggregation Map of Calabarzon Region, Philippines Region Masterplan Simulation Region Masterplan Simulation 2 Calamba City Simulation Flood Hazard Site Analysis Landslide Hazard Site Analysis Sun Path Site Analysis Soil Type Site Analysis Climate Site Analysis City Grid Simulation City Grid Simulation 2 City Grid Site Adaptation City Grid Figure Ground City Zoning City Subway Transportation Network Site Aerial Rendering Building Type A Rendering Building Type A Section Perspective Building Type A Elevation Perspective Building Type A Lower Ground Floorplan Building Type A 5th Level Floorplan Building Type A 6th Level Floorplan Building Type A 17th Level Floorplan Building Type A 18th Level Floorplan Building Type A Section B1 Building Type A Section B2 Building Type A Section B3 Building Type A Section B4 Building Type A Section C1 Building Type A Section C2 Building Type A Section C3 Building Type A Section C4 Building Type A Balcony Rendered Section Perspective Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Lower Floorplan Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Upper Floorplan

122 123 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 132 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 145 146 147 148 149 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 169 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188

Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Lower Floorplan Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Upper Floorplan Building Type A Triple Bedroom Unit Interior Rendering Building Type A Single and Double Bedroom Unit Interior Rendering Building Type B Rendering Building Type B Elevation Building Type B Section Perspective Building Type B Ground Level Floorplan Building Type B 5th Level Floorplan Building Type C Rendering Building Type C Elevation Perspective Building Type C Section Perspective Building Type C Third Sub-Level Floorplan Building Type C Second Sub-Level Floorplan Building Type C First Sub-Level Floorplan Building Type C Ground Level Floorplan Secondary School Ground Level Floorplan Secondary Healthcare Center Ground Level Floorplan Ground Level Secondary School Interior Rendering Ground Level Secondary Healthcare Center Interior Rendering Building Type C 2nd Level Floorplan Secondary School 2nd Level Floorplan Secondary Healthcare Center 2nd Level Floorplan Second Level Secondary School Interior Rendering Second Level Secondary Healthcare Center Interior Rendering Building Type C 3rd Level Floorplan Secondary School 3rd Level Floorplan Secondary Healthcare Center 3rd Level Floorplan Building Type C 4th Level Floorplan Building Type C 5th Level Floorplan Building Type C 6th Level Floorplan Building Type C 7th Level Floorplan Building Type C 8th Level Floorplan Building Type C 14-25th Level Floorplan Building Type C Section B1 Building Type C Section B2 Building Type C Section B3 Building Type C Section B4 Building Type C Section C1 - Secondary School Building Type C Section C2 - Secondary Healthcare Center Building Type C Section Perspective Rendering Masterplan Selection Masterplan Selection A Masterplan Selection A Aerial Rendering Masterplan Selection A Rendered Perspective A Masterplan Selection A Rendered Perspective B Masterplan Selection A Rendered Section Perspective C Masterplan Selection B Masterplan Selection B Aerial Rendering Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective A Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective B Masterplan Selection B Rendered Perspective C

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NICHOLAI DAVID GO WWW.NICHOLAIGO.COM Rhode Island School of Design B. Arch, 2016 ngo@nicholaigo.com