Nirav Patel-CHANGE IN DESIGN PROCESS WHILE DESIGNING WITH RECYCLED MATERIALS | Guided by Urvi Desai by Nirav Patel

CHANGE IN DESIGN PROCESS WHILE DESIGNING WITH RECYCLED MATERIALS

Niravkumar Patel Guided by: Prof. Urvi Desai i

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH THESIS | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE | CEPT UNIVERSITY BATCH 2015

CHANGE IN DESIGN PROCESS WHILE DESIGNING WITH RECYCLED MATERIALS

Niravkumar Patel Guided by: Prof. Urvi Desai iii

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN ARCHITECTURE STUDENT NAME: NIRAVKUMAR M. PATEL (UA3215) THESIS TITLE: CHANGE IN DESIGN PROCESS WHILE DESIGNING WITH RECYCLED MATERIALS

APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the approved subject carried out and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree of Bachelor of Architecture for which it has been submitted. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic program.

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Signature of the Guide Prof. Urvi Desai

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Dean, Faculty of Architecture Date: 7th May 2020

Declaration This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any University or other institutions and to the best of my knowledge does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I consent to this copy of thesis, when in the library of CEPT University, being available on loan and photocopying. Student Name: Niravkumar M. Patel (UA3215) Date: 07/05/2020 Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to gratify my parents, Guddy, Jiju and Dhaivat, for being a constant support & trusting me during every hard times and providing encouragement towards what ever I do. CEPT University, a place where a person comes to be the one who he has not been before. The ability to bring out the hidden talents lies in the architecture of the campus which keeps motivating oneself to be one of a kind. The students after getting their degree from this university become great architects without a doubt but many of the students who graduates choose to find some other interesting paths towards their passion which they might have developed from being in CEPT. What a wonderful vibe which architecture of CEPT provides! University has pushed me towards different possibilities to explore and not to stick with one element at a time. I would like to thank all the professors who implanted practical and theoretical knowledge seeds in me towards Architecture. You all have taught us when and how to be formal/informal at different level which is a necessary life advice to maintain relationships. Thank you Shraddha Ma'am for a staying congenial during tough times and in any official activity/ I would specially like to appreciate Urvi Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am to always find the better out of me and my thoughts. You have been a constant support in the smallest matter. Your suggestions and comments were always up-to the mark and on-point. Without your guidance, this research would be incomplete. I would like to thank Pinkish Shah (S + PS Architects), Surya Kakani (Kakani Associates) and Snehal Nagarsheth for providing me enough knowledge and material about all the case studies done in this document. I would like to thank Neel Jain, Hiren Patel and Namrata Dadawala who have been a constant support as friends, seniors and teaching assistants in any dumb doubts throughout my time in CEPT University. A very big thank you to Kush Bansal, Jinal Shah, Haardika Goswami and Silvy Panchal for a huge help in providing with the required material in one of the case studies. I would never be so grateful to have my batch 2015 as wonderful patrons. At the end, I am disappointed with some people whom I won't be seeing everyday in my life are Vishwa, Rutvij, Hari, Aditi, Nandni, Riddhi, Sanjana, Naitik, Khevna, Divyakant and many more who have played and solved my puzzled life. You held me in every difficult times and we made memories.

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Table of Contents

List of Figures

1. Research Proposal

X IV 1

1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.5 Scope and limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Architectural Design Process

2.1 Architectural design Process according to “Council of Architecture” (Statuary Body of . Government of India , 2015) and an article named “Designing Buildings” (Design Buildings Wiki, 2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1 Site:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.2 Conceptualisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.3 Design Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.4 Construction Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.5 Time-line of a typical Architectural design process:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3. Architectural Process while Designing with Recycled materials.

3.1 Relation of material in design process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1.1 Project context and client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1.2 Architect’s way of working with materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1.3 Introducing material at specific stages in design process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1.3.1 Pre-mediate stage of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1.3.2 Diagrammatic stage of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1.3.3 Design Development stage of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.3.4 Execution drawings stage of design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Conventional project and conventional materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Relation of “Recycled Materials” and Design Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.4 Working: Aptitude/thought process of architect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.4.1 Types of Reuse (in terms of building materials) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4.1.1 On-site reused component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4.1.2 Salvaged from other sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4.1.3 Reconditioned components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4.1.4 Recycled content building products (RCBP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4. Case Study

4.1 Case Study 1: Collage house, Navi Mumbai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.1 Project Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.1.2 Detailed documentation and description of the design process . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.2.1 Site Introduction:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.2.2 Conceptual stage of design (I):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.1.2.3 Design stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.1.2.4 Pipe Wall:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 X

4.1.2.5 Conceptual stage of design (II):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.1.2.6 Window-wall: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.1.2.7 Wooden Flooring: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.1.2.8 Rusty metal plate-wall:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1.2.9 Stonewall: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.1.2.10 Interior elements in which recycled materials have been used:. . . . . . . 35 4.1.2.11 Old textile blocks:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.2.12 Brightly coloured tiles:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.2.13 100 years old ornate columns for Pavilion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.2.14 Fabric waste (Chindi) for upholstered chairs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.1.2.15 Construction stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1.2.16 Construction of rubble-stone wall:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1.2.17 Construction of Pipe-wall:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.2.18 Construction of Window-wall:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4.1.2.19 Construction of rusty metal plate-wall: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.1.3 Interior elements in which recycled materials have been used: . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1.3.1 Stone Slivers: Forgotten remnants of stone cutting yards . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.1.3.2 Old textile blocks:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1.3.3 Brightly coloured tiles:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.1.3.4 100 years old ornate columns for Pavilion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1.4 Analysing the design process of Collage House:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.1.5 Time-line of Collage House design process:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2 Case Study 2: 23/B, Ahmedabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.1 Project Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.2 Detailed documentation and description of the design process . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2.2.1 Site Introduction:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2.2.2 Conceptual stage of design: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2.2.3 Design development stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2.2.4 Construction Stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.2.2.5 Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2.3 Analysing the design process of 23/B:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2.4 Time-line 23/B design process:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.3 Case Study 3: Wadi School, Rajkot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3.1 Project Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3.2 Detailed documentation and the design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3.2.1 Site Introduction:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3.2.2 Conceptual stage of design: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3.2.3 Design stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.3.2.4 Construction stage:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.3.3 Analysing the design process of Wadi School:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3.4 Time-line Wadi School design process: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5. INFERENCES

5.1 Inferences from a comparative study of the three cases in scenario of recycled materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.2 Inferences from Recycled Building Process (inclusive of 3 cases) against Conventional . process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 XI

6. References

XII

XIII

List of Figures Figure 1: Site Plan Diagrams Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-site-analysis-guide-2/. . . 7 Figure 2: Example of site analysis Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-site-analysis-guide-2/. . . 7 Figure 3: Schematic Site Section Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-site-analysis-guide-2/. . . 8 Figure 4: Context analysis Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-site-analysis-guide-2/. . . 8 Figure 5: Concept Sketch Source: https://zeanmacfarlane.tumblr.com/post/171390917151/range-zeanmacfarlane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 6: Example of a Collage Source: https://www.archdaily.com/877472/atelier-global-wins-competition-todesign-shenzhen-book-city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 7: Concept model and sketches Source: https://conceptdiagram.tumblr.com/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 8: Drawing and 3D simulated faĂ§ade Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 9: Development in plan Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 10: Examples of 3D models Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221 https://canadiantimberframes. com/understanding-the-architects-design-phases-schematic-design-designdevelopment-construction-documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 11: Example of plans made in Design Development Stage Source: https://www.a3architectsinc.com/architectural-design-process. . . . . . . 11 Figure 12: An example of Execution drawing Source: https://fabianostner.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/ground-floor.jpg?w=1180.12 Figure 13: Details Source: http://www.wagstaffrogersarch.com/blog/phases-architecturaldesignground-floor.jpg?w=1180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 14: The Georgia Straight. 2020. Shigeru Banâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Paper Log House Built On Humanitarian Principles. Source: https://www.straight.com/arts/1076071/shigeru-bans-paper-log-housebuilt-humanitarian-principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 15: House in Chile Source:https://www.billwarch.com/blog/great-examples-of-recycled-buildingmaterial-in-architecture/. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 16: Example of onsite resued components. Source: https://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/recycled-building-materials. . . 19 XIV

Figure 17: Recyclable materials Source:https:https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/london-plan-newdocument-to-help-architects-embed-circular-economy-principles/10044807.article.20 Figure 18: Kachra Mane, Bangalore Source: https:http://mayapraxis.com/portfolio/kachra-mane/. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 19: Workspace, Kakani Associates Source: Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 20: Plans Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 21: Sections Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 22: Site Source: Google Earth Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 23: Site Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 24: Diagram of “C” shaped plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure 25: Diagram of introducing “Pipe Wall”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 26: Recycling places in Mumbai Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 27: Examples of Collages Source: 1958, Louise Nevelson, Untitled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 28: 1956, Richard Hamilton, Collage, Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 29: 1948, Joseph Cornell, “Box Collage”, Untitled (Medici Princess). . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 30: Inventory of short-listed door-windows Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 31: Window-wall, First Floor Plan Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Figure 32: Glass and Louvred Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Figure 33: Double-fold shutter with cut grill acts as railing Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Figure 34: Wooden Flooring measurements in Inches Source: Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 35: First floor plan with wooden flooring Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 36: Second floor plan with wooden flooring Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 37: Metal siding wall, First Floor Plan Source: S + PS Architects XV

Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 38: Idea of metal plates Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 39: Stone wall in Ground Floor Plan Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 40: Rock lying around site Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 41: Rock lying around site Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 42: Exploded Axo showing materials Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 43: Thought of kitschy tiles in physical model Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 44: Upholstered Chair made out from Chindi Source: Sahil & Sarthak Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 45: Plan of Pavilion Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 46: Third floor plan Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 47: Formation of rubblestone wall Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 48: Plan 1st Floor LVL @ '1-1' Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 49: Sections Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 50: Details Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 51: Images from construction stage, Pipe-wall Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 52: Rainwater pipe detail at terrace Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 53: Window-wall detail Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 54: Window-wall Construction process Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 55: Metal plate-wall construction Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 56: Remnants from stone cutting yard XVI

Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 57: Walls claded with Stone slivers Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 58: Mural made from Textile Blocks Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 59: Planter with tiles Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 60: Textile Blocks Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 61: Image and drawings of Pavilion on top floor Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 62: Pavilion Source: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 63: Granite Base under solid wooden columnSource: S + PS Architects . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 64: Ground floor plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 65: Front Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 66: First floor plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 67: Side elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 68: Exploded axonometric showing material composition of the house Source: Domus India, 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure 69: Site Source: Google Earth Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 70: Site diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 71: Old house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Figure 72: Idea of open-able house . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Figure 73: Spaces of ground Floor plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 74: Steel support structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 75: Spaces of first Floor plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 76: Recyclable windows Source: Domus India, 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Figure 77: Recyclable doors Source: Domus India, 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 XVII

Figure 78: Metal frame structure and wooden column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 79: Doors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 80: Sill height decision taken visually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 81: Sill height decision taken visually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 82: Heights of doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 83: Furniture Source: Domus India, 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 84: Anand Niketan School, Ahmedabad Source: https://image3.mouthshut.com/images/Restaurant/Photo/-29862_62588. jpg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 85: Site Source: Google Earth Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 86: Earthquake of 2001 Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/29-indian-cities-and-townshighly-vulnerable-to-earthquakes/article19390192.ece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Figure 87: Conceptual idea of upcoming building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Figure 88: Cut and fill method Source: Kakani Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 89: Diagram of initial arrangement of units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 90: Plan of one unit Source: Kakani Associates Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 91: View Source: https://3.imimg.com/data3/GR/VM/MY-10411672/gautam_buddha250x250.jpg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 92: Site Plan Source: Kakani Associates Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 93: Axonometric of the structure Source: https://www.archdaily.com.br/br/766253/residencia-na-colina-toobstudio/54e3f064e58eceb94e000041-exploded-axonometric Edited by: Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 94: References for doors and windows Source: Kakani Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Figure 95: Workspace of Kakani Associates, Ahmedabad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Figure 96: Preparation of building elements on-site Source: Kakani Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Figure 97: Site diagram showing cut and fill spaces, where grey: fill, beige: Cut . . . . . . . 75 Figure 98: Construction layers of Thatch Roof Source: Kakani Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 XVIII

XIX

Research Proposal

1.1 Introduction Buildings are being made globally and that's unstoppable. Due to rising urban developments, the amount of waste generated is increasing. Many forms of Waste can be recycled or upcycled and used in building elements instead of materials obtained from virgin resources. Taking Recycled materials as an aspect of Sustainable Architecture, plays an important role in the built environment. But, making an only green or sustainable building is not only enough but does not satisfy the agenda of core Architecture. Author of The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology and Design, Ar. Lance Hosey writes, “Originally, the concept of sustainability promised to broaden the purpose of contemporary design, specifically by adding ethics to aesthetics, but instead it has virtually replaced aesthetics with ethics by providing clear and compelling standards for one and not the other.” (Green, J., 2012) There are many projects in which one factor becomes compelling to the other but also there are projects in which Architects have thought of Ethics and still they are Aesthetically good. Integration of Ethics which is extremely important, and Aesthetics have been managed well in many Projects across India. So, it is possible to apply both the factors into a building and maintain the core agenda of Architecture. Architects and architectural critics are quick to pass judgments about a design being aesthetically good or not (form-based). However, few recognise that, while designing with sustainability dimensions, the design process is the key - the degree to which recycled materials are understood and integrated into the design determine whether the result is a "good" or a "bad" building. Many Architects have achieved to manage Ethics and Aesthetics both in projects so there must be a unique aspect of their design process which will be different from the conventional design process. There have been comparatively lesser people who know the importance of the design process and it forms a gap while judging the building from the result. Possibilities of new considerations emerging from the design process needs to be acknowledged. “However, current, standard construction and demolition practices focus on the fastest, easiest and most economical way to get the job done. When this is combined with a lack of clear information and guidance for designers and owners about the implications of specifying reclaimed components and recycled materials, it creates barriers to a more ecologically sound use of resources.” (Mark Gorgolewski, 2009)

1.2 Aim To find aspects which are dissimilar from the conventional architectural design process from case studies. 1.3 Research Question How does the design process alter while working with recycled materials? 1.4 Methodology - Based on the critiques in literature study which are supportive/against the composition of Recycled Materials and beautiful Architecture, identifying aspects and parameters which can be woven into this research. For example: Cost availability, Time-frame, Light quality, etc. - One of the key things to document and analyse will be the integration of recycled materials into every aspect of design. This means, every design decision will have to be studied. - Map the Design Processes for all three cases through interviews, study of design stages and evolution, detailing, integration with client brief, functional requirements and architectural vision. - Methodologically, it will require a close interaction with the Architects as well as his/her team members who worked on the projects. - Deriving Pros and Cons for each case and the design process followed from personal and respective Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinions. 1.5 Scope and limitation This research is about exploring three different design processes to see how and when different recycling materials come in picture and what constraints they pose on the designer. This research focuses only on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Recycled Materialsâ&#x20AC;? and its possibilities as one of the dimensions of Sustainable Architecture.

Architectural Design Process

2.1 Architectural design Process according to “Council of Architecture” (Statuary Body of Government of India , 2015) and an article named “Designing Buildings” (Design Buildings Wiki, 2013). Following design process is derived from above mentioned articles as a reference of a typical/ conventional architectural building process which will later be compared with the specific design processes as a diagram format followed in the case studies in chapter-4. 2.1.1 Site: This study involves a detailed research about the site physically and legally in order to identify the constraints, prospects and possibilities, and a detailed insight about the characteristics of the site. The site will be researched along under these guidelines: • Structural consideration of existing building after a basic question of “to retain” it or not. • Looking for any evidence of underground chambers, voids, tunnels, pipes, watercourses etc. (Design Buildings Wiki, 2013) • Cross-checking constraints and benefits with statutory service considerations Fig. 1: Site Plan Diagrams Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-siteanalysis-guide-2/

• Mapping the presence of flora & fauna • An overview of planning and site capacity • A review of the neighbourhood • Mapping all the direction and Climate- Sun shadows and Sun-angles • Typologies • Land use • Street section and patterns • Access • Movement and circulation around and/or across the site

Fig. 2: Example of site analysis Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-siteanalysis-guide-2/

This information will help the project team to have a detailed understanding of the site capacity in terms of scale of new building & construction and estimates of cost and time. However, site and context help architect and the design team to derive the concept or ideas about

the project. The project team may produce some very initial sketches measuring topographical information as shown in fig. 2 and 3.

Fig. 3: Schematic Site Section Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-siteanalysis-guide-2/

After the study, project team can identify various options, produce an updated schedule, assume an understanding on required skills, labour, risk and opportunities if the client pursues the given scheme.

Fig. 4: Context analysis Source: https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/architecture-site-analysis-guide-2/

As soon as the case is approved by client, Designer prepares a very initial design brief and project execution plan for the preferred option according to the site assessment. 2.1.2 Conceptualisation Concept design is the primary stage of design development stage which is a inventive and the logical response of could be driven by requirements to the project brief for the selected option. A larger conceptual idea of the project may come from the core design team and further development happens among the whole project team. However, during this stage design team will develop: •

Design concept

•

Outline specifications

•

Rough planning strategy

•

Cost plan and procurement options

•

Programme and phasing strategy

•

Build-ability and construction logistics

•

Constraints and opportunities

•

Available Technology

•

Skills, materials, labour consideration

•

Primary bill of quantities 6

â&#x20AC;˘

Specific performance requirements

â&#x20AC;˘

Site form, boundaries, conditions, and neighbouring property There are more constraints which belongs to the technical and government related aspects which are not mentioned here.

Fig. 5: Concept Sketch Source: https://zeanmacfarlane.tumblr.com/post/171390917151/ range-zean-macfarlane

Fig. 6: Example of a Collage Source: https://www.archdaily.com/877472/atelier-global-winscompetition-to-design-shenzhen-book-city

Lead designer here is Architect but whereas other requirements of major technical aspects are needed. For example, for structural inputs, Architect consults to a structural engineer. For architect, concept designing is quite an illusive yet creative process this it does not follow any fixed rules. A very broad description of the design process is one of divergence, assessment and then convergence. (Design Buildings Wiki 2013) Ideas are given thoughts in any possible directions before getting rejected by the design team or stake holders. The work behind these ideas and thoughts sometimes does not seem enough to the client comparing to the significant charges paid to the designer. The creative design and internal thought process become difficult to express. The production part is resultant of an approximately understood design idea that may lead the entire project. While this stage, it is extremely important to involve client at every major and sometimes minor but affective decisions made behind the project. Also, it helps to bring out personal requirements of the client to develop the brief accordingly. The project team produces ideas in forms of sketches, perspective views, mass models (physical, simulation), collages, diagrammatic plans, photo montages and, they may refer some projects or their conceptual design strategy. While presenting to the client, producing concept options with reference to requirements provided by client and prepare a tentative estimate of cost on area bases. At the end of the stage, the project team prepares a concept design report to the client which is inclusive of a set of basic design concepts and a preferred option. On which, client may provide

Fig. 7: Concept model and sketches Source: https://conceptdiagram.tumblr.com/

instructions based on any changes if wanted. The project brief should be frozen after the approval and instructions given upon concept design by client. Then they may proceed towards design development stage. 2.1.3 Design Development Design development is a stage where development of the approved concept design takes place. So, by the end of this stage the project is resolved in terms of all the components of the building and their suitability of each other. The requirements of client need to be put in the concept level design. After the primary footprint is decided, at building plan level, the project team work on arranging spaces the most logical way possible on all floors. Standard and non-standard rooms are categorised. However, sections and elevation may start along with the plans. In order to make sections and elevations, doorwindows should be defined in the plan. Later, heights of walls, doors, sill-lintel heights, and Fig. 8: Development in plan dimensions of windows are designed in section Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221 and elevations simultaneously. The material palate is set according to the availability, clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s choice or architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conventional method while designing each component. Reusing of material is also a matter of consideration. Along with that some members of the team, simultaneously work on the site level plan in which landscaping and circulation is worked upon. Depending on the architectural office, all of them have a different method of working, understanding, resolving and thus representing. However, some of them may be focusing on just the drawings to get in detail of the spaces and end-conditions or just the modelling (physical or simulations) to have an understanding on the scale and spatial quality. There is no generalised rule of following a single method of resolving a building. In terms of production for client and contractors, brief description of the main building components: Substructure, Superstructure, cladding, roofing, internal walls / partitions, ceiling, flooring-finishes, building services, landscape design.

Fig. 9: Drawing and 3D simulated faĂ§ade Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221

In terms of drawings: Site plan, all level floor plans, required cross sections, all-side elevations, different scaled (if needed) physical models, views, isometric view. In this stage the project team constantly stays in touch with the structural designer, looking for contractors, sometimes interior designers, specialised labour, and client to have suggestions. A detailed Bill of Quantity is released for the client and contractor to have an assessment of budget. This detailed design should be prepared to be approved by client to enter the next stage of execution and construction.

Fig. 10: Example of plans made in Design Development Stage Source: https://www.a3architectsinc.com/architecturaldesign-process

Fig. 11: Examples of 3D models Source: http://cogitatedesign.com/blog/?p=221 https://canadiantimberframes.com/understanding-the-architects-design-phasesschematic-design-design-development-construction-documents

2.1.4 Construction Stage This stage is when all the design decisions are taken and to get the project in construction, all the necessary drawings and reports for contractor are to be made. The information provided through these drawings should be extremely qualitative. All the making part of the execution drawings occurs in this stage, but these drawings and details are not the final design decisions to be taken; there is always on-site design development which happens later. In the execution drawings, necessary documents need to be executed: Drawings {Site plan, all level plans, all sections, elevations, details (in various scales), specific blown-up drawings for contractors (if needed), A very detailed Bill of Quantities and Schedule of Works.} The execution drawings are prepared based on the preferred option from design development stage. To prepare drawings, the software used the most as computer aided design (CAD). The project team starts executing all the required documents according to the construction sequence 9

Fig. 12: An example of Execution drawing Source: https://fabianostner.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/ground-floor.jpg?w=1180

followed. Generally, execution starts from the line-out site drawing for foundation, ground floor plan, sections for height, all level plans, doors & windows schedule, details, elevations, electrical layout, plumbing layout, etc. Samples of various elements and components need to be approved. Architect or somebody from the project team needs to go to the site on a regular basis to supervise and crosscheck the work happening is on track. Fig. 13: Details Source: http://www.wagstaffrogersarch.com/blog/phasesarchitectural-designground-floor.jpg?w=1180

After all the measures, there are many loose ends while constructing a project about which one can know during construction itself. After the execution stage, design work often carried out by contractor, carpenter, electrician, supplier, etc. But in special cases, architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence is required for finishing.

2.1.5 Time-line of a typical Architectural design process:

• • • • • • • •

SITE

Feasibility study Access On-site mapping Sketches of site Analysis of required skills, opportunity and labour Measure Draw Preparation for client meet: Site Document, potential of site Specific requirements of client

CONCEPTUALISATION •

Plotting ideas according to the client’s requirement or site context Developing many ideas in a little bit detail Or developing a single idea at site level. Production for architect’s office:

• • •

Conceptual diagrams Mass models Collages Initial Bill of Quantities

•

• •

•

Meet with client: Presentation of initial idea of project •

• •

Interstage back and forth Labour and expertise

• • • •

Resolving every detail of the project Prepare working drawings Minor changes in design due to circumstances faced by practicality Schedule of works Production list to be shared with contractor: All level plans Sections Elevations Door-window schedule All details

• • • •

CONSTRUCTION

Begins from foundation Minor changes according to on-site design development Regular site visits by Architect or design team-member. Handover to Contractors Carpenters Electrical

Bricks Concrete Further depends on the region

Basic set of drawings need to be prepared by the design team All level plans Sections Elevations Landscaping

•

Software use:

•

Development of the concept verified by client Sizes of spaces, heights, volume, opening sizes, levels, sun-angle & shadow calculations, wind direction, etc. Primary materials are assigned:

Visualisation in terms of 3D simulation, physical models, views, exploded isometric, etc. Simultaneously, in touch with,

• •

EXECUTION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Contractors Skills and labour required Structural engineer Client MEP consultants

AutoCAD Revit SketchUp Different rendering softwares

Brief is frozen at this stage Meet with contractors: Shared drawings Skills and labour Detailed Bill of Quantities

Meet with client

Presentation of whole project Drawings Views Renders Walk-through Detailed Bill of Quantities Finalise the design and a contractor

Fig. 14: Diagram of Conventional Design Process (Broad)

Architectural Process while Designing with Recycled materials.

3.1 Relation of material in design process The materials aspects of the design are similar from any other in that the capacity to accomplish this is totally dependent on the ability of the architect/designer to comprehensively and precisely define all the design requirements and develop a design solution that meets them. Materials are the most tactile element in a building as they can be experienced and felt by human sense, which makes them an significant component in a building. 3.1.1 Project context and client Working with specific materials in order to design something which totally depends upon the designer’s ideology towards the brief emerged out of context or maybe given from the client. Architects as designers here, often work with the “vernacular” term with their projects, in which materials play an important role to mould the design accordingly. Materials play primary role in vernacular architecture. Alluded to as indigenous or vernacular design, these are structural typologies developed in direct reaction to promptly accessible material assets and protecting needs of nearby individuals. Basically, this procedure delineated schematically in figure 1, includes putting the materials at the core of the plan procedure, as the coordinating component saturating all parts of the design. In some cases, clients are involved to give suggestions and selection of materials for their own project. Sometimes, clients have a better knowledge about materials around the site location and they are open experiment in the project, which is very rare in the profession. Fig. 15: The Georgia Straight. 2020. Shigeru Ban’S Paper Log House Built On Humanitarian Principles. Source: https://www.straight.com/arts/1076071/shigeru-banspaper-log-house-built-humanitarian-principles

3.1.2 Architect’s way of working with materials Architect can also be very specific about his decency in working with specific materials, which is resultant of his ideology in his architectural practice came from his experiments, methods, perspective and curiosity in exploring it further. Architect may use the most common materials alike brick and concrete in his projects due to circumstances. As an opposite case, depending on architect’s ideology and working method, importance of using appropriate materials cannot be negated.

3.1.3 Introducing material at specific stages in design process Pre-mediate stage of design Diagrammatic stage of design Design Development stage of design Execution drawings stage of design 3.1.3.1 Pre-mediate stage of design Pre-intercede phase of configuration turns into the first and beginning phase of structure in which customer's necessities are determined, site-limitations and possibilities are inspected; and a plan brief is set up for customer's endorsement. Architects set up a point by point report nearby assessment and get ready drawings and archives to approve the customer to verify the nitty gritty study and soil examination at the site of the undertaking. A report to be set up on measures required to be taken to decrease the unfriendly effect of the current as well as proposed advancement on its prompt region. Arrangements of applied conceptual thoughts concerning prerequisites given and set up a conditional Bill of Quantities on area bases . Many architects start involving materials in the initial stage of the project. Introduction of materials can be majorly depending upon the project-type, scale, context, vernacular materials, availability, Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design ideology and sometimes convenient to client. Type of project and its scale becomes important while choosing material because accordingly the cost, aesthetic, spatial quality and construction technique will take place. In some cases, design itself evolves from a concept or idea based on the material going to be used in the project. However, a different type of representation drawings could also be a resultant of the material which had been thought in advance during the pre-mediate stage. Visualising the quality of different spaces in a project could get easier while moving ahead from conceptual idea towards design development. 3.1.3.2 Diagrammatic stage of design Working further on the conceptual ideas and after incorporating required modifications, produce preliminary drawings, sketches, study models, etc., for the client to approve and along with preliminary estimate of cost is to be given on area bases. Architect takes your program of requirements and begins the process of translating it into an efficient building design. It will normally represent about 15% of the designers work and charges on the whole undertaking. Diagrammatic stage is conceptual in character, which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t go into much detail. Architect then starts laying out the site, basic development of exterior spaces and interior spaces. Architect will also prepare a cost estimate according to this phase which is more detailed than pre-mediate stage of design. At the end of the diagrammatic stage of design, architect is supposed to provide the primary drawings such as floor plans, sections, elevations and a site plan if applicable. For visualisation, he may also present sketches and computer rendered views for better understanding of the space. This is the stage where decisions are not finalised but just to 14

give and idea about the progress towards the design. Usually, materials are not decided in a conventional design method on this stage. But in some cases, on this stage, material had been introduced as a structural element which decides the span of the building, character of space, zoning, etc. It can also be introduced as an infill which pushes towards imagining the texture and overall experience of the space. 3.1.3.3 Design Development stage of design Architect gets ready drawings fundamental for Client's/legal endorsements and guarantee consistence with codes, measures and enactment, as relevant and help the client in getting the legal endorsements thereof, whenever required. The design development stage is a crucial stage in terms of playing with the conceptual idea and balancing it with the reality of making. Design Development represents around 20% of the Architect's work and charges. Laying out spaces according to the requirements make an architect visualizing about bedrooms, living room, recreational spaces, open-semi open spaces, verandah, wash-rooms, etc. In the client meeting, architect proposes interior-exterior finishes, windows, doors, fixtures, appliances and materials. Likewise, preliminary services are also thought in this stage. After several meetings between the designer and client, they finalize a design which is firmly established by them both which concludes the end of design development stage. In most cases as a conventional design process, material is introduced in the design development stage. This stage is immediate when an architect can think of conceptual idea and construction techniques at the same time. It benefits the architect to reduce lot of back and forth in immediate the stages. Materials come in picture when the space requires an addition to its own identity. However, when the spaces are being imagined with furniture and fixtures, introducing materials may change some things totally/partially and may add precision in sizes of spaces, faรงades, structural members, activities, etc. Material may define some set of rules while design development because design then may depend on the construction technique of selected materials. 3.1.3.4 Execution drawings stage of design Preparation of working drawings, specifications and schedule of quantities enough to prepare estimate of cost and tender documents including code of practice covering aspects like mode of measurement, method of payments, quality control procedures on material & works and other conditions of contract. Execution stage can be explained that in design development stage, adding more details to construct the project in actual by a contractor. In execution stage, all the technical drawings which are required to construct the house for the contractor are given by architect. Documents Phase is the biggest of the considerable number of stages for the Architect and will be about 40% of the his work and charges, obviously that may shift a little from task to extend. This is the most important part of the entire architectural process because it involves the connection details, building assemblies, and the other mandatory component details need to be installed and all this information is documented in the medium of digital drawings and models. 15

Usually, no material is introduced the stage of execution in a design process. Main reason behind it is each material with the process of application of it and details about how it’s going to get constructed is decided between execution and design development stage. 3.2 Conventional project and conventional materials In a typical conventional project, where masonry is a preferable method for construction. In masonry as well, there are several types of materials can be used e.g. Bricks, stones, concrete blocks etc. For stone construction, stone as a material is difficult to get in many regions. Also, the skill-set required to begin construction with stone is not a job of everyday labour. Stone walls are thick and heavy, diminishing floor space. It likewise has a high self-weight, joined with low flexural quality, rigidity and seismic obstruction. Stone work is tedious and it requires talented specialists, since it can't be modified, fixed or move without any problem. When utilizing stone work, a cautious establishment will make the last structure more secure for inhabitants. Similar for concrete blocks, Large concrete blocks are heavy and difficult to handle, requiring more manpower. Concrete blocks also increase the amount of steel required in reinforced cement concrete structures. The price of concrete blocks can vary depending on the region, cement costs and availability. Plumbing issues are harder to solve when they occur in a concrete masonry structure, since they can cause internal flooding. Concrete blocks must be cut open in this case, leading to material waste and expensive reparations. An effective drainage system is very important when dealing with concrete block masonry. (Muresan, 2019) Brick is largely available across the India except some regions. Brick masonry does not require highly skilled labour, since the shape and size of the masonry units is uniform. Bricks are also lightweight (lower dead loads), easy to handle and transport, and cheaper that stones and concrete blocks. Brick walls are thinner, and units can be adhered with different types of mortar, depending on structural requirements. Openings for doors and windows are easily made with bricks, and costs are also reduced because the joints are thinner. (Muresan, 2019) Therefore, brick and concrete can be considered as a typical material in typical projects. 3.3 Relation of “Recycled Materials” and Design Process While working on a project contains recycled materials, the design process changes drastically. However, the variation of change depends on what kind of recycled materials are being used to achieve the quality product. Starting from idea of using recycled materials to execution part of it gets shuffled in a different order than conventional design process. Techniques of visualising the space from schematic phase to experiencing construction phase differ from conventional skill-set of working with specific materials. However, in terms of skills, the architects sometimes appoints specific team members who does a fair amount of Hands-on work on-site. Which ideally leads towards the progression of the project easily. Also, experience become the key in these kind of projects. Experience of labour, contractor and the design team is really helpful wile designing, resolving and constructing a project with recycled materials. 3.4 Working: Aptitude/thought process of architect 16

So as to work with Recycled materials, architect should know fundamental standards, strategies, information about required aptitudes and work, assets from which material can be purchased and comprehension of reused materials, also. Architects ought to amplify their vision towards seeing materials while working with reused materials. 3.4.1 Types of Reuse (in terms of building materials) When recycled materials are introduced in a design process, the stage in which they are introduced becomes very important because recycled materials are totally different from conventional materials. Some of the recycled materials needs to be worked upon according the requirement. However, in some building products, recycled materials are used in making itself; those products are made similar sized and construction technique alike conventional materials, but their behaviour might be different. Reclaimed and salvaged materials and components can be generally categorized into 4 types: 3.4.1.1 On-site reused component Components which can be used as whole structures or individual elements alike wood from beams and rafters, bricks, stones from an old building on the same site in a new building. For example, Sidhharth Amin's house in Baroda.

Fig. 16: Example of onsite resued components. Source: https://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/recycledbuilding-materials

3.4.1.2 Salvaged from other sites There are components which are reserved from demolition sites of local area alike bricks, wood, steel members, stones, tiles which requires a little reprocessing. E.g., Collage House, Mumbai. 3.4.1.3 Reconditioned components

Fig. 17: House in Chile Source:https://www.billwarch.com/blog/great-examples-of-recycled-

building-material-in-architecture/

Fig. 18: Recyclable materials Source:https:https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ london-plan-new-document-to-help-architects-embed-circulareconomy-principles/10044807.article

The components which are taken from demolished sites or salvage markets and requires some improvements to be sold again for use in a new location It may include doors, windows, staircases, stones, flooring elements, etc. Example: Kachra Mane, MayaPraxis, Bangalore., 23/B, Ahmedabad.

Fig. 19: Kachra Mane, Bangalore Source: https:http://mayapraxis.com/portfolio/kachra-mane/

3.4.1.4 Recycled content building products (RCBP) Post-industrial waste or demolition waste which is used to make building products that can be used as readily available material for construction. It may include recomposed bricks made from fly-ash, lime, debris etc.

Fig. 20: Workspace, Kakani Associates Source: Author

Example: Kakani Associates Workspace, Anand Niketan School (Sheelaj), Wadi School, Rajkot. 18

Case Study

4.1 Case Study 1: Collage house, Navi Mumbai 4.1.1 Project Overview The Collage House is situated on a hill called Parsik Hill in Belapur, Navi Mumbai. The house was built for the family of Mr. Bhargava by Ar. Pinkish Shah and Ar. Shilpa Gore Shah from S + PS Architects, Mumbai. In fact, clients were relatives of the Architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; family which can cause a few differences while studying and analysing the design process. In the house, there have been a lot of experiments done using recycled materials in the concept level and design development stage in which the inspiration wave came from the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enthusiasm itself.

Fig. 21: Plans Source: S + PS Architects

Fig. 22: Sections Source: S + PS Architects

Project

Project Area

Collage House Location

520 Square Meters / 5600 Square Feet Liaison Architects

Parsik Hill, Belapur, Navi Mumbai Client

Sopan Prabhu Architects Structural Engineers

Mr. Bhargava Architect

Rajeev Shah & Associates MEP Consultants

S+PS Architects Design team

Arkk Consultants Site Supervision

Pinkish Shah, Shilpa Gore-Shah, Mayank Amish Mistry Architect Patel, Gaurav Agarwal, Shrutika Nirgun, Divya Malu, Manali Patel, Ved Panchwagh, Priyadarshi Srivastava, Rhea Lopes, Divya Jain Initiation Of Project: Site Area 350 Square Meters / 3775 Square Feet Project Area

2006 Completion Of Project

202 m2 Photographers

2015 Architectural Agencies And Craftsmen Main Civil Contractors

Sebastian Zachariah, Ira Gosalia, Photographix Fabrication

Homework Constructions Aggregate Plaster

Deepak Mhatre / Shafibhai / Imam Steel / Arvind Rathod Furkan Sheikh Plumbing Works Windows Natwarlal Kawa Carpentry

Ajay Majhi / Hussainbhai Electrical

Aditya Rana Civil Finishing Works

Praful Sonawane / Mahesh Sawant Painting & Polishing Works

Kantilal Suthar / Sawarmal / Jagdish Mulchand Bajrangi / Jagrut Kumar Textured Plasters Junaid

4.1.2 Detailed documentation and description of the design process

4.1.2.1 Site Introduction: The Collage house, Parsik Hill, Belapur, Navi Mumbai. The site is located on a hill, Parsik Hill, between two existing houses. Also, because the site is on a

Fig. 23: Site Source: Google Earth Image

hill, it is filled with mountain rocks. Some incidents of theft and privacy issue have been faced by neighbours of clients in this area. Thus, the design constraints emerged out from the client about privacy except the requirements. Client, Mr. Bhargava set the requirements of spaces alike bedrooms, living-room, pool, etc. according to their four-generations family. As shown in the diagram, in the beginning, the empty plot was in centre and houses were there already on neighbouring plots. Therefore, in that case clients were very conscious about the privacy from neighbours, too. Also, clients were close relatives of architects which is a notable factor in terms of decisions taken in design development were of formally and informally meetings. This leads towards the start of concept level of the project.

Fig. 24: Site Situation

4.1.2.2 Conceptual stage of design (I): According to the architect, it was totally commonsensical to begin with an idea of Indian courtyard to meet client’s requirements, so that the open-able spaces can be enclosed by the compound wall. (See diagram 2). Architects start arranging spaces according to certain logic. Along with this, they have decided to design a wrapping element which can become a thread binding everything together in a pot-pourri. While working on the form, structural part and proportions; there was no thought of using recycled materials, but they have been treating the remained parts as infill. After the conceptual level, a meeting with client was scheduled in which architect had given different options to client. For the understanding and exploration purpose, architects have made 3-4 options for themselves. 4.1.2.3

Design stage:

“C” shaped diagrammed plan is now to be designed and detailed in the design development stage. The essential spaces according to the client’s requirements are to be thought in design stage. The requirements of clients are as follows: 4 Bedrooms, Kitchen, Living Area, Dining Area, Servant’s Space, Pool, Powder Room, Puja Room, Parking, Roof Garden, Veranda, Courtyard, Vegetable Garden, Elevator, Entry Lounge, Study-dressing space, Pantry, Services, Utilities. But as known, some spaces would have been added/taken out later as the design develops. As mentioned under the topic of concept stage, the wrapper and structural part needs to be detailed properly. Material of the wrapper is decided in this stage as concrete because it is very formal element but also experimental.

Fig. 25: Diagram of “C” shaped plan

While developing the design, they had to encounter a situation in a part of the house whereas structural part, steel columns filled with concrete is used.

4.1.2.4 Pipe Wall: In that case, architects thought of making the wall made from similar profiles as those steel columns filled with concrete. Then they have thought of using recycled pipes to fulfil the continuity of columns, to bring down the

Fig. 26: Diagram of introducing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Pipe Wallâ&#x20AC;?

rainwater and a drainage pipe of the flowerbed on the top. With those recycled pipes, they wanted to create a surface or system of enclosure which is not wall-based. Also, hollow vertical pipes work as an insulation between inside and outside. By doing this, they were exploring a walling method which is not mass-based. They found the pipes from a Steel market in New Bombay. Sequentially, in this element, requirement of balancing the decisions came first in the design process. Therefore, from need to idea it led towards design and then making of the Pipe-wall. After introducing recycled materials in an element called Pipe-wall, architects and client took a decision of using recycled materials as infill in the project. Accordingly brief had to be modified slightly. So, they went to the concept stage again to expand their brief.

4.1.2.5 Conceptual stage of design (II): The project is focused on the very physical aspect of recycling and collage with the help of materials, energy saving etc and altogether the intangible aspects of recycling with history, space and memories. The house reflects the city Mumbai and it’s a blend of both times old and new. Also, it’s about re-thinking notions of beauty in terms of taking things granted around them. A few years back from 2006, there was also a selling idea of calling something “Green” which was popular as a gimmick for selling more things, says Ar. Pinkish Shah. Which helped them to build the perception of recycling and client satisfaction.

Fig. 27: Recycling places in Mumbai Source: S + PS Architects

Exploring further, Client brought out contacts and he led architects to a recycling factory in Do Taki where they recycle Door-windows, staircases, massive rafters, purlins and other materials from old houses across Mumbai. Idea of “Window-wall” came into their minds after looking at door-windows. Exploring further, they have designed the openings as a Collage as their front façade, from which they have named the house “Collage House”.

Fig. 28: Examples of Collages

Fig. 29: 1956, Richard Hamilton, Collage,

Fig. 30: 1948, Joseph Cornell, “Box

Source: 1958, Louise Nevelson, Untitled Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes

Collage”, Untitled (Medici Princess)

So Different, So Appealing

4.1.2.6 Window-wall: After resolving further on Window-wall, they went to the factory and selected windows & doors according to their quality. They took photographs and made an inventory of their short-listed door-windows. With louvred and glass, both types of windows had been chosen from design perspective. After documenting, they had to put the jigsaw together which was on of the tricky parts. So, they have started making collages and layouts in Adobe Photoshop. But as known, in Adobe Photoshop, there is no space for accuracy in terms of further stages alike execution and construction. There were holes and gaps in composed faĂ§ade. They had to go back to site and get the short-listed door-windows measured. Then, they took the whole thing to Autodesk AutoCAD to get it done precisely. This task was done several times because of not measuring the windows properly. As you can see, the character of each window is different and tells its own story, Architects wanted to keep the windows (layers of paints, finishes, texture, etc.) as it is but client started the scrapping work with the help of factory workers without Architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; consultancy. As a resultant of this, almost half of the windows were scrapped off and the other half of them were retained which shows the lifehistory of the window.

Fig. 31: Window-wall, First Floor Plan

Fig. 32: Inventory of short-listed door-windows Source: S + PS Architects

Source: S + PS Architects

While developing the detail of the windowwall further, they have designed a metal frame in which all the doors-windows are going to be fitted. According to Architect, that was a difficult task because of differing bits of wooden frames. As a very important part of design perception, they have kept the louvred windows in lower level because of operational perspective and after opening them, breeze can come through with privacy and a little bit of view. Windows with coloured glass, kept on windowwall above the louvred windows according to quality of light which would come into the living room.

Fig. 33: Glass and Louvred Windows

On the upper floor, a full height shutter door was placed and cut the grill which was there with it so that it can act as a railing. Ideas such as these came while design development stage after they have seen and studied the material. According to architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception of seeing things, trying to do something better in a modified design development stage becomes challenging in terms of taking design decisions.

Fig. 34: Double-fold shutter with cut grill acts as railing Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.2.7 Wooden Flooring:

Fig. 35: First floor plan with wooden

Fig. 36: Second floor plan with wooden

flooring

Source: S + PS Architects

Edited by: Author

The factory from which client and architects found the wooden doors-windows, wooden logs were also found, and factory worker proposed a flooring type for the project. After client agreed to that, architect considered of doing wooden flooring. Strips from wooden logs of old Burma teak were customisable in size. Wooden strips to form a joint is through a method of tongue and groove as proposed by the worker from factory. Wooden flooring is done a little bit on first floor and majority on second floor as shown in the diagrams. After the design of strips by Architects and factory worker, wooden logs were cut into dimensions of 2,4,6 and 8 inches with tongue and groove joint.

Fig. 37: Wooden Flooring measurements in Inches Source: Author

4.1.2.8 Rusty metal plate-wall: The idea of metal siding plate-wall came into picture from the idea of recycling and contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pick of what element is going to be constructed next. About this, the architect and contractor knew about the availability of waste rusty metal plates which can be recycled somehow in the project. Awareness about the availability of material plays a major role in design development of an element in the project. For this as well, a metal frame was prepared, and rusty metal plates were welded to it. The drawings for the metal frame were prepared for fabricator and metal plates were cut accordingly. The recycled rusty metal plate siding-wall would have extended to the study-space near the swimming pool. According to maintain the rustic and raw texture around the space, wooden flooring had been done to that area 4.1.2.9 Stonewall: Fig. 38: Metal siding wall, First Floor Plan Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author

Fig. 39: Idea of metal plates Source: S + PS Architects

As mentioned in the introduction of the project, site is on Parsik “Hill”, so a lot of hard stone was dug out while excavation for foundation.

Fig. 41: Rock lying around site Source: S + PS Architects

Fig. 40: Stone wall in Ground Floor Plan

Fig. 42: Rock lying around site

Source: S + PS Architects

Edited by: Author

Similarly, rock from neighbouring houses’ foundation was also lying around the site. Following the idea of brief about recycling, Architects were insistent to use the excavated rock to build the rubblestone walls on the ground floor because of quantity available and common sense. At the stage of design development, all these decisions seemed doable, but they had to face a big problem in the beginning of constructing the rubble-stone walls. 4.1.2.10 Interior elements in which recycled materials have been used: As the project developed, more and more materials came in picture about which the design team

Fig. 43: Exploded Axo showing materials Source: S + PS Architects

figured out various options to use them into many ways to keep up with the brief of using recycled materials in the project. In following elements, recycled materials have been used in the Collage House: Stone slivers: Forgotten remnants of stone cutting yards, Old textile blocks, Fabric waste (Chindi) for upholstered chairs, brightly coloured tile parts, 100 years old columns, etc. 4.1.2.11

Old textile blocks:

Client was deeply involved in the collective process of digging materials across the city and a little bit in the design process. He found a factory person who used to make the textile blocks used for Block Printing. Due to some circumstances, he was about to shut his factory. Client consulted with architects and they decided to buy those blocks and had a thought of building a mural out of the blocks. 4.1.2.12

Brightly coloured tiles:

A notion of kitschy coloured objects in a house need a perception of somebody looking at it. Thinking of that, architects thought of making a planter out of the sample tiles that they receive from vendors. The tiles they receive are also of the same sizes which seemed workable.

4.1.2.13 Pavilion:

100 years old ornate columns for

Fig. 44: Thought of kitschy tiles in physical model Source: S + PS Architects

The situation during this element came into picture was similar to problems faced during any conventional method. After laying out all the spaces properly, the FSI remained extra and they must consume it because of certain reasons. They thought of making a light structure on the top in which they thought of using recycled materials again. Ar. Shilpa Gore Shah had a knowledge about the ornate columns which she must have seen in Kochi. She suggested to use them in the pavilion. 4.1.2.14

Fabric waste (Chindi) for upholstered chairs:

Fig. 45: Plan of Pavilion

Fig. 46: Third floor plan

Source: S + PS Architects

Source: S + PS Architects Edited by: Author

Idea of going to micro level using recycled materials which is about following the larger brief. The design team thought of going in much detail in furniture as well. They found out about “Sarthak Sahil Design Co”, who make many furniture designs. In which the most appropriate furniture was upholstered chairs made out from “Chindi” (made from fabric waste) which they thought of using in their project. Also, they wanted to go in depth along with the larger brief, but due to circumstances they couldn’t. Idea of designing coasters out of waste circuit boards, poof and pillows out of waste denim, etc.

Fig. 47: Upholstered Chair made out from

After the design development stage was over, the design team had primarily made all the necessary drawings which they thought were important enough to communicate with the contractor, fabricator, mason and other workers. In some elements, the constraints needed to be resolved on site and thus they have left

Chindi Source: Sahil & Sarthak Co

it to figure it out at the time of construction. 4.1.2.15

Construction stage:

Here in construction stage, excavation happened at the first place and rock was dug out. Architect knew about the rock availability on and around the site, so they made the rubble-stone wall on the ground floor. Also, the rainwater harvesting tank was constructed on the ground floor wrapped up with the excavated rock. Superstructure had to be constructed now including the concrete envelope and steel pipe columns filled with concrete. Infill started to construct after a time-period due to circumstances. Pipe-wall and window-wall began to construct. Further, other elements were being constructed according to the schedule of works. 4.1.2.16

Construction of rubble-stone wall:

When they began with dressing, the stone available on site according to the rules of random rubble masonry, the realised that stone was difficult to dress because of its hardness. Due to difficulty

Fig. 48: Formation of rubblestone wall Source: S + PS Architects

in handling, contractor and masons started suggesting using Black Basalt or yellow Malad stone which is softer to dress compared to the one found from site. But the Architects were stubborn about using the stone found from site because for them it was the most logical way to work with a potential material likewise. After running contacts, they found out a mason (70 years old) who knew techniques to dress a hard stone in order to make random rubble masonry. But after a point they came to know that the stone was not dressable beyond a point, so they had to put smaller stones in between to fill the gaps. According to Ar. Pinkish Shah, an architect does not always know about everything required to be in the field in order to cope up with the problems come across while in office or site. So, understanding the basic principles and to work it out by finding the appropriate person to address the concern. 39

They then have constructed the rainwater harvesting tank with similar method. 4.1.2.17

Construction of Pipe-wall:

Architects from S + PS Architects, make many drawings to have the resolution and office level understanding. So, in this case as well, they have resolved the pipe-wall till the construction part of it. As the architect says, â&#x20AC;&#x153;We hyper-draw.â&#x20AC;? They have made detailed drawings of the pipe-wall inclusive of plan, sections, details and joineries.

Fig. 49: Plan 1st Floor LVL @ '1-1' Source: S + PS Architects

Fig. 50: Sections Source: S + PS Architects

Fig. 51: Details Source: S + PS Architects

While making the execution drawings, they have also thought about using a transparent pipe and putting LED lights inside which can work as a light shaft from aesthetics purpose. They have shown it filled with Yellow colour in the drawings. They have fully resolved it till the detail level of it.

Fig. 52: Images from construction stage, Pipe-wall Source: S + PS Architects

The pipe-wall in which 14 pipes work as a rainwater down-take, opens in the garden on first floor as spouts and creates an effect of water gushing out in monsoon. One of them pokes out and becomes like a branch acts as a drainage pipe of the flowerbed on the top. As shown in the Plan, the concrete filled columns are hatched in grey. Water coming from the spouts goes to the rainwater harvesting tank which is on the ground floor surrounded with rubble-stone wall. Connection of pipes on the terrace shows the detail required for drainage pipes for the flowerbed on the top.

Fig. 53: Rainwater pipe detail at terrace Source: S + PS Architects

The drawings were plentiful but to be sure of the working part, one needs to make it on site in some smaller scale to verify the pros and cons about proposed detail for an element. Similarly, in this case, they have made mock-ups on site to see the workability of recycled steel pipes. Inputs from fabricator was also as important as architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decisions and accordingly the drawings have been revised. 4.1.2.18

Construction of Window-wall:

Necessary drawings for the window-wall had been made before the beginning of construction. The details of window wall attached to the slab on upper-level and the resting on the ground have been resolved. All the doors and windows are tied together with a metal frame. The details of all the junctions are seen in the drawings. During construction, they were continuously in touch with the carpenters who was going to be working on the window-wall throughout. Architects followed a complete collaborative process with the fabricator (Metal frame) and carpenters. The carpenters were deeply involved in the onsite design development part equally as architects. A detail was developed in order to hide the metal frame and to stop water seeping through it. Due to imprecise sized windows, it led towards incomplete drawings of the elevation of window-wall which is quite opposite to the ideology for them in terms of clarity in drawings. The windows being dealt with are generally more contemporary in terms of profile, details, shutters and workability. So, the carpenters played a great role dealing with the detailing and suggesting methods of fine tuning. While shipping the windows with glass and louvres, glass-windows broke because of the roadconditions. For that matter as per the brief, they went to Dharavi recycling yards and found recyclable glass pieces with a lot of variety in colours & surfaces. 42

Fig. 54: Window-wall detail Source: S + PS Architects

The hardware of the windows was broken or missing. For that, client found a metal worker who castes antique-looking handles and latches. 43

Fig. 55: Window-wall Construction process Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.2.19

Construction of rusty metal plate-wall: Similar method followed here alike windowwall; the plates were welded with a metal frame. For the frame, minimal drawings would have been made according to the available sizes of waste and rusty metal plates. As seen in the image, the study area is later extended with the same rusty metal plates

Fig. 56: Metal plate-wall construction Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.3 Interior elements in which recycled materials have been used: 4.1.3.1 Stone Slivers: Forgotten remnants of stone cutting yards Whenever buying granite at stone cutting yards, Ar. Pinkish Shah always wondered about the remnants of stone slivers to make it useful. “Piles of stones were just lying there and getting wasted”, he added. To perform an experiment like this one, practicality is must.

Fig. 57: Remnants from stone

Architects and masons then tried to figure out a way of using the waste stone slivers generated on site as a cladding element in the living room. Masons created mocks in a corner or side wall to experiment various options of colour combinations and edge conditions. The material in a little amount was generated on site itself but later more remnants they had to buy from stone suppliers.

cutting yard Source: S + PS Architects

In terms of drawings, masons and architects used walls to draw and explore the profile of stone slivers cladding. Alertness, reacting to somebody immediately according to your larger scheme, back and forth depending on the potential of the partner, “We were forced to open up”, says Ar. Pinkish Shah.

Fig. 58: Walls claded with Stone slivers Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.3.2 Old textile blocks:

Fig. 59: Textile Blocks Source: S + PS Architects

The textile blocks when bought were in different sizes and they tried a layout of a wall out of random sized blocks which did not turn out good aesthetically. The arrangement was also explored by photographing them and making a collage out of it.

Then they tried to cut the textile blocks in single sized blocks. From which they could make a frame of (8 x 8) ft, added a grid and created a mural. Still there were holes and gaps because of smaller/bigger blocks which they had to fill later.

Fig. 61: Mural made from Textile Blocks Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.3.3 Brightly coloured tiles:

Fig. 60: Planter with tiles Source: S + PS Architects

4.1.3.4 100 years old ornate columns for Pavilion:

Fig. 62: Image and drawings of Pavilion on top floor Source: S + PS Architects

100 years old wooden ornate columns are the only structural part in the whole project in which recycled materials are used. About structure of the pavilion, there are stub columns coming from slab on which granite base is placed is joined by drilling four anchor fasteners. On the top after the wooden part stops, there is a steel plate place on which a steel column which takes load of the roof.

Fig. 63: Pavilion

Fig. 64: Granite Base under

Source: S + PS Architects

solid wooden column Source: S + PS Architects

Fig. 65: Diagram of Collage House Design Process (Broad)

4.1.4 Analysing the design process of Collage House: In the design process of Collage House, introduction to recycled materials came into picture on design development stage which is slightly similar to conventional method. To incorporate recycled materials, the Quantity often depends on availability of specific material and thus the design needs to be moulded accordingly. Enormous amount of field study is required in order to look for the materials. In the Window-wall, to work with the old windows and doors, skilled labour was required to deal with joints and wood-condition. Carpenters were deeply involved in the making and designing as well. In terms of drawings, usually S + PS Architects, they “hyper-draw” in their regular projects but in this project in some elements, they could not fulfil their requirements, but they have tried their best in other elements. In order to examine the joineries and end-conditions, 1:1 scale models need to be made on site rather than making smaller models or visualising it in a software alike conventional method. According to a design-team member, it was really hard for them to find “good” contractors, who could work on this project. Client’s participation was excessive. A lot of back and forth happened while constructing the building because while working with recycled materials, they had to roughly design options in sketches, try it out in 1:1 and then make more options or directly make it on site. Because of unavailability of material in bulk unlike virgin resources, the limited but valid experimentation and experience became the key. 48

4.1.5 Time-line of Collage House design process: • •

• •

SITE

Located on a hill, Navi Mumbai. Observations: Plot located between existing houses Mountain rocks under the hill Condition of site, neighbourhood Possibility of courtyard

• •

•

Different ideas with a constant element in mind: Courtyard A binding thread in whole house

•

Site report with site data Initial site sketches, photographs

Client meet:

•

Inputs Specific requirements

Metal-plate wall

•

Change in brief:

•

“Green + Recycled” - Gimmick to sell a product Production by design team:

Project inclusive of recycled materials

Collages

• •

»»

Contractor

Stone-wall Rain-water tank Interior Elements »» Looking for material

Primary materials are assigned simultaneously Basic set of drawings need to be prepared by the design team

Resolving every detail of the project in every element Prepare working drawings and details

•

»» Included lights Resolve and update

•

Visualisation in terms of 3D simulation, physical models, views, exploded isometric, etc. Simultaneously, in touch with,

•

Software use:

»»

Window-wall »» Worked out a method to connect windows with each other »» In touch with Carpenter: helped in resolving issues

•

CONSTRUCTION Begins from foundation Stonewall

»»

Constraints »» Solution

Rusty metal plates-wall: »» Frame: Pieces of sheet »» Material: Included study area

Pipe-wall »» On-site mock models »» Inputs from fabricator

Interior elements Textile blocks »» Collage with different sized blocks

Window-wall »» Carpenters »» Glass broken while shipping

»»

(8x8)ft grid of similar sizes

•

Pavilion on the top

• •

Window-wall: organising as a collage »» Shop »» Offer by seller »» Design team Co-operation

Client meet:

•

Development of the concept verified by client Sizes of spaces, heights, volume, opening sizes, levels, sun-angle & shadow calculations, wind direction, etc. Pipe-wall: Walling system

Options Concept sketches Mass models

EXECUTION

Pipe-wall

•

“C” shaped plan Production by design team:

Basic discussion of requirements

Interstage back and forth Labour and expertise Above both

•

Concrete

• •

Production by design team:

• • •

CONCEPTUALISATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Simultaneous Minor changes in design due to circumstances faced by practicality Schedule of works Production list to be shared with contractor: All level plans Sections Elevations Door-window schedule All details

Rusty metal plate-wall:

Interiors

Stone slivers in cladding »» Drawing on site Textile blocks »» Cutting them in square Tiles wall

• •

Pavilion

Regular site visits by Architect or design team-member. Handover

•

All level plans Sections Elevations Landscaping

Contractors Skills and labour required Structural engineer Client MEP consultants

AutoCAD SketchUp Different rendering softwares

•

Second brief is frozen at this stage Meet with contractors:

•

Meet with client

Shared drawings Skills and labour Detailed Bill of Quantities

Presentation of whole project Drawings Views Renders Walk-through Detailed Bill of Quantities Finalise the design and a contractor

4.2 Case Study 2: 23/B, Ahmedabad 4.2.1 Project Overview The project is constructed on a preserved plinth of an old house belongs to the client who is also the architect of the project, Ar. Snehal Nagarsheth. Due to connection with the old house and financial situation, the project led towards taking certain decisions about using recycled materials.

Project

Services

Residence (23/B)

Sanjay, Raj Bhar

Location

Carpenter brothers from Jodhpur Narsinhram Suthar, Punaram Suthar,

Ahmedabad, India Client

Ratilal Suthar, Mangaram Suthar Reclaimed Wood Supplier

Snehal Nagarsheth, Sarit Derasari

Hanifbhai from Surat, Babubhai from

Architect

Naroda, Ahmedbad Project Estimate

Snehal Nagarsheth Design team

Approx. Rs.1600/sqft Initiation of Project

Hamid Raj, Aditi Vashisht Site Area

2013 Completion of project

320 m2 Project Area

2015

202 m2 Metal fabrication Jayantibhai D. Panchal

Living room Dining area

Bedroom

Washroom

Kitchen

Fig. 66: Ground floor plan

Fig. 67: Front Elevation

Library Bedroom

Bedroom

Washroom

Washroom Fig. 68: First floor plan

Fig. 69: Side elevation

Fig. 70: Exploded axonometric showing material composition of the house Source: Domus India, 2018

4.2.2 Detailed documentation and description of the design process 4.2.2.1 Site Introduction: 23/B, the old house belongs to Snehal Nagarsheth and Sarit Derasari, situated in Ambawadi, Ahmedabad. House type was a typical tenement house which is part of a twin bungalow made from conventional materials (bricks and concrete) with a footprint of (45 x 24) ft to be precise. Looking at the house elements, it had small rooms (10 x 10)ft and also had a basement, which could be rather kept as it is or changes could have been done according to the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements. In which, a house which is attaching from one side and free from other three sides, longer side faces North. There are threes around which keeps the site cool. Ar. Snehal Nagarsheth has been working with recycled materials since many years. So, she has a detailed understanding about using salvaged materials. She used to collect recycled building materials such as in wood - doors, windows, rafters, logs, beams, strips, etc. So, that she has a source of material which can be used in her projects. For this project she had some amount of wood available which she had been collecting since three years. Her team used to buy a lot of wood from

Fig. 71: Site

Fig. 72: Site diagram

Source: Google Earth Image

Hanifbhai, who is a seller of a salvage market in Surat. 4.2.2.2 Conceptual stage of design: The old house was of a tenement type so one wall is shared with the neighbour. Clients and their family have been living in that house since more than two decades. Because the room sizes, they have experienced suffocation in terms of openness. The footprint was larger but the individual spaces were not given justice potentially and the enclosure was more than required. In terms of requirements, client/architects had a larger requirement which was flexibility but if they were to build a whole new house, it would be expensive for the client. So, in this project, they would like to open up the house but instead of a new house on a new site with a new footprint, they thought of retaining the current footprint on the same site which can save a larger amount of foundation. Also, she had an idea of dismantle-able house which she could carry wherever she moves in future. Taking this major decision, they need to think of materials which can open up and dismantle per need. In discussion, Ar. Snehal Nagarsheth also thought of doing whole machine slotted construction method in the new house which would be angled & nut-bolted with a support structure but that 55

would result in an exorbitant amount of expenditure. Considering this, the design team had thought of wood as a primary material in the project. As architect is keen to collect recyclable material from vendors, they took the decision of using it in the house. Main issue of replacing building elements except the foundation was to achieve flexibility and openness, which can be done by opening out the building in their front-yard. The only possible solution then applied which can match both the conditions reassembled and budgetfriendly, was to use wooden doors and windows. Using doors and windows also helped them to achieve flexibility by opening up in the front-yard. As shown above, by opening out the house gives user more open and flexible spaces adjoining the

Fig. 73: Old house

Fig. 74: Idea of open-able house

front-yard. Even though the footprint is same, space feels larger. Because the site and footprint was fixed, they did not make any kind of conceptual sketches, drawings or visualisations in terms of physical and simulation modelling.

4.2.2.3 Design development stage: In this project specifically, after having the concept in mind, design development happened on site itself, so no specific drawings were made while design decision stage. But if to consider steps taken in this stages, all the material was brought beforehand and after that they have designed the whole infill part on site. In order to achieve flexibility with budget constrains, the design team had thought of using metal I-section frame-structure and wooden doors & windows as infill. As designed, the columns were to be put along the same grid of the columns of the old house. This part of the whole house in terms of design development and construction was resolved till it can be involved. The design team was aware of their space requirements in this stage. They had an idea of spaces alike a living area, dining area, kitchen, bedrooms, a library, etc. from the old footprint. The basement under ground floor, had been designed as a rainwater harvesting tank. Execution of metal frame structure: No other drawings were executed for the infill part of the project but as an execution of this part, the design team have made drawings which were followed because of a logical design decision.

Fig. 75: Spaces of ground Floor plan

Fig. 76: Spaces of first Floor plan

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Fig. 77: Steel support structure

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

As shown in the explanatory drawing, the steel structure made from I-sections and as secondary members box sections were used. From this decision, they have also thought of doing wooden flooring from recycled wood panels on the first floor which can help reduce the cost of construction. Material:

Architect used to get salvaged wooden members, doors & windows from a salvage market in Surat. They have thought of using louvred windows which can be operable by anybody who is in the house and control the level of privacy, sunlight and breeze needed. Approximately, they have calculated the amount of wooden doors and windows required for the façades and infill inside the house. Along with this, they have bought rafters and joists also for the wooden flooring. At the salvage market of Surat, they got a wooden ladder to get help while construction period.` Doors: The design team has salvaged 12 panelled French doors and 8 louvred French doors. While collecting they had a rough idea of quantity that they had derived from the existing perimeter of the house. However, they did not have any drawings or method ready to work with the doors while construction period. The louvres of some of the doors at salvage market were really thin, so that they could not be recycled after thrown out, so in order to selling those doors, sellers were removing the louvres and selling the frame and remaining parts of the doors. Also, the “waste” louvres, he used to use it as firewood. Observing that, the design team found it as an opportunity and got doors according to their need to fulfil the brief and save the heritage in form of material. Windows:

Fig. 78: Recyclable doors Source: Domus India, 2018.

From the same salvage market of Surat, the design team has brought around 73 louvred windows , 42 panelled windows and 12 glass windows. While buying these, no specific Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q.) was made during this stage because not any material except the metal structure was pre-decided to buy because none of the prices from doors, windows or any other salvaged wooden members can be determined. However, according to Hamid Raj, a design team member says ,“The luxury of designing with material on-site is the greatest opportunity.” 4.2.2.4 Construction Stage:

Fig. 79: Recyclable windows

The

first

Source: Domus India, 2018.

part

working on site started from demolition. The house started to break in 2013 and as mentioned earlier, the foundation has been retained as it is, cast beams and raised a plinth on which further construction could begin. The next step was to create pads to spring up point load supports of the steel structure. The process of demolition, raising a plinth and raising the metal skeleton was done in around 6 months in total. Whereas, the skeleton was the easiest element to be raised in time of a week. The basement was converted into a rainwater harvesting tank by applying lime plaster in inner surface to make it anti-bacterial. After the skeleton was raised, they started working with the infill part. There have been drawings

Fig. 80: Metal frame structure and wooden column

made by one of the team member but after the point of steel skeleton, none of the drawings made sense at that time. So continuing that, they had to workout every design decision on-site. The method of arranging the doors and windows was not random at all alike a collage. They have been following the fundamental principles behind designing the arrangements of doors and windows on site.

Fig. 81: Doors.

Thus, for visualisation they did not make any software based rendering visuals after coming back to office unlike the conventional architectural design process. They have made on-site sketches to visualise the facade and by putting the doors one after the other to see the overall configuration of the doors. Also while resolving details, they used to sketch on site in order to understand for themselves and carpenters. For instance, while deciding the sill height, they used to design the 59

required sill visually from client’s perspective on-site itself. So for that element, no drawing is required for particular element.

Fig. 82: Sill height decision taken visually

The carpenters involved in the project were working with Ar. Snehal since 25 years which makes them part of the family. Carpenters from Jodhpur were authentic “Rajasthani Karigars”. So, there was no need to make specific drawings for them to understand the particular element. They have been working so deeply in the project that they were treating the designers’ problems as their own. Designers were constantly discussing every single details and decisions with them in order to deal with old recycled wooden elements. The client of this project was Architect herself, thus there was no pressure on anybody to work rapidly in order to finish the project at earliest. Though a lot of decisions were taken based on the situation at that time which have not been documented by the design team. About the front facade with doors, the design team has collected the doors of a similar type to follow certain language. They were louvred doors which can be opened up and closed according to the need, but to stitch the doors with each other in the whole facade of ground floor, they had to find a method of joining them together. Because the perimeter was a lot and doors needed to be joined with each other and not with a wall, they had bought wooden rafters and joists which were used as members in frames to connect doors. Fig. 83: Sill height decision taken visually

On the first floor, the height of the windows did not match client’s/ architect’s requirement. The design team have thought of increasing the height by putting extra wooden spacers (a). They have also tried increasing height by increasing the glass area (b). Wooden Piece

The design team and carpenters mutually decides a way forward for every constraint. They have used wooden strip from battens which they’ve collected from Surat. Looking at this scenario, there must have been many similar incidents which had taken place on-site and could not be documented in detail. The result of trial and error method often succeed but one may not keep track of each of their steps followed before the final result

Glass

Wooden Piece

(a)

(b)

In Terms of materials, most of the wood was bought before construction but while construction according to the need team bought some wood from Naroda, Ahmedabad which includes a balcony, shutters inside the house which open up in the living-room courtyard and some wooden panels where they have miscalculated the required wood by two panels: (16x8)ft and (12x8)ft. Also, they have used Saal wood in one of the inner parts because they ran out of the Teak.

Fig. 84: Heights of doors

In their material storage, they had a few rosewood (Sheesham) posts. The design team have thought of making a free-standing column in the dining area of the house because no wall is touching it.

According to the time-line of the project, from 24 months of construction, wood work had taken around 18 months. Because the project belongs to the architect herself, team were not very much worried about the time. But there were simultaneous works happening along with the wood-work alike masonry and stonework, Kadappah-stone flooring, services, etc.

4.2.2.5 Finishing In terms of wood-work , all the windows and 203 cubic feet teak was reused which is already seasoned. The wood have been treated with Linseed oil to varnish the wood finishes. They have designed the house in a way that no wood is directly in contact with ground as a precaution to prevent termite in the house.

Fig. 85: Furniture Source: Domus India, 2018

In the old house, client had old Parsi furniture, which is made of fine quality wood that she wanted to preserve for the new house but the sizes were not adequate as per their requirements. The team had taken a decision to resize it by adding some extra wood in width.

4.2.3 Analysing the design process of 23/B:

Fig. 86: Diagram of 23/B Design Process (Broad)

Unlike the conventional architectural design process, 23/B was constructed on a pre-existing foundation of an old house belongs to the architect/client. The metal skeleton was to be built new and infill were of completely recycled materials. In terms of drawings, no drawings were made for the infill, elevations, details except skeleton before the project is completed which is unusual compared to any typical architectural design process. When needed, drawings of details and joineries were being sketched out on site for designersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; understanding and carpenters to work with. To visualise the building, no rendered 3D views or collages were produced. A benefit for the architect and design team to explore various possibilities because the house belongs to the architect herself. Maximum time spent in the project was on Wood-work. In windows, after bringing them from the salvage market, they need to be worked on the joints, polishing, fixing some parts of it, etc. About the doors, they could not manage to get that many doors which can be stitched with each other because of the large perimeter. They had to use wood from joists and rafters for door-frames. Also, unlike any conventional method, they have re-sized the old furniture for their requirements. Adjustments like these in doors and windows are very unusual in a typical architectural design process. The availability of chosen material guides designer to design.

4.2.4 Time-line 23/B design process: SITE CONCEPTUALISATION • •

• •

• • •

Project to be constructed on the same plot of the old house of client, Ahmedabad. No requirement of

•

Idea of carrying whole house wherever client goes in future. »» Metal structure but budget constraints

Feasibility study Access On-site mapping, sketches, photographs

Measure Draw Client is Architect herself, so no preparation for a client meet: Site Document, potential of site Specific requirements of client/architect Stock of recycled wood done by architect since 3 years

Plotting ideas according to the client’s requirement or site context

• •

•

Or developing a single idea according to the requirements Primary materials are assigned:

CONSTRUCTION •

Begins from demolishing the old house

Elements to be constructed Steel Structure raised

Started with fundamental principles »» Major role of carpenters »» Brought material according to the need »» Sketches, details made on site for client and carpenters to understand

• • •

EXECUTION

Prepared working drawings only for the metal structure Resolving every detail while construction of the project Minor changes in design due to circumstances faced by practicality Schedule of works

Furniture

• • • • •

•

»»

•

Contractors Carpenters Electrical

Representation drawings were made after completion of project

•

• • •

Resized

Changes according to on-site design development Extra wood used in making furniture or burning. Regular site visits by Architect or design team-member. Wood finish by linseed oil Handover to finish

(Wooden elements)

»» Doors »» Windows »» Rafters, beams Brought from Surat Salvage Markets

Sizes of spaces, heights, volume, opening sizes, levels, sun-angle & shadow calculations, wind direction, etc. Sill-height

Begins from foundation

Cast beams on foundation Pads to raise steel columns

Development of the concept verified by client/architect Deciding which elements to retain and demolish Metal structure with infill of wooden doors and windows Material

»»

Retain and demolish elements

Infill »»

•

Production for architect’s office:

Client = Architect, so no meet with client: no presentation of initial idea of project

•

Metal Wood

•

Retain foundation, footprint Flexibility : opening up the house »» Wood

Conceptual diagrams Real scale: models Initial Bill of Quantities »» Kept ordering when needed according to the situation on site

Interstage back and forth Labour and expertise Above both

•

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

•

Drawings were prepared but no drawings were used by the design team because of the method All level plans Sections Elevations Landscaping Except metal structure drawings

No Visualisation in terms of 3D simulation, physical models,

On-site »» Views, exploded isometric, etc.

Simultaneously, in touch with, Contractors Skills and labour required Structural engineer MEP consultants

Software use: AutoCAD

Brief is frozen at this stage Meet with contractors:

Shared drawings Skills and labour Detailed Bill of Quantities »» Calculations by Architect but went wrong while construction

No meet with client

4.3 Case Study 3: Wadi School, Rajkot. 4.3.1 Project Overview

Project

Services

Wadi School Location

No information available Reclaimed Wood Supplier

Rajkot, India Client

No information available Project Estimate

Kiran Patel,

No information available

Trustee of Galaxy International School Architect

Initiation of Project

Surya Kakani, Kakani Associates Design team

Around 2000 Completion of project

No information available Site Area

Around 2002

23,281 m2 Project Area Approx. 10,407 m2 Metal fabrication No information available

4.3.2 Detailed documentation and the design process 4.3.2.1 Site Introduction:

Fig. 87: Anand Niketan School, Ahmedabad Source: https://image3.mouthshut.com/images/Restaurant/ Photo/-29862_62588.jpg

The Wadi school by Kakani Associates, is an extension of The Galaxy School in Rajkot. The project was assigned to Kakanis after client, Mr. Kiran Patel taken inspiration from Anand Niketan School, Shilaj done by them. Kakanis have used bamboo and thatch as roofing material in the school situated in Ahmedabad. Materials required for the kind of school client was expecting and matches architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideology of working with materials was locally available in Rajkot.

Fig. 88: Site Source: Google Earth Image

4.3.2.2 Conceptual stage of design: Mr. Kiran Patel, client wanted the school to be a space where children could do different kind of activities rather than learning from books. Imagined activities were Yoga, meditation, to be with nature, roam around free, camping and learn to be good citizens. When the project was in thinking level, Kakani had done a visit to Rajkot to analyse the situation around. He had a meet with clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cousin who is a contractor and he was working with the stone chips excavated along while digging wells. These kind of stone chips are available in Saurashtra region. Contractor was building compound wall by preparing a mixture of stone chips, fly-ash, gypsum and a small amount of cement to bind all these materials. Seeing the opportunity and expertise of using recycled materials around them, they started looking for other recycled materials around them to incorporate them in the project.

Fig. 89: Earthquake of 2001

Fig. 90: Conceptual idea of upcoming building

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/29indian-cities-and-towns-highly-vulnerable-to-earthquakes/ article19390192.ece

Also during primary thoughts on the building, the 2001 earthquake took place, humongous quantity of rubble from broken buildings were thrown away. Design team had thought of using waste post-earthquake rubble into the building. They have consulted cousin of client who was already working with recycled materials in order to build walls. The decisions were taken on that current situation which helped them to maintain their working ideology and style. Looking at plan level, design team started thinking of the arrangement of the classrooms and other requirements. The upper is a light-weight & slanting roofing element above the thick walls. They have decided to work with a single-floored module and then repeating it across the site.

Fig. 91: Diagram of initial arrangement of units

4.3.2.3 Design stage: The design team first developed a module which needs to be repeated across the site. In terms of site distribution, there are spaces like classrooms with stores & courtyards, different study-rooms, assembly hall, library, amphitheatre, utilities and two water bodies. While repeating the modules, the design team felt it very monotonous not just in the plan but for user to experience as well. They have thought of cut & fill in the site to create levels. Also they have thought of water body because of any emergency of fire caused by thatch. It also helps to cool the surroundings.

Fig. 92: Cut and fill method

Fig. 93: Plan of one unit

Source: Kakani Associates

Source: Kakani Associates Edited by: Author

All the materials were known before this stage itself. The design team just had to work out the details behind every element in one module and that can be repeated elsewhere.

Fig. 94: Site Plan Source: Kakani Associates Edited by: Author

Further developing the conceptual decision, they have started detailing out the arrangement of plan and finalising the materials. However, they were going to use the similar method of casting walls along with the help of the contractor because their roof were thought be extremely light weighted so that they did not have to worry much about the load being transferred to the walls made of recycled materials.

Fig. 95: View Source: https://3.imimg.com/data3/GR/VM/MY-10411672/gautam_ buddha-250x250.jpg

Fly-ash: Gujarat Electricity Board thermal plant Gypsum-waste: Sanitary ware industry, Thangadh Lime-waste: Tata Chemicals Ltd, Mithapur Post earthquake rubble Across the city, Rajkot

THATCH

BAMBOO SUPPORT FOR THATCH

STEEL PIPES TRUSSES

PRIMARY SUPPORT SYSTEM BEAMS AND COLUMNS

Fig. 96: Axonometric of the structure Source: https://www.archdaily.com.br/br/766253/residencia-na-colinatoob-studio/54e3f064e58eceb94e000041-exploded-axonometric Edited by: Author

For the wall, they have decided of recycled materials below and places where they are brought from: Also, they figured out that they would have to use a little bit of cement in the mixture for mortar to bind it properly. Bamboo Lati (could be from Dang, Gujarat) Date-palm mattes: Kutch Thatch: Kutch, Surendranagar, Dang Recycled wood Local salvage market For the roof structure in trusses, they have decided to use steel pipes from ship-breaking works at Alang as a recycled material. Use of bamboo-frame as the first layer on trusses on which date-palm mattes would lay. Above these mattes, there is a layer of thatch. Also for the windows, they have used recycled wood similar to Kakaniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workspace designed by Kakani Associates. All the materials used in the project are low-embodied and organic and/or recycled which has a major impact on environment.

Doors and windows of Kakani Associatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; workspace are shown to have an idea about the openings in Wadi School:

Fig. 97: References for doors and windows Source: Kakani Associates

The windows were made from the wood recycled from old housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rafters, battens, joists and other wooden logs found after demolition. But the wood was never a compromise in terms or design.

Fig. 98: Workspace of Kakani Associates, Ahmedabad

Execution drawings were done just after the design development level. In terms resolution of plans, sections, elevations, 3D models and details were executed.

4.3.2.4 Construction stage: Site excavation started as per decisions taken as per design development stage. 20 % of building was designed to be on the plinth and 80% is below plinth level with cut & fill method.

Fig. 99: Site diagram showing cut and fill spaces, where grey: fill, beige: Cut

All the raw material for wall, fly-ash, gypsum waste, lime-waste, post-earthquake rubble from broken buildings and cement was brought to the site. The mixture for the walls for prepared on site.

Fig. 100: Preparation of building elements on-site Source: Kakani Associates

Before the final proportion of the mixture of mentioned waste materials, they had made a lot of trials for the wall. After finalising, accordingly material was ordered. Every stage of processing of raw material happened on the site itself as shown in the pictures. Blocks for infill walls and paver blocks were cast on site. Post-earthquake rubble of broken buildings was processed on site with necessary equipments. Except relatively less amount of cement was used to bind the mixture is a non-recycled substance which was brought ready-made. Also for flooring, IPS (Indian Patent 73

Stone) was done. For the steel pipe trusses, they had no limitations in terms of length. In conventional method, regular available pipe length is around 18 ft. In this case also, the truss length was not more than 20 ft. However, there was no issue of any aesthetic aspect in this element so they continued with welding the pipe wherever needed according to their current situation. They would have used an alternative in terms of material if the length was not up-to their requirements, says Kakani.

Fig. 101: Construction layers of Thatch Roof Source: Kakani Associates

Above the layer of pipe slit bamboo were used to support the thatch above it. Also, bamboo were used to support the overhangs of the roof. On the top of bamboo framing, they had a layer of date-palm mattes on which a thick layer of thatch is put which is brought locally but while construction, they had a shortage of thatch so they had to bring it from Kutch, Surendranagar and Dang.

4.3.3 Analysing the design process of Wadi School:

Fig. 102: Diagram of Wadi School Design Process (Broad)

Wadi school started with a similar process alike conventional architectural process of analysing site and feasibility study. In this case, roofing materials were decided in the project introduction stage because of client's requirement after seeing one of the projects of architect. During site visits, architect and design team got familiar with the method of using recycled materials in a compound wall which inspired them to explore and experiment towards using building materials which contains recycled materials and matches Architect's ideology of working with materials. After the earthquake, rubble of demolished buildings were used to make the mixture for the walls. The building units are of single floors which was derived by making the sloping thatched roof. Thus, materials played an important role here, to develop the overall building units configuration. To balance the monotony, 20 % of building is on the plinth and 80 % of the building is below the plinth level. However, unlike the other processes involving recycled materials and the conventional architectural process, the building elements alike blocks for partition walls and paver blocks were made on site with raw recyclable materials. Availability of the material around the location helps a lot in deciding the primary and secondary materials and the method of construction.

4.3.4 Time-line Wadi School design process: • • • • • • • •

SITE

Site in Rajkot Access On-site mapping Sketches, photos of site Analysis of required skills, opportunity and labour Measure Draw Preparation for client meet: Site Document, potential of site Specific requirements of client

CONCEPTUALISATION •

Plotting ideas according to the client’s requirement or site context Extension of an existing school Intention behind the school Inspired from architect’s earlier project »» Similar roofed structure Site visit:

•

Architect met client’s cousin: Contractor »» Compound-wall out of waste materials »» Thought of developing idea further because of material availability and expertise

•

Interstage back and forth Labour and expertise Above both

Developing a single idea at site level. Single floored spaces because of the roof kind Arranging spaces on the site Production for architect’s office:

•

Meet with client: Presentation of initial idea of project

• •

• • • • •

All level plans Sections Elevations Door-window schedule All details

• • •

Contractors Carpenters Electrical

Primary signed:

materials

Recycled wood

•

are

as-

»»

For windows

Basic set of drawings need to be prepared by the design team All level plans Sections Elevations Landscaping

•

Visualisation in terms of 3D simulation, physical models, views, exploded isometric, etc. Simultaneously, in touch with,

•

Software use:

Making of building elements on-site

Minor changes according to on-site design development Regular site visits by Architect or design team-member. Handover to

Developed a module and idea of repeating it across the site »» Spaces with courtyard »» Water-body »» Trees

For roofing »» Steel pipes recycled from Alang shipping yard »» Bamboo »» Palm-mattes »» Thatch

Begins from foundation Excavation for cut and fill

Development of the concept verified by client Sizes of spaces, heights, volume, opening sizes, levels, sun-angle & shadow calculations, wind direction, etc.

Composite for walls »» Post-earthquake rubble »» Fly-ash »» Gypsum waste »» Cement

CONSTRUCTION

Wall Paver blocks Blocks for infill: Partition wall

EXECUTION

Resolving every detail of the project Try-outs on site for walls and paver blocks mixture Prepare working drawings Minor changes in design due to circumstances faced by practicality Schedule of works Production list to be shared with contractor:

•

Idea of using post-earthquake rubble in the walls

Conceptual diagrams Mass models Collages Initial Bill of Quantities

•

Earthquake 2001 happened during this stage

• • • •

•

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

• •

•

Contractors Skills and labour required Structural engineer Client MEP consultants

AutoCAD SketchUp Different rendering softwares

Brief is frozen at this stage Meet with contractors: Shared drawings Skills and labour Detailed Bill of Quantities

Meet with client

Presentation of whole project Drawings Views Renders Walk-through Detailed Bill of Quantities Finalise the design and a contractor

INFERENCES

5.1 Inferences from a comparative study of the three cases in scenario of recycled materials There is a thin line between method-1 and method-2 (Salvaged materials and reconditioned materials respectively) which allowed the architect to react upon the material while designing. In both methods, materials are being salvaged from local area. In method-3 (RCBP- Recycled content Building products) usually takes less time for a project to construct rather than methods 1 and 2 because of design method and construction method. In methods 1 and 2, materials take more time to get designed, resolved and executed because one has to work responsibly with it.

Unique Features Design stages

Collage House

23/B

Wadi School

Site analysis

Site located on a hill, Found mountain rock which they thought of using it in design Started with a brief which changed later on

Retained the foundation and construct on a same plinth of an old house belongs to client/Architect Flexibility at its peak and property of reassemble anywhere in future In a metal skeleton, infill materials were brought and designed on site, no drawings except of metal frame were used to design

Extension of an existing school

After demolition of the old house, detailed out and constructed the whole infill part on-site without any official drawings except some sketches

Trying out different type of mixtures of recycled materials for a wall

Conceptualisation

Design Development

Execution

Construction

Started conventionally with resolving out each building element but idea of using recycled materials from one element got carried out in the project which lead towards changing the brief Mock models were made to try the details and then detailed drawings, consulted with respective artisan Involvement of skill in the project and value of their suggestions and opinions about the work

Single floored spaces with thatch roof, use of recycled materials In a module, to use everything recycled and/ or organic materials to reduce the carbon footprint

Except metal pipes, every material was made on site: blocks, wall mixture, rubble breaking, etc.

Similarities & Differences (A = A does not belong to that parameter.) Design stages

Collage House (A)

23/B (B)

Site analysis

S: Feasibility study (B), client meetings, measure draw site D: Project scales, type of site, material thoughts and stock

Conceptualisation

S: constant brief (A), client meetings, drawings,

Design Development

D: change in concept D: materials derived D: some of the materials later on from concept, budget derived from clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s constraints, no small requirements scaled mass models, S: Introduction to recycled materials (B), typical design development

Execution

D: Brief had changed D: Materials were brought while resolving elements on site to work with, one by one in this stage, visualisation happened on site while working, no drawings, some sketches S: Prepared working drawings (B),

Construction

D: Made mock models D: Prepared working D: on-site while resolving drawings only for the details, connection with metal structure, skilled labour to resolve efficiently S: On-site design development, regular site visits D: Material loss, had to think of alternative, back and forth between this stage and previous stage

Wadi School (C)

D: Resolving building in terms of spatial quality keeping in mind the materials

D: Began from D: Building elements demolishing old house, were prepared on site design development in this with raw material, stage, drawings made after construction

Dependence on Time Design stages

Collage House

23/B

Wadi School

Site analysis

If site and footprint is same as old house, - Time reduces in feasibility study and site analysis

Conceptualisation

-Takes less time to decide the concept because clients know the discomfort from the old house. -E.g. Here, client felt lack of flexibility in the old house. So, in the new house, it simply became the design generator. -Depending on the design process of what to retain and what to remove, time utilised in design development takes shape accordingly. -Also, nature of chosen materials would be different and skills needed for specific materials should be looked upon which consumes time accordingly. -E.g. Wood used here for infill took more time compared to steel and other materials used in project.

-Sometimes clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ideas lead towards materials selection in the projects which decides the skill-set requirements and time-consumption accordingly.

Design Development

-Time to find out appropriate recycled materials according to the elements of the buildings. -The recycled materials are not always preprepared for construction, so reprocessing of the materials takes additional time.

-Time to find out appropriate recycled materials according to the elements of the buildings.

Execution

Construction

-Working with recycled materials requires clarity in terms of resolving the details of the building elements. -To achieve clarity indepth, different methods should be used to make trial models on site. -A lot of back and forth happens between trials and drawings to resolve details and combinations for the whole project.

-Sometimes, resolving Preparation of quality the building elements Building components fundamentally takes made from raw more time in the recyclable materials beginning of the project takes time to get tested but after developing in samples and then to be a rhythm, the flow of used in the project. working remains equal. -E.g. In this project, the wood took time in reprocessing of it in finishing, fixing the louvres in doors and windows, fixing the joints, greasing etc. -While construction, on-site development becomes complex thus time consuming while dealing with recycled materials. -Recycled materials require much attention working with them in order to skills and availability issues. -Back and forth in design, and execution happens simultaneously dealing with the material seller.

Most non-conventional skill used Design stages

Collage House

Site analysis

Conceptualisation

Design Development

Execution

Construction

23/B

Wadi School

The site was old and belonged to the same client, no need of mapping Developed a new brief Material collection and re- after involving recycled processing materials in next stage Involving recycled Designing with material materials in building brought on-site with the elements to fulfil the design help of only doodles and purpose, began to involve sketches more recycled materials in design, search for recycled materials in town, lead towards changing the brief, Real scale mocks while No execution drawings preparing execution made except metal frame drawings structure Skilled labour whose Choosing and buying Building elements suggestions matter a lot material whenever needed, prepared on site with while construction recycled raw materials

Materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; control Design stages

Collage House

23/B

Site analysis

-Found any building material around site could be thought of using in the design -Found mountain rock which they thought of using it in design in walls and rainwater harvesting tank

Conceptualisation

-After the brief changed, the concept and design was driven by recycled materials. -New method can be discovered in order to work with the design which involves different materials

Design Development

-After involving recycled materials, the project revolved around the recycled materials -Design method and creative vision had to be modified accordingly the design -While hunting for recycled materials, new ideas discovered about new elements in the project

-Materials can be decided while analysing retained and demolished building elements -Decided to retain the plinth thus thought of using steel structural material supported by the plinth beams -After the concept was decided as flexibility from the requirements, -Due to budget constraints they had to choose wood as infill material. -Thus time, labour & skill, re-processing, working method was accordingly managed. -Skill here in terms of labour, was to correctly work with the wooden louvred windows and doors. Managing the same is a task because the material is decades older.

Execution

-Back and forth between creating the mock models containing various recycled materials and working drawings sometimes lead towards changing materials wholly or partly

Wadi School -

-Client was inspired by one of the old projects of Kakani which has thatch roof. It ended up deciding the initial materials and creating a single floored paces with slanting roofs -Sometimes found material may lead towards driving the design which can cause limitations. -E.g. Here, the pipes found were not a limitation in making of trusses. However, in making of the building components, the raw recyclable materials were brought on site which was not a constraint they had to consider while designing. -

Construction

-The recycled materials make modifications in methods of construction -Sometimes, if the elements in buildings are resolved till a certain level then the designer orders sufficient materials from the seller.

Method of design is different which results mistakes in the calculation of preordering the material, one have to be in touch with the seller thoroughly in the time of construction

Method of making building elements onsite from recyclable raw materials totally depends on the material.

5.2 Inferences from Recycled Building Process (inclusive of 3 cases) against Conventional process. All three methods compared to conventional architectural process, take slightly more time in design and construction because of high frequency in back and forth. Working with recycled materials, demands more attention in terms of designing and resolving compared to conventional virgin materials. New and extra skills in drawings and specialised labour are required along with architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s different way to look at the design strategy. Unlike method 1 and 2, method 3 is largely similar to the conventional process in terms of construction and design. Type of drawings may vary between method 1-2 and method-3 & conventional method. In method 1-2, many design decisions are taken on site rather than office because they have to work with it in order to resolve it in 1:1. When in method-3, drawings can be made in office and contractors may execute it on their own under architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s supervision similar to the typical process. Architectural Conventional design process and Design process contains Recycled materials Design stages

Similarities

Site analysis

Feasibility study (B), Client meetings, Project scales, type of site, material Measure draw site, thoughts and stock

Conceptualisation

Constant brief (B), initial Bill of Type of drawings, Concept could change Quantities, client meetings, according to further development, materials could be derived from concept, visualisation: drawings and mass models does not become necessary, Sizes of spaces, heights, volume, Change in brief while designing elements opening sizes, levels, sun-angle & on by one, dealing consciously with shadow calculations, wind direction, different materials, different methods etc., representation method (B), Basic of visualisation, Software depends on set of drawings, meetings with client, offices, brief could be modified, design contractors and consultants, analysis could still change in further stages so of required skills and labour, detailed can not justify as a final design. bill of quantities Resolving every detail of the project, Schedule of works depend on the prepare working drawings, very minor current situation of the project, on-site changes in design due to practicality, mock models to resolve an element all working drawings to be shared and applying observations to working with contractors (B) and respective drawings, executioners

Design Development

Execution

Construction

Differences

Site- clearance and beginning of construction, minor changes according to on-site design development, regular site visits by architect or design team member,

Flow of material availability, could start from demolition, building materials preparation from recyclable materials on site while construction

Collage House (A), 23/B (B) and Wadi School (C) (A = A does not belong to that parameter.)

Dependence on Time Design stages

Similarities

Architectural Conventional Design process contains design process Recycled materials Site analysis -In most cases the site treatment and way forward is according to the conventional design process and use of recycled materials or conventional materials comes later. Conceptualisation If the process is driven by recycled materials then method to construct the concept varies due to availability, type, quantity of recycled materials. Design Development -Resolving the spaces -Usually materials are -If materials are involved and requirements involved in this stage thus, in this stage, the time is according to client involving materials in the spent to find the materials design and modifications in enough quantity and required skill-set to work with the materials efficiently Execution -Changes which -These changes are minor -These changes are not part of the due to regular methods and sometimes are major and schedule of works materials used everyday in affect many stages alike occur on site while India. design development and construction adds to conceptual. the time estimated -The materials are before construction. recycled thus treating, experimenting, resolving and then making drawings takes more time. Construction -Due to weather Takes more time conditions and on-site in reprocessing the design development, materials to get ready time utilisation for construction, e.g., increases metal structure gets ready rapidly but wood works take long because of type of material and reprocessing -Mostly exact time can not be pre-thought in both the cases because of a lot of back and forth in the Design processes but in the design process inclusive of recycled materials usually takes more time due to material finding, reprocessing and working with it.

Most non-conventional skill required Design stages Site analysis

Architectural Conventional design Design process contains Recycled process materials No mapping of site in-detail in (B)

Conceptualisation

Brief was modified, material collection had started already

Design Development

Execution

Involving recycled materials and working out design elements lead to change in brief, search for more recycled materials for the building, designing on-site by sketching and doodling with materials available, Real scale mock models on site to resolve working drawings in detail, sometimes no execution drawings needed while working with materials on-site designing

Construction

Collage House (A), 23/B (B) and Wadi School (C) (A = A does not belong to that parameter.)

Skills, specialised Labour, Space for experimentation: Design stages

Similarities

Architectural Conventional Design process contains design process Recycled materials Site analysis -Design team -In case of to build on working on site existing site: Site mapping study, feasibility with specific measures study, sketches, and taken in order to demolish documentation. the old house. -Measures should be taken considering what to demolish-retain, preimagining upcoming spaces while deciding what to retain. Conceptualisation -Design team works -Design team prepares -In most of the projects, the on the larger idea diagrams, mass models, site design process is driven by according to the report for client materials thus the skillrequirements and set is decided prior who context. can work with chosen materials. -Dealing with spaces in which recycled materials are used require specific set of designers who may already have interest or worked with these kind of projects Design Development -Design team -Visualisation in mediums of -While design process develops the views, renders, 3D models, is driven by recycled finalised idea further physical models, etc. by materials, mediums to with the guidance design team to understand design may differ of MEP consultants the project visually -Sometimes doodles/ and structural sketches and human engineer. reference helps designing with chosen recycled materials Execution Design team: working Detailing out joineries and drawings, other elements along with carpenters/fabricators, Construction Regular site- Skilled labour to work with experimentation on site visits by Architect usual conventional materials to clarify the decision, or design-team building materials member preparation on site

Drawings Design stages

Similarities

Architectural Conventional Design process contains design process Recycled materials Site analysis Site plan-sections Existing house plan (B) with context and with site, trees, sketches, Conceptualisation Site level diagrams, concept sketches, abstract views, collages, Design Development All level plans, Representation drawings: Doodles and sketches (B) sections, elevations, views, isometric drawings landscape plan Execution All working drawings, Drawings of a Metal architectural details, frame structure door-window schedule, Construction Sketches, doodles on-site to explain the details to carpenters and labour Representation drawings were prepared after the construction Collage House (A), 23/B (B) and Wadi School (C) (A = A does not belong to that parameter.)

After looking at the case studies and inferences, general statement can be released as if we see Conventional design process, it can be explained in five design stages. However, in "Unconventional design process in which recycled materials are used, there are undefined stages which can not be explained as easily as Conventional design process. In the standard architectural practice, there is a sense of certainty in terms of Time, cost, materials, staff-team members, places for experimentation, etc. But in the unconventional method involving recycled materials, is totally/partially uncertain in above mentioned parameters. However, different architects who use recycled materials have unique approaches towards their projects which could be easier or harder compared to taken case studies in this research. The various design processes depends upon the region(site), availability, thought process, working method, etc. E.g., First method which uses existing material obtained from the same site which may have major impact on the design process of the project. The division of stages in all cases here becomes essential to identify the design process part by part and to compare with the conventional design process.

References

Addo-Atuah, K. (n.d.). Vernacular Architecture: The Indigenous Materials and Construction Techniques of Ghana. Retrieved from https://architizer.com/: https://architizer.com/blog/ practice/materials/local-materials-and-techniques-in-ghana/ Design Buildings Wiki. (2013, September 12). Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_design_process Design Buildings Wiki. (2013, September 12). Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_design_process Different Stages in the Architectural Process. (2018, July 27). Retrieved from https://www. bluentcad.com/: https://www.bluentcad.com/blog/different-stages-in-the-architecturalprocess/ Eericrogers. (2018, 05 09). Phases of Architectural Design. Retrieved from WAGSTAFF + ROGERS ARCHITECTS: http://www.wagstaffrogersarch.com/blog/phases-architecturaldesign Green, J. (2012). Sustainable Designs Should Also Be Beautiful. THE DIRT- Uniting the Built and Natural Environments. Mark Gorgolewski, L. M. (2009). The Process of Designing with Reused Building Components. CMS2009: Conference on Construction Material Stewardship - LIFECYCLE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS, SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS (p. 5). Rotterdam (Netherlands): In-house publishing. Mark Gorgolewski, L. M. (n.d.). The Process of Designing with Reused Building Components . 01. Muresan, F. (2019, November 11). Masonry Construction: Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved from NEARBY ENGINEERS: https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/masonryconstruction-advantages-and-disadvantages Schneider, L. (2019, February 20). 6 Phases of the Design Process. Retrieved from Schooley Caldwell: https://www.schooleycaldwell.com/architecture-explained-the-6-phases-ofdesign S.N.B. Hodgson, J. H. (2004). EFFECTIVE USE OF MATERIALS IN THE. DELFT: Loughborough University,. Statutary Body of Government of India . (2015, 10 13). Comprehensive Architectural Services. Retrieved from Council of Architecture: https://www.coa.gov.in/index1. php?lang=1&level=2&&sublinkid=294&lid=81#Top

USING RECYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS

Niravkumar Patel Guided by: Prof. Urvi Desai 94