The Linguist - Autumn edition

Autumn edition 2018

editorial Dear readers, It’s finally the season to be amused and to enjoy since this was yet another incredibly busy term at NLCS. And what better way to celebrate entertainment than with languages. We, linguists, truly believe that languages provide us with pleasure and languages themselves can be an event, a performance designed to entertain others. So we focused on the languages that we study, that we speak and that live within us and we brought you our personal vision of entertainment throughout the world.

So amuse yourselves and enjoy your reading!

The Linguist Team

Contents: Section 1: Music, Dance and Theatre Hannah Shewan, Joséphine Baker: une femme inspirante

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Jessica Pretorius, Wat is die Antwoord?

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Maria Rischitor, Simboluri ale muzicii românești tradiționale și clasice: Maria Tănase și George Enescu

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Lara Zakaria, La Historia del Flamenco

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Sophie Wimborne, El misterio de la muerte de García Lorca

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Section 2: Film Serena Hart, Обзор фильма Левиафана (2014)

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Leyla Kazemzadeh, A Separation

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Raina Uppal, Kung Fu Panda

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Eleonora Nanni, Un Viaggio Nella Memoria Nel Cinema Italiano

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Section 3: Entertainment: is it possible to set boundaries to it?

Camilla dePourbaix, 伝統的な日本の娯楽

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Aemaan Khan, What is entertainment in Pakistan like compared to India?

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Mia Borgese, Marschieren

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Section 4: Sports, Sports, Sports Helienke Yoong, Fierljeppen: een oer friese sport

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Christie Marlborough, El entretenimiento deportivo en España

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Chief Editors: Jessica Pretorius and Maria Rischitor Cover: Ella Odutoye

Joséphine Baker: une femme inspirante “La Tour Eiffel est très différente de la Statue de la Liberté, mais quelle importance ?

A quoi bon la statue sans la liberté ?”

Joséphine Baker Joséphine Baker fait partie des auteurs, artistes et interprètes afroaméricains qui ont déménagé à Paris pour échapper au racisme des États-Unis. Après avoir été étiquetée “too black” ou “too skinny” par l’industrie du divertissement Américain, Joséphine espérait juste réussir en France. Paris, une ville vraiment connue pour son côté artistique— semblait représenter un éventail de possibilités artistiques pour elle— surtout grâce au mouvement expressionniste.

Joséphine— alias “La Baker”— était simplement une mégastar. La citation suivante est souvent citée parce qu’elle montre simplement la passion et l’amour de Joséphine pour l’art : “Eh oui ! Je danserai, chanterai, jouerai, toute ma vie, je suis née seulement pour cela. Vivre, c’est danser, j’aimerais mourir à bout de souffle, épuisée, à la fin d’une danse ou d’un refrain” Comment a-t-elle atteindre la gloire ?

Principalement, dans sa première performance, Joséphine Baker a dansé en portant une jupe de bananes artificielles. (En fait, cela a plus tard inspiré plusieurs célébrités comme Beyoncé et Rihanna.) En agitant ses mains et bougeant ses hanches, elle semblait vraiment choquante pour le public de l’époque, mais en fait, elle a bouleversé les idées préconçues de la femme stéréotypée.

Quand on lui demandait pourquoi et comment elle avait connu la gloire, elle répondait : “je n’étais pas vraiment nue, je ne portais juste pas de vêtements !”

De plus, elle a largement profité de la fascination générale que le monde avait de la culture Africaine.

Ainsi, sa “danse sauvage” — controversée et désinhibée — est la raison pour laquelle elle est devenue une star du jour au lendemain.

Selon elle, il était important que l’on fasse une différence dans le monde. Joséphine Baker a ainsi lutté contre les litiges sociaux. En bref, elle était une activiste des droits civiques— aussi bien en France qu’aux Etats-Unis : “J’ai deux amours: mon pays et Paris.”

Pendant l’occupation allemande en France, Joséphine Baker a travaillé avec la Croix-Rouge et elle était membre de “France Libre” où elle divertissait les soldats en Afrique. Après cela, elle a gagné la “Croix de Guerre” en remerciement pour son effort de guerre.

Etant la seule femme qui s’adressait à la foule pendant la Marche de Washington, elle est devenue une figure célèbre du mouvement des droits civiques. Par exemple, elle a boycotté des lieux ségrégués. Donc, bien qu’elle ait fait partie de l’industrie de divertissement, Joséphine Baker a quand même pu jouer un rôle dans l’amélioration de notre monde.

Hannah Shewan 4

Joséphine Baker: an inspirational French woman “The Eiffel Tower is very different from the Statue of Liberty, but so what?

What good is there in having the statue but not the freedom?”

Joséphine Baker Joséphine Baker was part of the African-American writers, artists and performers who moved to Paris to escape the racism in the United States. After being labeled “too black” or “too skinny” by the American entertainment industry, Joséphine simply hoped that she would succeed in France. Paris, a city well known for the arts, seemed to represent artistic possibilities— especially thanks to the expressionist movement.

Also known as “La Baker”, she was simply a megastar. The following quotation is often cited because it simple shows the passion and the love of Joséphine for the arts: “Yes! I will dance, sing, play all my life, I was born only for that. To live is to dance, I would like to die breathless, exhausted, at the end of a dance or a refrain.”

How did she achieve fame?

Firstly, in her first performance, Joséphine Baker danced wearing a skirt of artificial bananas.

(Currently, this has been the inspiration of many celebrities such as Beyoncé and Rihanna.) Shaking her hands and moving her hips, she truly seemed shocking, as a consequence, she inverted the preconceived ideas of the stereotypical woman.

When asked about the foundation of her fame, she briefly responded: “Simply, I was not wearing any clothes!”

Moreover, she benefited from the general fascination of the African culture. So, her “wild dance” — controversial and uninhibited — caused her transformation into a star overnight.

According to her, it is important that one makes a difference in the world. Baker struggled with social litigation. In short, she was a civil rights activist — in France and in the United States.

“I have two loves: my country and Paris” During the German occupation in France, Joséphine Baker worked with the Red Cross and she was a member of “Free France” where she entertained soldiers in Africa. Following that, she won the “Croix de Guerre” to thank her effort in the war.

As the only woman who spoke to the crowd during the Washington March, she became a famous figure in the civil rights movement. For example, she boycotted segregated areas. So even though she was part of the entertainment industry, even Joséphine Baker could play a role in improving the world.

Hannah Shewan

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Wat is die Antwoord Jy het waarskynlik al van Die Antwoord gehoor.

Hierdie omstrede groep is begin in 2008, en sedertdien wonder almal: wat IS die ‘antwoord’? Saamgestel uit Yolandi Visser, Ninja en DJ ‘God’ (vantevore DJ Hi-Tek), hulle vreemde, dikwels ontstellende musiekvideos en woorde lei tot ʼn gevoel van totale verwarring.

Maar in werklikheid is hulle baie meer ingewikkeld as wat mense dink.

Hulle openbare beeld is gebaseer op die stereotipe van ‘zef’ wat begin het as ʼn neerhalende term vir die wit werkersklas in die 1960’s en 1970’s, maar Die Antwoord - en ander sangers - het hierdie konsep herdefinieer en gebruik dit nou as ‘n positiewe konsep om ‘n sekere manier van aantrek en praat te beskryf. Nie Ninja of Yolandi het ‘n werkersklas agtergrond nie, maar hulle gebruik ‘zef’ as ‘n tipe van basterkonsep en gebruik Engels swaar beïnvloed deur Afrikaans. Soos Yolandi dit definieer : "Zef is associated with people who soup their cars up and rock gold and shit. Zef is, you're poor but you're fancy. You're poor but you're sexy, you've got style."

Soos in die geval van zef en die werkersklas assosiasies wat daarmee saamkom, word Die Antwoord dikwels gekritiseer omdat hulle ander kulture en tale toe eien in hulle musiek. Hul video Fatty Boom Boom gebruik Blackface, en dikwels word daar bende dialekte van die Kaapse vlakte gebruik, asook die oranje oorpakke, goue tande en tattoos van gevangenisse.

Maar die groep baseer dikwels hulle video’s op politiek, beïnvloed deur Suid Afrika se verlede. Hulle omstrede video Cookie Thumper gebruik doelbewus ‘n outydse polisie vangwa wat dikwels te sien was in die wit voorstede tydens apartheid om orde te hou en ongewenste elemente te verwyder.

Baie van hul video’s maak implikasies van veelrassige seksuele verhoudings - ‘n direkte verwysing na Suid Afrika se verlede - die video Fatty Fatty Boom Boom speel op ‘n wyer vlak met die Westerse persepsie van Afrika.

Die gebruik van Afrikaans is ‘n interessante aspek van hulle musiek. Die Antwoord gebruik krue Afrikaans, vermeng met inheemse veral Kaapse dialekte en Xhosa woorde. Aan die een kant is dit asof hulle, problematies genoeg, Kleurling bende rap toe-eien, maar aan die ander kant is die gebruik daarvan deur wit rappers ook ‘n manier om protes aan te teken teen die assosiasies van Afrikaans as ‘n suiwer taal van die onderdrukker. Die manier hoe Die Antwoord Afrikaans vandag gebruik is verwant aan Afrikaans se oorsprong: ‘n taal wat miskien uit Hollands ontwikkel het, maar gemeng is met inheemse tale.

Ten slotte, Die Antwoord is ‘n komplekse groep, beïnvloed deur kultuur, geskiedenis, ras en taal.

Alhoewel party sekerlik aanstoot neem en geïntimideer word deur hul werk, is hulle ongetwyfeld SuidAfrikaans. Hulle verkies om nie 'n antwoord te gee nie, maar eerder vrae te vra oor hulle herkoms en die toekoms.

Jessica Pretorius

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The Answer

You’ve probably heard of Die Antwoord before.

This controversial group formed in 2008, and since then have left people wondering: what IS the ‘answer’? Composed of Yolandi Visser, Ninja and DJ ‘God’ (previously DJ Hi-Tek), their odd, often disturbing music videos and lyrics usually lead to a feeling of total bewilderment. But, in reality, they’re much more complicated than people might assume.

Their image is very much based on the stereotype of ‘zef’, which started as a derogatory term for the white working-class in South Africa during the 1960’s and 1970’s, but now the term has been reshaped by Die Antwoord, amongst others, and extends to fashion and the language they use. Perhaps misleadingly, neither Ninja or Yolandi grew up in such a working-class neighbourhood, and they present ‘zef’ as cross-racial and talk in an English that is heavily influenced by Afrikaans. As Yolandi defined it: "It's associated with people who soup their cars up and rock gold and ****. Zef is, you're poor but you're fancy. You're poor but you're sexy, you've got style.” Die Antwoord is often criticised for their cultural appropriation: their video Fatty Boom Boom includes a problematic use of blackface, and Cape Flats gangster dialect and the orange overalls worn in prisons plus gold-capped teeth and prison-like tattoos, become fashion statements in their vidoes.

But the band is strongly influenced by politics and looks at South Africa’s past: their striking video Cookie Monster shows an old-style police vehicle, which was often used during apartheid to keep order in the suburbs. Similarly, many of their videos present narratives of interracial sex, race and prison culture that directly address South Africa’s loaded past, and in a more general sense, the video Fatty Fatty Boom Boom plays with the Western misconceptions about Africa.

The use of Afrikaans is an interesting aspect of their music. Die Antwoord sings in a crude Afrikaans, mixing in local gangster dialects and words in Xhosa. But while they seem to appropriate coloured gangster dialect, the use of this language by white rappers is perhaps also an attempt to protest the way in which a certain form of pure Afrikaans has become associated with oppressive historical power. Rather, Die Antwoord uses Afrikaans in the way it developed: as a mixed language, evolving out of Dutch but drawing on many indigenous dialects.

Ultimately, Die Antwoord has built an immensely complex self-image, influenced by culture, history, race and their use of language. Although people are sure to be offended and intimidated by their work, they are undoubtedly South African, choosing not to give an answer but instead to ask questions about their roots and the future.

Jessica Pretorius

7

Simboluri ale muzicii românești tradiționale și clasice: Maria Tănase și George Enescu Cu toate că există diferențe între regiuni, muzica populară românească are câteva caracteristici care se pot obzerva în orice parte a țării. Printre instrumentele folosite se numără vioara, naiul și țambalul (o cutie mare cu corzi pe lungimea ei, care sunt lovite cu ciocănele pentru a crea percusiune). Influențe din partea Europei Centrale precum Ungaria cât și Zona Balcanică contribuie la sunetele și melodia genului muzical, dar aceste influențe sunt diferite în funcție de regiune.

Un tip de cântec care se poate găsi în toate aceste regiuni este doina. Se poate compara cu genul ‘blues’ după cum și ea exprimă sentimente de melancolie și dor. Doinele de ciobănie sunt de multe ori vocale și monofonice, iar alte tipuri de doină pot fi acompaniate de instrumentele menționate mai înainte, cât și de acordeon și de clarinet.

Dacă folclorul românesc ar fi reprezentată de variația unei singure regiuni, aceasta ar fi zona Valahiei, care cuprinde regiunile Oltenia și Muntenia (unde se află capitala București). Astfel, cei mai cunoscuți artiști de muzică populară cântă muzică tipică acestei zone, precum Maria Tănase, numită de români icoana folclorului, sau ‘Edith Piaf a României’. Totuși multe dintre piesele ei îndrăgite sunt de fapt în stil lăutăresc.

Acest stil este o deviație a folclorului cântată de lăutari, adică un ansamblu de muzicieni de origină romă, și se deosebește prin armonii dense. Interpretarea unei piese de acest stil cere ca muzicianul să aibă o tehnică foarte bună cât și originalitate, deoarece improvizarea este un aspect important într-o asemenea piesă.

Deși muzica populară este în mare parte apreciată doar de nativii țării, au fost compozitori români de muzică clasică care au fost recunoscuți peste hotare în secolul 19 și 20, la fruntea cărora se află George Enescu (cunoscut în Franța sub numele Georges Enesco). Acesta a fost un copil fenomen, care și-a compus prima piesă la vârsta fragedă de cinci ani, numită ‘Pământ Românesc’, și la vârsta de șapte ani fusese acceptat la Conservatorul Vienei, de unde a absolvit la treisprezece ani.

Continuându-și studiile la Paris, a compus acolo piesele lui printre cele mai cunoscute, inclusiv Sonata nr. 3 pentru vioară. În aceasta transmite spiritul unui cântec tradițional folosindu-se de instrumente clasice. Vioara este cântată în stil țigănesc, iar partitura pianului imită sunetul țambalului. Cu toate acestea nu extrage din nicio altă piesă populară, fiind de părere că “folclorul este el însuși perfect și nu trebuie îmbrăcat în hâine nepotrivite”. Astfel, inspirarea din muzica tradițională trebuie să fie originală. Sonata este una dintre cele mai faimoase compuneri ale lui, după cele două Rapsodii Române, care conțin elemente ale muzicii lăutărești.

Pablo Casals a spus despre Enescu că a fost ‘cel mai mare fenomen muzical de după Mozart’. În România este onorat în continuare, pentru faptul că a obținut țării un loc onorabil pe harta globală a muzicii.

Maria Rischitor

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Symbols of Romania’s Traditional and Classical Music: Maria Tănase and George Enescu Although regional variations are present across the country, generally Romanian folk music can be characterised by a few common elements. Key instruments include the violin, the panpipes and the cimbalom (a large box with metal strings across, which are struck with beaters to create percussion).

Influences from Central European countries such as Hungary as well as the Balkans contribute to its sounds and melody, however the extent of influence from particular countries differs among the regions of Romania.

One type of song present in some form across all regional variations is the doina, which translates to ‘sheep’s lament’. It can be compared to blues in that it similarly expresses sentiments of melancholy and longing. The sub- category of doina, the peasant doina, is typically vocal and monophonic, whereas other types of doina are accompanied by instruments previously listed, as well as the accordion and the clarinet.

If Romania’s folk music were to be represented by one regional variation, it would be that of the area of Wallachia, comprised of regions Oltenia and Muntenia (home to the capital Bucharest). Thus, some of the most famous artists of this musical genre have the style of this area, such as Maria Tanase, who is considered by all Romanians the national folk music icon, having been named Romania’s Edith Piaf.

Many of her most loved pieces, however, resemble more the style of ‘lăutărească’ music.

This is a deviation from folklore performed by ‘lăutari’, an ensemble of musicians of Romani descent. The style is characterised by dense harmonies, and performance of it requires the musician to have a refined technique as well as originality, improvisation being a key aspect.

Whilst the popularity of Romania’s traditional music remains, to a large extent, only among natives, the country has produced classical composers with international significance over the 19th and 20th century. One such composer is George Enescu (known in France as Georges Enesco). A child prodigy, he composed his first piece at the age of five, titled Pământ Românesc (Romanian Land) and by the age of seven had been accepted into the Vienna Conservatory, graduating before turning thirteen.

Furthering his studies in Paris, he composed some of his most famous works there, including his Third Violin Sonata. In this piece, he transmit the spirit of a traditional folk tune, using classical instruments; the violin is employed as a gypsy fiddle and the piano imitates the sound of the cimbalom. And yet Enescu never quotes an already existing work of the genre, as he was a firm believer that “folklore itself is perfect and should not be dressed in unsuitable garments”. Furthermore, he argued that if one is to take inspiration from it, it ought to be in an original way. The sonata is one of his most famous compositions, second only to his pair of Romanian Rhapsodies, which incorporate elements of lăutărească music.

Enescu was described as ‘the greatest musical phenomenon since Mozart’ by Pablo Casals. His legacy remains imprinted on his home nation, having put Romania on the global map of music.

Maria Rischitor

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La Historia del Flamenco Con un estatus global, junto con el ballet y el hip -hop, el flamenco tiene ricas raíces españolas, que se revelan con cada taconeo de los pies de la bailarina.

La danza se originó en el siglo XV cuando los gitanos llegaron a la Península Ibérica De hecho, en español tradicional, la palabra "flamenco" significaba "como un gitano" Estos gitanos viajaban durante siglos por todo el mundo y probablemente a través de India, Egipto e Irán. En sus viajes, tomaron inspiración de diferentes danzas folclóricas de estas culturas para desarrollar su propia forma de expresión. Los gitanos pasaron sus canciones a las nuevas generaciones por repetidas actuaciones dentro de su comunidad social, y a través de generaciones las danzas evolucionaron continuamente.

Durante la era romántica, la forma moderna del flamenco como es hoy evolucionó. Se comercializaban las representaciones flamencas, que tenían lugar en barras y restaurantes. El flamenco se convirtió en algo tan prominente en toda Europa que incluso muchas de las famosas bailarinas se convirtieron en 'Gitanas'. Además, se creó la "Ópera Flamenca" fue creada (un espectáculo que combina el ballet y el flamenco), que las élites de sociedad disfrutaron increíblemente.

Durante los años que Franco estuvo en el poder (1939-1975), el flamenco se hizo la danza nacional de España. Esto fue porque el dictador reconoció el valor del flamenco, y se utilizó como propaganda del gobierno para atraer a más turistas a España. Debido a esto, hasta el día de hoy, cuando la gente piensa en la icónica danza, piensan de España Esto ha sido especialmente eficaz porque, sobre todo en los tiempos modernos, cada vez que los turistas visitan España tienden a comprar figuritas de bailarines de flamenco, visitar espectáculos de flamenco, tomar clases de baile flamenco y toda esta actividad es muy beneficiosa para la economía española en su conjunto.

El icónico vestido flamenco con el que los turistas se fascinan, fue inspirado originalmente por los vestidos que las esposas de los campesinos gitanos llevaban para ferias agrícolas en Sevilla. Hicieron estos vestidos con ropa vieja, diaria y utilizaron volantes para hacerlos parecer más ostentosos para la ocasión especial. A partir de entonces el vestido ha evolucionado con los tiempos, por ejemplo, longitudes más cortas de la falda durante la guerra cuando la tela era escasa y costosa. Además, en tiempos modernos los diseñadores son influenciados por el vestido icónico. Por ejemplo, en la primavera de 2013, Balenciaga usó la silueta del vestido para inspirarse en su colección. ¡Esto muestra cómo el vestido y el flamenco nunca pasarán de moda!

Lara Zakaria 10

The history of Flamenco With a global status, along with ballet and hip-hop, flamenco has rich Spanish routes which are revealed with every stomp of the dancer’s feet.

The dance originated in the 15th century when gypsies (gitanos) arrived to the Iberian Peninsula. In fact, in early Spanish the word ‘flamenco meant ‘like a Gypsy’. These gypsies had been travelling for centuries across the globe and likely through India, Egypt and Iran. On their travels, they took inspirations from various different folk dances from these cultures to develop their own art of expression. The Gitanos passed their songs on to new generations by repeated performances within their social community, and through generations the dances continually evolved.

During the Romantic era, the modern form of flamenco as it is today evolved. It became commercialised and flamenco performances would occur in bars and restaurants. The Flamenco became so prominent across Europe even, that many famous ballerinas became ‘Gitanas’. Furthermore, the ‘Opera Flamenca’ was created (a performance combining ballet and flamenco), which was incredibly enjoyed by the elites of society.

During the years Franco was in power (1939-1975), the flamenco was adopted as the national dance of Spain. This was because the dictator recognised the value the Flamenco had, and it was used a government propaganda to attract more tourists to Spain. Due to this up until today, whenever people think of the iconic dance, they think of Spain. This has been especially effective because especially in modern times whenever tourists visit Spain they tend to buy figurines of Flamenco dancers, visit Flamenco performances, take Flamenco dancing lessons and all this activity is greatly beneficial for the Spanish Economy as a whole.

The iconic Flamenco dress which tourists are transfixed by was originally inspired by the dresses which gypsy farmers wives wore to agriculture fairs around Seville. They had made these dresses from old, everyday clothes and used ruffles in order to make them appear more flamboyant for the special occasion. From then onwards the dress has evolved for the times, for example shorter skirt lengths during the war when fabric was scarce and expensive. As well as this, in modern times designers are still being influenced by the iconic dress such in the Spring of 2013, Balenciaga used the silhouette of the dress for inspiration for their collection. This shows how the dress itself and the flamenco dance will never go out of style!

Lara Zakaria 11

El Misterio de la Muerte de Federico García Lorca Hay muchas controversias sobre la muerte de Federico García Lorca (un dramaturgo y poeta español.) Lorca fue asesinado durante la guerra civil española debido a sus opiniones políticas, sin embargo la fecha exacta de su muerte no se sabe y su cuerpo nunca ha sido encontrado.

Lorca nació el 5 de Junio de 1898 en la provincia de Granada. Tenía tres hermanos y vivió en Andalucía. Andalucía es un área rural y, por esto, la situación económica y social influyó en su trabajo posterior. Los padres de Lorca trabajan como profesora y terrateniente. Lorca tuvo una buena educación, aprendió piano desde los 11 años y fue a la Universidad de Granada, donde estudió derecho, literatura y composición.

Publicó su primer libro en 1919, que se llama “Impresiones y Viajes”. A ello se suma “Yerma”, “Bodas de Sangre” y colecciones de poesía como “Canciones” y “Romancero Gitano”.

Lorca estaba escribiendo su última obra, “La casa de Bernada Alba” cuando estalló la guerra civil española. Lorca fue arrestado el 18 de agosto de 1936 a causa de sus puntos de vista francos y socialistas. Sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de que la verdadera razón de su arresto fuera su homosexualidad. En su biografía, Leslie Stainton sugiere que Lorca fue arrestado debido a su orientación sexual. Después de ser arrestado (sin un juicio) por las fuerzas nacionalistas, Lorca fue llevado a una ladera remota. Allí fue ejecutado por un pelotón de fusilamiento nacionalista.

No solo hay controversias sobre la razón de la ejecución, sino que también hay controversias sobre la circunstancias de su muerte, por ejemplo la fecha exacta de su muerte no se sabe. Se cree que fue asesinado el 18 o 19 de agosto de 1936. Además el cuerpo de Lorca nunca ha sido encontrado, a pesar de las excavaciones cerca de donde se cree que fue enterrado, en 2009.

A pesar de su muerte, Lorca dejó un legado impresionante. En el 50 aniversario de su muerte, el gobierno construyó un monumento, cerca de donde se cree que fue enterrado. También sus libros han tenido un gran impacto en la sociedad española y en todo el mundo.

Sophie Wimborne 12

The mistery of the death of Federico García Lorca There are many controversies surrounding the death of Federico García Lorca (a Spanish playwright and poet.) Lorca was murdered during the Spanish civil war due to his homosexuality, however the exact date of his death is not known and his body was never found.

Lorca was born on the 5th of June 1898 in the province of Granada. He has three siblings and he lived in Andalusia. Andalusia is a rural area and therefore the economic and social situation influenced his later work. Lorca’s parents worked as a teacher and a landowner.

Lorca had a good education; he learnt piano from age 11 and he attended the university of Granada, here he studied law, literature and composition.

He published his first book in 1919, which was called “Impressions and Trips.” Following this, Lorca wrote, “Yerma”, “Blood Wedding” and collections of poetry (“Songs” and “Gypsy Ballads”) Lorca was writing his final book, “Aurelia and Bernada Alba” when the Spanish civil war broke out. Lorca was arrested because of his outspoken and socialist views. However, there is a possibility that the real reason of his arrest was his homosexuality. In his biography of Lorca, Leslie Stainton suggests that Lorca was arrested due to his sexual orientation. After being arrested (without a trial) Lorca was driven to a remote hillside. Here he was executed by a nationalist firing squad.

Not only are there controversies about the reason of his execution, but also there are controversies about the circumstances of his death, for example the exact date of his death is not know. It is thought that he was killed on the 18th or 19th of August 1936. Additionally, Lorca’s body has never been found, despite excavations close to where it is thought he was buried, in 2009.

Despite his death, Lorca left behind an impressive legacy. On the 50th anniversary of his death, the government built a monument, close to where it is thought he is buried. Also, his books have had a great impression on Spanish society and the whole world.

Sophie Wimborne

13

Обзор фильма Левиафана (2014)

Хотя сюжет русской драмы «Левиафан» происходит в маленьком городке и включает в себя лишь несколько персонажей, в этом фильме есть чувство величия. Главный герой в «Левиафане» Коля (Алексей Серебряков) живет и работает на небольшом, но желанном участке береговой собственности, который местный мэр Вадим (Роман Мадьянов) пытается отнять у него для города. История открылась, когда прибыл старый армейский приятель Коли, который теперь является модным московским адвокатом Дмитрием (Владимир Вдовиченков), чтобы помочь ему сражаться за свою землю. Коля пытается выиграть процесс в суде, который, однако, находится под полным контролем Вадима, но Дмитрий показывает Вадиму инкриминирующие документы, которые он собрал. Это шантаж, и, похоже, он работает. Вадим соглашается ocтавить главного героя в покое. Все это происходит в контексте, где выпивается много водки, много ругаются и спорят. Капризный подросток, сын Коли от предыдущего брака (Сергей Походаев) не ладит с нынешней женой отца Лилией (Еленой Лядовой) – задумчивой, красивой, которая работает на промысле. Появление Дмитрия в доме увеличило шансы на неприятности и создало проблемы в семье. Тем временем мы видим почти постоянно пьяного Вадима, который общается с ухоженным священником, который пытается смягчить его политические страхи религиозными банальностями. Коррупция политики и священников является провокационной темой в «Левиафане». Коррумпированный Вадим принадлежит к национальной иерархии, которую, как указывает Звягинцев, мало чем отличается от коммунистической, которую она заменила: действительно, пока статуя Ленина все еще стоит перед зданием суда, но в кабинете Вадима уже висит портрет сердитого Путина. В одной из самых запоминающихся сцен фильма Дмитрий присоединяется к Коле, двум мужчинам-друзьям и их женам и детям, чтобы отправиться в на природу, чтобы стрелять из пистолетов и пить водку. После того, как один из мужчин уничтожил все бутылки, которые они принесли для стрельбы по мишеням, другой стреляет по портретам советских вождей - от Ленина до Горбачева.

Серена Харт

14

Leviathan: a film review Although the Russian drama “ Leviathan” takes place in a small town and involves only a handful of characters it has a sense of grandeur. The main character in “Leviathan,” Kolya (Alexey Serebryakov), lives and works on a small but desirable piece of waterside property that the local mayor, Vadim (Roman Madyanov), wants and has claimed for the town. The story opens when an old army buddy of Kolya’s who’s now a slick Moscow lawyer, Dmitri (Vladimir Vdovitchenkov), arrives to help him fight for his land. Though Kolya loses again in court, which appears to be under Vadim’s control, Dmitri then goes to Vadim and presents him with a sheaf of incriminating documents he’s gathered. It’s blackmail of a sort and at first it seems to work. Apoplectic, Vadim agrees to cut a deal.

All of this happens in a context where there’s lots of vodka drinking, argumentation and simmering discontent of various sorts. Kolya’s moody teenage son from a previous marriage (Sergey Pokhodaev) can’t get along with his current wife, Lilya (Elena Lyadova), a pensive beauty who works in a fishery. Introducing Dmitri into the home increases the chances for both friendliness and trouble. Meanwhile we see the almost constantly drunken Vadim consorting with a well-groomed priest, who tries to allay his political fears with religious platitudes.

The corrosive intertwining of politics and religion is a provocative theme in “Leviathan.” Thoroughly corrupt, Vadim belongs to a national hierarchy that, Zvyagintsev pointedly suggests, isn’t much different from the Communist one it replaced: indeed, while a statue of Lenin still stands in front of the courthouse, a glowering portrait of Putin looms over Vadim’s office.

In one of the film’s most memorable scenes, Dmitri joins Kolya, two male friends and their wives and kids for an outing to the country to shoot guns and drink vodka. After one of the men destroys all of the bottles they’ve brought for target shooting with a blast of machinegun fire, another produces an alternate set of targets – portraits of Soviet leaders from Lenin through Gorbachev. Asked if he’s got any of subsequent Russian leaders, he jokes, “It’s too early for the current ones.”

The film was a prize winner at Cannes in 2014 and was nominated for the Best ForeignLanguage Film Oscar in 2015, “Leviathan” is easily the most important and imposing film to emerge from Russia in recent years. As its story conveys a sense of pervasive political corruption, it has been read by some as a daring and scathing critique of conditions in Vladimir Putin’s Russia.

Ultimately “Leviathan” may divide viewers between those who find its possible meanings too numerous and layered and others who welcome the challenges of helping create its meaning. Whether or not all the subtleties and intricacies Zvyagintsev created are seen for what they are or not “Leviathan” is a powerful piece of Russian cinema that should be watched by all.

Serena Hart

15

‫‪A Separation, Asghar Farhadi‬‬

‫جدایی نادر از سیمین ‪ -‬اصغر فرهادی‬ ‫یکی از مهمترین و معروفترین فیلم سازهای این دوره اصغر فرهادی است که تاکنون دو جایزه اسکار برای‬ ‫فیلمهای جدایی نادر از سیمین و فروشنده دریافت کرده است ‪ .‬او همچنین در پنج سال اخیر برای بهترین‬ ‫صحنه فیلم و اولین فیلم به زبان خارجی برنده جوایز دیگری شد‪ .‬پس از عرضه فیلم جدایی او اثر زیادی در‬ ‫لیست ‪ ۰۱۱‬نفر مهم در سال ‪ ۲۱۰۲‬داشت‪.‬‬

‫در سالهای اخیر رشد و عالقه زیادی در رابطه با فیلمهای ایرانی در بین مردم ایجاد شده و فروش این فیلم‬ ‫در سراسر جهان به ‪ ۲۲‬میلیون دالر رسید که بودجه آن به مبلغ ‪ ۰۱۱‬هزار دالر بود‪ .‬این فیلم رده باالیی در‬ ‫راتن توماتو داشت‪ .‬ایرانیها به این فیلم و فیلم ساز ایرانی افتخار میکنند و این فیلم در سراسر دنیا دیده شده‪.‬‬ ‫اصغر فرهادی میگوید ‪ :‬همیشه ایران بصورت یک عکس در تخیل مردم بوده و با این فیلم مردم توانستند ما‬ ‫را ببینند و زندگی ایران را لمس کنند‪ .‬او اضافه کرد که در زمانی که سیاست ‪ ٫‬جنگ و خرابی بین‬ ‫سیاستمداران رد و بدل میشود ‪ ،‬اسم این کشور زیبا با سنت قدیمی زیر خاکهای سیاست پنهان شده است ‪.‬او‬ ‫با افتخار این جایزه را به مردمی که احترام به سنت و مردم ایران میگذارند تقدیم میکند‪.‬‬ ‫فیلم جدایی نادر از سیمین در رابطه با یک زوج ایرانی است که تقاضای طالق میکنند ‪ .‬بعد از گذراندن‬ ‫مدت زیادی برای گرفتن ویزا به خارج از کشور موفق میشوند ‪ ،‬اما فقط ‪ ۲۱‬روز وقت داشته تا از ایران‬ ‫خارج شوند‪ .‬سیمین میخواست از ایران خارج شود چون باور داشت دخترش ترمه زندگی و آینده بهتری در‬ ‫خارج از ایران خواهد داشت‪ .‬قاضی در هنگام طالق میپرسد‪ :‬آیا تمام بچهها که در ایران زندگی میکنند‬ ‫آینده بدی دارند؟ سیمین در جواب میگوید که نمیخواهد دخترش در شرایط کنونی در ایران زندگی کند‪ .‬دلیل‬ ‫طالق او هم از همسرش به خاطر این است که شوهرش مخالفت میکند که از ایران خارج شود چون پدرش‬ ‫به الزایمر سختی مبتالست و احتیاج به مراقبت او دارد‪ .‬بدون طالق سیمین نمیتواند که دخترش را خارج کند‬ ‫چون احتیاج به اجازه شوهرش دارد‪ .‬قاضی این شرایط را برای طالق پیش پا افتاده میداند و پرونده را‬ ‫میبندد‪ .‬بعد از آن سیمین خانه را ترک میکند و نادر را مجبور میکند تا پرستاری برای نگهداری پدرش پیدا‬ ‫کند و خودش به سر کار برود‪ .‬وقایعی که بعد از آن اتفاق میافتد اثرات خوشی برای خانواده نداشته و زندگی‬ ‫دخترشان را در خطر میاندازد‪.‬‬

‫‪Leyla Kazemzadeh‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

A Separation, Asghar Farhadi One of Iran’s most significant directors of this day is Asghar Farhadi, who has received two Oscars for Best Foreign Language Film for A Separation and The Salesman. This is particularly admirable because he is one of a few directors who has won this Oscar twice, with A Separation being the first Iranian film to win the award. It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay and was the first non-English film in five years to reach this. As well as winning several awards, Farhadi was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world in 2012, after the release of A Separation.

Recently, there has been international growth in the popularity of Iranian films and the industry in general. Worldwide, A Separation has grossed over $24 million, from an estimated budget of $800,000 and has been rated 99% on Rotten Tomatoes. Iranians take pride in the films that have been produced by Iranian directors, which are watched by people around the world, as often Iran can be portrayed under a certain light by the media. In his acceptance speech for A Separation, Farhadi said, “At this time, many Iranians all over the world are watching us and I imagine them to be very happy. At the time when talk of war, intimidation, and aggression is exchanged between politicians, the name of their country, Iran, is spoken here through her glorious culture, a rich and ancient culture that has been hidden under the heavy dust of politics.” He added, “I proudly offer this award to the people of my country, the people who respect all cultures and civilisations and despise hostility and resentment.”

A Separation is about a married couple who are filing for a divorce. After spending a lot of time trying to get a visa, the wife, Simin, has been granted one for her family and they have 40 days to move. She wants to move abroad where she believes that their daughter, Termeh, will have a better future. A judge questions whether children living in Iran will have bad futures, but she says that she doesn’t want her daughter living under certain conditions.

The reason that she is filing for a divorce against her husband, Nader, is because he does not want to move from Iran, with his reason being that he wants to stay with his father who has Alzheimer's. Without a divorce, she cannot move with her daughter as she does not have the permission of her husband. In court, the judge dismisses the situation as a small problem and asks them to leave. After this, Simin decides to leave their family home, forcing her husband to pay for someone to come and look after his father whilst he goes to work.

Events lead to the dissolution of their family, with the life of their daughter at the forefront.

Leyla Kazemzadeh 17

功夫熊猫 中国的武术或功夫这一类的电影在中国十分流行；甚至英国的” 007 谍报员 占 士邦“(007 James Bond) ，美国的 “杀死比尔” ( Kill Bill) 在中国也很受 欢迎。 我在这篇报道中，要介绍给大家一部“功夫熊猫”( Kung Fu Panda) 动画片的 故事以及它为什么这么有名。它是2008 年美国用电脑画出来的一个戏剧动画 片。我们知道，大部分的电影都是在最后，好人打败了坏人；可是，“功夫熊 猫” 和传统的电影不一样，因为故事的主角Po 一点也不帅，也没有钱，他是个 很平凡的人。他想将来做功夫大师，可是他不能，因为他要在爸爸的面馆工

作。但是Po注定要做伟大的事情。所以，他花了很多的时间工作，而且特 别努力，他相信他自己。Po 最后达到他的梦想，成为一位功夫大师。他也 摧毁了雪豹。我觉得电影中动作的场面不但很刺激，而且， 也展示了熊猫 Po 克服自己内心的疑惑。 Raina Uppal

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Kung Fu Panda

Martial arts are a popular genre in China. There are many famous Chinese films about martial arts and even some Western films, for example James Bond and Kill Bill. This article is about Kung Fu Panda and why it is such a successful animation.

(Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy.) Good overcoming evil is a common plot in stories across the globe, but Kung Fu Panda is a little bit different. It is the story of a Panda called Po, who is neither good looking, nor particularly talented. He dreams of becoming a Kung Fu master, but he cannot, because he must work in his father’s noodle shop. By stroke of good fortune, many hours of hard work and believing in himself even when no one else does, Po becomes a Kung Fu master and manages to defeat the Snow Leopard in single combat. The action scenes not only add excitement, but also show Po’s inner conflict as he must overcome his own doubts.

Raina Uppal

19

Un Viaggio Nella Memoria Nel Cinema Italiano Nuovo Cinema Paradiso è un capolavoro cinematico. he parla dell’amore, dell’infanzia e, soprattutto, dei ricordi. Narra la storia di Salvatore di Vita che viene informato della morte di Alfredo, il proiezionista del cinema nel villaggio dov’è crescuto. Detto Totò comincia poi a ricordare la sua infanzia e adolescenza quando la sua passione smisurata per il cinema è iniziata.

Da questo film si impara della Sicilia del dopoguerra quando si svolge: una Siciliam piena di contraddizioni con una società ancora legata alle vecchie tradizioni della famiglia, delle divisioni sociali tra i ricchi e i poveri, e delle divisioni politiche tra i fascisti, i comunisti e i cattolici. Il cinematografo rappresentò quell’apertura sul mondo che la società rurale Siciliana non aveva mai conosciuto. Si impara anche del cinema popolare del’epoca. Mostra delle scene dai film che hanno fatto la storia del cinema mondiale. Tra quedti film: Da Qui a l’Eternità, La Terra Trema, I Bambini Ci Guardano e Riso Amaro. Il parroco che gestiva il cinematografo esercitava uno stretto controllo sui film che venivano proiettati e una censura raccontata con ironia del regista - in particolare sui baci considerati scabrosi per l’epoca.

Questa censura produrra per chi vedra il film una gustosa sorpresa finale.

Un altro aspetto prominente del film è la musica composto dal maestro Ennio Morricone assieme a suo figlio, Andrea. Il pezzo più famoso del film è il Tema d’Amore, scritto da Andrea.

Tale tema viene premiato nel 1990 con il premio BAFTA. Si tratta di una melodia struggente che evoca i sentimenti del l’adolescente Totò per la sua prima ragazza, Elena. Nonostante il successo di questo tema, l’intera colonna sonora è un capolavoro di nostalgia con punte drammatiche che ha contribuito in modo fondamentale alla fama di questo film.

Il relazione tra Totò bambino e adolescente, e Alfredo si sviluppa non solo sullo sfondo della complicità dell’amore per la cinematografia ma anche, e forse soprattutto nell’intento del regista Giuseppe Tornatore, sul rapporto filiale di Totò con il padre che non ha più (perché disperso in Russia) e quello paterno di Alfredo per il figlio che non ha mai avuto.

Eleonora Nanni

20

A Journey Through Memories in Italian Cinema Nuovo Cinema Paradiso is a cinematic masterpiece about love, childhood and, above all, memories. It tells the story of Salvatore di Vita who is informed of the death of Alfredo, the projectionist of the cinema in the village where he grew up.

Salvatore, also called Totò, then begins to remember his childhood and adolescence when his boundless passion for cinema began.

From this film you learn of post-war Sicily when it takes place: a Sicily full of contradictions with a society still linked to old family traditions, social divisions between the rich and the poor, and political divisions between fascists, communists and Catholics . The cinema represented the opening on the world that the rural Sicilian society had never known. You also learn about popular cinema of the era. It shows extracts of the films that molded the history of global cinema. Among these films are: From Here to Eternity, La Terra Trema, The Children Are Watching Us and Bitter Rice. The parish priest who ran the cinema exercised a strict control over the films that were projected and the censorship in these films is recounted with irony by the director - in particular the kisses considered scandalous at the time. This censorship produces a moving yet amusing surprise for those who will go on to see the film.

Another prominent aspect of the film is the music composed by Ennio Morricone together with his son, Andrea. The most famous piece of the film is the Love Theme, written by Andrea.

This theme won the BAFTA award in 1990. It is a poignant melody that evokes the feelings of the teenager Totò for his first girlfriend, Elena. Despite the success of this piece, the entire soundtrack is a masterpiece of nostalgia and drama that contributed fundamentally to the fame of this film.

The relationship between Totò as a child and teenager, and Alfredo develops not only on the basis of their love for cinematography but also, and perhaps especially in the intent of the director Giuseppe Tornatore, on the filial relationship of Totò with his father who he no longer has (because he was lost in Russia) and the paternal relationship of Alfredo for the son he never had.

Eleonora Nanni

21

伝統的な日本の娯楽

「落語」（文字通り「落ちた言葉」）は日本の語り娯楽の中で最も古いものの一つで、九世 紀から十世紀に仏教のお坊さんによって始められました。語り手（落語家）は、一人で扇子 と小さいハンカチを小道具として持って舞台に座ります。特定の膝をついた座り方（正座） を保ちながら語り手は伝統的で多くは風刺的で笑える話を取り上げます。話はいつも二人以

上の登場人物の会話で成り立っていて、語り手は声の高さや話し方、頭の動かし方のちょっ とした違いで登場人物を表現します。バルチ大学、近代外国語比較文学の助教授である渡辺 紀子は、落語を「一人でテレビドラマの登場人物を演じている」ものと描写しています。 落語を始めたのは、浄土宗のお坊さん、安楽庵策伝と言われています。彼は「醒睡笑」とい う本の著者で、文字通り「眠らないように笑わせる」ために１０３９の冗談を八冊の本にま とめました。江戸時代（１６０３ー１８６７）では、商業が盛んになったおかげで低い階級 の人でも落語を楽しめるようになりました。今日では、上野、新宿、浅草、池袋といった日 本の伝統と文化を大事にするといわれる場所に家族連れが伝統に触れるために訪れていま す。現在プロの落語家は日本に５００人くらいしかいないそうです。落語家は伝統的に男性 で占められていましたが、１９９３年になって初めて女性が落語家になることが可能になり ました。 Camilla dePourbaix

22

Traditional Japanese Entertainment

‘Rakugo’ (literally translating to ‘fallen words’) is one of the oldest forms of verbal entertainment in Japan, invented by Buddhist monks in the 9th and 10th century. A storyteller (rakugoka) sits on their own on stage with only a paper fan and a small cloth as props. Without standing up from the specific kneeling position (seiza), the storyteller depicts a traditional and often satirical comical story. The story always involves a dialogue of two or more characters, with the difference between the characters only being depicted only through change in pitch, tone and a slight movement of the head. Rakugo has been described as “a sitcom with one person playing all the parts”, by Noriko Watanabe, assistant professor or Modern Foreign Languages and Comparative Literature at Baruch College.

The founder of Rakugo is thought to be Anrakuden Sakuden, a Buddhist monk of the Jodo school. He is the author of the book Seisuisho, an expression that literally means "Laughing to keep you awake" and consists of 8 books of 1039 jokes. During the Edo period (1603-1867), thanks to the emergence of the merchant class, the Rakugo spread to the lower classes and became available for all to enjoy. Now, many families travel to Ueno, Shinjuku, Asakusa and Ikebukuro (the most well-known areas for embracing Japanese tradition and culture) in order to experience this tradition. There are now only about 500 people in Japan who perform as a Rakugoka professionally. It was something long reserved only for men, and it was not until 1993 that a woman could also become a Rakugoka.

Camilla dePourbaix

23

‫?‪What is entertainment in Pakistan like compared to India‬‬

‫‪ ۰۴۲۱‬میں دو قومیں پاکستان اور انڈیا خودمختار ممالک میں تقسیم ہوئیں ۔اس کے باوجود دونوں ممالک می‬ ‫ں کافی چیزوں پر مماثلت ہیں ۔ جو کئ مختلف تفریح‪،‬موسیقی ‪،‬فن اورفلموں میں نظر آتی ہے۔‬ ‫ہم زبان ہونے کی وجہ سے موسیقی میں اس کا اثر نمایاں نظر آتا ہے جو دونوں ممالک تخلیق کرتے ہیں۔دو‬ ‫نوں ممالک ایک دوسرےکی موسیقی اور موسیقاروں کو بہت پسند کرتےہیں۔جیسے راحت فتح علی خان پاک‬ ‫ستان کے نامور گلوکاروں اور موسیقارونں میں سے ہیں۔پاکستانی ہونے کے باوجود انہوں نے بہت سارے ا‬ ‫نڈین فلموں میں گلوکاری کی ہے۔جیسے "دل تو پچہ ہے جی"جو فلم عشقیہ سے ہیں۔اسی طرح دبنگ‪،‬سلطان‬ ‫‪ ،‬باڈی گارڈ وغیره۔کوک سٹوڈیو ایک ایسا اداره ہے۔جو کچه موسیقاروں نے مل کر کهوال ہے۔یہ اداره پاکست‬ ‫انی ثقافت‪،‬لوک موسیقی اور تاریخ کو فروغ دیتا ہے۔اس میں کچه نیا پن ڈال کر۔کوکسٹوڈیو مختلف فنکاروں ا‬ ‫ور موسیقاروں کے ساته مل کر نئے اوزاروں کے ساته ماڈرن موسیقی کو جنم دیتے ہیں۔اس گالوٹ جیسے‬ ‫‪fusion‬کہتے ہیں سے فوک‪،‬صوفی اور پوپموسیقی کا جنم ہوتا ہے۔اس گالوٹ کا مقصد پوری دنیا کو موس‬ ‫یقی سے یکساں کرنا ہے۔اور نوجوان نسلوں کے دلوں میں فخر اور ہب وطنی پیدا کرنا ہے۔اس سٹوڈیو کی‬ ‫کامیابی دیکه کر انڈیا نے بهی اپنا ایک کوک سٹوڈیو کهوال ہے۔کوک سٹوڈیو سیاسی اور قومی پیغام بهی دیتا‬ ‫ہے جیسے "ہم دیکهے گے"۔یہ ایک مشہورانقالبی نظم ہے جو فیض احمد فیض نے لکهی تهی۔کوک سٹوڈی‬ ‫و نے اس نظم کو بہت خوبصورت طریقے سے مختلف گلوکاروں کے ساته مل کر تخلیق کیا ہے۔‬ ‫جہاں موسیقی میں دونوں ممالک میں کافی هم آہنگی ہے وہی فلموں میں کافی فرق ہے۔انڈین سینمہ کو بالی و‬ ‫ڈ اور پاکستانی سنیمہ کو اللی وڈ کہتے ہیں۔ بالی وڈ میں بہتاعلی موسیقی‪،‬فن‪ ،‬رومئنس‪،‬ڈرامہ اور ناچ گانا ہو‬ ‫تا ہے۔جہاں پاکستانی اللی وڈ میں ابهی بهی فلموں نے اتنی کامیابی حاصل نہیں کی ہے۔جیسا کے موسیقی می‬ ‫ں حاصل کیہے۔انڈین سنیمہ میں بہت زیاده انگریزیت اور کهل کر ہر مسلۂ پر از ہار خیال ہوتا ہے۔پاکستانی‬ ‫فلموں میں ابهی هی روایتی اور اسالمی حد بندی ہے۔پاکستان میں آج بهی انڈینفلمیں اور ڈرامے بیت شوق س‬ ‫ے دیکهیں جاتے ہیں۔کچه فلموں کو بین بهی کر دیا جاتا ہے۔جو اخالقی اور مذہبی طور پر مناسب نہ ہو۔مثالا‬ ‫‪Agent‬‬ ‫‪Vinod‬جو انڈیا ‪ ،‬پاکستانکے خالف بنی ہوی تهی۔اس میں بین آل خدماتی مخابرات کے بارے میں ذکر ہے‬ ‫( یعنی ‪)ISI‬۔اس فلم کو پاکستان میں چلنے سے ‪ban‬کر‬ ‫دیا گیا تها۔‬ ‫‪Aemaan Khan‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

What is entertainment in Pakistan like compared to India?

In 1947 Pakistan and India were separated into two countries however they still share similar aspects which can be seen in different forms of entertainment such as music and film.

As the languages are similar when spoken, this has impacted music created by the countries. Both countries enjoy music from each other for example Coke Studio and artists such as Rahet Fateh Ali Khan. He is Pakistani, but his music has been featured in many Bollywood movies such as his song ‘Dil To Bachcha Hai Ji’ from the movie ‘Ishqiya’, ‘Dabaang’, ‘Sultan’, ‘Bodyguard’ etc. Coke studio is an idea which promotes culture, religion and the history of Pakistan by bringing classic songs and making them more modern. They do this by recreating it with different artists as well as using more western instruments. Coke studio sings songs ranging from local folk, Sufi music to pop which provides a wide range of songs of traditional as well as modern culture. It aims to ‘connect all people through the universal language of music’ as well as build a sense of pride and patriotism in the youth. Due to the success of this, India also decided to launch its own Coke studio due to the popularity of the music from Coke Studio Pakistan. Coke studio is also used for political messages such as ‘Hum Dekhenge’ (we shall see) which uses one of the best-known Urdu poems written by Faiz Ahmad Faiz as a symbol of protest in Pakistan and was turned into a beautiful song sung by many Pakistani singers.

Though the music is quite similar, differences in entertainment can be seen when it comes to movies. Bollywood is the word for Indian cinema and Lollywood for Pakistani cinema.

Movies tend to have more romantic and dramatic storylines filled with dance which are enjoyed by both Pakistanis and Indians. India has more western and topical ideas featured in their movies whereas Pakistanis have more cultural and Islamic values considered when making movies. Moreover, though Bollywood movies and TV shows are a common source of entertainment in Pakistan, many are also banned if they have controversial opinions about Muslims or Pakistan. For example, Agent Vinod as it had bad references to the ISI which is the intelligence agency in Pakistan.

Despite all the political and geographical tensions, both countries promote each other’s artists and music and they respect and praise them.

Aemaan Khan

25

Marschieren Ich schrieb ein Gedicht in deutscher Sprache, inspiriert von der Geschichte, die ich in meinem deutschen Pre-U-Kurs gelernt habe, über die Soldaten im Zweiten Weltkrieg und ihre Kämpfe, weil die Schrecken des Krieges meiner Meinung nach stark unterschätzt werden und ich finde, Gedichte sind eine der mächtigsten Formen der Unterhaltung.

Mia Borgese

Marschieren, marschieren, marschieren, Die Soldaten marschieren weiter in die Schlacht.

Füße haben Blasen, Beine sind müde, Aber die Soldaten marschieren weiter in die Schlacht.

Wir graben unsere Gräben, voller Angst, Zu jeder Zeit könnten sie erscheinen.

Der Feind, sie sind nah, Ich denke an zu Hause, ich fühle eine Träne.

Bis unaufhaltbare Tränen ausströmen, Die sich mit den Tränen der anderen Soldaten vermischen, Um den längsten Fluss zu schaffen, Oder ist es die Regenflut, fürchte ich?

Ich denke an zu Hause, ich denke an vergangenes Leben, Meine lieben Kinder, meine schöne Frau.

Jetzt werden sie in die Kirche gehen, Aber ich bin hier, taub und verflucht.

Ein Soldat wird mit quälenden Schmerzen vorbeigeführt, Mit nur einem Glied wird er verrückt werden, Von diesem oder von Shellshock wie die meisten anderen hier, Große Augen und permanentes Lächeln, das sich kilometerweit ausbreitet.

kürzester Zeit wieder schmutzig werden.

Zumindest ist sie nicht so schlimm wie die in Blut getränkten, Auf den Leichen der im Schlamm liegenden Soldaten.

Diese Leichen erzeugen überall einen Gestank, Der in der Luft des endlosen Grabens bleibt, Eine ständige Erinnerung an das, was noch kommen wird.

Verletzungen und Krankheiten und Infektionen umgeben mich, Bis ich die Sirenen höre klingen.

Ich nehme mein Gewehr.

Ich bete für meine Familie.

Ich renne zur Frontlinie.

Ich sage meine letzten Gebete.

Ich klettere über die Spitze, Dutzende von Soldaten auf beiden Seiten von mir.

Meine Kameraden laden auf, Meine Kameraden fallen, Meine Kameraden sterben.

Meine zerrissene Uniform ist mit Schmutz bedeckt, Es wäre sinnlos, sie zu waschen; sie würde in

26

March I wrote a poem in German, inspired by the history I am learning about in my German Pre-U course, about the all soldiers in World War II and their struggles, because the horrors of the war are something I think are strongly underestimated and I think poems are one of the most powerful forms of entertainment.

Mia Borgese March, march, march, march, The soldiers continue to march to battle.

The feet are blistered, legs are tired, But the soldiers continue to march to battle.

We dig our trenches, filled with fear, At any time they could appear.

The enemy, they are near, I think of home, I feel a tear.

Until out flow unstoppable tears, Which join the other soldiers’ tears, To make the longest river come clear, Or is it the rain flooding, I fear.

I think of home, I think of past life, My lovely children, my lovely wife.

It is now that they will be going to church, Yet I am here, numb and cursed.

A soldier is brought past in excruciating pain, With only one limb, he will go insane, From that or from shellshock like most others here, Wide eyes and permanent smiles stretching for miles.

My torn uniform is covered in grime, It would be pointless to wash it; it’d get dirty again in no time.

At least it’s not as bad as those soaked in blood, On the corpses of the soldiers lying in the mud.

These corpses everywhere create a stench, That lingers in the air of the never-ending trench, A constant reminder of what is yet to come.

Injuries and illness and infections surround, Until I hear the sirens sound.

I grab my rifle.

I pray for my family.

I run to the front line.

I say my final prayers.

I climb over the top, Tens of soldiers on either side of me.

My comrades charge, My comrades fall, My comrades die.

27

Fierljeppen: een oer friese sport Op een zonnige zomerdag zit je in de auto op weg naar een zomerkamp in Friesland.

Onderweg geniet je van de Friese cultuur: je eet bij een restaurantje wat suikerbrood, ziet een schitterend meer en hoort twee fietsende meiden Fries praten. Opeens zie je een groot bord waarop staat: ‘NK Fierljeppen, 1 en 2 augustus in Heerenveen’ en denk je: ‘wat voor rare sport is dat nou weer?’

Fierljeppen is een traditionele Friese sport waarbij een atleet met behulp van een polsstok een zo groot mogelijke afstand over een sloot springt. De beoefening bestaat uit vier stappen- een korte felle sprint naar de polsstok, de insprong, het klimmen naar de top van de pols en een uitsprong in een zandbed.

De stok staat al in het water voordat de atleet begint met rennen. Hoe verder een stok van een oever staat, hoe meer snelheid nodig is in de aanloop en hoe groter de mogelijke afstand wordt. Het op een goede afstand zetten van de polsstok en een goede aanloop hebben zijn cruciaal om zo ver mogelijk te springen omdat deze het dode punt beïnvloeden. Het dode punt is het moment waarop een atleet naar de top van de polsstok klimt. Het vierde deel van de sprong (de afsprong) is erg belangrijk omdat dit de uiteindelijk gesprongen afstand bepaalt. De afstand die gemeten wordt is van de plek van afsprong tot de achterste afdruk in het zand bij de landing.

gemaakt van houten stokken, die meestal een gemiddelde lengte van 4 meter hadden.

Onderaan de polsstok vond men een achtkantige of rond blok van 4 centimeter dik en met een doorsnee van minimaal 12 centimeter om het wegzakken in de bodem te voorkomen.

Het materiaal dat gebruikt wordt in deze sport is in de loop van de jaren natuurlijk veranderd.

Tot rond 1975 werd er met houten polsstokken gesprongen, die vervangen werden door aluminium stokken. In 2006, 50 jaar na de eerste officiële wedstrijd, werd er een overstap gemaakt naar polsstokken gemaakt van koolstof. Deze moderne stokken zijn stugger waardoor ze minder zwiepen en sommige carbonpolsen zijn langer. Met het steeds langer worden van de polsstok volgde grotere gesprongen afstanden en werd het steeds noodzakelijker om de landingsplaats aan te passen. Vroeger sprong men op de oever (gras), nu is dat een steeds dikkere laag zand.

Het ljeppen gebeurde vroeger vanaf een oever, maar voor de wedstrijden werden dit steeds langere en hogere schansen. Het water werd verdiept om mogelijke vallen vanuit een hogere polsstok beter op te kunnen vangen.

Inmiddels zijn er veiligheidsregels vastgesteld waaraan schansen moeten voldoen.

Fierljeppen is al lang geleden ontstaan. In het vroege voorjaar leggen kieviten hun eieren in de weilanden. Voor de Groningers en Friezen was het zoeken van deze eieren een traditiedenk aan de Kameleon, waar Hielke en Sietse alles doen om het eerste kievitsei te vinden! Tijdens het zoeken moest er meedere keren over een sloot worden gesprongen en bij bredere sloten kwam een polsstok goed van pas. Uit het slootjespringen ontstonden er vroeger al gauw wedstrijden. Er werd gebruik

Helienke Yoong 28

A Dutch traditional Frisian sport On a sunny summer’s day, you sit in the car on the way to a summer camp in Friesland.

Whilst on the way you enjoy the Frisian culture: you eat some ‘suikerbrood’, see a lovely lake and hear some local girls speaking Frisian as they cycle. Suddenly you see a big sign saying ‘Dutch Fierljeppen Championships, 1-2 August in Heerenveen’ and you think ‘what kind of a weird sport is that?’

Fierljeppen is a traditional Frisian sport, where an athlete uses a pole to jump as far as they can over a canal. The sport has four steps to it- a short, snappy sprint, followed by the start of the jump, climbing up to the top of the pole and jumping down into a sandpit. The pole has already been stuck in the water before the athlete starts to run.

The further away the pole from the bank, the more speed is needed in the run-up and the larger the possible distance jumped is. Putting the pole at the right distance and a good run-up are crucial because they influence the dead point. The dead point is when the athlete climbs to the top of the pole. The fourth part of the jump determines the final distance jumpedmeasured from the mark furthest back in the sand, made by the athlete.

Fierljeppen emerged a long time ago. In early spring, lapwings tend to lay their eggs in meadows. For people in Groningen and Friesland (the two provinces in the north of the Netherlands) it was a tradition to look for these eggs. For example, in ‘De Kameleon’ (a book), Hielke and Sietse try to find the first lapwing egg of the season.

When looking for the eggs, people had to jump over canals and ditches and when it came to the wider ones sticks and poles

were often used to help. Small, informal competitions quickly arose from jumping over the canals. People used wooden poles that had an average height of 4 meters. At the bottom of the pole a mounted piece of wood (octagonal or circular) could be found. It had a thickness of 4cm and a minimum diameter of 12 cm in order to prevent the pole from sinking in the mud at the bottom of the water.

The equipment used in fierljeppen has of course changed over the years. Until roughly 1975 wooden poles were used to jump. These were replaced by aluminium poles. Then, in 2006 (50 years after the first official competition), the material of the pole was changed to carbon. These more modern poles are sturdier, meaning they won’t swing or bend as much. They are also longer than their predecessors. With poles getting longer, the distances jumped increased and it became more and more important to change the landing area. This used to simply be one of the canal’s banks, but now people jump onto an increasingly thick layer of sand. The sport also used to start on a bank and this too has changed; athletes now do their run-up on higher and longer platforms, from which they also jump. The water was made deeper to break potential falls better. In the last 10 years safety regulations for platforms have been created.

Helienke Yoong

29

El entretenimiento deportivo en España Los deportes son muy populares en España, tanto para jugar como para ver. Hay un enfoque especial en el fútbol, y la famosa liga llamada, ‘La Liga’, que consiste en partidos semanales que se hacen entretenidos debido a los jugadores talentosos y la atmósfera electrizante.

‘La Liga’ es la primera división de fútbol profesional masculina en España, y ofrece entretenimientos emocionantes cada semana.

Cada año hay veinte equipos que compiten por el título de la liga y todas las semanas los equipos participan en partidos, vistos por miles de personas en los estadios y disfrutados por millones en la televisión.

No hay duda de que las rivalidades entre los equipos competitivos hacen que la Liga española de fútbol sea entretenido. España es el hogar de la mayor rivalidad futbolística del mundo entre los feroces equipos, ‘Real Madrid’ y ‘Barcelona’, conocido como ' El Clásico'. Los equipos se basan en Barcelona en Catalunía y Madrid respectivamente y por consecuencia se ha desarrollado una importante brecha política. Las regiones adoptan opiniones diferentes sobre el nacionalismo de España que provoca el odio intenso entre los dos equipos. Los juegos atraen las multitudes muy apasionadas y están llenos de drama y controversia. Debido a que los resultados son impredecibles, hay un gran sentido de anticipación que los hacen entretenidos.

Además de las rivalidades, los jugadores también proveen entretenimiento. Su nivel técnico es muy impresionante y sus excelentes habilidades se demuestran por la manera en que mueven el balón rápida y maravillosamente alrededor del campo, trabajando como una unidad. Jugadores famosos, como Lionel Messi, son reconocidos por su dedicación, trabajo duro y numerosos logros. Messi aporta un nuevo nivel de pericia al fútbol, mientras que Gareth Bale, que comenzó su carrera en Inglaterra, ahora anima a los hinchas del Reino Unido a apoyar a la liga española. Sin embargo, también los futbolistas jubilados deben ser reconocidos por los legados que dejaron. Esos momentos de brillantez, como cuando Zinedine Zidane anotó su primer triplete contra Sevilla, pero también momentos de controversia como cuando Diego Maradona se convirtió en el primer jugador de Barcelona en ser aplaudido por los fans del rival Real Madrid. Estos momentos, para bien o para mal, son los que hacen la liga española tan entretenida.

Por supuesto los enfrentamientos y los jugadores han hecho de la Liga española algo fascinante, pero ¿qué es lo que hace que se destaque de las otras ligas?, especialmente de la Premier League inglesa. Mientras que en la liga inglesa, el fútbol atacante se valora y hay un enfoque en mover el balón hacia adelante, en España los equipos priorizan la posesión y hay un fuerte énfasis en la velocidad y el atletismo. Los equipos españoles a menudo muestran una mayor destreza y técnica que lo hace más entretenido para los aficionados. Es un hecho bien conocido que los equipos españoles han tenido más éxito históricamente. Las estadísticas demuestran que desde 2000, los equipos españoles han ganado 28 trofeos europeos en comparación con las 7 de los equipos inglesas. Además, los equipos españoles han vencido a sus homólogos ingleses en 18 de sus últimos 20 encuentros. Esto no significa que la Premier League inglesa sea aburrida de ver, pero la emoción de ganar trofeos y títulos de Liga ayuda a hacerla entretenida.

Christie Marlborough 30

Sports entertainment in Spain Sports are very popular in Spain, both to play and to watch. There is a particular focus on football, and the famous league called, 'La Liga', that consists of games every week that are made entertaining because of the talented players and the electrifying atmospheres.

'La Liga' is the men’s top professional division in Spain, and offers exciting entertainment every week.

Every year there are twenty teams that compete for the league title and every week the teams take part in matches, seen by thousands in the stadiums and enjoyed by millions on the television.

There is no doubt that the rivalries between competitive teams make the Spanish Football League entertaining. Spain is home to the biggest football rivalry in the world between fierce rivals, 'Real Madrid' and 'Barcelona', known as 'El ClĂĄsico'. The teams are based in Barcelona in Catalonia and Madrid respectively and consequently a fierce political gap has developed. The regions adopt different views of Spanish nationalism that provokes intense hatred between the two teams. The games attract very passionate crowds and are full of drama and controversy and, because the results are unpredictable, there is a great sense of anticipation that makes it entertaining.

As well as the rivalries, the players also provide entertainment. The level of technique of the players is very impressive and their excellent skills are demonstrated by the way they move the ball quickly and beautifully around the field and work as a tight unit. Famous players such as Lionel Messi are renowned for their dedication, hard work and numerous achievements. Lionel Messi brings a new level of expertise to football, while Gareth Bale, who began his career in England, now encourages football fans in the UK to support the Spanish league. However, along with these players, retired footballers must be recognised for the legacies they created. Those moments of brilliance like when Zinedine Zidane scored his first hat-trick against Seville but also moments of controversy like when Diego Maradona became the first Barcelona player to be applauded by fans of rival Real Madrid. These moments, for better or for worse, are what make the Spanish league so entertaining.

Of course the rivalries and the players have made the Spanish League fascinating, but what makes it stand out from the other leagues especially the English Premier League? While in the English league, attacking football is valued and there is a focus on moving the ball forward, in Spain, the teams prioritise possession and there is a strong emphasis on speed and athletics. Spanish teams often show a greater skill and technique that makes it more entertaining for the fans. It is a well-known fact that Spanish teams have been more successful. Statistics show that since 2000, Spanish teams have won 28 European trophies compared to only 7 for the English teams. Spanish teams have also beaten their English counterparts in 18 of their last 20 ties. This does not mean that the English Premier League is boring to watch, but the excitement of winning trophies and league titles helps make the Spanish league entertaining.

Christie Marlborough

31

Entertainment and learning are not opposites: entertainment may be the most effective mode of learning.

Herbert Marcuse