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Trainspotting Ho u s i n g
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
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30 1p th. m DE CE POSITION MAXIMISES MB SOLAR ABSORBANCE ER
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15 4p th. m JU LY POSITION PROVIDE SHADE
3rd floor corner flat 3 bedrooms
FABRIC LOSS: Pf= UxA= External surface area(m2) x U-value(W/m2K)=112.99 x 0.38= 42.93W/K
Material timber cladded wall facing courtyard
ANNUAL COST (Using electricity) 2987(kWh) x 0.17(p/kWh) = 507 pounds (Including months when no heating is required)
Pv=1/3xNxV = 1/3 x 278.1 x 0.31 = 25.86 W/K N= Air change rate = 28.8m3x3(persons)/V=0.31 (ach-1) BUILDING HEAT LOSS: P(TOTAL) = (Pf+ Pv) x T= (42.93+ 25.86) x 22= 1513.4 W = 1.513 kW FRESH AIR RATE=10 litres / second / person (3)= 30l/s = 0.3m3/s
Heating demand per m2 annualy is 32kWh which rates the flat of almost 100m2 area between Low demand flat and Passive standart.
FRESH AIR LOAD: Pfa= m(dot) x C x T= 0.3 x 1.02 x 22 = 6.73 kW C= specific heat capacity of air = 1.02 Using MVHR reduces fresh air load by 80% = Pfa x 0.2= 1.346 kW
Since the heating demand is only 2.8 kW, it is reasonable to use a minor electrical heating boiler in each of these 3 bedroom flats with an output of 3kW which sizes to around 760mm height, 265mm depth and 350mm width and costs around 675 pounds. This system will comply with a Scottish tidal power plan which will provide carbon free electrical power to be used. Therefore it is estimated that in near future this flat will be powered by carbon free energy.
TOTAL FLAT DESIGN LOAD: P(flat) = P(total) + P(fa) = 1.513 + 1.346 = 2.859 kW ANNUAL CONSUMPTION (kWh) : Total loss (W/K) x degree days x occupancy(hrs) = 68.79 x 2413 x 18 = 2987 kWh
CASUAL HEAT GAINS: TOTAL = 352 kWh PEOPLE (3) = 3 x 97W= 291W = 0.291 kW
6W x 92.7m2= 556.2W = 0.556kW. Monthly gain: 0.556 x 30 x 6= 100.08 kWh
Western Red chedar panel cladding
0.2
20
0.1
air/ batten space
0.297
30
0.101
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
mineral wool insulation
0.035
280
8
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
plasterboard
0.21
20
0.09
internal resistance
aluminium cladded wall facing outside
0.12
Cooker (1) of 500W gain = 0.5 kW Monthly gain: 0.5kW x 30 x 1= 15 kWh Month January February March April May June July August September October November December
Avg t (C ) 3 4 6 10 10 12 14 13 13 11 9 4
Delta t 18 17 15 11 11 9 7 8 8 10 12 17
(Pf+Pv) x Delta t(kW) 1.238 1.169 1.031 0.756 0.756 0.619 0.481 0.55 0.55 0.687 0.825 1.169
1800
Double glazed windows with shutters
205
1
-0
air/batten space
0.297
30
0.101
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
mineral wool insulation
0.035
300
8.57
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
plasterboard
0.21
20
0.09 0.12
Pfa kW 1.346 1.04 0.918 0.673 0.673 0.55 0.428 0.489 0.489 0.612 0.734 1.04
January February March April May June July August September October November December
South windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 215 375 478 556 629 568 565 554 529 396 253 210
West windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 66 111 138 166 181 170 163 165 152 114 75 62
0.02
Total aluminium cladded area
67.89 m2
Total window area
12.77 m2
800
Total (north) window with shutters area
9.9 m2
600
Total external surface area
112.99 m2
average U-value all surfaces
0.38 W/m2K
total monhly design heat loss (kW) 2.584 2.209 1.949 1.429 1.429 1.169 0.909 1.039 1.039 1.299 1.559 2.209
total heat loss (kWh) 1860 1484 1450 1028 1063 841 672 773 748 966 1122 1643
Total floor area
92.7 m2
Total volume
278.1 m3
Total (kWh) 281 486 616 722 810 738 728 706 681 510 328 272
Total solar + casual gains (kWh) 633 838 968 1074 1162 1090 1080 1058 1033 862 680 624
0 Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Heat Loss kWh Heat Gain kWh Hot Water demand kWh
Month
insulated shutters
22.43 m2
377
0.113
aluminium cladding panel
Total timber cladded area
1000
Monthly gain: 0.1kW x 30 x 24= 72 kWh
U-VALUE
internal resistance
Double glazed windows
1200
Refrigerator (1) of 100W gain = 0.1 kW
8.797
0.06
2000
1400
Monthly gain: 0.24kW x 30 x 6= 43.2 kWh
TOTAL
Outside resistance
1600
Computers (3) of 80W gain. 80W x 3= 240 = 0.24 kW
R-Value (m2K/W)
Outside resistance
Monthly gain: 0.291(kW) x 30(days) x 14(hours) = 122.22 kWh LED Lightning of 6W/m2 gain
Thickness (mm)
0.12
HEATING DEMAND PER m2 2987(kWh) / 92(m2) = 32 kWh
VENTILATION LOSS:
Conductivity
TOTAL
9.207
U-VALUE
0.108
U-VALUE
1.7
50
2.5(uvalue 0.4)
U-VALUE
1.3
3rd floor individual flat 1 bedroom
FABRIC LOSS: Pf= UxA= External surface area(m2) x U-value(W/m2K)= 107.76 x 0.28= 30.17 W/K
Material
3rd fl individual flat timber cladded wall facing courtyard
BUILDING HEAT LOSS: P(TOTAL) = (Pf+ Pv) x T= (30.17+ 8.31) x 22= 846.56 W = 0.846 kW FRESH AIR RATE=10 litres / second / person (1)= 10l/s = 0.1m3/s
Heating demand per m2 annualy is 37kWh which rates the flat of 42m2 between Low demand flat and Passivehouse standard.
FRESH AIR LOAD: Pfa= m(dot) x C x T= 0.1 x 1.02 x 22 = 2.24 kW C= specific heat capacity of air = 1.02 Using MVHR reduces fresh air load by 80% = Pfa x 0.2= 0.44 kW
Since the heating demand is only 2.8 kW, it is reasonable to use a minor electrical heating boiler in each of these 3 bedroom flats with an output of 3kW which sizes to around 760mm height, 265mm depth and 350mm width and costs around 675 pounds. This system will comply with a Scottish tidal power plan which will provide carbon free electrical power to be used. Therefore it is estimated that in near future this flat will be powered by carbon free energy.
TOTAL FLAT DESIGN LOAD: P(flat) = P(total) + P(fa) = 0.846 + 0.44 = 1.286 kW ANNUAL CONSUMPTION (kWh) : Total loss (W/K) x degree days x occupancy(hrs) = 38.48 x 2413 x 18 = 1671 kWh
CASUAL HEAT GAINS: TOTAL = 189 kWh PEOPLE (1) = 1 x 97W= 97W = 0.097 kW Monthly gain: 0.097(kW) x 30(days) x 14(hours) = 40.74 kWh
Thrombe wall, south facing.
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
mineral wool insulation
0.035
280
8
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
plasterboard
0.21
20
0.09 0.12
TOTAL
8.797
U-VALUE
0.113
0.03
200
6.66
0.297
30
0.101
0.7
300
0.43
mineral wool insulation
0.035
100
2.85
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
internal resistance
0.12 TOTAL
10.89
U-VALUE
0.09
Outside resistance 0.06 RC Concrete
1.5
300
0.2
air/batten space
0.297
30
0.101
mineral wool insulation
0.035
300
8.57
plywood
0.15
20
0.133
air/batten space
0.297
30
0.101
plywood finish
0.21
20
0.09
400
internal resistance
Pfa kW 0.36 0.34 0.3 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.34
total monhly design heat loss (kW) 1.052 0.994 0.877 0.643 0.643 0.526 0.409 0.467 0.467 0.584 0.701 0.994
total heat loss (kWh) 757 715 638 468 468 378 294 336 336 420 504 715
Thrombe wall (kWh) 65% efficiency 109 191 235 283 309 289 278 282 260 195 128 106
East windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 59 103 127 153 167 156 150 152 140 105 69 57
Total (kWh) 335 585 721 867 948 885 852 864 797 597 393 326
0.12
200
TOTAL
9.375
115
U-VALUE
0.106
U-VALUE
1.7
50
2.5(uvalue 0.4)
U-VALUE
1.3
0
Double glazed windows
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Double glazed windows with shutters
insulated shutters
0.02
Heat Loss kWh
189
January February March April May June July August September October November December
0.101
Concrete
Monthly gain: 0.5kW x 30 x 1= 15 kWh
South windows (kWh) SHGC: 0.71 167 291 359 431 472 440 424 430 397 297 196 163
30
Outside resistance
600
Cooker (1) of 500W gain = 0.5 kW
Month
0.297
air gap
Monthly gain: 0.1kW x 30 x 24= 72 kWh
18 17 15 11 11 9 7 8 8 10 12 17
air/ batten space
foamed plastic
800
Refrigerator (1) of 100W gain = 0.1 kW
January February March April May June July August September October November December
0.1
1000
Monthly gain: 0.08kW x 30 x 6= 14.4 kWh
(Pf+Pv) x Delta t(kW) 0.692 0.654 0.577 0.423 0.423 0.346 0.269 0.307 0.307 0.384 0.461 0.654
20
0.06
Computers (1) of 80W gain. 0.08 kW
Delta t
0.2
internal resistance
RC concrete external wall, timber internally
6W x 44m2= 264W = 0.264kW. Monthly gain: 0.264 x 30 x 6= 47.52 kWh
Avg t (C ) 3 4 6 10 10 12 14 13 13 11 9 4
Western Red chedar panel cladding
1200
LED Lightning of 6W/m2 gain
Month
R-Value (m2K/W)
0.12
ANNUAL COST (Using electricity) 1671(kWh) x 0.17(p/kWh) = 284 pounds (Including months when no heating is required)
Pv=1/3xNxV = 1/3 x 132 x 0.21 = 8.31 W/K N= Air change rate = 28.8m3x1(persons)/V=0.21 (ach-1)
Thickness (mm)
Outside resistance
HEATING DEMAND PER m2 1671(kWh) / 42(m2) = 37 kWh
VENTILATION LOSS:
Conductivity
Total solar + casual gains (kWh) 524 774 910 1056 1137 1074 1041 1053 986 786 582 515
Heat Gain (casual + solar) kWh Water consumption kWh
Total timber cladded area
21.53 m2
Total RC concrete surface area
66.17 m2
Total thrombe wall area
5.5 m2
Total window area
4.97 m2
Total window with shutters area
9.59 m2
Total external surface area
107.76 m2
average U-value all surfaces
0.28 W/m2K
Total floor area
44 m2
Total volume
132 m3
HOT WATER DEMAND AND USE OF SOLAR THERMAL PANELS WATER DEMAND FOR 1 BEDROOM FLAT
WATER DEMAND FOR 3 BEDROOM FLAT
Considerations KITCHEN:
Considerations KITCHEN:
1)Preparing food with a bowl and tap off. (2 times per day) 2)Using dishwasher manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (1 time per day) 3)Using washingmachine manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (2 times per week)
1)Preparing food with a bowl and tap off. (2 times per day) 2)Using dishwasher manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (1 time per day) 3)Using washingmachine manufactured after 2000 with an eco setting (3 times per week)
Considerations BATHROOM: 1)Brushing teeth with a tap off (2 times per day) 2)Using electrical shower (4 times a week) 3)Using button operated toilet (Flushing 4 times a day) 4)Washing hands in a plugged basin (4 times a day)
Considerations BATHROOM: 1)Brushing teeth with a tap off (6 times per day) 2)Using electrical shower (12 times a week) 3)Using button operated toilet (Flushing 12 times a day) 4)Washing hands in a plugged basin (10 times a day)
Total daily usage = 96,4 Litres per person (Average person in Scotland use around 150L/day
Total daily usage per household = 455 l Households daily energy usage for heating water= 12,4kWh
Households daily energy usage for heating water= 3.8kWh Annual hot water demand: 3.8kWh x 365 = 1387kWh Monthly hot water demand (approx.): 1387 / 12 = 115kWh Annual cost for hot water heated by electricity: 1387kWh x 0.17p/kWh = 235.79 pounds
Annual hot water demand: 12,4kWh x 365 = 4526kWh Monthly hot water demand (approx.): 4526 / 12 = 377kWh Annual cost for hot water heated by electricity: 4526kWh x 0.17p/kWh = 769.42 pounds
USING 1 SOLAR THERMAL PANEL MANUFACTURED BY AES. The average daily energy produced from the solar collector panel during the winter months in Scotland is 2.73 kWh per 2.75 m2. The total energy produced over a period of 50 days (during four month period) by the 2.75m2 flat plate collector was 137kWh. From this we can conclude that over the course of a year the panel using winter irradiance values could hope to produce; = (365/50) x 136.5 = 996.45 kWh
USING 4 SOLAR THERMAL PANELS MANUFACTURED BY AES. The average daily energy produced from 1 solar collector panel during the winter months in Scotland is 2.73 kWh per 2.75 m2. The total energy produced over a period of 50 days (during four month period) by the 2.75m2 flat plate collector was 137kWh. From this we can conclude that over the course of a year the panel using winter irradiance values could hope to produce; = (365/50) x 136.5 x 4 = 3985 kWh
Using 1 thermal panel 71% of hot water demand is substituted
Using 4 thermal panels 86% of hot water demand is substituted
Cost of one panel (plate collector, cillinder, pipework, installation, maintenance) = 2291 pounds(VAT included) Panel would pay back in: 2291 / (71% of 235pounds)= 2291/ 166= 13.8 years
Cost of 4 panels (plate collector, cillinder, pipework, installation, maintenance) = 2291 x 4= 9164 pounds(VAT included) Panel would pay back in: 9164 / (86% of 769pounds)= 9164/ 661= 13.8 years
(AVERAGE SOLAR THERMAL PANEL PAYBACK TIME IN UK 18.2 YEARS)
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EXTERNAL BUILDING SKIN Protects from noise, wind, pollution, Helps to keep structures warm in winter, and provides a livable space all year round
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4 AES THERMAL PANELS, each for 3 bedroom flat (3 flats like these). Collector area 2,75m2. 2 AES THERMAL PANELS, each for 2 bedroom flat Collector area 2,75m2.
15 4p th. m JU LY POSITION PROVIDE SHADE
SOLAR CHIMNEY. with ventilation openings
2
30 1p th. m DE CE POSITION MAXIMISES MB SOLAR ABSORBANCE ER
NORTH FACING WINDOWS+ back insulated shutters
SOLAR THERMAL PANELS AES. Absorber area 2,75m2 1 for each 1bedroom flat.
DRY SCREED FLOOR CONSTRUCTION. To use electrically powered heating sheet.
GREEN ROOFS. MVHR INTAKE DUCT. MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. inside outside
EXPOSED CONCRETE THERMAL MASS CONSTRUCTION: transparent insulation concrete mass movable back shutters
MVHR INTAKE DUCT. MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. inside outside
EXPOSED THERMAL MASS: transparent insulation concrete mass movable back shutters PLACE FOR CLOTHDRYING separated metal mesh balconies
MVHR INTAKE DUCT. inside MVHR DISPENSE DUCT. outside
WINTER BALCONIES a place for extensive planting
GROUND PIPE + a link with tunnel.
GREENERY: To prevent heat island effect.