Step 2: Create a 3D Model: Vulnerability of Hotels to Relative to the Tsunami Evacuation Zone and Proximity to Emergency Shelters
Big Island of Hawaii: From Tourism Trouble To Green Development Problem Statement:
Hawaii is a state renowned for its beautiful landscapes and its longstanding tourist economy. Despite its mesmerizing location and climate, the Big Island of Hawaii is especially vulnerable to several environmental constraints. Many tourist hotels are building out to the environmental limits of the island, in the areas prone to high risk. The precarious nature of hotel and tourist development requires critical scrutiny and is cause for One main question arises out of this conundrum: in what areas can the Big Island of Hawaii develop--in both spatial and economic contexts--that will not compromise the social and ecological richness of the island? New areas of development that the Island Steps and Solutions: a) Obtain and integrate data over the internet for the Big Island of Hawaii through the State Planning Office. a) llustrate the fragile relationship between the Big Island’s major hotels and emergency shelter locations, and Tsunami Evacuation zones and by modeling continuous data in a 3 dimensional raster elevation model. b) Determine environmental and emergency management constraints, along with future opportunity sites, for new types of enterprise within the Big Island,h may have opportunities for green building and technology.
Step 1: Obtaining + Integrating Data
by Nicola A. Szibbo
For the first step, it is necessary to illustrate the precarious relationship between hotels, tsunami evacuation zones, and the emergency shelters. It is clear from the 3D TIN model that most hotels are near or within the specified Tsunami Evacuation zones. In the process of creating symbols for each hotel and shelter, I discovered 3D symbols, which helped illuminate the sites graphically, versus the 2D point symbols seem to disappear in ArcScene. A limitation of this is the building versus landscape scale is distorted (the buildings being larger than they actually are), but it provides a good relative understanding of spatial proximity issues between the shelters and the hotels.
Hilo
Data for this assignment was obtained from the State of Hawaii Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. Data at this website is plentiful and demonstrates a wide range and diversity of spatial attributes. See
Tsunmai Evacuation Zones
The Projection for the datasets in this site is Universal Trans Mercator (UTM), Zone 4 (Meters). The Datum is NAD 83. Process: Data was downloaded and did not need to be projected as all data possessed the same projection and datum. The data layers were then aggregated by searching the attribute table for those layers suitable for constraints or opportunities, exported, and joined through spatial unioning. This analysis would have included mapping shortest route locations from emergency shelters to hotels. However, some of the hotel points were not geocoded, and the address locator for this was broken and could not be rectified. It would be helpful in future labs to go through the process of changing the default locator that is linked to datasets, in contrast to creating a completely new locators.
Uncertainty/Scope One major issue in looking at the vector-based geoprocessing is that there exist many more constraints and opportunities on the Big Island, including readily available data for these. Despite this plethora of data, it was necessary to prioritize certain hazards which are deemed the most detrimental to human habit and development, disaster areas such as lava flow hazards and tsunamis. For opportunity sites, there was wind and rainfall raster data available, but this was of little use with regard to the vector-based processing. Limitations with scale: this is a county-wide landscape size study, and thus does not allow for more detailed, parcel-based analysis. In this sense, this project is regional and generalized for the sake of illustrating the fragile nature of the county as an isolated island ecology.
All hazard zones equally weighted.
Lava Flow Hazard Zones
Wildfire Risk Areas
Tsunami Evacuation Zones
100 Year Flood Plain Zones
Native Bird Habits
This map depicts a lava-flow hazard zonation developed for the five volcanoes on the Island of Hawaii. Red is most hazardous, and green is least hazardous. For the purposes of this suitability analysis, lava zones 1 and two were chosen.
Guided by the National Fire Plan and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA), state wildland fire-fighting agencies and their federal and local partners are responsible for identifying communities at risk from wildland fires. This map identifies
Tsunami evacuation layers for the State were digitized from Tsunami Evacuation Zone proof maps provided by the State of Hawaii Civil Defense. These are areas on the coastline which are to be evacuated in the case of an earthquake and corresponding Tsunami. See Step Two for a visual of the tsunami evacuation zones, and their relationship to hotels and shelters.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) This data was scanned and compiled by FEMA from Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs), and then passed on to the State of Hawaii.
This map depicts bird habitat for wetland birds species, forest bird species and the endangered Hawaiian Nene Goose. For more information on endangered birds, see <http://www.fws. gov/pacificislands/teslist.html>
those areas most at risk.
Threatened + Endangered Plants
This data was received from USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service in 2007.
This opportunity site portrays important Agricultural Lands (IAL) as determined/ delineated by the LESA (Land Evaluation Site Assessment) Commission. Soils, in addition to other factors, were a determinant of prime agricultural lands.
A raster elevation surface was applied to the final tin in order to demonstrate elevation better (above). A Landsat photo and roads were also applied (below).
Step 5 Demonstrate Total Constraints and Opportunity Sites for Island Development
Enterprise zones were given a weighting of 5, equivalent to that of the combined other opportunity sites, since new development can only receive permits within these zones and the government would like to encourage economic vitality within these lagging zones.
Prime Ag Lands
Kohala Coast
Data for this constraint comes from the Nature Conservancyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Rare & Endangered Species maps, digitized by the State of Hawaii.
Step 4 Determine Opportunity Sites
This layer of data represents soils which are not considered to be highly erodable by the State of Hawaii.
Kona Koast
Emergency Shelters
http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/gis/download.htm for more information.
Step 3 Determine Hazard Zones
Stable Soil
Hotels
Solar Thermal This map delineates estimated solar calories per squaare centimeter per day. Areas with 450+ solar calories per square centimeter per day were outlined as feasible areas for absorbing 5.2+ peak sun hours per day, which is the minimal amount for sun hours required for photovoltaic panels.
Drinking Water
Enterprise Zones
The underlying water is considered a drinking source in these areas. Injection Well requirements are thus more stringent regarding water quality, but these sites have the best access to fresh water. Many of the coastal areas are not suitable for injection well sites.
Zones designated by the state government as attracting these business types:. These businesses will receive tax breaks if they locate within these zones: * Agricultural production or processing; * Manufacturing; * Wholesaling/Distribution; * Aviation or maritime repair or maintenance; * Telecommunications switching and delivery systems; * Information technology design and production; * Medical research, clinical trails, and telemedicine; * For-profit training programs in international business management or environmental remediation; * Biotechnology research, development, production, or sales; * Repair or maintenance of assisted technology equipment; * Certain types of call centers; * Wind energy producers.
Geothermal This opportunity demonstrates Geothermal Resource Subzonse and High-Temp. Resource Areas for the Big Island.
Existing Road Network and Urbanized Areas (below), vs. Constraints + Opportunities for Potential Development (right)
Hawi Waimea
Green represents the opportunity sites on the spectrum, and red represents the constraints.
Inland Kona
Kohala Coast
Puna
Hilo Kona Coast Kau