Re-Knitting Oakland by Nicola Szibbo

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

INTRODUCTION Community Division.

Public Health Inequity.

Environmental Inequity.

Deﬁning the Study Area CALIFORNIA

OAKLAND

THE SITE: I-980 West G

rand

Ave

CA-24

I-80

I-580

rso nS

I-980

Market S

CA-17

Jeff e

I-880

4th S

Project Description

Project Rationale

History of I-980

Project Beneﬁts

I-980 is underutilized

Reconnect West Oakland to Downtown

The freeway separates West Oakland from Downtown both physically and psychologically

Improve the health and well-being of Oakland residents

I-980 fails to serve local residents

New publicly-owned land for development

Demographic Data Existing Site Condition Environmental Issues Freeway Analysis Transit Analysis and Street Life Pedestrian Experience

Prime location for uses to address key issues: housing, job creation, public transit infrastructure

Precedent Studies

Increase land value and tax revenue

Proposals for the Future Next Steps

Attract new investment

Improve walking, biking, and public transit

Current Site Condition

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

THE HISTORY OF 1-980 Before I-980: Oakland Neighborhoods 1889 - 1951 1889 1902-1903

1912-1951

Jefferson Street

eet et Str M ar k

Eighteenth Street

Seventh Street Sixth Street Fifth Street

Currently I-980

Uptown Oakland

Old Oakland

Currently I-980

Uptown Oakland

Old Oakland

Uptown Oakland

Old Oakland

I-980 Development Timeline

Construction begins

1998

1989

1968

West Oakland redlined as “high-risk”

Movement to reimagine I-980 area

1985

1976

1949 1936

1930

Loma Prieta: I-880 collapses, I-980 used as central freeway

Federal funds secured, interstate designation

2014

Urban Renewal: “Blight” Remediation

Oakland c. 1930

I-980 completed

I-880 reopens, I-980 reduced to original use

2015

1980

1960

Grove-Shafter Freeway plan is proposed, features second trans-bay element.

1946

Catherine Wagner (1978)

Takeaways

The Cost of Building I-980

42 acres

503 houses

155 trees

4 churches

22 businesses

142 employees

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

EXISTING SITE CONDITION: Demographic Data Population Density

African American

Census Tract 4028

Census Tract 4027

Census Tract 4024

Race and Ethnicity 1 Project Site

White

African American 46% White 27% Asian 24% Two or more races 2% American Indian 1% Other 1%

Census Tract 4026

Census Tract 4025

Census Tract 4031

Total Population:

4,579

(Census Tracts 4026, 4027) High to Low

High to Low

Asian

Other Races

71% 11% 9% 6% 2,5% 0.5%

High to Low

The Site

5,127

4,579

Downtown Oakland

2,538

City of Oakland

(Census Tracts 4024, 4025)

$35,996

High to Low

$72,112

Age Distribution

Poverty by Age

Under 18 12% or 305 people

Families in Poverty

Working Age in Poverty 25% below poverty level

Under 5 2% or 56 people

75% above poverty level

2,538

5 Alameda County 46% 27% 12% 8% 6% 1%

Total Population

397,011

1,535,248

Aging in Poverty

Under 18 in Poverty

34% below

25% below

poverty level

66% above

43% below

poverty level

75% above

poverty level

Rent vs. Home Ownership

poverty level

445

1651 Total Housing Units

497

57% above poverty level

Land Value Analysis 1 Project

2 West

1,421

2,009

2,732

942

1,572

2,146

479

437

586

12.9%

7.9%

8.2%

$400K

$310K

$550K

Site

582

(Census Tracts 4028, 4031)

Working Age (18-64) 70% or 1,790 people

Aging (65+) 16% or 443 people

990

5,127

39% 27% 16% 11% 6% 1%

397,011 1,535,248 $52,583

Total Population

4 City of Oakland

Alameda County

High to Low

$23,856 $22,465

35% 29% 24% 7% 4% 1%

Total Population

Population and Median Income West Oakland

3 Downtown Oakland

2 West Oakland

Oakland

3 Downtown Oakland

495 Renter Occupied Units

High to Low

Owner Occupied Units

152

279

190 Vacancy Percentages

265

200

396

<200 K

400 - 600 K

800 K - 1 mill.

High to Low

200 <200- 400 K K

600 400 -- 800 600 K K

> 1 mill. 800 K - 1 mill.

Takeaways

> 1from mill.2013 Census Data. 200 - 400 K All data shown 600 on - 800 this K board is gathered

Median House Price

These demographic statistics show how I-980 divides Oakland along racial and class lines and how its redesign could begin to heal the rift it embodies. 4,579 People

$22,465

1,421 Units

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

EXISTING SITE CONDITION Existing Landuse

Community Assets

Food Access

Ave d n a r WG

Castro Street

Brush Street

t Stree t e k r a M

Jefferson Street

18th Street

14th Street

Smart & Final

11th Street

People’s Grocery

Old Oakland Farmers Market

4th Street

Residential

Mixed Use

Industrial

Religious Institution

Social Services

Commercial

Park

Residential, Commercial & Light Industrial

Housing Services

Cultural Institution/Landmark

Religious Institution

Social Services

14th Street Section from Jefferson Street to Market Street Cultural Institution/ Landmark

West Street

Market Street

410’

40’

230’

Standard Food Access Point and Buffer

Housing Services

Castro Street

46’

West Oakland

Freeway 3 lane 440’

I-980

Green Spaces

Standard Food Access = 1/4 mile radius from food access point

Grocery Store

Brush Street Off-ramp On-ramp 2 lane 2 lane

90’

Grocery Store

Parking Lots

Freeway 2 lane

On-ramp 2 lane

Jefferson Street

MLK Jr. Way

Off-ramp 2 lane 45’

320’

323’

55’

56’

Downtown Oakland Public Land vs. Private Land

Ave d n a r WG

Castro Street

Brush Street

reet t S t e k r Ma

18th Street

11th Street

4th Street

Parks

Trees Trees

Parking Lots

Public Land

Private Land

Takeaways

Limited Social Services & Parks

The current services, retail and housing in the site do not meet the needs of residents and consumers. By rethinking I-980, the city could promote access to services, healthy food, and other community resources.

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

EXISTING SITE CONDITION: Environmental Issues Particulate Matter Score

Asthma Score

Schools in the Area

76-80%

99.6%

76-80%

99.7%

81-85%

99.8% 61-65%

100% 100%

31-35% % Percentile Ranking in State of California

% Percentile Ranking in State of California

Source: OEHHA CalEnviroscreen 2.0

School Source: Google Maps

Source: OEHHA CalEnviroscreen 2.0

Population Growth West Oakland

2013

Oakland

Alameda County

70%

West Oakland

2060

Oakland

Alameda County

growth 5,127

397,011

8,711*

1,535,248

674,566*

*Calculated growth proportionate to Alameda County

2,195,999 Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Sea Level Rise, Flood Risk, and Liquefaction

Area of Sea Level Rise Risk: 6 feet in 100 years Shoreline

West Oakland

Stormwater Runoff

I-980

1cm : 30m Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Area at risk of Liquefaction

West Oakland

Shoreline

I-980

1cm : 30m Source: City of Oakland

Impermeable Surface

Source: City of Oakland

Takeaways

Issues turned into opportunities

Permeable Surface

Redesigning I-980 would mitigate current environmental issues and prepare for projected population growth and anticipated natural disasters.

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

FREEWAY ANALYSIS I-980 Right-of-way Widths Comparison

1 29th Street Section I-580 MLK Jr. Way

I-980 I-980Freeway FreewayPlan Plan

I-980

Explanation Explanation

Off-ramp 2 lane

Freeway 3 lane

BART

Freeway 2 lane

Off-ramp 3 lane

On-ramp 1 lane

390’ 390’ 22 lanes

I-980 Right-of-way Widths

2 West Grand Avenue Section

Northgate Ave

MLK Jr. Way

San Pablo Street

I-980 I-980Freeway FreewayPlan Plan Freeway 5 lane

Explanation Explanation

Freeway 5 lane

170’ 170’ 10 lanes

I-980 Right-of-way Widths

3 14th Street Section I-880 Castro Street

Brush Street

I-980 Freeway I-980 FreewayPlan Plan Explanation Explanation

Off-ramp 2 lane

On-ramp 2 lane

I-980 Right-of-way Widths

350,000

Eastsh

y ore Fw

200,000

CA-24

Average Daily Traffic

300,000

580

250,000

I-58 0 Mac Arth ur F wy

150,000

200,000

100,000

200,000

150,000 50,000

150,000

980

580

Gro ve Sh af te r

100,000

18th St

14th St

50,000

I-98 0

I-880 Ni m

West Oakland

itz Fw y

880

5 jct.with I-

41.9%

250,000

Emeryville

ge Bay Brid 0 I-8

Percent Utilization of I-980’s Capacity

250,000

350,000

Most and Least Used On/Off Ramps by ADT

300,000

Off-ramp 2 lane

13 lanes

Trafﬁc Volume Over Time

I-80

te haf S ve Gro

w rF

On-ramp 2 lane

440’ 440’

I-980 Right-of-way Widths

Downtown Oakland Freeway Trafﬁc 2014

Freeway 2 lane

Freeway 3 lane

Downtown

50,000

22.3% 27.6%

Port I- 8 80

I-980: 14th St

it z

ter Tub es

Posey & W ebs

Alameda Average Annual Daily Vehicles

Year

880

I-980: 14th St

MacArthur Fwy I-580: Oakland Ave Nimitz Fwy I-880: Jackson/Broadway Off-ramp Traffic

30k

60k

90k

120k

150k

180k

210k

240k

270k

300k

MacArthur Fwy I-580: Oakland Ave Nimitz Fwy I-880: Jackson/Broadway

Takeaways

Estimated 1-hour Peak Capacity: 18,869 cars Highest Recorded Peak Hour: 7,900 cars Maximum Capacity: 41.9%

On-ramp Traffic

CA-24 JCT I-80 Eastshore Powell St

I-980: 14th St

CA-24 JCT

Range of ADT Counts:

1,400-31,500 cars

Source: CalTrans (Data), Brian Stokle (Analysis)

I-80 Eastshore Powell St

MacArthur Fwy I-580: Oakland Ave

Underutilized Freeway I-980

I-980 has the capacity to accept much more traffic than it does currently and canNimitz thusFwy be I-880: viewed as underutilized. Jackson/Broadway CA-24 JCT

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

TRANSIT ANALYSIS & STREET LIFE

Transit Map

How people get to the area

Where people come from EL CERRITO 1

ROCKRIDGE 1

Commuting Modes 7 3 2 2 1 +

1 0

DOWNTOWN 12

Daily Use Modes 6 3

WEST OAKLAND 2

OLD OAKLAND 1 +

IRVINE 1

ALAMEDA 3

1 1

Freeway

BART Lane

Bus Routes

Bike Lane

BART Stop

0 Source: City of Oakland

Source: Re-Knitting Oakland Project

Source: Survey Results

14th Street and Castro Street Panorama

Street Hierarchy

Trafﬁc Count Study 1

14th Street

12th Street

4 lanes

2 lanes

# Location of trafﬁc counts

Brush and 12th Street

11th Street

6 lanes

Castro and 14th Street

Castro Street

Brush Street

Brush and 14th Street

Castro and 12th Street

Brush and 11th Street

100

20 1,368

56 1,416

100

22 1,216

56 1,416

16 2,304

8 1,688

4 1,300

12 1,280

8 2,060

4 1,968

Conducted on two weekdays (7:30-8:30 AM) & (4:30-5:30 PM)

Takeaways The presence of I-980 makes the area more car-centric. However, our traffic counts reflect latent demand for safe, pedestrian and bike friendly infrastructure. Need for “complete streets” Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

THE PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCE Noise Map

Cognitive Mapping Exercise Results

Qualitative Survey METHOD 1: Three posters were installed along an overpass with questions about the pedestrian experience.

ve A d n W Gra

METHOD 2: Pedestrians traversing the I-980 corridor were invited to complete a survey. Items included questions about transit, perceptions of the area, and a neighborhood-mapping exercise. (N=21).

Castro Street

18th Street

et e r t S t e Mark

21th Street

o bl Pa e Av

78.5 82 78.5

Brush Street

67 12th Street

“Accidents happen all the time” “[The] highway divides the city.”

Broadway

Clay Street

I-980

How does this highway affect you?

81.5

11th Street

I-880

What would you rather see here?

100 dB

90 dB

80 dB

70 dB

0 dB

All data reported by survey participants. Participants were asked to deﬁne their neighborhood on a map.

“[The] corner at Castro & 14th is VERY dangerous for pedestrians - can something be done?”

50 dB

How could this space better serve your needs?

40 dB

“A representation of a positive Oakland (all of us!)”

30 dB

4th Street

Sights Along the Freeway The presence of trash, grafﬁti and poorly-lit areas create an unwelcoming environment.

Walkways are wide but uninteresting for pedestrians. Crosswalks do not always connect. 78.5 82 78.5 67 81.5

76 74

busy

unsafe

dangerous

polluted loud

beautiful open

remote

dark

scary

warm

convenient

dirty

quiet

drab

boring

uninviting

drugs

graffiti

industrious

homeless

disconnected

walkable

Perceptions of I-980

deserted

Measured in dBu between 5:30-6:30 PM

safe

“[The] highway divides the city.”

Takeaways I-980 is perceived as a major dividing line by local residents. Survey participants reported the overpasses connecting West Oakland and Downtown to be uninviting, polluted, and dangerous. Area not suited for pedestrians Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

THREE CASE STUDIES San Francisco, CA

Milwaukee, WI

Oakland, CA

Central Freeway / Octavia Boulevard

Park East Freeway / McKinley Avenue

Cypress Freeway / Mandela Parkway

2000

2011

1987

2014

1968

2014

Trafﬁc Volume 30,000 car reduction

35,400 car reduction

88,000 car reduction

7 acres recovered

26 acres recovered

1000 housing units added

Land for Development (since 2006)

Economic Development and Investment $557K increase in avg. condo price (Hayes Valley,

$340M investment in local real estate projects (as of 2007)

1996-2006)

LEGEND

=10,000 cars

=5 acres

=500 housing units

=$100,000

$90M Contracts awarded to local businesses =$100,000,000

Re-envisioning the Freeway “...and chaos was predicted. That didn't happen, either. ” - SF Chronicle (1996)

“Access to downtown Milwaukee has actually been improved” - Urban Milwaukee (2009)

“Freeway had walled off the entire neighborhood... with concrete, fumes and ‘wrong-side-of -the-line’ stigma.” - SF Chronicle (2014)

Case Study Project Outcomes

Adequate traffic capacity

Nearby streets receive increased traffic during peak hours

Adequate traffic capacity

Increased travel times for some motorists

Community involvement and local job creation

Rezoning may adversely impact local job market by eliminating Industry

Improved pedestrian and bicycle amenities

Design issues at some intersections

Increased property values and tax revenue

Diminished parking supply

Improved pedestrian and bicycle amenities

Underutilized by pedestrians

Increased neighborhood investment/development

Displacement of businesses and longtime residents

Increased neighborhood investment/development

Project did not provide low income housing

Increased neighborhood investment/development

Development may cause gentrification

Complete street serves multi-modal needs

New housing developments emerged within site

Green space created on site of former freeway

Takeaways These case studies illustrate how future projects can encourage substantial investment in the area and support local businesses. Boulevards can provide adequate traffic capacity and meet the needs of cars, pedestrians, and cyclists. Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

“ECO-DISTRICT” FRAMEWORK FOR OUR NEW PROPOSAL General Goals for the Development Area

Sustainable Land Use Mixed Use Better Social Services Transit Oriented Development Urban Agriculture

Jardin Éphemere Street, PARIS

Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

Sustainable Urban Design Connectivity Walkable Streets Pedestrian Oriented Buildings Diverse and Affordable Housing Parks and Public Spaces

Greenwich Village, NYC

Green Neighborhood Infrastructure Energy Stormwater Waste-water Recycling Sustainable Landscape Waste-recycling

Energy- Solar PV

Stormwater- Raingarden

Why Eco- District?

"WE ARE ENTERING A PEAK OIL, PEAK WATER WORLD THAT IS GLOBALLY INTERCONNECTED YET ECOLOGICALLY IMPOVERISHED." (Edward O. Wilson)

Concept Diagram:Re-Knitting Oakland

Proposed Land Use Map LEED for Neighborhood Development

Ave d n a r WG

Total Points**

*80

Smart Location and Linkage

Out of a possible 28 points

Neighborhood Pattern and Design

17th Street

Out of a possible 41 points

Green Infrastructure 24 and Buildings Out of a possible 31 points

Castro Street

Brush Street

14th Street

*Out of a possible 100 Points + 10 bonus points **Certified 40+ points, Silver 50+ points, Gold 60+ points, Platinum 80+ points

11th Street

Residential

Mixed Use

Industrial

Commercial

Park

Residential, Commercial & Light Industrial

Innovation & Design Process

Regional Priority Credit

Takeaways

Create 21 new net acres, 11 new blocks, & 6 new connected streets

Using the LEED ND checklist to create target goals for development, we hope to create a sustainable design that features sustainable land use, sustainable urban design, & green neighborhood infrastructure.

Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

“ECO-DISTRICT” FRAMEWORK FOR OUR NEW PROPOSAL

Proposed Building Footprint Map Ave d n a r WG

Design Elements

3 Parks: Public Green Space Surrounding the Pedestrian

1 Mixed Use Buildings: Residential + Commercial

Street (Nearby buildings could have commercial spaces that serve park users)

(grocery store, gym, childcare, shopping complex, etc.)

2 Inclusionary Affordable Housing

4 Pedestrian and Bicycles Street: A special street for pedestrian and bicycles

Source: Salem Essex Street Pedestrian Mall

4 2 3 5 6

5 Worker Cooperative: Vocational Institutions 6 Public Garden: Urban Agriculture ADT Estimate ADT Number 73,000 of Lanes 5

ADT Number 60,000 of Lanes 8

Section

= 20,000 cars = 2 Lanes I-980 Between Grand Ave and I-880

Proposed: Castro St and Brush St

Vehicular Access

Garage

BART ?

Brush Street

60’

380’

60’

Castro Street

14th Street Section Pedestrian Access

Transit Access Ave d n a r WG

Ave d n a r WG

Frank H. Ogawa Park Oakland City Center BART

Existing Streets

Takeaways

Existing Streets

Proposed Streets

I-880

I-880 Pedestrian and Bicycle Streets

Parks

Bus Routes

Pedestrian Streets

Bus Routes

BART

Parks

Proposed BART Station

Pedestrian Streets

Our plan adequetly accounts for the trafﬁc that will be diverted by the closure of I-980. It will also increase walkability, increase green space, and urban agriculture. Traffic diversion & more green space Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015

RE-KNITTING OAKLAND

A STUDY OF I-980

CONCLUSIONS & NEXT STEPS I-980 at Present and Proposal

Next Steps

Evaluation

Engagement

Planning

In-depth Traffic Study

Public informational meetings

Identify stakeholders

Cost Analysis

Community workshops

Environmental Impact Assessment

Collaboration with local Community Development Corporations

Consider connections with existing policies Review plan in context of local, regional, and global initatives

BeneďŹ ts of a Redesigned I-980 Public Health Equity

Access for local residents

Environmental Integrity

Community Cohesion

2 Parks

2 Pedestrian Paths

21 Acres

630 Housing Units

6 Connecting Streets

11 Blocks

Job Opportunities

Complete Streets

4 Commercial Areas

Safe, healthy transportation

New development based on sustainable strategies

Takeaways

Redesigning the space occupied by I-980 presents an opportunity to re-knit a divided city. Aysegul Akturk | Alex Fox | Ivana Rosas | Carrie Sauer | Manali Sheth || Nicola Szibbo, PhD | Sonia-Lynn Abenojar | Justin Kearnan | Eric Anderson

[IN]CITY 2015