Summer Training Report - CSIR CBRI Roorkee

TRAINING REPORT 2018 TRAINING REPORT MAY - AUGUST

CSIR-CBRI Roorkee Submitted by Nirbhay Singh B.Arch 4th year Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Under the supervision of Dr. Ashok Kumar Chief Scientist, Architecture and Planning Group CSIR- CBRI Roorkee

I here by declare that the Training report submitted by me is uniquely prepared after the completion of three months (May- Aug 2018) training at CSIR- Central Building Research Institute Roorkee. This report is only prepared for my academic requirement not for any other purpose. I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree.

Place : Roorkee Date : 20th November 2018

Nirbhay Singh B.Arch 4th year IIT Roorkee

DECLARATION

This summer training is of an immense academic record and value for the student of any professional course, this practical experience has given me an extra confidence in my performance. I would like to thanks Dr. Ashok Kumar who has given me the honour to complete my summer training in the field of Energy Efficiency. His immense expertise in the field of architecture serves as boon for me. My heartiest thanks are also to Dr. E. Rajasekar, who further taught me the practical impact of various studied parameters in Built Enviroment. Initially, It wasn’t a easy process at all. A period of 3 months with specific timelines given by Ashok sir not only expanded my horizon but also paved a concrete path to my future learning in Architecture.

After the training I reliased how much these minute parameters affects our living comfort zones. In this process, my design understanding and design process evolve into wide range of considerations and also I started thinking more practical aspects of certain elements.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CSIR-CENTRAL BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) at Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India, is a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India and has been vested with the responsibility of generating, cultivating and promoting building science and technology in the service of the country.

The Institute maintains relationships with national and international standards setting groups like CIB in the Netherlands; TWAS in Italy; BRE in the United Kingdom; ASTM in the United States; CSIRO in Australia; RILEM in France; BRS in Canada and UNCHS in Nairobi, Kenya.

At the national level of India, the Institute has close interaction with BMTPC, HUDCO, DST, Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Rural Areas, Housing Boards and Societies of the State Governments, engineering and academic institutions, construction and building material industries.

ABOUT CBRI

14th May to 22th May

23rd May to 15th June

Basic understanding of various climatic zones.

Design strategies and practices.

Study of SP-41.ECBC and basics of Ashrae.

TIMELINE

16th June to 1st July

Preparation of various residential apartment plans. Parallely reading various research papers.

2nd July to 14th July

15th July to 24th July

Started basic analysis on Design Builder. Rejection and acceptance of plans based on their daylighting.

Parallely understanding of DDH,HDD,CDD etc.

Started in depth analysis on Design Builder. Understanding of various design parameters like wall thickness, insulation, material etc.

25th July to 14th Aug

Preparing reports, graphs based on their analysis on Design Builder. Relative impacts in various climate zones.

WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE In warm and humid climatic regions, high temperatures are accompanied by very high humidity levels leading to immense discomfort. In warm-humid climates, the nights are usually warm and there is very little diurnal variation (often less than 5 deg C). Cross ventilation is hence very essential here. Adequate shading measures are also necessary to protect the building from direct solar radiation.

1. SITE a) Landform -For flat sites, for design consideration for the landform is immaterial.

-In case of slopes and depressions, the building should be located on windward side or crest to take advantage of cool breeze.

More wind pressure on the crest

b) Open spaces & build form -Buildings should be spread out with large open spaces in between for unrestricted air movement.

-In cities, buildings on stilts can promote ventilation and cause cooling at ground level.

Preferably longest side should be along East-west direction.

So that minimum exposure to east and west facade

d) Street width & orientation -A north-south direction is ideal from the point of view of blocking solar radiation.

-The width of street should be such that the intense solar radiation during late morning and early afternoon is avoid during the summers.

2. Rooms Orientation & Planform a) As temperature is not very high, free plans can be evolve as long as house is under protective shade. b) An obstructed air path through the interiors ate important to ensure proper ventilation. c) The buildings could be long and narrow to allow cross-ventilation. A singly loaded corridor plan. a) Heat and moisture producing areas like toilets and kitchens must be ventilated and separated from the rest of structure. b) Semi open spaces such as balconies & porches can be used advantageously for day time activity.. c) In multistoried building a central courtyard can be provided with vents at higher level to draw away rising hot air.

c) Water bodies Water bodies are not essential as they would tend to further increase in humidity.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

3. Building shapes a) Of all geometrical shapes, the lowest surface-volume ratio is that in case of a circular building. b) The circular form of the building also enhances natural ventilation inside the building. c) The lesser the Surface-Volume Ratio of a dwelling unit lesser is the heat gained by the building. d) But since functionally, circular shape is not ideal, alternative similar alternatives can be hexagonal or octagonal shaped dwelling units.

4. Building Envelope a) Roof -In addition to provide shelter from rain and heat, the form of roof should be planned to promote air flow.

-Vents at the rooftop effectively induce ventilation and draw hot air out.

-Insulation doesn’t provide any additional benefit.

- A double roof with a ventilated space in between can also be used to promote air flow.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

b) Walls - The walls must also be designed to promote air flow so as to counter the prevalent humidity. Baffle walls, both inside and outside the building can help to divert the flow of wind inside.

- They should be protected from the heavy rainfall prevalent in such areas. b) Fenestration - Cross ventilation is of utmost importance in warm and humid climatic regions.

- All doors & windows should preferably be kept open for maximum ventilation for most of years.

- These must be provided with venetian blinds to shelter the rooms from the sun and rain, as well as for control of movement.

- The opening should be shaded by external overhangs.

- Outlets at higher level serve to vent hot air. c) Thermal mass construction Thermal mass is most appropriate in climates with a large diurnal temperature range. As a rule of thumb, diurnal ranges of less than 6°C are insufficient, 7°C to 10°C can be useful depending on the climate; and where they exceed 10°C, high mass construction is desirable. Correct use of thermal mass can delay heat flow through the building envelope by as much as 10 to 12 hours, producing a warmer house at night in winter and a cooler house during the day in summer. d) Color & Texture - The walls should be painted light pastel shades or whitewashed, white surface of the roof be of broken tile to reflect sunlight back to the environment, and hence reduce heat gain.

- The surface finish should be protected from effects of moisture.

- The use of appropriate colors & surface finishes is a cheap & very effective technique to lower indoor temperature.

5. Evaporative cooling -It will be neither effective nor desirable as it would increase the humidity.

Other Strategies - Ceiling fans are effective in reducing level of discomfort in this climate.

- In case of air conditioned buildings, dehumidification plays an important role in design of plant.

- Careful water proofing & drainage of water are essential consideration of building design due to heavy rainfall.

- Desiccant cooling techniques can be employed as they reduce the humidity level.

HOT-DRY Climates 1. Orientation of building Orientation of building in this climatic zone should be such that non-habitat rooms can be located on outer faces to act as thermal barrier. Longer walls of building should face North & South so that the building gets minimum solar exposure.

Preferably the kitchen should be located on leeward side of the building to avoid circulation of hot air and smell from the kitchen.

2. Flooring / Roofing Terracing should be provided on the flat roof with mud phuska, lime concrete, foamed concrete or burnt clay block paving over roof slab.

-Pale surfaces (especially the roof) to reflect the sun; -Double roof; -Reflective foil insulation in the roof and walls is essential; 5. Water features Water features such as fountains and little garden pools are beneficial, if water supply permits.

6. Vegetation -Vegetation and verandas around the house, to provide shade.

-Vegetation around the house is desirable, to filter dust from the air, by impaction.

7. Construction materials -Considerable heat-storage capacity (bricks, stone, concrete) is needed in living areas, to keep daytime temperatures down; -Bedrooms should be of lighter construction, so they cool quickly at night; -Roof-mounted exhaust fans can cool buildings at night by extracting hot air via grilles in the ceiling and replacing it with cool air drawn in through open windows; 3. Walls -Walls with light and shining paints on outer surface have good reflective quality and do not absorb heat. The surface of walls should be smooth and non-dust catching type.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

-Walls constructed with hollow blocks / bricks and Cavity Walls can also be provided as they provide very good thermal insulation.

4. Windows and openings East, west and south walls should have minimum or no windows in order to exclude the low angle east and west sun. However, windows on west facade can be provided with vertical louvers as it is the direction of breeze.

North walls more windows should be provided in the north facade of the building.

3. Wind and Sun requirements At times orientation for wind and for sun give conflicting requirements, solar orientation should take precedence, as there are ways of deflecting wind, but no ways of altering the sun’s movement.

4. Evaporative cooling Because of the low humidity of the air: -Evaporative coolers work well in the dry atmosphere, and use little energy; -The natural evaporative cooling effect of plants will be specially effective; Main walls and windows should face the wind direction in order to allow maximum cross-ventilation of the rooms.To reduce the effect of hot dusty winds, the leeward side of the house is better.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONESSTUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

c)) Street Width d And d Orientation • In cold climates, the street orientation should be east-west to allow for maximum south sun to enter the building. The street should be wide enough to ensure that the buildings on one side do not shade those on the other side (i.e. solar access should be ensured)

ORIENTATION AND PLANFORM • Buildings must be compact with small surface to volume ratios to reduce heat loss.

• Windows should face south to facilitate direct gain.

• The north side of the building should be well-insulated.

• Living areas can be located on the southern side while utility areas such as stores can be on the northern side.

• Air-lock lobbies at the entrance and exit points of the building reduce heat loss. • Heat generated by appliances In rooms such as kitchens may be used to heat the other parts of the building.

BUILDING ENVELOPE (a) Roof • False ceilings with internal insulation such as polyurethane foam (PUF), thermocol, wood wool, etc. are feasible for houses in cold climates. • Aluminium foil is generally used between the insulation layer and the roof to reduce heat loss to the exterior.

A sufficiently sloping roof enables quick drainage of rain water and snow.

A solar air collector can be incorporated on the south facing slope of the roof and hot air from it can be used for space heating purposes.

• Skylights on the roofs admit heat as well as light in winters.

Skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over heating in summers. (b) Walls • Walls should be made of materials that lose heat slowly.

The south-facing walls (exposed to solar radiation) could be of high thermal capacity (such as Trombe wall) to store day time heat for later used.

The walls should also be insulated.

The Insulation should have sufficient vapour barrier (such as two coats of bitumen, 300 to 600 gauge polyethylene sheet or aluminium foil) on the warm side to avoid condensation.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

(c) Fenestration • It is advisable to have the maximum window area on the southern side of the building to facilitate direct heat gain.

They should be sealed and preferably double glazed to avoid heat losses during winter nights.

• Condensation in the air space between the panes should be prevented, • Movable shades should be provided to prevent overheating in summers. (d) Colour And Texture • The external surfaces of the walls should be dark in colour so that day absorb heat from the sun.

A Trombe wall is a south-facing masonry wall covered with glass spaced a few inches away. Sunlight passes through the glass and is absorbed and stored by the wall. The wall has vents provided at both upper and lower parts for air circulation. The glass and airspace keep the heat from radiating back to the outside.

Hollow and lightweight concrete blocks are also quite suitable.

Skylights can be provided with shutters to avoid over heating in summers.

On the windward or north side, a cavity wall type of construction may be adopted.

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

STUDY OF VARIOUS CLIMATIC ZONES

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS

An assessment of Building Design parameters in Residential Apartments Abstract Ever since the evolution of mankind, we living beings using the resources relentlessly. With continuous climate change and ascending air temperature the need for comfort environment is of prime importance now a days. The problem that persists in Indian context is the lack of proper natural ventillation and day lighting.

Due to which it becomes necessary to depend on artficial equipments to support our living conditions.Though these artficial equipments support our lifestyle but they results in huge negative consequences on environment. There are several energy efficient measures through which we can optimize the energy demands in residential buildings. There is a need of building to be climate responsive which follows certain standard and serves as a better living environment for people and community.

This paper explores the various building design parameters and their roles in affecting the building energy consumption in terms of change in cooling load, variation in air temperature at the building level, unit level and zone level. In India, moving from North i.e, Jammu & Kashmir to South i.e, Kerala there exists a wide diversification in thermal zones. We wiil be able to analyze that how this climate change affects the performance of building and what design strategies are supports the particular climate.

Introduction For the purpose of study we have taken 3 different climatic zones of India – Warm and Humid, Hot and Dry, Colder Climate and cities chosen as per the respective climate zones are Trivandram, Jaipur and Shillong. In these thermal zones we will explore explore the boundness of following design parameters – 1. Orientation 2. Wall Material 3. Wall Thickness 4. Effect of Shading Devices 5. Roof Insulation

Analysis of following plan has been done on Design builder

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS BUILDING ANALYSIS

Warm and Humid Climate - Trivandrum Orientation Table 1 represents the base case for the orientation of the building.

In the base case the building has almost equal exposed area on all 4 facades and maximum opening is in West exterior. In the wake of pivoting the building clockwise arranged by 900 orientation from the base case, the best outcomes as far as lessening the cooling load and Energy consumptionn are acquired when it is 900 to the base case. In the best scenario it has the maximum opening on North exterior and least opening on the South veneer.

Total

North (315 to 45 deg)

East (45 to 135 deg)

South (135 to 225 deg)

West (225 to 315 deg)

Gross Wall Area [m2]

778.53

192.65

196.75

192.39

196.74

Above Ground Wall Area [m2]

778.53

192.65

196.75

192.39

196.74

Window Opening Area [m2]

119.84

29.92

18.28

29.94

41.70

Gross Window-Wall Ra o [%]

15.39

15.53

9.29

15.56

21.20

Above Ground Window-Wall Ra o [%]

15.39

15.53

9.29

15.56

21.20

Wall Material When it comes to heat gain, a high performance building envelope is imperative to building energy consumption. There are variants of walling material available in the market in the terms of brick and concrete. They perform differentially in different climatic zones.

Below is the analysis done on 5 different materials varied in terms of their composition, porosity etc.

AAC block and Insulated wall with thin air cavity performs much better in comparison to other materials in terms of building Annual Energy consumption. Concrete block due to its high thermal conductivity and high thermal mass is the poorest walling material in Warm and Humid climate.

Wall Material Burnt Clay Brick AAC block Insulated wall Heavy weight concrete block Hollow concrete block

Total Energy Consump on(kWh) 160054 144838 143459 164377 152436

Table 2.1 - Annual Energy consump on of the building Unit Level

Fig 2.1 – Total Cooling load on a single unit on GF and FF

BUILDING ANALYSIS

For the particular unit there is variation in Annual cooling load on the Ground floor and 1st floor(Fig 1.1). There is as much as difference of 2000 kWh cooling load in AAC to Heavyweight concrete block. Insulated wall results in lowest cooling load whereas brick wall and concrete block wall results in highest cooling load.

Zone Level We have tried to analyze the results on two different zones of a unit one having occupancy schedule of Bedroom and other of Living Room. The results were limited to particular month featuring Summer(June) and Winter (December). The cooling load in Bed room at a particular day of June normally varies from 10 kWh to 12 kWh with variation of 1-1.5 kWh of cooling load from best to worst material where as in December 15 kWh to 21 kWh with

Building analysis BUILDING ANALYSIS

2. AAC Block wall Wall Thickness The essential explication behind more Energy consumption in current structures is its low thermal mass because of which temperature varies generally affecting outside and inward Heat loads. Thickness of wall affects the natural conduction through building envelope in a structure. Increment in thickness of wall results is increase in thermal mass and higher the thermal mass causes time lag and longer it will take for heat waves to pass on.

Below is the analysis done on 3 diffferent walling material.

1.Brick Wall Incrementing the wall thickness from 115 mm to 230 mm, the Annual Total Energy Consumption decreases by an amount of 5000 kWh. Similarly further increase in thickness by the same amount results in more decrease than that of the anterior amount.

Wall Thickkness 115mm 230mm 345mm

Although AAC block wall performs best in terms reducing Energy consumption in a building, but the variation due to changes in thickness in low.

Total Energy Consump on(kWh) 165547 160054 152476

BUILDING ANALYSIS

3. Concrete Block Due to the high thermal mass of concrete block, the energy consumption is very high. Indeed, Even the higher thickness wall performs ineffectively in terms of lessening cooling load on the building. The cooling load on the building with 250mm concrete block is even higher than 115 mm brick wall.

4. Hollow Concrete Block The presence of air cavity in hollow concrete block makes it more durable material than concrete block. After the AAC block it performs best as far as Low Energy utilization and decreasing the cooling load on the building. The expansion in thickness resembles with the decrease in cooling load.

Wall Thickness 200mm 250mm 300mm

Building analysis

Total Energy Consump on(kWh) 155257 152436 149753

Effect of Shading In any building fenestrations are the most consequential source of heat gain.

In order to minimize this heat gain, installation of efficacious shading contrivance over windows can have a sizably voluminous impact on reducing the cooling load. They helps in reducing the glare coming inside the room and enhances the better link to the environment.

Fig 1,2,3 represents the shading devices annexed the each facade modelled on the Solar Tool, These shading devices evade the direct solar radiation 80-90 % of time.

Zone Level In two different thermal zones (Bed Room and Living Room), the results are not much visible. There is only slight variation of 0.5 to 1 kWh in Cooling load on a particular day in June while in December we can see a significant variation in cooling load of order 0 to 6 kWh in a day.

Use of shading device on each building facade helps in reducing around 6000 kWh of total building energy consumption Annually(Table 3).

Unit Level There is reduction of around 500 kWh in cooling load on a unit. The reduction is of same order both on 1st aas well as ground floor. However, the absolute cooling load is more on 1st floor than on ground floor as it is expected due to exposed roof surface.

BUILDING ANALYSIS

East facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm (15 degree tilted) Vertical member depth 400mm (15 degree tilted)

West facing windows Horizontal member depth450mm (15 degree tilted) Vertical member depth 450mm (15 degree tilted)

Building analysis

North facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm Vertical member depth 400mm

South facing windows Horizontal member depth500mm

Roof Insulation The exorbitant heat transferred through the roof- top is one of the fundamental driver of thermal distress in a building. Opportune insulation with the structural component of roof can be a salubrious measure to reduce the heat gain in the building. Table 2 reflects the Total Energy Consumption in the building with and without insulation.

There has been a wide reduction in energy consumption of 17550 kWh annually for the entire building block.

Roof Uninsulated Insulated

Zone Level Getting into the more deepend analysis the variation of cooling load w.r.t. the outside air temperature in the Bed Room and Living Room avails us to understand the result in 2 different thermal zones. In the Bed Room,the variation of cooling load emanates from 0 to 7 kWh in the month of December while in Summer (June) the variation is in between 10 to 14 kWh in a day with and without roof Insulation.

Similarly in the Living Room, the winters witnesses the variation of 2 to 3 Kwh in December and 4 to 5 kWh in June.

Total Energy Consump on(kWh) 160054 142504

Annual Energy consump on of the building Unit Level The outcomes are all the more encouraging on a solitary unit. The difference between the cooling load on a 1st floor unit is around 2000 kWh and on the ground floor, there is only a significant reduction in cooling load of 500 kWh in a year.

BUILDING ANALYSIS

COMPOSITE CLIMATE New Delhi

Building analysis

Orientation

Wall Thickness

BUILDING ANALYSIS

Wall Material

Building analysis

Effect of Shading

East facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm

West facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm (15 degree tilted) Vertical member depth 400mm

North facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm Vertical member depth 400mm

South facing windows Horizontal member depth400mm (15 degree tilted) Vertical member depth 400mm (15 degree tilted)

BUILDING ANALYSIS

Ceiling Height Roof Insulation

Building analysis

CONCLUSION Energy efficiency is at the forefront of current debates about building technology. The incrementing population, decrementing fossil-predicated energy resources, elevating emissions of deleterious gases are the main motivators of energy efficiency in buildings. Albeit the energy consumption of buildings varies according to factors such as social differences, climate, geographical location, and cultural habits, it is estimated that around 40% of the annual energy consumed in the world is utilized in the buildings today.

While the passive design measures for comfort conditions of buildings were taken before the 20th century, by inventing and using different energy sources, modern buildings were designed independently from the climate, using mostly active systems. This increased energy consumption heavily in order to maintain comfort conditions. Emerging technology, increasing population, changing social life as well as the understanding of space and comfort have also been influenced by this change.

Based on all studied considerations, energy efficient design strategies that could be the basis for future proposals are listed below: • It should be targeted that energy consumption in construction and operation stages should be transformed from negative to positive, which means that buildings should be producing more energy than they consume.

It is necessary to consider that the energy consumed to obtain the building must be able to be compensated with positive energy production during the operation phase.

It is necessary to set the target for reducing the carbon footprint not only for the use phase but also for the construction process, by selecting suitable material and of suitable thickness.

It should not be forgotten that the most important factor for the energy consumption of buildings is actually the occupants/the users. So, selection of proper active system as per their schedule program is very important.

User-oriented design and operation processes should be considered for positive energy buildings.

References 1. ECBC 2007 User guide published by Bureau of Energy Efficiency 2. IS SP 41 (S & T) : Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings 3. National Building Code of India 4. Thermal comfort characteristics in naturally ventilated, residential apartments in a hot-dry climate of India A Udaykumar, E Rajasekar, R Venkateswaran 5. Indicators of Energy Efficiency in Cold-Climate buildings Alan K. Meier 6. Manual On Door And Window Details For Residential Buildings CPWD

THANK YOU

Email - nsingh@ar.iitr.ac.in

Contact no. : +91-8126481717