Building science 2 integration project

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD61303] PROJECT 2: Integration Project __________________________________________________

S E N T U L H O U S E

NAME : NICOLE HOOI YI TIEN STUDENT ID : 0313611 TUTOR : MR.EDWIN CHAN

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T

1.0

2.0

INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.1 1.2 1.3

LIGHTING STUDY ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1 2.2 2.3

3.0

Daylight factor analysis 2.1.1 Book café / Lounge 2.1.2 Quiet Reading Area Artificial Lighting analysis 2.2.1 Book Café / Lounge 2.2.2 E-space PSALI 2.3.1 Book Café / Lounge 2.3.2 E-space

ACOUSTIC STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 20 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Aim and Objective Site / Project Introduction Floor Plans

Noise Criteria External Noise Sound Intensity 3.2.1 Discussion Room Reverberation Time 3.3.1 E-space Transmission Loss 3.4.1 Administration

REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

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BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE STUDIO 5 INTEGRATION PROJECT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective This project is an integration project with Design Studio 5 – community library in Sentul. The aim of the project is to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustic with relation to the context of our final community library design. The objective is to show understanding of lighting and acoustic principles in design.

1.2 Site / Project Introduction The library is located along Jalan Ipoh, one of the busiest and main roads on Sentul with its back lane being unusually noisy with human activities and shop fronts located at the back. The library aims to form a tight-knit community by bonding and connecting different activities with different users together in the library through the library programme and common spaces that are able to accomodate all groups of people.The library provides a number of public spaces in a way to invite the communities into the building. The building presents no clear seperation or distinction between spaces for members only and those for all public, which enables groups of visitors with different reasons for coming to the building to have unexcpected chances to meet others. The general facade idea comes from playful layout of voids and solids as an extended expression of modularized spaces. Perforated metal mesh and folding shutter cloths the building outside of the envelope, which brings a strongly identified appearance of the activites inside . Visual connections are made possible as much as needed, meanwhile the transparency and solidness are throughly controlled.The structure system of the library r serves to create the open or closed spaces.

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1.3 Floor Plans

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2.0 LIGHTING STUDY 2.1 Daylighting Factor Analysis DF =

đ?‘Źđ?’Š (đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’…đ?’?đ?’?đ?’“ đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’Žđ?’Šđ?’?đ?’‚đ?’?đ?’„đ?’†,đ?’‚đ?’• đ?’‚ đ?’ˆđ?’Šđ?’—đ?’†đ?’? đ?’‘đ?’?đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’•) đ?‘Źđ?’? (đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’…đ?’?đ?’?đ?’“ đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’Žđ?’Šđ?’?đ?’‚đ?’?đ?’„đ?’†)

x 100 %

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo = The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average day light level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 20000 lux A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground. According to MS1525, Day Light Factor distribution as below : Zone DF (%) Distribution Very Bright >6 Very large thermal and glare problems Bright 3-5 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor

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2.1.1 Book CafĂŠ / Lounge

The selected area is lounge and book cafĂŠ which the lounge is part of the cafe. It is located on the ground floor next to the reception. Lounge and book cafĂŠ is integrated with library thus users are prone to study in the area as well. The façade is fully covered by 4m height glazing to allow visual connection thus exposing the area to full coverage of sunlight during daytime 10-12pm. However, in the evening when the sun moves artificial light is needed to light up the space. Daylight Factor Calculation Floor Area (đ?’Žđ?&#x;? ) Area of façade exposed to sunlight (đ?’Žđ?&#x;? )

60 Perimeter : 5.57m Height : 4m Area : 22.28 !!.!"

Daylight Factor

= x 100 % !" = 37.13 x 0.1 = 3.71 %

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BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE STUDIO 5 INTEGRATION PROJECT

Natural illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 – 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise

Unobstructed Exterior Illuminance (Eo) Daylight Factor (DF)

20,000 lux 3.71% !"

DF = x 100% Natural Illumination

!" !"

3.71 = x 100% !"""" = 742 lux

The selected lounge/book café area has a daylight factor of 3.71%, and natural illumination of 1187 lux. Based on the requirements of MS1525, the lounge/book café area is bright and has good distribution of natural daylight. However, natural illumination of 742 lux which slightly surpasses the standard requirement of the space which is 500 lux. Thus, blinds or extended roof are designed in the space to overcome the problem. Potted plants are also added in the space to help minimize direct sunlight.

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2.1.2 Quiet Reading Area

The selected quiet reading area is located at the top floor. Half of the area is with glazed façade and half with solid wall. Thus, only the area is glazed façade is being analyzed and calculated. The façade is fully covered by 4.7m height glazing to allow visual connection thus exposing the area to full coverage of sunlight during the daytime 10-12pm. Daylight Factor Calculation 47.66 Floor Area (đ?’Žđ?&#x;? ) Perimeter : 8.86 m Area of façade exposed to sunlight (đ?’Žđ?&#x;? ) Height : 4.7m Area : 41.64 !".!" Daylight Factor = x 100 % !".!! = 87.48 x 0.1 = 8.75 %

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Natural illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 – 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise

Unobstructed Exterior Illuminance (Eo) Daylight Factor (DF)

20,000 lux 8.75% !"

DF = x 100% Natural Illumination

!" !"

8.75 = x 100% !"""" = 1750 lux

The quiet reading area has a daylight factor of 8.75%, and natural illumination of 1750 lux. Based on the requirements of MS1525, the quiet reading area is too bright during the daytime. In addition, calculated natural illumination of 1750 lux surpasses the standard requirement of the space which is 500 lux. Thus, double façade system is used. Louvers are designed to overcome the thermal and glazing problem at the mean time allowing semivisuality to the outside environment.

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2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 2.2.1 Book Cafe

The selected Book café is located on the ground floor. Sufficient and even distribution of ambient lighting or accent lighting is needed to create a warm ambience and to light up the book café . Despite the façade is of glaze and with daylight factor of 3.71 % and 742 lux natural illumination during 10-12pm , artificial lighting is still needed from the afternoon till night when the sun moves around 3-10 pm because of the absence of skylight to light up the space from above. The book café has a height of 4m with

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Material Properties Material

Function

Colour

Surface Type

Concrete Cement render brick Timber panel Glass panel Light Timber

Floor

Grey

Reflective

Reflectance Value 25

Wall

White

Reflective

80

Ceiling Pivot door Furniture

Light brown Transparent Light brown

Absorptive Relective Absorptive

30 6-10 30

Fixture Properties Suspended LED Downlight

Type of Fixture

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (W) Voltage ( V) CRI (Colour Rendering Index) Colour Temperature (K) Colour Designation Lumens

Calculite LED 7� Cylinder 50,000 32 40 80 3000 Warm Light 2000

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Lumen Method Calculation Location Dimension Floor Area (A) Lumen of lighting fixture F (Lux) Height of Luminaire (m)

Book Café Width = 8.65 m Length = 8.87 m Height = 4 m 8.65m x 8.87m = 76.73m² 2000 Lm Height of ceiling – height of suspended light 4m – 0.5m = 3.5m

Height of Work Level

0.8m

Mounting height (Hm) Reflection Factors

3.5m – 0.8m = 2.7m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 8.65 x 8.87 . (8.65+ 8.87 ) x 2.7 = 1.62 0.6 0.8 150 N = E x A . F x UF x MF N = 150 x 76.73 . 2000 x 0.6 x 0.8 N = 12 SHR = 1/Hm x A/N = 1/ 2.7 x 76.73/12 = 0.9 S = 2.7 x 0.9 = 2.43 m Fittings required along 8.87 wall 8.87/ 2.43 = 3.65 = 4 rows Therefore 4 x3 layout is appropriate for the room Space along 8.65 m wall will be 8.65/ 3 = 2.8m

Room Index/ RI (K) Utilisation Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor (MF) Standard Illuminance by MS1525 Number of light required

Spacing to Height Ratio

Fitting Layout by approximately (m)

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There are a total of 12 LED light fittings in the 76.73m² book café area, controlled by 2 switches to achieve minimum of 150lux that is required by MS1525. The first circuit is at the area of book café nearer to the outside where there is more natural lighting compared to the inner area where the second circuit is. Thus, second circuit is suggested to be switched on all the time whereas first circuit is suggested to be switched on only when the area is too dark with less sunlight outside.

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2.2.2 E-space

The selected E-space is located at the top floor. Sufficient and even distribution of ambient light is needed to provide sufficient light to carry out tasks on the computers in the space. The space has only a glazed faรงade that only receives direct sunlight in the evening however direct sunlight is not encouraged in the space due to glare that will reduce work efficiency on computers. Thus, artificial lighting is needed almost from day to night.

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Material Properties Material

Function

Colour

Surface Type

Concrete Cement render brick Timber panel Glass panel Light Timber

Floor

Grey

Reflective

Reflectance Value 25

Wall

White

Reflective

80

Ceiling Pivot door Furniture

Light brown Transparent Light brown

Absorptive Relective Absorptive

30 6-10 30

Fixture Properties Fluorescent Batten Light

Type of Fixture

Product Brand & Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (W) Voltage ( V) CRI (Colour Rendering Index) Colour Temperature (K) Lumens

Philips 36,000 40 230 85 3000 3500 Fluorescent with 2 tubes = 7000

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Lumen Method Calculation Location Dimension

Lumen of lighting fixture F (Lux) Height of Luminaire (m)

E-space Width = 5.8 m Length = 12 m Height = 4.7 m 5.8m x 12 m = 69.6 m² 2000 Lm 4.7m

Height of Work Level

1.2m

Mounting height (Hm) Reflection Factors

4.7m – 1.2m = 3.5m Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 5.8 x 12 . (5.8+ 12 ) x 3.5 = 1.12 0.6 0.8 500 N = E x A . F x UF x MF N = 500 x 69.6 . 7000 x 0.6 x 0.8 N = 10 SHR = 1/Hm x A/N = 1/ 3.5 x 69.6/10 = 0.75 S = 3.5 x 0.75 = 2.63 m Fittings required along 8.87 wall 12/ 2.63 = 4.56 = 5 rows Therefore 5x 2 layout is appropriate for the room Space along 8.65 m wall will be 5.8/ 5 = 1.16 m

Floor Area (A)

Room Index/ RI (K) Utilisation Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor (MF) Standard Illuminance by MS1525 Number of light required

Spacing to Height Ratio

Fitting Layout by approximately (m)

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There are a total of 10 fluorescent light fittings in the 69.6m² E-Space, controlled by 2 switches to achieve minimum of 500 lux that is required by MS1525. The first circuit is to switch on fluorescen lights in front whereas the second circuit is to switch on fluorescent light at the back.

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3.0 ACOUSTIC STUDY 3.1 Noise Criteria

NC :35

NC :40

NC :45

NC :43

NC :40

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NC :30 NC :40

NC :45 NC :35

NC :40

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NC :30

NC :35 NC :35

NC :40

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NC :40

NC :35

NC :35

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3.2 External Noise Sound Intensity Discussion Room

The sound level assumptions are made during non-peak hour (10am) and during peak hour (5pm). Noise sources are categorized as external traffic noise as well as internal noise. Being located along one of the busiest street in Sentul, Jalan Ipoh, external noise are noise from both front and back of the building, thus spaces that require to be quiet are mostly located on the second and third floor as noise decibel becomes lower and weaker as it travels upwards. However, internal noise is from the active spaces found in the library. Thus, the active spaces are planned to be far from passive spaces which require less noise. The space selected for sound intensity is discussion room on the second floor located at the back. The back alley of the site unlike others, it has human activities happening and shop fronts located at the back and factories along the alley.

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Recorded Reading

Back Alley Noise Peak Hour Highest Reading : 70dB Lowest Reading : 54db !

Using the fromula where L = 10log ( ) !đ?‘‚ Highest Reading : 70 = 10 log10 (

Sound Intensity

!

) )

! ! !"!!" !!"

I = ( 10! ) ( 1 x 10 = 1 x 10!! Lowest Reading: ! 54 = 10 log10 ( ) ! ! !"!!" I = ( 10!.! ) ( 1 x 10!!" ) = 2.51 x 10!!

Total Intensities

I = (2.51 X 10!! ) + (1 X 10!! ) = 1.03 X 10!!

Combined Sound Pressure Level

SPL = 10đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘”!" ( ) ! ! !"!!" = 70.13 dB

!.!" ! !"!!

Recorded Reading

Back Alley Noise Non- peak Hour Highest Reading : 50dB Lowest Reading : 42db !

Using the fromula where L = 10log ( ) !đ?‘‚ Highest Reading : 50 = 10 log10 ( !

Sound Intensity

!

! ! !"!!" !!"

)

I = ( 10 ) ( 1 x 10 ) = 1 x 10!! Lowest Reading: ! 42 = 10 log10 ( ) ! ! !"!!" !.! !!" I = ( 10 ) ( 1 x 10 ) = 1.58 x 10!!

Total Intensities

I = = (1x10−7) + (1.58x10−8) = 1.16 x10−7

Combined Sound Pressure Level

SPL = 10đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘”!" ( ) ! ! !"!!" = 50.64 dB

!.!" ! !"!!

As a conclusion, the average sound pressure level during peak hour is 70.13 dB whereas during non-peak hour is 50.64dB.

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3.3 Reverberation Time, RT E-space

Room Height = 4.7m Standard Reverberation of Time for E-Space = 0.4 – 0.8s Peak Hour Capacity = 15 people Volume of E-space = 5.8m x 8.5 m x 4.7m = 231.71 �!

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Material absorption coffecient in 500 Hz at non- peak hour with 15 people. Building Material Area, S/ m² Absorption Sound Component Coefficient, a Absorption, Sa Wall Glass 5.8 x 4.7x2= 0.10 5.45 54.52 m² Wall Concrete brick (8.5x4.7) + 0.02 1.48 wall (7.27x4.7)= 74.12 Floor Concrete Strain 5.8 x 8.5 = 49.3 0.06 2.96 Door Glass 1.2 x 2.5 =3 0.44 1.32 Ceiling Plasterboard 5.8 x 8.5 = 49.3 0.15 7.4 10mm thicked backed with 25mm thick bitumen Fabric Curtain 54.52 0.7 38.16 Furniture Timber table 100 0.04 4 with glass top People (peak) - 15 0.46 6.9 Total Absorption, A 67.67 !.!" ! Reverberation Time = ( ! ) !.!"

= (!"#.!") / 67.67 = 0.55 s The reverberation time of top floor E space at 500 Hz during peak hour is 0.55s which is ideal for the space as according to standard the space requires a reverberation time of 0.7s. BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE STUDIO 5 INTEGRATION PROJECT 27

Material absorption coffecient in 2000 Hz at non- peak hour with 15 people. Building Material Area, S/ m² Absorption Sound Component Coefficient, a Absorption, Sa Wall Glass 5.8 x 4.7x2= 0.10 5.45 54.52 m² Wall Concrete brick (8.5x4.7) + 0.05 3.71 wall (7.27x4.7)= 74.12 Floor Concrete 5.8 x 8.5 = 49.3 0.02 1 Door Glass 1.2 x 2.5 =3 0.54 1.62 Ceiling Plasterboard 5.8 x 8.5 = 49.3 0.05 2.47 10mm thicked backed with 25mm thick bitumen Fabric Curtain 54.52 0.7 38.16 Furniture Timber table 100 0.02 2 with glass top People (peak) - 15 0.51 7.65 Total Absorption, A 62.06 !.!" ! Reverberation Time = ( ! ) !.!"

= (!"#.!") / 62.06 = 0.59 s The reverberation time of top floor E space at 2000 Hz during peak hour is 0.59s which is ideal for the space as according to standard the space requires a reverberation time of 0.7s. 28 BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE STUDIO 5 INTEGRATION PROJECT

3.4 Transmission Loss Administration

Wall 2

Wall 1

Wall 3

The space selected is administration placed on the ground floor at the back. The space is fully covered with walls as noises are coming from wall 3- the book cafĂŠ which assumed to be 40 dB, wall 1- the toilet which assumed to be 40dB and urban living room which assumed to be 45dB and wall 2- exterior human activities noise which assumed to be 70dB during peak hour and 50 dB during non-peak hour. However,the standard noise criteria of administration is 35dB.

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Building Element Wall Door

Material 8x8x18”3 cell light weight concrete masonry units Laminated Glass Plywood Laminated Glass

Surface Area (m²) (5.8 x 4) x 2 = 46.4

SRI (dB)

5.8x4 = 23.2

35

0.8 x 3 = 2.4 0.8 x 3 = 2.4

31

55

35

Transmission Coefficient, T 3.16 x 10-5 3.16 x 10-4 7.94 x 10-4 3.16 x 10-4

A) Wall : Lightweight concrete ! SRI = 10log ! SRI concrete = 55dB ! 55 = 10 log !"#$"%&'& ! !"#$"%&'& = 10!.! ! T concrete = !"!.! = 3.16 x 10!! B) Wall : Laminated Glass ! SRI = 10log ! SRI laminated glass = 35dB ! 35 = 10 log !"#$%"&'( !"#$$ ! !"#$%"&'( !"#$$ = 10!.! ! T laminated glass = !"!.! = 3.16 x 10!! C) Door : Plywood ! SRI = 10log ! !"#$%%& SRI plywood = 31dB ! 31 = 10 log !"#$%&&'

T plywood = 7.94 x 10!!

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Sound Reduction Index Calculation Wall 1 ( Toilet/Urban Living Room Noise) Lightweight concrete Wall ! SRI = 10log ! SRI concrete = 55dB ! 55 = 10 log !"#$"%&'& ! !"#$"%&'& = 10!.! ! T concrete = !"!.! = 3.16 x 10!! Plywood Door ! SRI = 10log ! !"#$%%& SRI plywood = 31dB ! 31 = 10 log !"#$%&&' T plywood = 7.94 x 10!! Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials T av = 3.16 x 10!! + ( 7.94 x 10!! ) 7.27 = 7.972 x 10!! 7.27 = 1.097 x 10!! Overall SRI of Wall 1 ! SRI = 10log ! !" ! SRI = 10log !.!"# ! !"!! = 39.6 dB 40dB-30dB = 10dB

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Wall 2 (Exterior Human Activities Noise) Laminated Glass Wall & Door ! SRI = 10log ! SRI laminated glass = 35dB ! 35 = 10 log !"#$%"&'( !"#$$ ! !"#$%#&#' !"#$$ = 10!.! ! T laminated glass = !"!.! = 3.16 x 10!! Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials T av = 3.16 x 10!! x 2 5.8 = 6.32 x 10!! Overall SRI of Wall 1 ! SRI = 10log ! !" ! SRI = 10log !.!" ! !"!! = 32 dB 50dB- 32dB = 18dB

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Wall 3 (Book CafĂŠ Noise) Lightweight concrete Wall ! SRI = 10log ! SRI concrete = 55dB ! 55 = 10 log !"#$"%&'& ! !"#$"%&'& = 10!.! ! T concrete = !"!.! = 3.16 x 10!! Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials T av = 3.16 x 10!! 5.8 = 5.448 x 10!! Overall SRI of Wall 1 ! SRI = 10log ! !" ! SRI = 10log !.!!" ! !"!! = 62 dB 40dB - 62dB = no sound is transmitted As a conclusion, the overall transmission loss of wall 1 from toilet to administration area is 10 dB. Wall 2 from exterior human activities is 18dB. Wall 3 from book cafĂŠ , no sound is transmitted due to the absence of opening and glazing door and window. Thus, the total transmission loss is 28dB. According to the noise criteria standard, 35dB is ideal for administration. The total transmission loss is 28dB which is lower than the standard noise criteria requirement of administration. Thus, it is an ideal value as the materials of walls help to reduce the penetration of noise sources so that dmins are able to work efficiently and comfortably without disruption of noises.

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4.0

Reference

Absorption coefficients – acoustic. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2016, from http://www.hudexchange.info/onecpd/assets/File/Noise-Guidebook-Preface.pdf Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residentail builidngs (first revision).(2007).Putrajaya : Department of Standard Malaysia. Illuminance- Recommended light Levels.(n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2016,from http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-level-rooms-d_708.html Professional Lighting Fixtures & Controls\ Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retreived July 5, 2016, from http://www.lightingproducts.philips.com/ Pohl,J. (2011).Builidng Science : Concepts and Application. Hoboken : Wiley- Blackwell. The Noise Guidebook – Preface- HUD Exchange. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5,2016, from http://www.hudexchange.info/ onecpd/assets/File/Noise-Guidebook-Preface.pdf

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