Environmental considerations, Trainspotting Housing 2014

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Trainspotting Ho u s i n g

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

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30 1p th. m DE CE POSITION MAXIMISES MB SOLAR ABSORBANCE ER

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15 4p th. m JU LY POSITION PROVIDE SHADE

3rd floor corner flat 3 bedrooms

FABRIC LOSS: Pf= UxA= External surface area(m2) x U-value(W/m2K)=112.99 x 0.38= 42.93W/K

Material timber cladded wall facing courtyard

ANNUAL COST (Using electricity) 2987(kWh) x 0.17(p/kWh) = 507 pounds (Including months when no heating is required)

Pv=1/3xNxV = 1/3 x 278.1 x 0.31 = 25.86 W/K N= Air change rate = 28.8m3x3(persons)/V=0.31 (ach-1) BUILDING HEAT LOSS: P(TOTAL) = (Pf+ Pv) x T= (42.93+ 25.86) x 22= 1513.4 W = 1.513 kW FRESH AIR RATE=10 litres / second / person (3)= 30l/s = 0.3m3/s

Heating demand per m2 annualy is 32kWh which rates the flat of almost 100m2 area between Low demand flat and Passive standart.

FRESH AIR LOAD: Pfa= m(dot) x C x T= 0.3 x 1.02 x 22 = 6.73 kW C= specific heat capacity of air = 1.02 Using MVHR reduces fresh air load by 80% = Pfa x 0.2= 1.346 kW

Since the heating demand is only 2.8 kW, it is reasonable to use a minor electrical heating boiler in each of these 3 bedroom flats with an output of 3kW which sizes to around 760mm height, 265mm depth and 350mm width and costs around 675 pounds. This system will comply with a Scottish tidal power plan which will provide carbon free electrical power to be used.

Therefore it is estimated that in near future this flat will be powered by carbon free energy.

TOTAL FLAT DESIGN LOAD: P(flat) = P(total) + P(fa) = 1.513 + 1.346 = 2.859 kW ANNUAL CONSUMPTION (kWh) : Total loss (W/K) x degree days x occupancy(hrs) = 68.79 x 2413 x 18 = 2987 kWh

CASUAL HEAT GAINS: TOTAL = 352 kWh PEOPLE (3) = 3 x 97W= 291W = 0.291 kW

6W x 92.7m2= 556.2W = 0.556kW. Monthly gain: 0.556 x 30 x 6= 100.08 kWh

Western Red chedar panel cladding

0.2

20

0.1

air/ batten space

0.297

30

0.101

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

mineral wool insulation

0.035

280

8

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

plasterboard

0.21

20

0.09

internal resistance

aluminium cladded wall facing outside

0.12

Cooker (1) of 500W gain = 0.5 kW Monthly gain: 0.5kW x 30 x 1= 15 kWh Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Avg t (C ) 3 4 6 10 10 12 14 13 13 11 9 4

Delta t 18 17 15 11 11 9 7 8 8 10 12 17

(Pf+Pv) x Delta t(kW) 1.238 1.169 1.031 0.756 0.756 0.619 0.481 0.55 0.55 0.687 0.825 1.169

1800

Double glazed windows with shutters

205

1

-0

air/batten space

0.297

30

0.101

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

mineral wool insulation

0.035

300

8.57

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

plasterboard

0.21

20

0.09 0.12

Pfa kW 1.346 1.04 0.918 0.673 0.673 0.55 0.428 0.489 0.489 0.612 0.734 1.04

January February March April May June July August September October November December

South windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 215 375 478 556 629 568 565 554 529 396 253 210

West windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 66 111 138 166 181 170 163 165 152 114 75 62

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Total aluminium cladded area

67.89 m2

Total window area

12.77 m2

800

Total (north) window with shutters area

9.9 m2

600

Total external surface area

112.99 m2

average U-value all surfaces

0.38 W/m2K

total monhly design heat loss (kW) 2.584 2.209 1.949 1.429 1.429 1.169 0.909 1.039 1.039 1.299 1.559 2.209

total heat loss (kWh) 1860 1484 1450 1028 1063 841 672 773 748 966 1122 1643

Total floor area

92.7 m2

Total volume

278.1 m3

Total (kWh) 281 486 616 722 810 738 728 706 681 510 328 272

Total solar + casual gains (kWh) 633 838 968 1074 1162 1090 1080 1058 1033 862 680 624

0 Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Heat Loss kWh Heat Gain kWh Hot Water demand kWh

Month

insulated shutters

22.43 m2

377

0.113

aluminium cladding panel

Total timber cladded area

1000

Monthly gain: 0.1kW x 30 x 24= 72 kWh

U-VALUE

internal resistance

Double glazed windows

1200

Refrigerator (1) of 100W gain = 0.1 kW

8.797

0.06

2000

1400

Monthly gain: 0.24kW x 30 x 6= 43.2 kWh

TOTAL

Outside resistance

1600

Computers (3) of 80W gain. 80W x 3= 240 = 0.24 kW

R-Value (m2K/W)

Outside resistance

Monthly gain: 0.291(kW) x 30(days) x 14(hours) = 122.22 kWh LED Lightning of 6W/m2 gain

Thickness (mm)

0.12

HEATING DEMAND PER m2 2987(kWh) / 92(m2) = 32 kWh

VENTILATION LOSS:

Conductivity

TOTAL

9.207

U-VALUE

0.108

U-VALUE

1.7

50

2.5(uvalue 0.4)

U-VALUE

1.3

3rd floor individual flat 1 bedroom

FABRIC LOSS: Pf= UxA= External surface area(m2) x U-value(W/m2K)= 107.76 x 0.28= 30.17 W/K

Material

3rd fl individual flat timber cladded wall facing courtyard

BUILDING HEAT LOSS: P(TOTAL) = (Pf+ Pv) x T= (30.17+ 8.31) x 22= 846.56 W = 0.846 kW FRESH AIR RATE=10 litres / second / person (1)= 10l/s = 0.1m3/s

Heating demand per m2 annualy is 37kWh which rates the flat of 42m2 between Low demand flat and Passivehouse standard.

FRESH AIR LOAD: Pfa= m(dot) x C x T= 0.1 x 1.02 x 22 = 2.24 kW C= specific heat capacity of air = 1.02 Using MVHR reduces fresh air load by 80% = Pfa x 0.2= 0.44 kW

Since the heating demand is only 2.8 kW, it is reasonable to use a minor electrical heating boiler in each of these 3 bedroom flats with an output of 3kW which sizes to around 760mm height, 265mm depth and 350mm width and costs around 675 pounds. This system will comply with a Scottish tidal power plan which will provide carbon free electrical power to be used.

Therefore it is estimated that in near future this flat will be powered by carbon free energy.

TOTAL FLAT DESIGN LOAD: P(flat) = P(total) + P(fa) = 0.846 + 0.44 = 1.286 kW ANNUAL CONSUMPTION (kWh) : Total loss (W/K) x degree days x occupancy(hrs) = 38.48 x 2413 x 18 = 1671 kWh

CASUAL HEAT GAINS: TOTAL = 189 kWh PEOPLE (1) = 1 x 97W= 97W = 0.097 kW Monthly gain: 0.097(kW) x 30(days) x 14(hours) = 40.74 kWh

Thrombe wall, south facing.

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

mineral wool insulation

0.035

280

8

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

plasterboard

0.21

20

0.09 0.12

TOTAL

8.797

U-VALUE

0.113

0.03

200

6.66

0.297

30

0.101

0.7

300

0.43

mineral wool insulation

0.035

100

2.85

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

internal resistance

0.12 TOTAL

10.89

U-VALUE

0.09

Outside resistance 0.06 RC Concrete

1.5

300

0.2

air/batten space

0.297

30

0.101

mineral wool insulation

0.035

300

8.57

plywood

0.15

20

0.133

air/batten space

0.297

30

0.101

plywood finish

0.21

20

0.09

400

internal resistance

Pfa kW 0.36 0.34 0.3 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.34

total monhly design heat loss (kW) 1.052 0.994 0.877 0.643 0.643 0.526 0.409 0.467 0.467 0.584 0.701 0.994

total heat loss (kWh) 757 715 638 468 468 378 294 336 336 420 504 715

Thrombe wall (kWh) 65% efficiency 109 191 235 283 309 289 278 282 260 195 128 106

East windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 59 103 127 153 167 156 150 152 140 105 69 57

Total (kWh) 335 585 721 867 948 885 852 864 797 597 393 326

0.12

200

TOTAL

9.375

115

U-VALUE

0.106

U-VALUE

1.7

50

2.5(uvalue 0.4)

U-VALUE

1.3

0

Double glazed windows

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Double glazed windows with shutters

insulated shutters

0.02

Heat Loss kWh

189

January February March April May June July August September October November December

0.101

Concrete

Monthly gain: 0.5kW x 30 x 1= 15 kWh

South windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 167 291 359 431 472 440 424 430 397 297 196 163

30

Outside resistance

600

Cooker (1) of 500W gain = 0.5 kW

Month

0.297

air gap

Monthly gain: 0.1kW x 30 x 24= 72 kWh

18 17 15 11 11 9 7 8 8 10 12 17

air/ batten space

foamed plastic

800

Refrigerator (1) of 100W gain = 0.1 kW

January February March April May June July August September October November December

0.1

1000

Monthly gain: 0.08kW x 30 x 6= 14.4 kWh

(Pf+Pv) x Delta t(kW) 0.692 0.654 0.577 0.423 0.423 0.346 0.269 0.307 0.307 0.384 0.461 0.654

20

0.06

Computers (1) of 80W gain. 0.08 kW

Delta t

0.2

internal resistance

RC concrete external wall, timber internally

6W x 44m2= 264W = 0.264kW. Monthly gain: 0.264 x 30 x 6= 47.52 kWh

Avg t (C ) 3 4 6 10 10 12 14 13 13 11 9 4

Western Red chedar panel cladding

1200

LED Lightning of 6W/m2 gain

Month

R-Value (m2K/W)

0.12

ANNUAL COST (Using electricity) 1671(kWh) x 0.17(p/kWh) = 284 pounds (Including months when no heating is required)

Pv=1/3xNxV = 1/3 x 132 x 0.21 = 8.31 W/K N= Air change rate = 28.8m3x1(persons)/V=0.21 (ach-1)

Thickness (mm)

Outside resistance

HEATING DEMAND PER m2 1671(kWh) / 42(m2) = 37 kWh

VENTILATION LOSS:

Conductivity

Total solar + casual gains (kWh) 524 774 910 1056 1137 1074 1041 1053 986 786 582 515

Heat Gain (casual + solar) kWh Water consumption kWh

Total timber cladded area

21.53 m2

Total RC concrete surface area

66.17 m2

Total thrombe wall area

5.5 m2

Total window area

4.97 m2

Total window with shutters area

9.59 m2

Total external surface area

107.76 m2

average U-value all surfaces

0.28 W/m2K

Total floor area

44 m2

Total volume

132 m3

HOT WATER DEMAND AND USE OF SOLAR THERMAL PANELS WATER DEMAND FOR 1 BEDROOM FLAT

WATER DEMAND FOR 3 BEDROOM FLAT

Considerations KITCHEN:

Considerations KITCHEN:

1)Preparing food with a bowl and tap off.

(2 times per day) 2)Using dishwasher manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (1 time per day) 3)Using washingmachine manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (2 times per week)

1)Preparing food with a bowl and tap off.

(2 times per day) 2)Using dishwasher manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (1 time per day) 3)Using washingmachine manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (3 times per week)

Considerations BATHROOM: 1)Brushing teeth with a tap off (2 times per day) 2)Using electrical shower (4 times a week) 3)Using button operated toilet (Flushing 4 times a day) 4)Washing hands in a plugged basin (4 times a day)

Considerations BATHROOM: 1)Brushing teeth with a tap off (6 times per day) 2)Using electrical shower (12 times a week) 3)Using button operated toilet (Flushing 12 times a day) 4)Washing hands in a plugged basin (10 times a day)

Total daily usage = 96,4 Litres per person (Average person in Scotland use around 150L/day

Total daily usage per household = 455 l Households daily energy usage for heating water= 12,4kWh

Households daily energy usage for heating water= 3.8kWh Annual hot water demand: 3.8kWh x 365 = 1387kWh Monthly hot water demand (approx.): 1387 / 12 = 115kWh Annual cost for hot water heated by electricity: 1387kWh x 0.17p/kWh = 235.79 pounds

Annual hot water demand: 12,4kWh x 365 = 4526kWh Monthly hot water demand (approx.): 4526 / 12 = 377kWh Annual cost for hot water heated by electricity: 4526kWh x 0.17p/kWh = 769.42 pounds

USING 1 SOLAR THERMAL PANEL MANUFACTURED BY AES. The average daily energy produced from the solar collector panel during the winter months in Scotland is 2.73 kWh per 2.75 m2.

The total energy produced over a period of 50 days (during four month period) by the 2.75m2 flat plate collector was 137kWh. From this we can conclude that over the course of a year the panel using winter irradiance values could hope to produce; = (365/50) x 136.5 = 996.45 kWh

USING 4 SOLAR THERMAL PANELS MANUFACTURED BY AES. The average daily energy produced from 1 solar collector panel during the winter months in Scotland is 2.73 kWh per 2.75 m2.

The total energy produced over a period of 50 days (during four month period) by the 2.75m2 flat plate collector was 137kWh. From this we can conclude that over the course of a year the panel using winter irradiance values could hope to produce; = (365/50) x 136.5 x 4 = 3985 kWh

Using 1 thermal panel 71% of hot water demand is substituted

Using 4 thermal panels 86% of hot water demand is substituted

Cost of one panel (plate collector, cillinder, pipework, installation, maintenance) = 2291 pounds(VAT included) Panel would pay back in: 2291 / (71% of 235pounds)= 2291/ 166= 13.8 years

Cost of 4 panels (plate collector, cillinder, pipework, installation, maintenance) = 2291 x 4= 9164 pounds(VAT included) Panel would pay back in: 9164 / (86% of 769pounds)= 9164/ 661= 13.8 years

(AVERAGE SOLAR THERMAL PANEL PAYBACK TIME IN UK 18.2 YEARS)

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EXTERNAL BUILDING SKIN Protects from noise, wind, pollution, Helps to keep structures warm in winter, and provides a livable space all year round

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4 AES THERMAL PANELS, each for 3 bedroom flat (3 flats like these).

Collector area 2,75m2.

2 AES THERMAL PANELS, each for 2 bedroom flat Collector area 2,75m2.

15 4p th. m JU LY POSITION PROVIDE SHADE

SOLAR CHIMNEY. with ventilation openings

2

30 1p th. m DE CE POSITION MAXIMISES MB SOLAR ABSORBANCE ER

NORTH FACING WINDOWS+ back insulated shutters

SOLAR THERMAL PANELS AES. Absorber area 2,75m2 1 for each 1bedroom flat.

DRY SCREED FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. To use electrically powered heating sheet.

GREEN ROOFS. MVHR INTAKE DUCT. MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. inside outside

EXPOSED CONCRETE THERMAL MASS CONSTRUCTION: transparent insulation concrete mass movable back shutters

MVHR INTAKE DUCT. MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. inside outside

EXPOSED THERMAL MASS: transparent insulation concrete mass movable back shutters PLACE FOR CLOTHDRYING separated metal mesh balconies

MVHR INTAKE DUCT. inside MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. outside

WINTER BALCONIES a place for extensive planting

GROUND PIPE + a link with tunnel.

GREENERY: To prevent heat island effect.