Final dissertation report

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIAN VINEYARD : SCOPE FOR HERITAGE

Dissertation submitted to Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur in fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

B. ARCH by

Arunima KT Guide

Dr. Amit Wahurwagh

Department of Architecture & Planning

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur 440 010 (India)

May 2017

ARCHITECTURE DISSERTATION 2016-17

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIAN VINEYARD : SCOPE FOR HERITAGE by

Arunima KT Guide

Dr. Amit Wahurwagh

Declaration I, hereby declare that the dissertation titled “ landscape architecture in Indian vineyard : Scope for heritage� submitted herein has been carried out by me in the Department of Architecture & Planning of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur. The work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

Arunima KT Date:

Certificate The Dissertation titled “landscape architecture in Indian vineyard : Scope for heritage” submitted by Arunima KT for the award of degree of B. Arch, has been carried out under my supervision at the Department of Architecture & Planning of Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur. The work is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Dr. Amit Wahurwagh Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, VNIT, Nagpur

Forwarded by – Head, Department of Architecture & Planning VNIT, Nagpur Date:

Acknowledgement This research is a culmination of the help,guidance and above all love of many people with whom I have been associated over this period.

I extent my gratitude towards Head of the department ,Dr. Vinayak S Adane and dissertation coordinator prof. Amit Deshmukh.

I would like to Thank Dr. Amit Wahurwagh for being my guide.knowing him and working under his guidance has been enriching experience .His patience ,constructive criticism and excellent eye for details have provided a strong base to this study I take this opportunity to convey my heartiest thanks to my family and friends .they have provided immense mental support and strength through out this research At last, I thank all those who have helped me directly and indirectly in completion of this dissertation successfully .

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

Title Page Declaration Certificate of Approval Acknowledgement CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Need of the thesis topic/ research 1.3 Thesis Outline 1.4.1 Aim 1.4.2 Objectives 1.4.3 Methodology of the study/research ( In text/flow chart) 1.4.4 Scope and of the study/ research 1.4.5 Limitations of the study/research

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to the Chapter 2.2 History of Indian Vineyards 2.3 Major wine regions of India CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING THE FRAMEWORK 3.1 World heritage site: The criteria for selection

3.2 Cultural heritage landscape in India : The rock shelters of Bhimbetka 3.3 Criteria for the identification of cultural heritage landscapes CHAPTER 4 : INDIAN VINEYARDS AND WINERIES

4.1 Indage wines (chateau indage) 4.2 Grover vineyards 4.3 Sula vineyards CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION: Landscapes are defined and manipulated in response to human desires. Humankind has cultivated landscapes to work for them, to become productive machines. Vineyards are perhaps one of the most attractive and recognizable productive landscapes.Landscape architecture has a long history of engagement with heritage. Design practice frequently hones in on the expression of narrative associated with the site to reflect, or promote, a sense of place. However, heritage is a cultural construct, a version of the past created by people to serve their needs in the present. Because it is invented by people it is always contestable; what is significant and valued by one group of people will not be so by others. Additionally, in relation to landscape there is a tendency to think only of built forms, material objects, historical narratives associated with place and scenic qualities as heritage concerns. Intangible heritage such as traditional practices, activities, art and story may be more important than material heritage. At present 28 sites of India are inscribed under world heritage list. This dissertation is a analytic survey to find the scope for heritage declaration in culture vineyards landscapes of India .

1.2 NEED OF THE PROJECT ▪

To protect the eye candy rural setup from human encroachment .

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To protect the flora and fauna of the ecological landscape.

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To conserve the tradition viticulture and landscape techniques for the coming generation.

1.3 THESIS OUTLINE 1.3.1 AIM: To closely examine the landscape architecture of Indian vineyards and compare them according to the criteria of heritage to find the scope of heritage declaration.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES: ▪

To understand the criteria for the evaluation of landscape as heritage through examples of existing world heritage landscapes.

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To study the unique combination of topographic, environmental and climatic conditions which lead to the landscape development of Indian vineyards

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Identifying Existing Site Conditions by conducting site inventory.

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To analyze the scope of heritage in the cultural landscape of Indian vineyards 1 1

1.3.3 METHODOLOGY:

Stage 1 : Designing the Framework(through literature review, UNESCO criteria and guideline formulated by Indian heritage agencies such as ASI, INTACH) Stage 2 : Developing Written Criteria for the Identification of Cultural Heritage Landscapes Stage 3 : Current State Analysis: (site inventory) Stage 4 : summering the scope of heritage declaration .

1.3.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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To learn landscape architecture of vineyards in tropical climate

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To trace the history of grape cultivation in India

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To understand the topography ,climate ,culture and other feature that plays an important role in this picturesque vineyards

1.3.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT:

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UNESCO criteria are biased towards European and north American countries.

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Lack of proper criteria for declaration of heritage under ASI , archaeological survey of India

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Cultural Landscapes can be defined as a setting which has enhanced a community's vibrancy, aesthetic quality, distinctiveness, sense of history or sense of place. According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee There exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different regions of the world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment.

According to department of landscape architecture , Illinois Cultural Landscapes in India embody heritage - natural and cultural - and are both subject and setting of intangible heritage. The projects are grounded in field studies of historic sites and vernacular landscapes around them. They are speculative exercises in reading the past in the present and envisioning a sustainable future.

It has been noticed that in many countries wine is simultaneously an expression of the culture of a territory and a reservoir of traditions rooted in antiquity. It identifies a local community and its identity. Wine is also a part of the heritage of a place. It is especially closer to it when it is identified by quality labels and brands that protect its identity and depend on the territory in which it is produced While it may seem that Wine making in India is only just picking up, some say that Wine has been made in India for many thousands of years, in fact believe it or not close to 5,000 years according to some Vedic scriptures .Unlike other wine regions in world ,Vineyards of India are growth in tropical climate and exhibits quiet different viticulture. lots of landscape architecture lessons can be learned from the these vineyards.They are also rich in culture and showcase traditional wine making techniques .One can also witness influence of french and European domain of viticulture and taste the perfectly blend wines of India.

The vineyard is an instantly eye catching sight, impressive even from a distance. It is also a complex space that is important for the sharing of information on the product itself as well as encouraging a broader interaction between people, simply on account of the setting. This makes designing a vineyard-defined space different from designing any other space, in a way that it maintains its connection with nature, culture and taste, making it a space that must be designed in a way that it stimulates one’s senses.

These unique and beautiful landscapes are characterized by their distinctive site planning, unique micro-climates and an understanding of the terroir of the land. However,The aesthetic values that link site and terroir to create an overall vineyard experience are now-ever days promoted through tourism.this eventually lead to human hampering and encroachment in these picturesque rural setup .Recognition at least at regional or state level will spread awareness to protect and conserve the beautiful landscape and the culture and tradition of wine making .The intention of this dissertation is to analysis Indian vineyards for scope of such recognition .Research for this dissertation extends across a variety of disciplines including tourism, 3

architecture ,history, heritage, culture and tradition viticulture and agriculture to bring relevant knowledge into the realm of landscape architecture.

2.2 HISTORY OF INDIAN VINEYARD The grape vine was probably introduced into north west India from Persia as early as 2500 BC - in the Vedic texts two drinks are mentioned: Soma and Sura; later historical works (notably Kautilya's Arthashastra - c. 300 BC) mentions Madhu (wine) of various kinds and qualities some home brewed.

Down the centuries wine has been the drink of the Kshatriyas (warrior castes) - along with beer and spirits prepared from wheat/maize/barley in the north and rice/paddy in the northeast and south, and many of the royal Rajput Maharajas had their own, closely-guarded recipes for alcoholic drinks - for example Asha from Udaipur, Kasturi from Jodhpur, and Jagmohan & Manmohan from Kishengarh.

The Mughal emperors maintained extensive vineyards in the Deccan (Hyderabad); with the advent of the British in the 19th century local industry may have been revived (Indian wines were exhibited at the Great Calcutta Exhibition of 1884) but most vineyards were practically wiped out by the devastation of phylloxera in the 1890s.

Medieval painting giving a schematic context of Mughal landscape architecture and Vineyards (Source: Of mughals and othe tipplers, by Abhay Khewadkar) Local and table grapes continued to be produced, notably for conversion into raisins - but cultivation of grape wines and wine production never got going - in part due to the strongly puritanical Gandhian philosophy of abstinence prevalent in the first half of the 20th century.

In post-Independence India (1947) the 'directive principles' of the Indian Constitution continued to discourage the consumption of alcoholic beverages and imports were severely discouraged; the mid1970s saw all licensing (including that of alcoholic

Mughal pricecess with companions and wine ( source : TheWineStalker.net)

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beverages) being brought under control of the Central Government and prohibition being imposed throughout the country.

Despite these constraints, wine-making continued in Goa using the 'Bangalore Blue' grape to make cheap 'port-style' wines; in the early 1970s Shaw Wallace set up a winery at Hyderabad for its 'Golconda' range (using locally-grown indigenous grapes), while the UB Group started a winery at Baramati in collaboration with Bosca of Italy .

It was only from the 1980s when the government started giving support to the development of vineyards (principally that of table grapes for export) that Indage (Champagne India) came up with the first winery at Narayangaon (on the Pune - Nashik road) ; subsequently Grover Vineyards were established near Bangalore in early 1990s, and Sula Vineyards started by 1999 near Nashik.

However, it is really only in the last two years that wine consumption has taken off: in 2001 the government liberalised the import of all alcohol beverages - despite steep (200%+ ) customs duties, this has nevertheless catalysed the import of wines, and in Mumbai today over 100 labels are now available on retail shelves.

Local wine production is also set to grow rapidly: a number of initiatives in Maharshtra have given birth to several wineries (some set up by grape farmers themselves); Karnataka has a new Wine Policy on the anvil; and a National Wine Board and a Wine Institute are in the offing to give further impetus to the industry.

2.3 MAJOR WINE REGIONS OF INDIA There are six main wine regions in India of which only four are actively producing wine at the present time.

Deccan Plateau This is the powerhouse for the current production of Indian wines, and can be conveniently divided into three sub-regions.

The northern part is centred on the town of Nashik (or Nasik), and is where most of the new wineries have established themselves. This trend has been fostered by the creation of the Nashik Wine Park which offers small producers the ability to share facilities as well as receive a number of tax and duty reliefs. The major producer in the north is Sula Wines.

The central sub-region extends from Narayangaon through Pune to Baramati and is home to two important wine producers – Chateau Indage and Four Seasons Wines.

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The southern sub-region spans parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka with wine production being centred around Sangli and Bijapur. The Krishna Valley Wine Park has been established near Sangli, along similar lines to the Nashik Wine Park, in an effort to assist and encourage smaller producers.

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Nandi Hills just 45 km north of Bangalore, lies the Nandi Hills, which in the 18th century hosted the summer palace of Tipu Sultan and during the 19th century became a summer retreat for officials of the British Raj. The latest wave of visitors seeking to benefit from a cooler climate in southern India are viticulturalists. They are keen to find sites where wine grape varieties can ripen slowly and fully develop their constituent fruit flavours without becoming baked.

Leading the search has been Kanwal Grover who founded Grover Vineyards in 1988. They have some 160ha of French varietals and have produced some of India’s best wines to date. Other growers have started to exploit the region’s natural attributes and we can expect to see expect to see more growers and winemakers moving into this region in the future.

6 Nandi Hills Climate

The temperature of the Nandi Hills wine region is warm enough for grape vines to be able to grow all year round, and farmers have previously experimented with taking two harvests of table grapes in a single year. This may not be desirable for wine grapes and the rainy season from May to September makes this impractical.

Pruning takes place either side of the rainy season in May and early November. Vines are VSP trained with a series of supporting wires. The main growing season lasts from November until harvest which could be as late as April but which in 2009 took place in February. The temperature profile during this growing period is quite different to that which occurs in a vineyard during the growing period in the more traditional and cooler wine growing regions of the world. Whether this contributes to differences in the overall grape quality or in ratios of major grape constituents is unclear.

All indian wine regions are located on the western Ghats ,sharing a common volcanic bedrock.Soil diversity is ,therefore,subject to the vineyards's location in relation to rivers,valleys,hilly outcrops or fault lines ,giving rise to fertile black soils ,tuff granite or limestone.

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CHAPTER 3 : DESIGNING THE FRAMEWORK

3.1 WORLD HERITAGE SITE: THE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION ▪

To be included on the World Heritage List, sites must be of outstanding universal value and meet at least one out of ten selection criteria.

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To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;

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To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design;

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To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;

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To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;

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To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;

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To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);

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To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance;

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To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;

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To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;

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To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation.

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3.2 CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPE IN INDIA : THE ROCK SHELTERS OF BHIMBETKA The Rock shelters of Bhimbetka are in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains on the southern edge of the central Indian plateau.within massive sandstone outcrops,above comparatively danse forest ,are five clusters of natural rock shelters , displaying paintings that appear to date 9

from the Mesolithic period right through to the historical period .the cultural traditions of the inhabitants of the twenty-one villages adjacent to the site bear a strong resemblance to those represented in the rock paintings.

Justification for Inscription Criterion (iii): Bhimbetka reflects a long interaction between people and the landscape, as demonstrated in the quantity and quality of its rock art. Criterion (v): Bhimbetka is closely associated with a hunting and gathering economy as demonstrated in the rock art and in the relicts of this tradition in the local adivasi villages on the periphery of this site.

3.3 CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE LANDSCAPES Two primary categories of cultural resources were identified. These included Cultural Landscapes and Cultural Features. For the purpose of this dissertation, the UNESCO definition of Cultural Landscape has been modified to permit the study to be more inclusive of the full range of community landscapes. Whereas, the UNESCO notion of Cultural Landscape is of a combination of the works of man and of nature, in India there are many areas where the natural landscape has been totally subsumed by man-made features. It was therefore felt reasonable that the UNESCO definition of Cultural Landscapes and Cultural Features be subtly modified and expanded to permit the database to be more inclusive of the wide range of conditions found in India. Therefore, Cultural Landscapes can be defined as a setting which has enhanced a community's vibrancy, aesthetic quality, distinctiveness, sense of history or sense of place.

Cultural Features can be defined as visually distinctive objects and unique places within a cultural landscape. They are not necessarily consistent with their immediate natural surroundings, adjacent landscape, adjacent buildings or structures.

Although the following criteria describes those used to compare the selected sites, the dynamic nature of the database is intended to allow for additions and alterations to these criteria. They are therefore points of departure and a useful tool in establishing the recording process.

3.3.1 Landscape Environment 3.3.1.1 scenic and visual quality : This quality may be both positive ( resulting from such factors as a healthy environment or having recognized scenic value) or negative (having been degraded through some former use, or an abandoned, polluted or ruinous manufacturing plant). The identification is based on the consistent character of positive or negative aesthetic and visual quality. Landscapes can be visually attractive because of a special spatial organization, spatial definition, scale or visual integrity.

3.3.1.2 Utilization of natural terrain : Natural terrain can include such features as the remnants of glacial moraines, shoreline features of former water courses and lakes, and concentrations of distinct features such as specific forest or vegetation types or geological features.

3.3.1.3 horticultural interest :Landscapes with horticultural interest include all features of landscapes which may be unique or distinct to a specific location. It can include isolated specimen trees, hedge rows, wind rows or other compositions of trees, and specialized landscaped features. Tree plantations would also fall into this category.

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3.3.1.4 landscape design, type and technological interest : This includes complete landscapes that were designed for a specific use or single purpose. These landscapes are characterized by their design intent or urban function i.e. stormwater management. These landscapes are valued in the community by association of use and/or contribution to the visual quality of the community.

3.3.2 Built Environment This category includes landscapes where groups of buildings or structures (which individually may not be exceptional or worthy of heritage designation) are of such a homogeneous or complementary design that they contribute significantly to the quality and character of the landscape as a whole.

3.3.2.1 aesthetic/visual quality :This quality may be both positive (as resulting from such factors as a good design or integration with site and setting) or negative (being visually jarring or out of context with the surrounding buildings or landscape or of utilitarian nature on such a scale that it defines its own local character i.e. an industrial complex). The identification is based on the consistent level of the aesthetic and visual quality of both architecture and landscape architecture and may include noted award winning sites and more modest structures of unique quality or those sites having association with similar structures in other cities and regions.

3.3.2.2 consistent scale of built features :Pleasing design usually is associated with a consistent scale of buildings and landscapes which complement each other visually. Other zones, although not visually pleasing, may have a consistent size and shape of structures due to use or planning constraints.

3.3.2.3 unique architectural features/buildings : Specific sites or portions of specific buildings may have features which are unusual, distinctive or of landmark significance.

These may be quite modest in the overall context of the community but of local interest.

3.3.2.4 illustrates a style, trend or pattern : The degree to which a specific site is a representative example of a specific style, trend or pattern will require careful consideration in determining its relevance to the inventory.

3.3.3 Historical Associations This category focuses on the historical importance and significance of the built or natural landscape 3.3.3.1 direct association with important person or event : Some sites are rather simple or prosaic in nature. However, great events can happen in a field or in a hut. Famous persons may inhabit or major events may happen in unexpected locations. Preservation of such sites is important to the public's understanding of history and of itself.

3.3.3.2 illustrates an important phase of social or physical development : A site may be evocative or representative of a phase or epoch in the development of the City. Such remnants provide context for an on-going understanding of the development of the community.

3.3.3.4 illustrates the work of an important designer : Designers may be landscape architects, engineers, planners, architects, or from other allied arts. Several sites in

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Mississauga are relevant to this category and include residential plans, transportation systems and other building designs.

3.3.4 Other These criteria establish special significance.

3.3.4.1 historical or archaeological interest - cultural heritage resources associated with pre-historical and historical events.

3.3.4.2 significant ecological interest - having value for its natural purpose, diversity and educational interest.

3.3.4.3 landmark value - visually prominent, revered and recognized as a public visual asset and important to the community.

3.3.5 ISSUES This study acknowledges a number of important issues related to the City's heritage resources.

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CHAPTER 4 : THE TOP VINEYARDS AND INDIAN WINERIES Wine today is the most sought after lavish and most luxurious dynamic product creating a socio economic bondage among the locals and also spreading the aura of happiness and celebration in the society. The heritage of a particular destination is also leveraged by significance of wine and winery visitation and vineyards. The richness of the particular place is also enhanced by the strength of the wine and its reputation; even the cultural and heritage experience of the tourist is again envisaged by the perfect mix of wine and winery visitation culminating the local tradition and practices.

4.1 . INDAGE WINES (CHATEAU INDAGE) Chateau Indage vineyards in Narayangaon near Pune is a famous Indian winery. It is one of the oldest & largest vineyards in India.Narayangaon is situated on the bank of river, Meena.

This is on the western Ghats - the Sahyadri mountain range. Narayangaon has emerged as a major export place of table grapes. Grapes from here are exported mainly to the Middle East and Europe.The winery was started by Mr. Shyamrao Chowgule in 1979,he gifted us first Champagne in India.Their Vineyards spread across 2500 hectors of land cultivate over 20 varieties of grapes.

4.1.1 LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT Scenic and visual quality : Beautiful scenery of vineyards in the valley of the western ghats, and the Sahyadri mountain range create a positive visual quality and treat to the eyes.The elegantly ordered rows of grapevines, demonstrats how the utilitarian organization of the land can also be aesthetically pleasing.

Utilization of natural terrain in landscaping of vineyard : Narayangaon is close to the five major dams 1. Yedgaon Dam 2.Wadaj Dam 3.Pimpalgaon Joge Dam 4.

Manikdoh Dam 5. Chilewadi Dam Horticultural interest : Pendal system of training is used since the vine growth is extensive, fast and continuous. The cordon system is a method that trains the cordons, or arms of the vine trunk, to grow horizontally along the trellis wire. A single arm in an inverted L shape, as is common in the Champagne region Landscape design, type and technological interest : Windbreaks and shelterbelts screen unwanted views, filter dust and noise, and create microclimates that benefit plant health. Rows 13

are in North-South direction so that the growing bunches get protection from South-West scorching sunlight in the afternoon hours.

4.1.2 BUILT ENVIRONMENT Aesthetic/visual quality : Beautiful castle in the fantastic backdrop of western ghat creates positive vusual effect , where as Neglected vegetation ruining the façade creates negative visual effect.

Unique architectural features/buildings : facade inspired from castle.The main gate or door to the winery is iron-studded wooden door, that is hard to break through. other features are Round Towers ,The top of the facade walls is the battlements, a protective, tooth shaped parapet and Symbiotic relationship with nature.

Illustrates a style, trend or pattern : it illustrates Chateauesque (Chateau Style) 4.1.3 HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS Direct association with important person or event : The birthplace of Chhatrapati Shri Shivaji Maharaj, who founded and ruled the Maratha empire during the 17th century, is 16 km away from Narayangaon.

Illustrates an important phase of social / physical development : Chateau Indage is india’s oldest winery and the first one to make champaign in india 4.1.4 OTHERS Historical or archaeological interest : Lenyadri, Manmodi, Tulja, Shivneri are the caves in nearby areas which have existed since the Buddhist era Landmark value : The Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope GMRT project 4.1.5 ISSUES The international financial crisis of 2008 played a role in the company’s financial difficulties and in 2010 the Mumbai High Court issued an order for the winding up of Indage Vintners. Their shares were delisted from the Mumbai stock exchange in March 2011.

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4.2. GROVER VINEYARDS Three generations of the Grover family grew this Bangalore-based winery,Grover Vineyards since the year 1989 upto the premier wine brand it is today. Grover’s Vineyards are situated 40 kilometers towards north of Bangalore in the state of Karnataka called Nandi Hills. In this picturesque location spread over 410 acres are the vineyards, covered with lush grapes, strung from trellises, covering every available space on the soil in the valley.

4.2 1 LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT Scenic and visual quality : Rows appear to go on forever, touching the horizon, or maybe it is the elegant straight procession of grapevines running over an undulating landscape.

Utilization of natural terrain in landscaping of vineyards : Nandi Hills is a picturesque region dotted with sloping green hillsides and miles of forestland, inhabited with incredibly beautiful wildlife. Nandi hills’ limestone abundant soil gives the wines their distinctive, terroir-driven earthiness with depth, richness and aromatic complexity.

Horticultural interest : Vineyards here are mixture of the traditional pergola and the more modern cordon vine training systems . cordon system would provide better aeration and more even exposure to sunlight.This would also reduce the risk of fungal disease and rot associated with a higher humidity under the pergola canopy as well as allowing more even ripening of the grapes within each bunch. vineyard uses typical Vertical Shooting trellis System Landscape design, type and technological interest : Horizontal line create a movement of vision along the ground plan,it can make aplace feel larger and can create a feeling of rest. Large fields are divided up and separated with large avenues to allow for air movement.

4.2.2 BUILT ENVIRONMENT Unique architectural features/buildings : underground maturation hall,beautiful lawn for visitors and symbiotic relation between buildup and landscape.

Illustrates a style, trend or pattern : An array of elegant Jaipur tents set into the hill – conceptualized

by Karan Grover, architect and Director, Grover Zampa Vineyards 15

4.2.3 OTHERS Historical or archaeological interest : Lenyadri, Manmodi, Tulja, Shivneri are the caves in nearby areas which have existed since the Buddhist era Significant ecological interest : The climate at the top of the hill made it particularly of interest to horticulturists.

Several species of plant were introduced into an experimental garden. The hills are very rich in bird life making it a very popular location for birdwatchers and bird photographers.

4.2.4 ISSUES Human modifications of land and waterscapes are changing the hydrologic system and causing Arkavathy River drying

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4.3. SULA VINEYARDS Launched in the year 2000 Sula Vineyards has quickly gained a reputation as one of India’s premium wine company’s. Situated 180 km northeast of Mumbai in Nashik, India’s largest grape-growing region which had till then never been used to grow wine grapes, The winery and vineyards are open to the public for educational tours, and the beautiful Tasting Room invites visitors to enjoy their favourite Sula wines amidst spectacular views of the vineyards and surrounding lakes and hills.

4.3.1 LANDSCAPE ENVIRONMENT Scenic and visual quality : The entire area looks like landscape painting with a riot of colours. The light green hill descends to meet the dark green vineyard, the red, yellow, violet flowers adds colour to the palette and the silver water gives a tranquil effect.

Utilization of natural terrain in landscaping of vineyards : Sula Vineyards is located amidst the rolling hills of Nashik overlooking the Gangapur Dam. Horticultural interest : Use Y trellis system helps the Leaves to spread systematically and hence all the leaves get enough sun light.H system of training with 4 arms is better in Y trellis system. Cost of erection of this is less compared to pendal system. This system of training provides enough scope for mechanization in vine yards.

Landscape design, type and technological interest : Natural cover crop is grown between rows of vines in this vineyard for soil management. Optimized Drip Irrigation saves approximately 40% of water usage 4.3.2 BUILT ENVIRONMENT Aesthetic/visual quality : positive visual qualities .view point oriented towards vineyards and gangapur dam.

Unique architectural features/buildings : Greek style amphitheater , underground maturation hall which uses geo-thermal energy to keep it cool and Maharashtrian styled build up.

Illustrates a style, trend or pattern : The buildings, though typical of Western Maharashtra, 17

are also similar to Spanish architecture — whitewashed and with sloping tiled roofs. Greekstyle amphitheater 4.3.3 HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS Illustrates the work of an important designer : The Tasting Room: This is a 2000sq.ft place with a beautiful ambiance which was designed by Californian architects Laurel Roth and Andy Hope.

4.3.4 OTHERS Landmark value : Home to India's famous gourmet music festival, Sula Fest 4.3.5 ISSUES Human encroachment in these vineyards are effecting the natural habitat

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T Table 2 : comparision of india vineyard with the criteria formulated 19

Table 3 : indian vineyards as cultural landscape : an analysis 20

CHAPTER 5 :CONCLUSIONS

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At UNESCO level no vineyards from India are recognized as heritage site but they do have potential. vineyards of India are grown in tropical climate unlike other heritage declared vineyards which are in non-tropical climate .

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Vineyard landscape gives us a lots of scope to study how defined landscape differ from natural landscape.vineyards are defined in specific dimensions and direction,in particular geometry and pattern this contrasts with the natural landscape that is a result of random events.

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Decline of biodiversity in different regions around the world due to changes in natural habitats, the result of urban and in particular industrial development, which produce polluting gases and substances. conservation of vineyards are hence essential because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values.Efforts should be taken to protect the country’s flora and fauna which is rich in these landscapes.

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The study also shows that human encroachment in these vineyards are effecting the natural habitat. Hence these area must be protected ,so that measures are taken to ensure that all practical alternative to avoid this encroachment or if not to ensure to minimize the environmental harm.

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Seasonal changes have great effect of changing the vineyard landscape.The architecture should be introduced to the site in a way that allows for these seasonal changes to continue to occur.It should also offer a way to observe and make reference to these seasonal changes.

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further research is required to identify heritage at national level contributing to further identification of heritage vineyards to be designated as world heritage site

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CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES

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http://unesco .org

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Natural and cultural heriatge : International journal for heriatge studies,vol 11

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the scope and definition of heriatge: International jornal for heritage study

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identifying heritage values in local community: International journal for heritage study

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http://www5.mississauga.ca/pdfs/Cultural_Landscape_Inventory

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http://www.ndu.edu.lb/IDB13/files/Pierre-Marie%20Tricaud_WH_and_CLs_NDU_201305-21.pdf

▪

World Heritage Papers 7 ; Cultural Landscapes: the Challenges of Conservation 2002

▪

a wider view of cultural landscape in world heritage list

▪

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wine

▪

www.sulawines.com

▪

www.indianwines.info/

▪

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Indage

▪

indiatoday.intoday.in › Magazine

▪

www.groverzampa.in/

▪

www.indianwines.info/india-basics/indias-wine-heritage

▪

www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-10-indian-vineyards-wineries

▪

https://wineeconomist.com/2011/01/17/the-brics-suprising-wines-of-india/

▪

whc.unesco.org/documents/publi_wh_papers_26_en.pdf

▪

https://landarch.illinois.edu/portfolio/cultural-landscapes-india

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