“Assessment of self reliability- ward no: 18, Meenangadi panchayath”- Report by Arunima KT

A REPORT ON

ASSESSMENT OF SELF RELIABILITY - WARD NO: 18, MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

PLANNING STUDIO, MINOR PROJECT, MONSOON SEMESTER, 2020 By

Arunima KT

Guided by

Dr. Bimal . P Er. Riya Robi

Department of Architecture & Planning

National Institute of Technology, Calicut Calicut, 673601 (India)

A REPORT ON

ASSESSMENT OF SELF RELIABILITY - WARD NO: 18, MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

PLANNING STUDIO, MINOR PROJECT, MONSOON SEMESTER, 2020 By

Arunima KT

Guided by

Dr. Bimal . P Er. Riya Robi

Department of Architecture & Planning

National Institute of Technology, Calicut Calicut, 673601 (India)

“India’s call of self-reliant economy is not for protectionism or isolationism. It is for adopting a practical growth strategy that would enable the country to identify and capitalise on the inherent strengths.”

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CALICUT

CERTIFICATE The Minor Project titled “Assessment of self reliability- ward no: 18, Meenangadi panchayath” Submitted by Arunima KT has been carried out under my supervision at the Department of Architecture & Planning of National Institute of Technology, Calicut. The work is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Dr. Bimal .P Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, NIT, Calicut

Forwarded by – Head, Department of Architecture & Planning NIT, Calicut Date:

DECLARATION I, hereby declare that the Minor Project titled “Assessment of self reliability- ward no: 18, Meenangadi panchayath” submitted herein has been carried out by me in the Department of Architecture & Planning of National Institute of Technology, Calicut. The work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

Name: Arunima KT Date:

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Minor Project is a culmination of the help, guidance, and above all love of many people with whom I have been associated over this period. First and foremost, I would like to Thank Dr. Bimal . P and Er. Riya Robi for their guidance throughout this project. Knowing them and working under their guidance has been an enriching experience. His patience, constructive criticism, and excellent eye for details have provided a strong base for this study I would like to thank Shasika Binu, ward member of ward no: 18, Meenangadi panchayath, Aganwadi Staffs, Asha Workers, and the residents of the ward for their cooperative attitude and valuable inputs amidst COVID situations. I take this opportunity to convey my heartiest thanks to my family and friends. They have provided immense mental support and strength throughout this project. At last, I thank all those who have helped me directly and indirectly in the completion of this project successfully.

Arunima KT

ABSTRACT This Minor project is an assessment of self reliability of ward no: 18, Meenangadi Panchayath. It aims to find the extent of self-reliability in the area and identify its strength, weakness, opportunity, and treats. Self- reliability is simply the capacity to depend to complete things and to address one’s issues. Addressing the nation on the COVID pandemic, Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the necessity of a self-reliant India. The PM outlined the contours of this new selfreliant India across all spheres - education, health, agriculture, manufacturing, infrastructure, trade, foreign policy, environment, digital connectivity, etc, for all segments of society. This project explores the potential of ward no: 18 to become self-reliant and sustainable. A detailed evaluation of different pillars for self-reliability such as demographics, land use, connectivity, distribution systems, infrastructure facilities, employment opportunities, etc are all carried out with the help of surveys, spatial and no –spatial data processing and analysis. The project also tries to validate different hypotheses made and eventually conclude with a SWOT report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………...…………viii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………...……………ix LIST OF CHARTS……………………………………………..………………….x LIST OF MAPS……………………………………………..…………………….xi CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………….………1

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………….…..……………1 1.2 Project outline……………………………………………..……………….1 1.2.1 Aim………………………………………………..………………1 1.2.2 Objectives …………………………………………………………1 1.2.3 Methodology of the study/research……………………….……….2

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND STUDY…………….………………………………...………..3

2.1 Introduction to the chapter……….………………………………………..3 2.2 Reference 1: UNHCR Publications on “Why Self-reliance” ………………………...3 2.3 Reference 2: UNHCR Publications on “Making self- reliance work.”………..……3 CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA…………………………………………………..……………….4

3.1 Introduction……….……………………………………………………….4 3.2 Administration………….………………………………………………….5 3.3 Land use mapping…………………………………………………………6 3.4 Demography………….…………………………………………………….7 3.4.1 Sex ratio…………………………………….………………………..7 3.4.2 Population pyramid……………………….…………………………7 3.4.3 Reservation split………………………………….………………….8 3.4.4 Literacy rate………………………………………………………….8 3.4.5 Occupational Details………………...………………………………8 3.4.6 Physiography………………………………………………………...9 3.5 Distribution systems………………………………………………….…….9 3.5.1 Water Distribution……………………………………………….…...9 3.5.2 Power Distribution……………………………………………….….10 vi

3.6 Spatial data mapping…………………………………..…….……………10 3.6.1 Road network……………………………………..…………………10 3.6.2 Water network…………………………………….…………………11 3.6.3 Contour mapping…………………………………………………….11 3.7 Social Infrastructure facilities……………………………………………..12 3.8 Waste Management………………………………………………………..14

CHAPTER 4: COVID CRISIS…………………………………………………….……….…..15

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Introduction……………………………………………………….……15 Survey details………………………………………………………..…..15 Occupational crises…………………………………………………..….16 Food and supply crisis………………………………………………..…17 Connectivity crisis…………………………………………….………….17

CHAPTER 5 : HYPOTHESIS AND VALIDITY………………………………….………...18 CHAPTER 6 : SELF-RELIANCE OF THE WARD…………………………………….….20 CHAPTER 7 : SWOT ANALYSIS……………………………………………………….…...22 CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..…23 CHAPTER 9 : REFERENCES………………………………………………………………..24 CHAPTER 10: APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………25 Appendix i: Administrative subdivisions of Wayanad district…………………………..26 Appendix ii: Ward boundary map, Meenanagadi Panchayath………………………...…27 Appendix iii: Resource mapping, road network, Meenanagadi Panchayath……………..28 Appendix iv: Resource mapping, Water resources, Meenanagadi Panchayath…………..29 Appendix v: Social infrastructure facilities in and around ward no:18……………….….30

Survey Questionnaire ………………………………………………………31

vii

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1 : Palakkamoola ward location, Source: thanaltrust.org……………………………………...4 Fig 2 : Functions that may be devolved to a ward………………………….………………….…..5 Fig 3 : Administrative Structure, Source: https://cblsgi.kila.ac.in....................................................5 Fig 4 : Reservation split comparison………………………………………………………………8 Fig 5: Major physiography of ward no:18…………………………………………………………9 Fig 6: Social infrastructures in and around ward no:18……………………………………………13 Fig 7 : Waste Management ,Meenangadi Panchayath………………………………………….….14 Fig 8: Milma society ,Pallakkamoola…………………………………………………………..….16

viii

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Administrative divisions of Wayanad district…………………….…………………….5 Table 2 : Demographics, Ward no:18……………………………………………………………...7 Table 3 : Electricity consumption, Meenangadi Panchayath………………………….………..…10

LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1: land-use distribution, ward no:18…………………………………………………………6 Chart 2 : Sex ratio, Ward no:18…………………………………………………………………….7 Chart 3 : Population pyramid, Ward no:18…………………………………………………………7 Chart 4: literacy rate comparison…………………………………………………………………...8 Chart 5 : Major and Marginal occupation details,Ward no:18……………………………………..9 Chart 6: Drinking water sources, ward no:18………………………………………………………9 Chart 7 : Drinking water schemes by government………………………………………………….9 Chart 8 : COVID situation Analysis………………………………………………………………15 Chart 9: Occupational details (sample survey…………………………………………………….16 Chart 10: occupational crisis ,ward no :18………………………………………………………..16 Chart 11: Ward –Work place connectivity………………………………………………………..17 Chart 12:People working far from ward…………………………………………………………..17 Chart 13:Assessibility –population trend………………………………………………………….18 Chart 14:Assessibility – land use relationship………………………………………………….…18 Chart15: Reliability Assessment and comparison of Ward,, District and State…………………..20 Chart16:Self- reliability assessment of Ward no:18………………………………………………21

LIST OF MAPS Map 1 : Land use map of ward no:18, Meenangadi Panchayath…………………………………...6 Map 2 : Road Network ,Ward no:18……………………………………………………………….10 Map 3 : Ground Water Prospects , Ward no:18………………………………………………….…11 Map 4 : Watershed , ward no:18……………………………………………………………………11 Map 5 : Contour Map, Ward no:18…………………………………………………………………12 Map 6 : Settlement Density comparison ,Ward no:18……………………………………………..19

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Self-reliance is the theme of India’s 74th Independence Day. The concept is commonly associated with the economy and production of key goods and services within the country in the light of the global ‘supply shock’ caused by the pandemic. Ward no: 18, popularly known as Palakkamoola ward, is one of the developing wards in the Wayanad district. The ward majorly caters to agroecology. It is located 12 KM towards the East of District head quarters Kalpetta. 6 KM from Sulthanbathery. 424 KM from the State capital Thiruvananthapuram. This minor project is an attempt to examine how well ward no:18 performed during the recent lockdown and how it caters to the needs of the people. The study includes the collection, processing, and analysis of spatial and non-spatial data to prepare a detailed SWOT analysis report and to quantify the self-reliability of my ward. The topic gives scope to study how spatial and non-spatial features play a key role in the productivity of the ward. It also helps in identifying the inherent strengths of the locality.

1.2 PROJECT OUTLINE 1.2.1 Aim To question the self–reliability of my ward, by mapping the locality and analyzing spatial and non-spatial data.

1.2.1 Objectives 1. To document land use pattern and define population density, technical and socio-economic factors of the locality. 2. To map road network, physical infrastructure systems and social infrastructure systems with the help of GIS. 3. To solicit lockdown issues faced by people from local authorities and social workers 4. To quantify the self-reliability of the ward during recent lockdown.

1.2.2 Methodology

Background study Understanding the project Reading similar projects Have a clear concept of the project

Project Synopsis Formulate aim and objectives Preparation of detailed methodology Finding scope and limitation Stage 1: Land use mapping Desk research on existing land surveys Detailed site inspection Mapping of spatial data using GIS Comparison of diff socio-economic factors

Stage 2: Spatial data mapping

Stage 3: Lockdown crisis S

List down Government schemes and measures in response to COVID -19 Questionnaire survey on local authorities & social workers. Conclude on COVID setbacks faced by the localities

Mapping of road network, physical infrastructure and social infrastructure features. To compare road density with district & state road density. Detailed examination of infrastructure systems with regards to URDPFI guidelines

Stage 4: Self- reliability Prepare detailed report on processed data Quantifying the data using descriptive statistics SWOT Analysis

Discussion and Conclusion

CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND STUDY 2.1 Introduction Self-reliance is the social and economic ability of an individual, a household, or a community to meet essential needs (including protection, food, water, shelter, personal safety, health, and education) in a sustainable manner and with dignity. Self-reliance, as a program approach, (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) persons

concern

and

refers to developing and strengthening the livelihoods of

reducing

their

vulnerability

and

long-term

reliance

humanitarian/external assistance. Self-reliability and its significance in today's context: At a time when the world is suffering from a deadly pandemic, India plans to convert this crisis into an opportunity and strengthen its fight by becoming Aatmanirbhar or self-reliant. The term was coined by the Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi during his address to the nation on May 12, 2020. He called this campaign Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan (Self- Reliant India Movement). He also defined five pillars of Aatmanirbhar Bharat – Economy, Infrastructure, System, Demography, and Demand. He stressed the fact that it is time to become vocal about our local products and make them global.

2.2 Reference 1 : UNHCR Publications on “Why Self-reliance” This section explains why it is important to direct efforts towards self-reliance clarifying what it is, justifying its incorporation in programmes, recognising that it requires a change in mentality, strengthening commitment to its adoption, and providing guidance to ensure implementation is effective.

2.3 Reference 2 : UNHCR Publications on “Making self- reliance work” This book looks at what will make self-reliance work - recognising that UNHCR’s role is to catalyse the development of such initiatives. It explains what should be done, how to do the job, when and where to do the work, and addresses: the importance of building alliances; providing advice on guiding the design of self-reliance activities; tailoring interventions according to local policy environments; planning their implementation; identifying where resources will come from; supervising implementation; and evaluating impact and sustainability.

CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA

3.1 Introduction Ward no: 18, popularly known as Palakkamoola ward, is one of the developing wards in the Wayanad district. With a population density of 667/km², the ward majorly caters to agroecology. It is located 12 KM towards the East of District head quarters Kalpetta. 6 KM from Sulthanbathery. 424 KM from the State capital Thiruvananthapuram. Palakkamoola is surrounded by Kalpetta Block towards the west, Gudalur Block towards the East, Mananthavady

Block

towards

the

North,

and

Koduvally Block towards the South. The majority of the population is into agriculture /plantation and animal husbandry and the ward produces an ample amount of milk, coffee, paddy, ginger, banana, elephant foot yam, pepper, and many other vegetables. The farmers are supported by the initiative of panchayath and state government and Govt. veterinary college Wayanad caters to animal health. The road network is the most important mode of transportation in the area, The ward is served with a fairly good network of roads comprising, proposed state highway (Wayanad-Kannur), district roads, village roads, and other roads. There are 3 Anganwadi and 1 primary school in the Palakkamoola ward.

Fig1: Palakkamoola ward location Source: thanaltrust.org

Wayanad has the highest tribal population in Kerala. Which consists of Kuruman, Kurichyan, Paniyan, Adiyan, Kattunaykan, Vettakuruman, Thachanad Mooppan, Karimpalan, Wayanadan Kadar, etc. Palakkamoola ward has 98 tribal families which include 73 Kuruman, 12 Paniyan, 4 Vettakuruman, 1 Kattunaykan, and 8 Kurichyan. Infrastructure facilities play an important role in community development. Community development is possible only by providing people with infrastructure facilities like a house, drinking water, electricity, and sanitation. Around 46 tribal families live in dilapidated houses in 4

ward no 18 and 8.16% of the tribal population is landless and homeless families. 33.67 % of the tribal population lives in un-electrified houses.23.47 % of tribals reside in houses without toilets. Also, Palakkamoola ward stand first in the aggregate depravity index Regarding spatial structure, the ward comes under a third-order settlement with semirural characters. Disasters faced by the ward include flood, drought, and lightning, various measures have been taken by local authorities to ensure the safety of the people during theses Disasters. (Team Thanal, 2008)

3.2 Administration India is a large country comprising of 29 states and 7 union territories. These states and the union territories are divided into districts. Each district is further divided into sub-districts, which are known differently in different parts of the country. Wayanad district has 25 grama

Table 1 : Administrative divisions of Wayanad district

panchayaths which are again divided

into

Decentralization

wards. of

rural

governance to the ward level is the key to introducing choice, accountability,

transparency,

and

participation.

citizen

Empowering local representatives is a way to empowering the citizens. A Ward is the smallest unit of rural governance. The local bodies are empowered to collect taxes to raise their own resources to perform their duties. However, the funds collected through their own revenues do not suffice. Therefore, the Govt. devolves part of their own tax revenues to the rural local bodies to meet their needs.

Fig 2 :Functions that may be devolved to a ward

Fig 3 :Administrative structure, Source: https://cblsgi.kila.ac.in

LAND USE DISTRIBUTION OF WARD NO 18,MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

3.3 Land use mapping Major areas of the ward are used for

cultivation and plantation purpose.16% of

86%

the ward area is used for the cultivation of ‘mundakan’

11%

rice alone. Ward produced

amble amount of coffee, coconut, ginger, areca nut, pepper, banana, and many more

COMMERCIAL AREA RESIDENCIAL AREA PUBLIC/SEMIPUBLIC AGRICULTURAL AREA

Chart 1 : Land use distribution ,Ward no:18

vegetables. Public/semi-public area includes

one govt. lower primary school, three Anganwadis, and one madrasa and few religious buildings. Commercial buildings add up to 2% of the total area. They are mainly retail shops, storage facilities / godowns, informal shops, bakeries and hotels. Rural style of living dominates in the majority and commercial spine is concentrated along the district highway.

3.4

Map 1 : LAND USE MAP OF WARD NO:18, MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

Demography Demography is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution across space – and the process through which populations change. Births, deaths and migration are the 'big three' of demography, jointly producing population stability or change

Table 2 : Ward no:18, Demographics

3.4.1 Sex ratio

Sex ratio Male

The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a

Female

population. In most sexually reproducing species, the

48%

ratio tends to be 1:1. • • •

52%

Ward no:18- 1090 female for every 1000 male Meenangadi Panchayath- 1012 female for every 1000 male Wayanad- 1035 female for every 1000 male

Chart 2: Sex ratio , Ward no:18

3.4.2 Population pyramid

Expansive POPLATION PYRAMID

pyramids: depict populations

80-99

that have a larger percentage

60-79

of people in younger age

40-59

groups. Populations with this

20-39

shape

-300

-200

-100

Male

usually

have

high

fertility rates with lower life

0-19 -400

population

100

200

Female

Chart 3 : Population Pyramid , Ward no:18

300

400

expectancies.

3.4.3 Reservation split Tribal population account for about 47% of total population (Graph 1) these communities are dependent on non timber forest produce and agriculture. Some of them find jobs in coffee plantations in Kerala and Karnataka. The tribal communities are highly vulnerable to climate change, since their livelihood is dependent on climate sensitive crops and resources from forest.

POPULATION - RESERVATION SPLIT WARD NO:18 SCHEDULED 1% CASTES

SCHEDULED TRIBE 52% REST

POPULATION -RESERVATION SPLIT WAYANAD

SCHEDULE D CASTE SCHEDULE D TRIBE OTHERS

4% 19%

47% 77%

Fig 4 : Reservation split comparison

3.4.4 Literacy rate The literacy rate (as per 2011 census) of the Ward is 76 % and Meenangadi Panchayth is 81%, which is well below the literacy LITERACY RATE COMPARISION

rate of Kerala State (93.91%) and Wayanad District (89.03%).

KERALA STATE

The literacy rate among tribal the

WAYANAD DISTRICT

is about 78.5%* .

MEENANGADI PANCHAYATH

communities Panchayath People

within

are

engaged

89.03

WARD NO:18

cultivation, agriculture labour,

household level industrial work

100

Chart 4 : Literacy rate comparison

and other occupations.

3.4.5 Occupational Details The agriculture sector dominates as the source for marginal income in the ward (63%).It shows that people prefer agriculture labour in coffee plantations or paddy cultivation since the income is definite in terms of wages 8

MARGINAL OCCUPATION WARD NO 18

MAJOR OCCUPATIONS WARD NO 18

12% 21% 67%

CALTIVATORS

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OTHER WORKERS

HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

37% 63%

OTHER WORKERS

Chart 5 : Major and Marginal occupation details , Ward no:18

3.4.6 Physiography

Fig 5 : Major Physiography , Ward no:18

3.5 Distribution systems 3.5.1 Water Distribution DRINKING WATER SOURCE

DRINKING WATER SCHEME PANCHAYATH LEVEL 5%

18%

IMPLEMENTED

16% 66%

NOT WORKING

95% OPEN WELL

BOREWELL

OTHERS

Chart 6: Drinking water sources, ward no:18

Chart 7 : Drinking water schemes by government

Government. is taking efforts towards providing everyone with clean drinking water ,but there is a need of efficient Implementation of drinking water schemes. Also ward requires more dig open wells and borewells to ensure uninterrupted water supply throughout the year in all colonies.

3.5.2 Power Distribution Power is distributed through Kerala State Electricity Borad (KSEB).Image here shows the power

consumption

Meenangadi Panchayath. Table 3: : Electricity consumption , Meenangadi Panchayath

3.6 Spatial data mapping 3.6.1 Road network

Map 2 : Road network, Ward no:18

The road network is the most important mode of transportation in the area. The ward is served with a district and village road network. Aslo, ward is connected to proposed state highway (Wayanad-Kannur). ➢ Meenangadi Panchayath road density details: o District & village road density o NH and SH road density

- 1.84 /km ² - 0.16 / km ²

➢ Wayanad district road density

- 1.53/ km²

➢ Kerala state road density

- 5.28 / km²

3.6.2 Water network Ground water is the major source of drinking water and play a vital role in sustaining livelihoods.Ward

no.18

Meenangadi

panchayath has a ground water yield = 25 - 50 m³ /day. (ksdiportal) Panchayath has a canal network for irrigation which covers 106.8 hectare of agriculture land. 48 ponds in the private properties also support irrigation for agriculture.

Map 3 : Drinking water prospects, Ward no:18

There are 264 drinking water schemes in the Panchayat of which 12 are not functioning and two projects yet to complete. Major part of land is bounded by

kabani

watersheds ,draining into sub catchment Chimsha reservoir. Seasonal drainage line are connected to paddy fields from uphills

Map 4 : Watershed, Ward no:18

3.6.3 Contour mapping

Most parts of the ward have hill-valley patterns with plantation crops on the high slopes and paddy cultivation on the valleys. Paddy fields are getting converted into banana and other cash crops which is adversely impacting the ground water levels.

Map 5 : contour Map, Ward no:18

3.7 Social Infrastructure facilities •

Social Infrastructure facilities include educational institutes, religious buildings, government offices, health care facilities and other recreational facilities in the ward. Study was done to map social infrastructure facilities in and around the ward within 4 km radius.

•

Ward also has 2 govt. schools and one govt. polytechnic college with in 4kms radius . Recently ward was provided with more than 30 lakhs for the maintenance and construction of new blocks in GLPS CHENNALI.

•

Within a radius of 4 kms ,ward has two PHCS (marked in blue),one eye hospital,one clinic, and around four private practice centers.

•

Meenangadi village office, Meenangadi Panchayath office, Meenangadi Electricity board and post office kariambadi also come within 4 kms of radius.

•

There are four village level reading room and library, seven sports and arts clubs for the youth and two mini stadiums which acts as cultural and sports activity centres. 12

•

A community health Centre with 16 bed capacity, a Homoeo and an Ayurveda Clinic operates in the Panchayath to provide free or subsidized health services for public.

•

There are two markets and a bus station cum commercial centre in panchayath which acts as a central hub of commercial activities.

Commercial centre , Meenangadi

GLPS Chennali

Eye Hospital, Kariambadi

Govt. Poly technical college ,Meenangadi

Manikavu Temple

Public Health Center , Meenangadi

Fig 6 : Social infrastructure facilities in and around ward no :18

3.8 Waste Management Workers of Meenangadi haritha karma sena do door to door collection of plastic waste from each ward and bring it to the newly constructed resource recovery center, which is then shredded and used for road surface work. (Indian Express, 2019) Government and people have been taking active efforts to cut down on plastics, and live a more sustainable lifestyle. Meenangadi panchayth is on the run to become the first carbon neutral town in country and create its own brand value, which eventually will have a positive impact on ward no:18

Fig 7 : Waste Management, Meenangadi Panchayath

CHAPTER 4: COVID CRISIS

1.1

Introduction

•

On January 30, 2020, the country’s first COVID-19 positive case was reported in Kerala.

•

On March 17, COVID19 was declared a notified disaster, thus becoming eligible for funds from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).

•

Government took several multi-pronged measures to address the threat.

•

Local Self Government institutions were assigned various roles and responsibilities. My ward was assigned with 25 Asha workers, they worked along with the ward members and other volunteers

Chart 8 : covid situation analysis

Ward came under containment zone two times (around 25-30 days) during this period .A questionnaire sample survey was done to understand the problems faced by them during this period and during nation lockdown.

1.2

Survey details

A questionnaire survey was designed to understand some of the main dimensions of selfreliability. The questions are divided according to the occupational group to understand in detail about problems faced by each occupational groups. Main divisions of occupational groups are , Agricultural labourers, livestock and other occupations. Few question where designed separately for ward member, Social works and local authority. 15

•

Total population of ward : 1801

•

Sample questionnaire survey done on 28

OCCUPATION DETAILS (SAMPLE SURVEY)

households • •

Sample survey population :117 Additional survey was done on 6 commercial

39% 43%

stores including milma society. •

CULTIVATORS / AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS ANIMAL HUSBANDARY OTHERS

14%

CONFIDENCE LEVEL - 95%,

ASHA WORKER

Chart 9 : occupation details (sample survey)

•

1.3

MARGIN OF ERROR – 10%

occupational crisis

According to the sample survey done 39 % of the population depends on agricultural /cultivation for making an

income.

Other

occupation

included, teachers, Govt. employees ,

OCCUPATIONAL CRISIS

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Drivers, Tailors and construction labourers.

CULTIVATORS / ANIMAL OTHERS ASHA WORKER AGRICULTURAL HUSBANDARY LABOURERS Chart 10 : occupation crisis in ward no:18

People depending on animal husbandary were most affected since the Milma society was closed down during lockdown. Milma society, Palakkamoola collects an average of 1800 liters of milk every day from around 50 people of ward no:18 . 1 litre milk cost 44 rs . Fig 8 : Milma society ,Palakkamoola

Other also faced occupational crisis such as loss of pay for around three months, temporary termination and few faced loss of jobs.

. Daily wage agricultural labouers who worked outside the ward also faced major income crisis during COVID lockdown.

1.4

Food and supply crisis

Ward produces ample amount of food-crops, cash-crops, milk , fruits and vegetables.87% of the people in the ward depends on ration shop and supplyco. Also COVID kits were provided to the people through ration shops. Local shops functioned during the specific time given and helped the people with basic supplies. Hence the ward didn’t face much food and supply crisis.

1.5

Connectivity crisis

Work place –ward connectivity: 31% of total working population worked outside the ward and had an issue in reaching their work place, due to which they had to face reduction in salary or temporary termination. PEOPLE WORKING FAR FROM WARD

WARD-WORKPLACE CONNECTIVITY

12% WITHIN WARD

31%

48%

21%

WALKABLE DISTANCE FROM WARD

88%

FAR FROM WARD

GOVT.EMPLOYEES

Chart 11 : Ward-workplace connectivity

OTHERS

Chart 12 : people working far from ward

CHAPTER 5 : HYPOTHESIS AND VALIDITY From the study done a general hypothesis was to made and checked for its validity. Proper analysis and testing methods were carried out for the same. Hypothesis : Accessibility level ( road network) 15 effects land use type and population. • • •

Tests:

Accessibility –population trend Settlement density mapping Accessibility land –use relationship

ACCESSIBILITY- POPULATION TREND 180

NO:OF BUILDINGS

160 140

y = -0.37x + 174 R² = 0.6915

120 100

NO:OF BUILDINGS

80 60

Linear (NO:OF BUILDINGS)

40 20 0 0

100

200

300

400

500

DISTANCE FROM ROAD (IN METERS) Chart 13 : Accessibility – population trend

CONCENTRATION (%)

ACCESSIBILITY -LAND USE RELATION 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

100

200

300

400

DISTANCE FROM ROAD IN METERS

COMMERCIAL AREA

RESIDENTIAL AREA

Chart 14 : Accessibility – landuse relation

AGRICULTURAL AREA

Map 6 : Settlement Density mapping, ward no:18

Validity: ➢ 70% Validity was found for above stated hypothesis ➢ Construction of roads is one of the main driving force of land use change. ➢ Strong negative correlation between accessibility and population

CHAPTER 6 : SELF-RELIANCE OF THE WARD A self-reliant community means, community members are confident and have the capacity and skills to act as agents of their development. Making communities self-reliant is a process and does not happen overnight. However, the starting point is that government and non-profit organizations make it the central tenet of their work. Here is a comparison between ward no18, Wayanad district, and Kerala state with few factors affecting self-reliance.

ROAD DENSITY

10 AGRICULTURA L LABOURERS

CONNECTIVIT Y

8 6 4

HOUSEHOLD SIZE

GROUND WATER YIELD

2 0

AGRICULTURA L LAND

LITERACY RATE

POPULATION PYRAMID

RESERVATION SPLIT

WARD 18

WAYANAD

KERALA

Chart 15 : Reliability assessment and comparison of ward, corresponding district and state

Ward no 18 has more agricultural land compared to Wayanad district and Kerala state which caters to the food and supply needs of people in the ward, whereas connectivity of the ward is less

compared to Wayanad district and Kerala state. Ward no: 18 has a population pyramid similar to developed countries with a fairly good sex ratio, the more working population which makes the ward less dependent. Ward is a bit behind in terms of the literacy rate but as far as occupation is considered, ward as an equal percentage of agricultural laborers compared to district and state. Chart 16 shows the self-reliability status of ward no:18 on different criteria. Ward no: 18 is rich in species variation but Biodiversity has been affected very severely in the past year due to human activities. Meenangadi Panchayath’s carbon-neutral mission aims to bring back the rich biodiversity and also become the first carbon-neutral town. About distribution systems, a need for more efficient implementation of drinking water schemes can be identified. There is a need to dig open wells and bore wells to ensure uninterrupted water supply throughout the year in all colonies. Power is distributed through the Kerala state electricity board (kseb). Road network is the only mode of transportation in the ward, and the ward has fair road density compared to Wayanad district and Meenangadi Panchayath. Plainland has better connectivity than hilly areas. Hence the ward lacks in the connectivity index. Ward has fair Physical Infrastructure facilities which include proper flood drainage lines,

drinking water

distribution, and a good plastic waste management system ward lack social infrastructure facilities, but the government and local authorities are taking good initiative for the betterment of the people.' POWER DISTRIBUTION

HEALTH CARE FACILITY

WATER DISTRIBUTION

GROUND WATER PROSPECTS

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

2 WASTE MANAGEMENT

EDUCATIONAL FACILITY

1 0

ROAD DENSITY

FOOD AND SUPPLY

-1 -2

CONNECTIVITY

SOIL QUALITY

RESERVATION SPLIT

WATER QUALITY

LITERACY RATE

BIODIVERSITY

POPULATION PYRAMID

DOMESTIC CO2 EMISSION

SAND MINING

SPECIES VARIATION

Chart 16 : Reliability assessment of ward no:18

CHAPTER 7: SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis (or SWOT matrix) is a strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization

identify

strengths,

weaknesses,

to business competition or project planning.

opportunities,

and

threats

SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses,

Opportunities, and Threats, and so a SWOT Analysis is a technique for assessing these four aspects of the ward. STRENGTHS •

Fertile agricultural land and good ecology

•

Clean natural resources

•

Produces enough food and supply

WEAKNESSES •

Poor connectivity

•

Less educational infrastructure

•

Less tertiary jobs opportunities

OPPORTUNITIES •

Commercialization of forest products

•

Pisciculture/ Fish Farming as a Career

•

Part of first carbon neutral panchayath

•

Flood , Drought lightening and landslides

•

Climate change /extreme weather events

•

Paddy fields are getting converted into banana and other cash crops which is adversely

THREATS

impacting the ground water levels.

CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION Ward no:18 is in its developing phase, and in recent year Meenangadi panchayath is focusing on making the panchayath carbon neutral, and many schemes were introduced to support that which eventually made the ward self-reliable in terms of waste management and food production. Meenangadi Panchayat, which resides in a unique ecosystem in the Western Ghats towards northern Kerala, initiated this ambitious project to become carbon neutral by 2020. The project was initiated on June 5, 2016, as part of World Environment Day and in the past one year with a committed, innovative, and strategic method, the panchayat and all its inhabitants have been able to achieve considerable progress towards one of the most enduring missions in the country. In the recent state budget, Rs. 10 crores was allocated and will be distributed through the Meenangadi Cooperative Service Bank to individual farmers and households as regular incentives for the protection of saplings and trees. Around Rs. 80 lakh was spent to set up an electric crematorium in the area. This has drastically brought down the use of wood for cremations. Plastic bags in the panchayat markets will be replaced with handloom bags. Free distribution of bicycles to school students and encouraging people to use non-polluting vehicles are part of the project. Ward lacks in connectivity even with a high road density, Social infrastructure facilities are getting a boost with development and funds have been released for the same

CHAPTER 9: REFERENCES

a. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 3, 2020, from ksdiportal: http://ksdiportal.kerala.gov.in/ksdigeo/index.php b. (2019, 12 16). Retrieved 11 3, 2020, from Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/planting-trees-managing-plastic-waste-helping-this-keralavillage-to-become-carbon-neutral-6168936/ c. Team Thanal, D. P. (2008). Carbon Neutral Meenangadi – Assessment and Recommendations. Meenangadi: Thanal. d. official FB page of Wayanad collector e. https://cblsgi.kila.ac.in/# Covid 19 prevention activities :https://youtu.be/b8ycII4ifnk f. open street map

CHAPTER 10: APPENDICES

30 30

MINOR PROJECT LOCAL AREA INTERVENTION Local residents sample survey questionnaire Name of surveyee:______________________________ Age:_______ M/F_____ Household size______ Household details

M/F

Count

Kids under 6 Elderly people above 60

Occupational details: Job/employment