ATELIER APPROACH Formwork concerns the layer of change that happen over time in a dynamic environment and the relationship between built environment and contemporary forces that shape, change and define our city e.g. organisational, environmental and political. The main drive of the atelier has been promoting endurance and longevity rather than built-in obsolescence where sustainability plays a main role in today’s construction industry. The recent re-development of the University of Manchester and the statement made by (Myers and Wyatt, 2004) “sustainable development raise the importance of the building stick as economic, social and cultural capital that should not be wasted.” have further acknowledged my understanding towards the atelier approach to design with the mind of capability to adapt, change and re-use. Having focused on the Corridor of Manchester, we explore into the historic layers, programmatic relationship of Oxford Road with the city and its problems. The main issue for me has been the disconnection between the community and the universities due to the invisible boundary formed around the territory of the universities. I was inspired by the statement of (John McGrath, 2010) saying that “it becomes much more productive if you think of it as a space rather than building. Space is where things happen... and where things collide.” This has urged me to create a space to unify the community, a space where people meet, interact and for activities to happen.
Fig. 1- Group work- Synoptic Poster
INVESTIGATION - REFERENCES
PART A
Formwork as an atelier has been focusing on the Corridor of Manchester, an urban territory where its programmatic and physical characteristics are shaped by the University of Manchester and Central University Hospitals as core facilities. In 3.1 we began by each producing a personal response basing on personal experience to the Corridor of Manchester expressing our individual view upon the territory and to exchange ideas that one might not have noticed.
Three iconic buildings from different building age were selected as precedent for us to explore how and what have been change and adapted to the building over time. Along with key readings (DfD in the built environment, Building Adaptation, Design for disassembly), they have been able to develop my understanding to the key principle of Design for disassembly, especially the idea of it being the main contrbutor to Design for Environment.
Fig. 5- Group work- Sketches illustrating original plan for Kantorowich Building
Arts & Cultural
Science & health care
Fig. 6- Group work- Sketches illustrating extension built to Contact Theatre
Fig. 2- Individual emotive response to territory.
Base upon personal experience and first thing to come in mind is that Oxford Road is like the spine of the corridor supporting a mixture of activities. The corridor is defined with distinct areas. Cultural and youth activities, are clustered on the West side of corridor. On the opposite side, science and healthcare. It is interesting to see the immediate change after crossing the spine of the corridor.
Fig. 7- Group work- Diagrams showing multiple extension to Whitworth Art Gallery
In the beginning of 3.2, we refreshed our mind by analysising more precedents of disassembly and to develop a deeper understanding of adaptive layers in a building . I found the example of the conversion of a warehouse particularly useful in terms of its construction method, structural system and building layers are features that I considered to apply in my own building proposal.
Fig. 3- Group work- Acess route plans
Fig. 4- Group work- Figure ground suggesting change in urban territory from 1930 to present
In order to gain better understanding of the territory and its characteristics, in group of 4, we explored into the historic content of Oxford Road from early 1900s. Through historical master plans, lecture serie (Master planning progress, Richard Brooks, 2014) and future vision by town planners, we were able to visualise the transformation of Oxford Road over the years. From the study we learnt the programmatic transformation of Oxford Road from an area mostly dominated with residential housing in early 1900s into the 2 major distinct features of today upon the expansion of the universities and the hospital. Together with “Strategic Vision to 2025� by Corridor of Manchester, we came to realisation that there has always been a plan to turn Oxford Road into a world renown innovative district.
Fig.8- Conversion of a warehouse in Berlin
INVESTIGATION - CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
UoM buildings
Main access Carpark & site
Hospital Green space Private housing
A closer look at the programmatic orgainsation around the site offered me a better understand of its problem. Surrounded by university buildings, accommondation and the lack of public green space are concerns that I wish to improve in my proposal. Serval factors affect my decision of locating the proposition- noise generated from traffic and pedestrian access route. With design for disassembly in mind which is heavily influenced by sustainability, it is also important to consider the possibility to passive design as to where window openings should be positioned according to the route of the sun path on the site.
Fig.13 - Closed up programmatic organisation near site Fig.9 - Group work- Wider context of Contact Theatre
Fig.10 - Group work- Access and Transportation
Having picked the same site for every individual in our small group, we moved our focus to Contact Theatre who shares very similar contextual conditions with our site. As analysis developed, we were able to draw to a conlusion that visibility and accessbility have been the main issues with our site. Physical barriers are one major reasons to cause obscuration of the site which I will have to respond to when designing my proposal.
Fig.14 - Major factors affecting the positioning of proposition
Strategy Open up
Fig.11 - University of Manchester landscape plan
Fig.12- Desire Art Trail link
A visit to Sheppard Robson Manchester office whos responsible to the new extension to Contact Theatre was also useful to see how they tackle the problem we raised. They also provided me with useful information on the university landscape plan that contributed to the generation of my agenda- to form a continous route linking all the Arts & Cultural hubs from the start to the end of Oxford Road. The site sits in a location perfect to break the barrier between the university and the community, a space where both can interact.
Visibility
Public Space
Circulation
Fig.15 - Diagrams of stratrgic moves
From contextual analysis, I was able to establish the strategy of the proposition. 4 main factors to improve the current situation and to response to the surrounding contect of the site- 1) open up the site by removing any physical barriers 2) visibility from Oxford Road where the major flow of people will come from 3) public greenery space to create a more friendly environment 4) the ease of access connecting the proposition to other pedestrian route.
INVESTIGATION - PROGRAMME ANALYSIS As mentioned in the agenda, the building is to complete the Art Trail of the Corridor of Manchester, therefore it will be surrounded by Arts & Cultural activities e.g. performance, exhibition and workshops. These set the starting point of generating programmes of the building. Having analysis Contact Theatre in depth in earlier research, it gave me an insight/ brief idea of how large space should be.
Connecting Landscapes
Identifying the user group of the building has also helped to generate programmes around the building by understanding their need. The target user of the building could be anyone in the community who wants to be involved. I have set up a series of imagined scenarios of how these users could travel within the building.
Fig.19- Gehua Youth and Cultural Center, Archdaily 2012
Again looking at precedent, I explored ways of how spaces can be flexible to suit different functions and intergrate into landscapes. The Gehua Youth and Cultural Center has a theatre that can transform itself into 4 different settings to offer audience a different experience by connecting indoor and outdoor spaces. It also has an accessible roof which I look to include in my proposal. Other than these features, I also look into ways to better respond to the surrouding context. The main solution has been a grid system developed in 3.2 where the building follows a grid corresponding to the Contact’s auditorium. The grid system not only offer better flexiblity in the arrangement of programmes but also considered to be one of the best soution to design for disassembly.
Fig.16 - Imagined journey for different user groups
To avoid having identical function and programme with Contact Theatre, my proposal is aimed at informal performance, pop-up exhibition/gallery and classes. To achieve this, the building should not only be designed for disassembly for expansion in future needs, it should also has great flexibility and transformability in its interior spaces to assume different functions for different occasions. I have looked at precedents to understand how buildings are spatially connected, quantity of rooms and key spaces. The Spaces Fig.20- Development sketches to show grid system and connecting landscape from 3.2
Study Tour- Copenhagen In group of 3, we explored the relationship between the local university and the city finding that, it has a very different atmosphere compared to that in Manchester. The city campus has almost intergrated with the streets without a boundary of private territory own by the university. Fig.17 - Main design core
Other influence of the tour has been the cycling and storage system of the city which I find similar to the current transformation of Oxford Road which later inspired the landscape plan of the park.
Fig.18- Jackson Hole Center for the Arts Performing Arts Pavilion, Archdaily 2011
Observing different layouts from different precedents led me to understand how programme would contribute to form and how they are arranged to suit the need of target users. Fig.18 shows a precedent which I find similar to what I would like to include in my proposal. Although on a much greater scale, the Arts Perfroming Pavilion consists of a large theatre, 3 large group rehearsal spaces and few smaller practice rooms scattered across 3 levels of the building.
Fig.21- Group Work- Study tour summary
INVESTIGATION - FIRST MOVES- DESIGN GENERATORS The initial idea during 3.1 design generating stage was to create an eye-catching form to draw attention of pedestrian from Oxford Road. However the design has not met the design criteria of the atelier’s approach and fail to connect with its surrounding context. It was then moved on to a more systematic way to generate the form. Responding to the Contact Theatre by following the grid of Contact’s auditorium. A series of spatial hierarchy was created to offer comfort and character to the building.
The key concept of the building was refined to better respond to the surrounding context and to the agenda. 1) boundary lines 2) views 3) intergrated green space 4) Glass box 5) public park
Fig.26- Key diagrams illustrating concept of building
Fig.22- Initial sketches from design generation
The first set of plans have set the foundation to the later development of the building. A heavy construction of concrete core sits on the South elevation follow by steel frame structure for the rest of the building. The main hall of the building locates in the lower ground level connected to ground floor by a flight of stairs/seating. Upper levels will find 3 large rehearsal rooms with foldable partitions to alter room size when needed and 5 smaller studio spaces. On the top level will find an accessible green roof .
Fig.27- Sectional grid system
The building not only follows a modular system in plan but also in section. A height of 5000mm is given to each floor to ensure sufficient space is left for services to run through and better flexibility
Fig.23- First set of plans in design development
Fig.24- lighting exploration with 1:200 sectional model
Fig.28- The main grid that the building follows, responding to the theatre space of Contact Theatre
A sectional model of scale 1:200 was used to explore spatial hierarchy and natural lighting. A series of double volume spaces flow through the building to offer a sense of spaciousness and to direct circulation around the building. The double volumes are also considered to aid ventilation at the early stage of design. Intergrating from the key findings from precedents analysis, the main hall on lower ground level connects to outdoor landscape that leads circulation back on the ground level towards the end of the site.
Fig 29- Introduction of a secondary grid, the south facade responds to the boudary line of the site.
Fig.25- Initial section exploring hierarchy
The refined plan offers the building with additonal space for temporary exhibition/gallery and a large plant room to support the running of mechanical services in the building
Fig 30- Final refined plans
STATEMENT OF TECTONIC INTENSION From the beginning of the project, Formwork maintains its strong ethical attitude towards the idea of promoting endurance, longevity and the idea to design sustainable. In book (DfD in the built environment, 2008) writes “buildings embody shelter and comforts, and as cultural symbols, respectively. Because of their importance in society and tremendous impact on resource utilization globally, any attempt to consider sustainability... must consider the management of all resource flows in the full life-cycle of buildings from extraction, to manufacturing, to design, to construction, to operation, to renovation, to eventual end-of-life.” Sustainability is therefore considered as a social practice, not only it is a strategy to reduce human impact upon the environment but also to create a social connection and values to people. The atelier’s agenda and principles of Design for Disassembly have highly influenced me during the making of different architectural considerations in the design process. Where Vince Catalli states in his article- “the principles of disassembly relate more to the choice of materials and the detailed design of building components. Typically the structure, fabric and service systems of a building have different anticipated maintenance cycles and service lives. To facilitate economic and efficient maintenance and replacement, all components should be readily accessible.” (Design for Disassembly, 2009) Every layers within the building from its structural system to its interior lining must be selected with care to create the product manual when it comes to disassembly. Analysing precedents and exploring context of Oxford Road have helped my understanding of different construction methods and techniques suitable for design for disassembly. Several redevelopment and on-going projects on the Corridor provide the perfect examples in choosing a structural system. Steel frame structure has been considered as the best option in terms of flexibility and ease of construction. The use of nuts and bolts connection also provides the ability for the building to easily transform in the future. In my proposed building, there will also be a concrete core which acts as a more permanent structure where the building’s services facilities will go. In material selection in facade cladding, I have chosen copper as the main material due to its 1) apperance- often eye-catching 2) durability- little or no maintainance needed 3) recycability-100%recyclable. These factors have met the design criteria and the goal at being sustainable. As in interior choice of material remains simple e.g. plaster board considering the continuious change of programmes in the building where walls might have to be pulled down to aid transformability of spaces in short period of time.
Fig 31- Building layers in relation to its lifecycle of my proposed building
DEVELOPMENT - STRUCTURE
PART B
Choosing the suitable structural system is the most important aspect to design for disassembly. Steel frame structure is easy alter when needed in the future. It also makes it a quick construction process since almost all components of the building can be pre-fabricated off site, minimising the disturbance to surrounding residential areas and Theatres like the Contact Theatre and Academy 1 venue. Column to cloumn connection
Beam to column connection
Beam to beam connection
Concrete core (Primary)
Load bearing walls (Primary) Fig 32- Structure conenction
• Steel frame- beams and columns to come in standard size and can be pre-fabricated. Provides ease of construction and disassembly • Bolts $ Nuts connection- although may rise cost for materials, less tools and time are needed to assemble parts • Concrete Core- Pre-cast units, quick to install and will act as a more permanent structure
Retaining walls (Primary) Pile foundation (Primary)
• Pile foundation- discussion with engineerer suggested pile foundation to take the heavy load of building especially long span structure in the main hall • Facade- copper cladding 100% recyclable with little or no maintenance require during its life span Fig 33- Columns and structural walls in plan
Glazing
(Tertiary)
Concrete slabs (Secondary)
Facade skin (Tertiary)
Fig 34- Load path diagram
Fig 35- Structual analysis
DEVELOPMENT - CONSTRUCTION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1) Insert pile sheet to to retain soil around site before excavation of lower ground level 2) Install pile foundation with piling machine 3) Build retaining walls for permanent concrete structure 4) Pre-fabricated concrete Core and columns to install in place 5) A layer of engineer fill and basement slab are poured 6) Completer the rest of the steel frame structure 7) Pre-cast units of floor slabs to be placed in place 8) Make building weather seal by installing glazing
9
10
9) Interior finishes 10) Install facade skin to complete build
DEVELOPMENT - ENVIRONMENT Light- The building is in an orientation to maximise natural sunlight gain by using large amount of curtain walls. There are also light well on first floor to lead light into deeper plan of the building. The facade helps to control solar gain and also to create an interesting shadow pattern in the interior.
Air- The building tries to adapt a natural ventilating system as much as possible. The concrete core acts as the thermal mass of the building. It absorbs heat from the afternoon sun and creates a chimney effect within the building, encouraging warm air to rise and leave the building through openings on higher level.
Fig 36- Facade system Fig 39- Passive ventilation
MVHR system Fig 37- Diagram of sunpath and light path entering building
Water- The green roof and back garden not only serve as public space but also to harvest rain water. and to keep the building cool. Soil acts as the first layer of filter before being transferred to underground storage for later use in public facilities e.g. toilets.
Fig 38- Water system explained
It is known as the mechanical ventilation heat recovery system, it works by exchanging warm damp air out to the heat exchanger where heat os transffered to new fresh air that has been taken from outdoor enviornment. The system should be placed on the roof top plant for it to work sufficiently.
Fig 41- Passive approach explained
Fig 40- Ventilation flap
DEVELOPMENT - USER
User Experience Cellular Steel Beam With designing for desassemble in mind the cellular beams not only help to achieve a long span structure to form the require spaces and rooms, it also allow services to run through snd easily asscessible when maintainance is needed e.g. ventilation duct, electric cables, water pipes. Glazing Cellular Steel Beam Glazing
It maintains users experience of connecting indoor and outdoor where huge amount of glazing is installed in the building. It is also used to achieve the enviornmental features mentioned in earlier pages. Catwalk
Catwalk
At 1500mm wide, it allows maintaince to be carried out on the facade of the bulding.
Suspended Roof
Suspended Roof Again, services can run through, especially lighing features when the hall is used as an ampitheatre.
Double Volume Double volume Retractable doors Seating height
It offers the optimal ceiling height when the hall is used as a theatre for performance. It also offers a sense of spaciousness to the users. Retractable doors The main feature of the building is to connect interior space to exterior space, offering performer and viewers a different experience to what they define as a performing stage. Seating height Seats are design to optimise view to the hall which has no or little restriction.
Fig 42- 1:20 Detailed section
EVALUATION - COST CONSIDERATION Building formBuilding form will contribute to the cost of construction. The more complex the geometry is the more expensive it will be. For my building, it follows a grid geometry for most of the building with a modular steel framing system which makes construction straight forward. Most of the cost will be going to building materials as the building has a floor area reaching almost 4000sqm. It is a relatively large building but considering it consists of 4 floors including the roof with high percentage of useful floor area, I think it has a good value against usability of the building.
Buildability Having a steel frame system makes the building relatively buildable and straight forward. The most troublesome stage will be installing the sheet file, excavation of the lower ground level and to install the pile foundation which may add to the cost. Every parts should come in standard size except the structure to support the curving roof where extra cost is needed to custome made the beams.
Assembly Design for disassembly may be more expensive than building a traditional building due to increasing parts and components to achieve its ability to easily transform in the future. However, the use of nuts & bolts for connections also means the reduction of tools and expertise when assembling which helps to reduce cost on the other hand.
Lifespan Every building should be designed to last at least 30 years. In designing for disassembly, the structure of the building may last for more than 100 years which will be the most expensive to build. Whereas services and partitions to separate rooms may change accordingly to the user’s need and for maintenance which will can be kept to a minimal cost easily.
Fig 43- cost summary from Mitchell’s Introduction to Building, 2013
Running Cost The building has been designed to use passive strategy whenever possible to reduce the need for mechanical services e.g. lighting, ventilation and heating to keep the running cost of the building to a minimum. Only when mechanical services are needed especially during the winter time will add extra cost to the electric bill of the building. Fig 44- exploded axonometric of floors
EVALUATION - ENVIORNMENTAL CONSIDERATION Material Design for disassembly concern the source of material from the very beginning when the material is extracted to its end-of-life. During the selection of materials in the project, I aimed to source materials that are sustainably sourced and developed, e.g. timber from approved sustainable forest. It is important to consider the durability of materials to reduce the need of repair and replacement of new materials. It is also important to consider other aspect like ability to be recycled of materials used.
Environment impact Every process of extracting new materials, transportation, assembling and running a building will release emission to the environment. Therefore by sourcing materials locally and re-using materials may help to reduce the impact. Series of passive strategies are designed to help minimise the building’s impact on the envionment during its lifetime.
Transportation To minimise the cost and the impact of transporting materials from overseas, materials should be sourced locally. There are several steel suppliers around Manchester which cuts short the traveling distance of materials from warehouse to the site.
Assembly Most waste gas like CO2 will be released during the beginning of construction process where heavy machinery will be needed to extract soil and pile in the foundation. The rest of the construction process will the a minimal effect on the environment as the main structure is connected using bolts which require minimal tools.
Lifespan and potential for recycling Materials chosen for the project has been carefully picked for its durability to last long. It has also been considered for their abolity to recycle when it is eventually disposed of. e.g. steel and copper are can be easily recycled whereas timber can be re-used in other purposes/ application.
Fig 45- community of sustainability (Rochester Institue of Technology)
EVALUATION - LEGISLATION Approved Document B- Fire Safety
Fig 49- Wheelchair stairs platform
Fig 50- Disable accessible door Fig 46- Fire escapes location plan
Fig 48- Features installed for disable access
• In an assembly building the maximum travelling distance when there are two or more fire escapes is 45m. The green dotted lines show the coverage of this distance in plan. • Distance from pint A to B is 30m Distance from pint C to D is 40m
• Entrance into the building are on a flat level allowing ease of access by disable users
• Lift access to all levels
• Corridors and routes are over 1500mm in width throught out whole building to allow easy circulation for disable users
• All doorwyas are over 900mm wide
• Disbable has a dimension of 2050x2200mm
Approved Document K- Protection from Falling
• Both fire walls are enclosed within the concrete wall with 450mm in thickness which will resist for at least 30min in case of a fire • Fire doors are 1000mm wide • Fire door opens in a direction without obstructing the flow of people escaping
• The buildng has multiple locations where a guardrail is needed to protect users from falling, especially on roof level
• Stair widths are 1100mm can serve up to 220 people in case of a fire
• Document K2 requires handrails to be at a height of at least 900mm
• Half landing are of width of the width of staircase
• All handrails in the building are designed to have a height of 1100mm to prevent users from falling.
• Full landing comfortably accomondate the outer line of flow of people escaping and space for wheelchair space
Fig 47-Design of fire staircase
• Turning space of over 1500x1500mm in front of lift
Fig 51- Guarding to prevent from falling
REALISATION STATEMENT
PART C
In the realisation of the scheme, we understand the impact of the community centre that it has on Oxford Road- to strength the bond on the Corridor of Manchester. It is a public square designed for all sorts of activities to happen, a space for the locals to perform, learn, show-cast themselves and most importantly act as a catalyst to break the invisible barrier between the universities and the community. The site completes the important link to the circulation to some of Manchester’s most significant cultural hubs ranging from Art Galleries, museums, clubs and school of Arts all the way to the town hall in city centre. Using the Arts & Cultural characteristic of Oxford Road, the Art trail invites the public to engage with buildings that are privately owned by the universities and to be part of the community. On a meso scale, the openness of the site creates a very different perspective to what Oxford Road feels like currently. The site was originally an abandoned site from the intial concept to build a seonf ring road around the City of Manchester in 1967. My proposal opens up the site and provide a space for people to meet and socialise, something that Oxford Road is lacking at the moment. The concept of connecting the interior space to the exterior space of the building not only that the building has a better connection with the surrounding context but also introduces a brand new experience for all users in Manchester.
Fig 52- Synopsis
Conclusion To conclude, my scheme has met the both the UK construction industry and user experience. The idea of designing for disassembly is believed to be increasingly popular in the construction industry due to the rising focus on sustainability. Adapting a similar approach to building designs along with a few on-going projects on the Corridor of Manchester. The structural system of the building is commonly used in the industry and should be straight forward for the construction team users of the project. The main purpose of the project is to strength the bond of the community and involvement of the public into unfamiliar territory of the universities. The building sits well and has responded to its surrounding context accordingly. It invites people to enter the space from Oxford Road with a form that stands out from the nearby buildings but at the same time nicely blended into the natural enviornment. Programmatically, the building has met the initial concept of the agenda of the scheme. The structure and programmtic layout is suitable to enhance user experience. Having adaptive and transformable rooms and spaces, the building can adapt for different activities for different occasions. Giving a variety of choices for the users. Personally, the atelier’s approach has developed the idea that while architecture has been designed and developed to enhance the quality of life of human beings, we must also take into account of the impact upon the eco-system. As an architect I have developed my critical thinking of designing sustainably to resolve problems with good designs. Also, speaking to professionals has provided me with valuable knowledge and thought process to come to a realisation of a successful project.
Fig 53- Range of perspectives of proposed scheme
DRAWING PACK
Site Boundary
Visibility from Oxford Road
“Manchester Corridor is one of the most cultural districts in the city, packed with knowledge, creativity and innovation.” The project’s vision is to promote the continuation of the Art Trail along Oxford Road as well as to a public space to better connect the students, residents, the universities and the Contact Theatre together. It is a place where people from all backgrounds interact and carry out a wide range of activities with little limitations.
See through glass
Collage of the main Arts & Cultural attractions along the Art Trail of Oxford Road
Intergrated landscapes
Public Park
Photo montage of view approaching from Oxford Road
Front exterior perspective
Transformability “Truly transformable architecture ... must enable a dramatic alteration in the character of the whole architectural environment ... This is architecture that opens, closes, expands or contracts.� -Michael Jantzen
Conventional
Extended Stage
Amphitheatre
Night perspective of a performance from outdoor seating area
Both Sides Opened
General gathering space
Music venue
Fashion show
Interior perspective of exhibition space
Temporary gallery
Facade
Roof
Level 1
Level 0
Level -1
Ground Floor Plan 1. Entrance 2. Interior seating area 3. Multi-functional Hall 4. Toilet 5. Cafe 6. Exhibition space 7. Fire escape stairs 8. Outdoor seating + performing area
Section A-A showing hierarchy of space of the building
Sectional perspective collaged with 1:50 physical detail model
Elevations Top: North, West, South Centre: East
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Archdaily (2012) Gehua Youth and Cultural Center- http://www.archdaily.com/276957/gehua-youth-and-cultural-center-open-architecture
Architecture in Detail Graham Bizley (2008)- mmu library online resource
Archdaily (2011) Jackson Hole Center for the Arts Performing Arts Pavilion- http://www.archdaily. com/160683/jackson-hole-center-for-the-arts-performing-arts-pavilion-stephen-dynia-architects
Architecture Detail II Graham Bizley (2010)- mmu library online resource
Peter A. Bullen (2007) Adaptive reuse and sustainability of commercial buildings- https://www.researchgate. net/profile/Peter_Bullen3/publication/235264539_Adaptive_reuse_and_sustainability_of_commercial_buildings/links/56b54ea808ae5ad360578ef8.pdf Greeno & Osbourn (2013)- Mitchell’s introduction to building (Fifth edition)- https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=TuIJBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=mitchell’s+introduction+to+building&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV45_lzfDTAhUBCMAKHZ7TCnYQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=mitchell’s%20introduction%20to%20building&f=false Guy and Cirarimboli (2005)- Design for Disassembly in the built environment- mmu library online resource John Harris (2016) Manchester’s lost horizons: the futuristic city that never was- https://www.theguardian. com/artanddesign/2016/jun/05/manchester-lost-futuristic-city-architecture Larissa Acharya (2013) FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE FOR THE DYNAMIC SOCIETIES Reflection on a Journey from the 20th Century into the Future- http://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/5462/thesis.pdf Robert J. Farrow, Amaya C. Labrador and Joshua D. Crews (2012)- The Road to Flexibility: Adaptability, Transformability, and Convertibility- http://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/trends/architecture/road-flexibility-adaptability-transformability-and-convertibility/ John McGrath interview: Contact Theatre, buildings and young people’s participation James Thompson, Katharine Low 08/2010- mmu library online resource Designing for Disassembly (DfD) Elma Durmisevic, Ken Yeang 11/2009- mmu library online resource The University and the City John Goddard, Paul Vallance- mmu library online resource City of manchester plan 1945- Martin Dodge- mmu library online resource Individualization and Community Building GUST- mmu library online resource Vince Catalli Early planning means an economic afterlife for buildings- http://www.sabmagazine.com/ blog/2009/10/27/design-for-disassembly/ Building adaptation James Douglas 2002- mmu library online resource technical: Designing for Disassembly: Designing for disassembly provides an innovative strategy for attaining environmental goals and building adaptability Catalli, Vince Archive: 1955-2005)46.1 (Jan 1, 2001)- mmu library online resource Conversion of a Warehouse in Berlin. DETAIL (2016)- mmu library online resource Hypar Pavilion in New York. DETAIL (2011)- mmu library online resource
Featuring steel: resources, architecture, reflections DETAIL, c2009 Architectural design in steel Trebilcock, Peter; Lawson, R. M (2004) Contemporary curtain wall architecture Murray, Scott (Scott Charles (2009)