The Islander 32 - Remembrance

WHAT LEAVES A MARK

By Warrick Kwon Year 12, Halla By Warrick Kwon Year 11, Noro

It is with great sorrow that I am professing my deepest condolences for the passing of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

Granted, this event had been expected; however, the passing of The Queen in such times of massive political and economic turmoil, where the soothing but powerful leadership of The Queen would be appreciated more than ever for the survival of a great nation and the wider Commonwealth, is disheartening news indeed. Simultaneously, it is with great honour and pleasure that I, as an avid institutionalist and devout royalist, have been granted the opportunity to express both my and the wider Islander team’s last farewells as a part of paying tribute to and remembering The Queen. Although I cannot queue with others and witness the funeral in person, I stand in unison with my royalist fellows in Britain and the rest of the world in respect to how deeply saddened I am by the passing of Her Majesty The Queen.

Regardless of whether one shares the beliefs that I wholeheartedly possess, it stands that we pay tribute to her exceptional life, her lifelong service to the people of her country and the Commonwealth. As the longest reigning monarch in British history for over 70 years, she has served as the head of state for 32 different Commonwealth nations and witnessed 15 different Prime Ministers taking office in the UK. Although her material being might have come to an end, her legacies will resonate, transcending the fabric of time. The unwavering and lifelong dedication to her people, which was made possible by her kindness and generosity, not to mention the ‘gentle’ charisma she exerted over the people when necessary, was what made her such a beloved monarch. She was virtually the epitome of a leader, able to exert a positive influence based on the service, selfless dedication and compassion she demonstrated throughout the world. She was one of the few figures who lived in history, whilst also making history with her own hands. The passing of The Queen surely marks a great moment for Britons, and it is great shoes that the new monarch, His Majesty King Charles III, and the remaining royal family have to fill.

In pausing to remember we show respect for someone who brought people together and provided the dignity of treating people with respect and affection, someone who kept to her promise of serving.

remember their love when they can no longer remember”

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological illness that aggravates progressively. It is one of the most frequent types of dementia, a collection of symptoms that leads to a significant deterioration in mental function that interferes with everyday life. Alzheimer’s disease affects a person’s memory as well as their ability to learn, reason, make decisions, communicate and carry out everyday tasks. About six million Americans are plagued by Alzheimer’s disease and the condition affects one out of every nine persons aged 65 and over.

Tom Clandinin, PhD, a neurobiology professor at Stanford, is striving to address more of what he terms “the saddest diseases” – neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: “We have a very limited understanding of how these diseases work. One of the things I study in my lab is actually how genes have been shown to be associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease actually cause neurons to lose their synapses.”

Alzheimer’s tends to be the most dismal disease in the world, in which the patient’s past doesn’t exist and they only remember the present. Losing memories is distressing and tough. Not a single minute has been worthless for the patient’s life, however the disease pulls out all the memories about the days they lived.

Alzheimer’s disease progresses via five stages; preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease-related moderate dementia, moderate dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and severe dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease.

From moderate dementia, people start to experience greater memory loss. Patients may forget personal information such as their address or phone number, as well as where they went to school. They repeat stories or make up new ones to fill in the blanks in their memory. At this stage, patients undergo substantial change in personality and behaviour. Mental function continues to deteriorate in the late stages of Alzheimer’s disease, termed as severe dementia related to Alzheimer’s disease. Patients lose the ability to communicate coherently which makes them no longer able to converse or speak in ways that make sense; significant influence on mobility and physical capacities.

“We

Jimin Lee, Year 10, Noro

Edited by R. Maher

How to cure?

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, only, there are some medications available that assist in the behavioural issues and reduce the progression of dementia symptoms. All currently approved medications are prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s disease once it has manifested. Scientists are currently investigating approaches to prevent or reduce the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Monoclonal antibodies are a type of medication that is currently being studied at a late stage. The amyloid protein that grows up in brain cells is targeted by these medications. They act by adhering to amyloid proteins as they float through the brain and removing them before they develop plaques and tangles that obstruct the brain’s ability to function correctly. These medications are still in clinical studies and will not be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for several years. Early results are equivocal, with some trials showing no change in brain function and others indicating a little improvement (less brain function decline). Despite the repeated displeasing results, experts are enthusiastic about this new possible strategy for altering the disease’s progression.

Psychology of Memory

BY ALLY LEE YEAR 11, GEOMUN

Memory is commonly referred to as the faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information (Squire, 2009). The di erent steps of ‘remembering’ a specific fact in our lives enable the memories to be strengthened or diminished over time. This article will explore the three categories in which memory is stored, thereby reaching a conclusion of how to empower academic memories in real life.

Sensory memories are stored for a few seconds at most. It literally refers to the five senses; hearing, vision, touch, smell, and taste. Sensory memory is stored only if these senses are stimulated. Eventually, as it reprocesses and associates with an already existing memory in our brain, it is stored as short term memory. The five senses result in iconic memories (sight), echoic memory (sound), haptic memory (touch), olfactory memory (smell), and gustatory memory (taste). In particular, olfactory and gustatory memories can powerfully trigger old memories. This is why a perfume or the smell of a food we have not eaten since childhood can trigger and revive a memory of a specific person or moment. Sensory memories were investigated during the 1960s by a psychologist named George Sperling. He carried out an experiment, investigating how the sensory memories are interlinked with each other. Participants stared at a screen and rows of letters flashed very briefly - 1/20th of a second - before the screen went blank. Then, participants immediately repeated as many of the letters they could remember. Interestingly, most of them recalled 4 or 5. Next, he proceeded with a varied version where there were three rows of four letters for 1/20th of a second but participants also heard high, medium, or low pitched tones. Surprisingly, the participants who heard the high pitched tones mostly recalled the top row, medium pitch hearers recalled the second row, and the low pitch hearers remembered the bottom row. The principle behind this is that participants could better remember the letters because they focused on the indicated row before their visual memory faded. This experiment suggests that short term memories can be strengthened by being associated with other sensory memories resulting from other forms of stimuli.

The next stage of memory is short term memory. Short term memory is known as primary or active memory: it has a capacity to store relatively a small amount of information and keep it readily available for a short duration, therefore it is brief and limited. Moreover, the memory is only stored for 20 to 30 seconds unless we use rehearsal strategies such as saying it aloud, mentally repeating it, and so on. Although it seems trivial, short term memories are essential for daily functioning. People often experience short term memory loss - in short, forgetting - and this is often considered to be quite frustrating for people. This is due to the environment interfering with your memorisation process; for example, in a chaotic classroom, you cannot easily mem-

orise vocabulary or remember others’ names. In terms of capacity, psychologist George Miller suggests that people can store between five and nine items in their

short term memory. However, recent studies suggest that people are capable of holding four chunks, or pieces, of information in their short term memory. For instance, you would not be able to remember a whole phone number at the first trial. One method of ‘remembering well’ is called mnemonics. Since you can remember about 4 chunks at a time, mnemonic phrases, abbreviations, or rhymes can help you remember things clearly and for a longer duration. Common examples include ROY G BIV, and “Thirty days hath September” which is a poem used to remember how many days are in each month. In short, the most e ective way to remember short term memory is to turn short term memories into long term memories.

Long term memories happen on a synaptic level in most organisms. In order to convert short term memory into long term memory, it requires changes within the brain that protect memory from interference from competing stimuli or disruption from injury or disease. This is called consolidation, which literally denotes making the memory permanent. However, there is also a second level in memory consolidation which is called system consolidation. This moves, processes, and more permanently saves memories only for complex organisms such as humans. This makes the memory store seem quite convenient. Nevertheless, memories can be corrupted. False memories are created where some people remember events di erently from the way they really happened or remember events that have even never happened at all. There are two types of long term memory: explicit and implicit. Explicit memories are the memories that are available in consciousness such as remembering his/her own birthday or the family’s birthday. It is subdivided into episodic memory which is a memory that stores specific events, and semantic memories which stores fundamental knowledge about the world. On the other hand, implicit memory is stored mostly below consciousness. This includes memories of how to utilise our body and objects around the world. We don’t consciously remember them, but rather the memories are encoded in our muscles. These memories are changed every time we access it. Neurons encode memories in a part of the brain called cortex, and every time we recall it, the memories are encoded again. The memory re-encoded isn’t identical to the way it was done before, but it is considered fairly similar. Whenever the memory is re-accessed, it becomes stronger or weaker to diminish over time.

In students’ everyday lives, remembrance is significant where students must encode and process excessive amounts of information everyday during lessons. Remembering content more ultimately leads to attaining better scores in exams therefore enhancing the memory techniques are highlighted important. In order to strengthen our long term memory and consolidate details, recalling them frequently and approaching in diverse ways are the best two ways suggested by the psychologists. Specific memories might be lost, but remembrance techniques will definitely empower the necessary information you need in everyday lives.

ALZHEIMER's DISEASE : Disease that bothers and disrupts people’s memory...

Many people experience memory loss as they get older but for most cases, people do not experience severe memory loss that interrupts their normal life. However, Alzheimer’s disease, a common type of dementia, leads to people’s loss of cognitive skills, and it commonly occurs in elderly individuals. 10% of people over the age of 65 are believed to have Alzheimer’s disease and experts estimate that there are more than 6 million Americans with this disease currently. More common in women, Alzheimer’s disease can destroy people’s mental ability to think. It significantly affects their memory, making them forget their memory, even very basic information.

In the late 1980s, Auguste Deter, a woman in German, started to find difficulties in remembering and also had problems with language, both speaking and writing. She was not diagnosed with dementia, which also has similar symptoms, as dementia usually occurs between people over the age of 65, and she did not even reach 50 years old. Dr Alois Alzheimer, started to examine Auguste, asking and interviewing her with simple questions such as her husband’s name and her age which she could not answer. Her symptoms, such as memory loss, paranoia, and unpredictable behaviour, got worse gradually. In 1906, looking more closely at her brain after her death, Dr Alzheimer found abnormal clumps and tangled bundles of fibres, which are now known as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, or tau.

In healthy brains, when neurons communicate with another and transfer information, a signal goes from the body of the cell called soma to the synapse. It passes through the axons, which is like the skeleton of the neurons and they are composed of microtubules which are stabilised by Tau protein. However, in Alzheimer's disease, toxic changes take place as tau becomes defective and the abnormal buildup of proteins lead to formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles. The neurons degenerate and the connections between the neurons are lost as abnormal tau filaments accumulate which creates neurofibrillary tangles, leading to death of the neurons. The healthy neurons are no longer maintained and they die as the connections between neurons are lost. As more neurons die, the brain begins to shrink as other parts are affected. The damage in the brain first appears in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, affecting the functions related to memories as they are the parts essential in forming memories. Senile plaques, another main cause of Alzheimer’s disease, are formed when protein pieces called beta-amyloid clump together, and they are first observed in the cortex and then in the

hippocampus which is the part responsible for memory and learning, and they finally reach the whole brain.

As is widely known, Alzheimer’s causes problems in the brain, especially in memory. It interrupts people’s memory and ability to remember something in the past, even some simple and basic information. The disease has several stages depending on the symptom and progression of damage to the brain: preclinical, mild, moderate and severe. The symptoms in mild stages include, memory, repeating questions, mood changes, and poor judgement. As the disease progresses, the symptoms get worse as patients in moderate stages experience increased memory loss, inability to learn new things, difficulty with language and problems recognising others. People with severe Alzheimer’s cannot communicate by themselves and have to rely on others. Alzheimer’s leads to death, but it is not the direct cause of death. In most cases they die from other infections such as pneumonia. As people with severe symptoms struggle to swallow, they inhale food and drinks into their lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia or bronchopneumonia.

Alzheimer’s disease is also known as a complex disease as there are many factors influencing it, both genetic and environmental, not just plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This makes this disease one of the diseases that are difficult to treat. Although there is no specific treatment for Alzheimer’s, there are some medications which help to slow down the progress of the mild to moderate stages such as galantamine, rivastigmine, and donepezil. Although there are genetic factors for the disease, other environmental factors such as diet and smoking can increase the risk of getting it, so to prevent it, it is essential to stop smoking, drink minimum amount of alcohol, have a balanced diet, and also exercise regularly.

BY AMY KIM, YEAR 11, MULCHAT

By EDWARD CHO, Year 9, MULCHAT Edited by R. Maher

Sleep and memory

“Sleep when you are dead.” Unfortunately, this quote is very famous in Korean society. The pressure in society today favours work rather than sleep, and the time used for sleeping is seen as wasted. However, this is actually not true. To work, people need their memory, and surprisingly, memory and sleep are deeply related.

According to bbc.com, sleep and memory are connected in complex ways. Firstly, sleep deprivation will cause some serious difficulties remembering things. For instance, sleep has an important role in the consolidation of memory. To be extreme, if sleep deprivation occurs, people will suffer various difficulties in retaining and consolidating memory which is essential in the learning of new things. Also, sleep is related to turning a memory into a long term memory.

At this point, you might think about how the brain stores memory and consolidates it while sleeping. To answer that question, actually the brain works 24/7, unless you are dead. It even works when a person is in a coma. Then how does the brain work during sleep?

According to the report of the National Institution of Health (NIH) , the brain sorts the information that an individual stored before sleep through the reorganisation of the nerve cells, and gets rid of toxic waste. One of the examples of the toxins is betaamyloid, which is well-known for its accumulation in the brains of Alzheimer patients. Moreover, other research from NIH has suggested that brain levels of beta-amyloid decreases while asleep.

To support the points more clearly, an experiment was conducted about how the brain can store memory when sleeping. In this experiment, the participants were asked to learn two types of piano melody, each 12 notes long. They spent an equal amount of time practising playing each tune, then took a 90-minute

nap. While they were asleep, one of the melodies was quietly played on repeat for four minutes. As a result, upon awakening, the study participants could accurately play the cued melody 4 percent more often than the melody that was not played while they were asleep. The experiment highlights that sleeping will significantly help the memorising of the things that people learnt before sleep. Hence, it proved sleep learning.

Then how are memory and sleep related? Research suggests that sleep helps learning and memory in two distinct ways. Firstly, sleep deprivation can cause a lack of focus and attention therefore humans cannot learn efficiently. These days students learn a lot of things in one lesson. Concentration can be considered the most important thing to them. However, if they lack sleep, and therefore concentration, they will end up facing difficulties. Secondly, loss of consolidation time for the brain. People lacking sleep will have a hard time learning new things. As mentioned above, students learn a lot of new information. They possibly will have some difficulty in both learning new information, and concentrating on it. As people learn new information when they are awake, they have to consolidate what they learnt. And this is where sleep plays the key role, consolidating the memory.

You might question what affects, and what disturbs the consolidation process besides the lack of sleep. One of the biggest reasons is the blue light from electronic devices. Nowadays people tend to use more electronic devices than in the past. As a consequence, the sleep consolidation process has been disturbed. Another reason is the fact that the average amount of caffeine consumed by one individual per day over 18 is 2.7 to 3 cups. According to dealsonhealth.net, this is surely a lot of the caffeine consumed, which is possible to cause the reduction of memory consolidation when asleep.

Last but not least, what is the right amount of sleep for sleep learning? According to the BBC, the time for storing the memory is the first four hours of sleep. This suggests that people should have a minimum of four hours of sleep. However, this isn't quite right. That four hours only applies to the full four hours of deep sleep. The National Sleep Foundation Organisation suggested that a grown-up individual should sleep 7-9 hours on average to achieve the full four hours deep sleep, and store the memory. On the other hand, I have previously talked about students lacking sleep. There is other advice from both The National Sleep Foundation Organisation and BBC.com. They explain that juveniles, including students under 18 years old, should sleep 8-10 hours. Moreover, NIH guidance states that people over 65 years should sleep at least 7 to 8 hours per night, and this will lower the chance of getting dementia.

To conclude, the evidence suggests that sleep is deeply related to memory. Firstly, sleep deprivation will cause some serious difficulties such as a lack of concentration making it harder to learn things. Secondly, the brain can only consolidate the memories learnt when asleep. Last, but not least, the right amount of sleep will promote sleep learning, which can be accomplished only when people have at least 4 hours of deep sleep. Therefore, an adult should sleep at least 7-9 hours, 8-10 hours for juveniles, and elderlies over 65 years old should have 7-8 hours of sleep per night to prevent brain-originated diseases.

How is literature used to relay events of historical significance?

The late 20th century was, in a political context, the age of rights. With the fight between ideologies ignited through the Cold War, countries turned inwards to develop democratic footings for their population. These democratic developments meant more people realising their right to power and going against their previous rulers. Encouraged by the United State’s radical international policies used to promote democracy such as the proxy wars and the Truman doctrine, many political protests were held throughout the 1900s. The most famous examples would be the Solidarity movement from Poland. The political uprisings of the 20th century around the world diverged a lot from those which had previously taken place through their usage of modern weaponry and the increasingly popular idea of democratic mass-gathering. Historical events such as these tend to create large impacts in literature, for the social and political context of the era will always a ect the writer’s mind to an extent. Literature has a closer relationship with the history of revolution in particular: there are records of literature being used as a tool to convey complex or potentially dangerous ideologies through its metaphorical language. This led to a profound amount of books being written about the 20th century democratic struggle of various regions.

Out of many pieces of literature which were inspired by this event and went on to commemorate, two particular bodies of work will be used to answer the question of literature’s role in relaying historical events. One of them is “Human Acts” (2014) by Han Kang, a book based on the democratisation movements in Korea of the 1980s. The other is “Death of a Naturalist” (1966), a collection of Seamus Heaney’s poems which were focused heavily

on the Irish troubles.

By Inseo Youn HallaYear 12

Han’s novel “Human Acts” is a good example of literature’s role in conveying historical events. Han says her motivation for writing came from a sense of duty. She gives a detailed account of her journey in writing this book in an interview. As someone who had never experienced the tragic event in person, she had to go looking for historical accounts herself as a background researcher. Her narrating style closely resembles her recall of following an unknown person’s history to learn more about the entire event. Han uses di erent people every chapter to narrate the story, and each narrator is interlinked in a fluent way. For example, chapter two’s narrator happens to be the dead friend mentioned in chapter one, who’s sister in turn works as the narrator for chapter three. This gives a strong sense of connectivity and reality, which helps in narrating a historical event of high significance. It prevents the readers from questioning the realness of this event or its genuity. For this particular event of May 18th, this sense of reality holds more significance. Around the time of its unfolding, this event was kept secret by the government from citizens of other regions. So people questioned its genuity when survivors of the event gave account later on. Han seems to have wanted to prevent this from happening for her work, hence her focus on names, dates and the emotional connection to the reader.

Firstly, “Human Acts” shows the tragic image of the Gwangju democratisation movement of 1980, May 18th.

The most prominent feature of the book is the way it treats the readers. Han uses first-person narrating format on people or spirits telling their own history of the event directly to the reader. At times, the style feels like it is narrated in a second-person perspective, referring to the main protagonist as ‘you’. The reader’s identity shifts per chapter, as the narrator’s situation changes: one time it feels like the characters are talking to the readers in simple terms like in chapter 1, while in others like chapter 4, it feels like the reader is interviewing the narrator, who holds account for traumatic events he experienced in youth. Han takes careful measures to make it clear that the reader always feels like they’re talking to the narrator. Characters never fail to acknowledge the reader’s presence in their dialogues.

In a way, Han’s style of narration makes the readers closer to the narrators than the conventional format of first-person narrative, by adding the element of direct conversation. This gives the readers an intimate feeling to the narrator and the story itself, which acts to amplify the tragic element of the story. Emphasising on the tragic element of an event is an e ective way to make the story be more memorable for the readers, because people tend to naturally wish for a happy ending. Readers often find themselves, reading a tragedy, looking for a way to ‘make things better’ for a character: because that is the way people live. In reality there is almost always a way to improve upon the situation, and people look desperately for it. However, in a story with its controlled environments, even when the readers find a way to help the characters they feel sorry for, they would always make the wrong decisions, leading to a tragic ending. Therefore, ending a story in tragedy makes the readers feel like they have been ridden of the happy ending they deserved in a story as per reality. Hence the emphasis of sadness in a story is used as one of the most common ways for writers to convey a message. Han does this e ectively through her style of conveying the story in first person narrative.

Seamus Heaney is an Irish poet who worked in the 20th century. His works are renowned for their closeness to nature and their political significance. Unlike Han who retrospectively talked about a topic she didn’t experience, Heaney gives witness to the Irish Troubles, a period of political turbulence experienced by him. He takes a distinctive side on the matter similar to Han: both of them show support for the side against the so-called ‘group with power’. Heaney’s poems undergo a distinctive division into two types. His earliest works use nature and surroundings he experienced as a youth as a soft metaphor to the political events taking place around him. His later works, on the other hand, take a more ruthless and direct approach to the problems faced by his community, including deep explorations of his national and personal identity.

While Han mainly used di erent narrators as her way of conveying emotional messages into her literary works, Heaney wrote poems about distinguished materials and made close metaphors of them to the troubles. The approach he took for the object would either directly or indirectly reflect his take on the local issue. This method is much more subtle than Han’s style, because the reader has to deduct the meaning behind an innate poem rather than being told about it by narrators. Heaney’s method in relating the Irish troubles to the readers can be seen in the poem ‘Punishment’. This poem is Heaney’s description of his imagination based on a bog body. The imagination consists of a woman being punished for her framed adultery. Heaney connects this event and the similar ones happening in Ireland, the tarring of women. Heaney’s method has its pros in conveying historical events. His poems are both strong and subtle by using strong symbols such as bog bodies; while these symbols work to strengthen the tie between the real world and the political struggles for readers with background knowledge, putting the poem out of context would conceal its real intentions. This would have been useful

for Heaney, especially for poems such as ‘Punishment’ because it contains some sympathy to the women targeted by the Irish catholics.

Both Han and Heaney attempted to contain historical events in their literary works because they saw the meaning in these actions. Using literature as a medium to relay your ideas, especially about the historical events, helps you immensely: they allow the readers to be much more engaged about the event. Readers would hold stories to be of more significance if they resonate with the characters in it rather than to be told about stories plainly. This is because they would, while reading the literary work, be led to empathise with the characters-main character especially. Han and Heaney shared similarity in method by holding back from saying their ideas directly. They both used an advocate as their method of telling the story while giving their idea in an indirect way. The importance of literature in conveying historical stories to the readers of a later date lies here.

BY LUCAS SHIN, YEAR 11, MULCHAT Edited by, Mr. Maher

MANCHESTER UNITED FANS EMBODY THE SPIRIT OF REMEMBRANCE

“We’ll never die”. On February 6th 1958, an aircraft carrying the Manchester United players from Munich to England crashed. It was a horrible incident wherae 23 people, including 8 players, passed away and put the strongest team in the country into a chaotic situation. People still remember this incident and, on the anniverary every 6th February, all the fans and players pay tribute to their legends, no matter their age, sex or nationality. The purpose behind their remembrance includes respect towards the players, respect towards the elderly fans and the bereaved families who have mostly suffered due to the players’ death. The Munich Air Disaster, shows how remembrance in sports is a significant action, where various people pull out their own memories about the team and remind themselves about how beautiful their life was supporting the team.

Manchester United is currently not in a good situation, firing managers like Solskjaer following their disappointing results. Hence, it is likely that the fans would argue differently on the

current situation, but it is inevitable that the fans will celebrate the anniversary, as it is their job to show respect towards the players that have passed away. The players were called “Busby Babes” and many football fans argue that they were the kind of team that might have become the best team in Europe, if the incident didn’t happen. Their performances have dazzled many football fans’ eyes, and this is evident with the numerous trophies and medals they secured. They won three league titles between 1946 and 1957, and they were on the way to becoming the best European football club, reaching the final of the FA cup in 1957. Therefore, the fact that they passed away the next year makes the tragedy sound more horendeous and it makes people remember the team as United’s legends.

Furthermore, showing respect towards the elderly fans who have actually experienced the tragedy would be another reason behind the ceremony. It is likely that the current fans haven't seen the players in their lifetime as it has already been 64 years since the incident happened, but there are

still some older fans of the team who remember their childhood through supporting them. The anniversary ceremony is the time where these elderly fans and younger new-bee fans feel connected to each other, as younger fans get to understand the loss that the elderly fans have felt. The events surrounding the anniversary at Manchester United reiinforces that they have respect towards the elderly fans; events, such as making players wear the retro uniforms, make fans pull out their memoriies of the team.

The flow of celebration does not just end inside the stadium, but it also influences Manchester people outside the stadium. For example, statues and the features of memorial celebration are placed outside United’s home stadium ‘Old Trafford’, which encourages Manchester citizens to look at these clocks and learn the events that have happened, even if they are not fans of Manchester United. There is a statue of the player and the supporter with the flower that represents the action of giving tribute to the players. Also,

the clock stopped at the time of the crash shows that Manchester's time has stopped and the fans are waiting for the players to come, and the lineup of the Busby Babes show that the players will be remembered forever, as United’s players.

The memorial celebration for the Munich Air Disaster highlights the significance of remembrance to a small Northern English community. It also encourages young people in the country to learn how to give respect to other people, and it also shows how much sport can influence people’s lives.

BY TAEHEE KIM, YEAR 11, JEOJI

Edited by, Ms. A Gellersen

Remembrance of the Dead

Remembrance is a valuable ritual for everybody regardless of their social status, location on the planet, and gender. It enables people to value and admire the achievements of those in the past. While appreciating numerous accomplishments, even as young teenagers, people get the inspiration to unlock their potential and recognize the value of any of their works which would be valuable resources for their descendents. In fact, in diverse communities in the world, a great number of people commemorate their personal heroes.

Annually on May 4, most of the civilians in the Netherlands commemorate the soldiers killed during World War 2 and other national wars of the Netherlands: the official name of the event is “Dodenherdenking'' in Dutch, meaning

“Remembrance of the Dead”. The biggest memorial is held in the Dam Square, one of the most prominent tourist attractions in Amsterdam. In other cities and towns, a commemoration usually takes place in the city hall or the graveyard, where most of the dead soldiers are buried. By having two minutes of silence, people remember the soldiers who have courageously fought for the country, sacrificing their lives. Unlike other countries' commemorations, the Netherlands celebrates the end of World War 2 on the 5th of May: the following day after the commemoration of the dead. By remembering and celebrating ancestors’ works on consecutive days, it helps citizens to effectively recognize the reason why they have to remember these people: ancestors who fought to bring peace for their descendants.

Unlike the Netherlands’ public Dodenherdenking ceremony, Korea’s Jesa ceremony is much more personalised. Rather than praying for the country’s heroes, Koreans pray for either their families or their relatives. The Jesa ceremony generally consists of two stages: food offering and bowing. As the ceremony is based on the fact that the spirits of the ancestors exist, people hang the photos of their ancestors and burn incense, inviting their ancestors to their house. For them, people prepare various foods in the best quantity, showing their respect and appreciation. Even though there are no set rules on choosing the type of food to serve, it is typical to include fruits

like apple and pear and traditional Korean snacks like Yakgwa. After bowing twice to the ancestors, people then wait a few minutes for their ancestors to finish their food. As Jesa is a more personalised ceremony for their own ancestors, it doesn’t solely focus on venerating their ancestors’ achievements. Rather, in my opinion, it acts as a time when people acknowledge and remember who preceded them, showing that their ancestors aren't left behind but are always in their memories.

Even though citizens living in the United States celebrate their Memorial day by visiting the cemeteries and memorials just like the conventions of Netherlands’ Dodenherdenking, their Memorial day has its own unique features. There is even a specific reason why Memorial day is normally on the 30th of May. As June implicitly symbolises the start of summer, the past commander of the Grand Army of the Republic John Logan wanted the memorial day to act as a day when people gather and start decorating the graves of the dead soldiers with flowers, recognizing their effort. Its second name “Decoration day”, in fact, directly matches

John's way of celebrating the hard works of the past soldiers, who have sorrowfully died during the war, by “decorating” their graves with flowers and flags. Another notable aspect of the celebration is its convention of flying their flags: only half-staff from the daybreak to noon and then raising it fully until the sunset. For the first half of the celebration with the half-staffed flags, people honour the dead soldiers who sacrificed themselves for the country. Conversely, for the remaining half, people fully raise their flags, showing perseverance and their will to continue the tradition despite sorrowful loss: here, the flag symbolises illumination that will continue to shine on the country.

In the world, there are countless countries remembering their dead ancestors in their special, unique way. Whether people commemorate on a personal level or a universal level, we all share a goal of acknowledging them and a hope for a better future as their descendents.

BY EUNSEO LIM, YEAR 8, SARAH

Edited by Lucas Shin

4.3 incident

In 1948 Jeju, an island off the southern coast of South Korea, was a human slaughterhouse, with an estimated 30,000 people losing their lives, about one-tenth of the island's population.

The beginning of the 4.3 incident is because among the citizens who were celebrating the March 1 Independence Movement Day, a 6 year old child stepped out, and the police, who were riding a horse in front of him, hit the child and ran without an apology.

People who saw police going without an apology couldn't hold back their anger so they grabbed a stone and threw it towards the police. Police who saw the action, interpreted the action as a riot and tried to subdue them. Police shot six of the demonstrators and a further eight of them were injured.

Most of the victims were ordinary people who were just watching the march. Police started slaughtering people at random, and everyone started hiding. Everyone on the island started to hide. The police were slaughtering people based on their age, particularly young people (20-30). If there were no young people in the family, they killed women or children for no reason. The cops killed every single one of them that they saw. This problem triggered the 4.3 incident. Most of the police officers were related deeply to Japan and the USA at that time. Police that have a deep relation with Japan had bad eyes on them, because it was the time when Korea got free from the Japanese. During the 4.3 incident, they kept watching people running away and if they saw one single person they just found them and killed them all.

Jeju residents still remember what happened at that time and they are in pain from that memory.

Moulding a face from flesh, a fictional remembrance

By Jaeyoung Chung, Year 11, Jeoji

Edited by Peter Chang

The grayly lit confinery is even more bizarre, a spotlight dimly illuminating the middle. Your focus goes directly to the shine on the floor, equally grey.

You see the spotlight waver frantically. You hold your head aloft, trying to follow it.

You look like a fool.

The light gawks at you and it is only now that you realise the light is on you.

‘Ok, contestant 017, prepare to get moulding, let’s see if you can…’

‘Guess! That! Face!’

You look up to see emotionless crowds facing the ‘stage’ you are up on. Only a handful, yet somehow enough to evoke stage fright. Picking apart your memory hard enough you can recognise all of their faces.

Like your uncle whom you haven’t seen since the raging argument at your last family reunion. You were five.

The cashier guy of your local grocery store. He’s even wearing his work uniform. Your sister who was supposed to be out with her friends for an early dinner while you are stuck in this nightmare. A nightmare? Was this a dream?

Your thoughts are abruptly interrupted by a hauntingly loud clock ticking. The sound vibrates through you on its way to taking every last bit of realism out of your cells. You are numb.

Lifeless human flesh is harder to mould than what you’ve expected. Less malleable but harder to keep in place, impossible to work with. You feel the slab of dead flesh, devoid of blood, relentlessly hitting you on your palms and bounce down to your wrists. Numbed. You fight the instinct of wanting to shape your mom’s face.

You know what the crowds want. And that uncanny man who looks like that one guy from that creepy game show. They want to see you making it. They want you to remember how she looked. The clock is ticking.

It’s not like you have a choice anyway. You can’t even move your legs. Breathe in, breathe out. Good. Start with the base. The neck. Great place to start. Your dead mother has to prop up her head somehow. You move on to firmly pressing and denting the places her eye sockets should be. Then her nose. Move down to the bows of her lips. The lips… they look awfully lively for a 50-something dead lady, but adequate. Whatever. Your fingertips slowly hover over the eye sockets you just made. You freeze. Words like ‘canthal tilt’ and ‘orbital lobes’ dance around your head. Did the crow’s feet around her eyes look like this? How downturned did her eyes fold when she was smiling?

You desperately squeeze and rub against her skin and try to grasp a mental picture. But you can’t. The contorted and blurry images don’t help. You want to cry.

The crowd reacts a bit, talking amongst themselves. Some of them even manage to make encouraging noises at you.

This was the winning entry in the Fobisia Social Studies Essay Competition Junior Section for 2022.

The economic principle of scarcity states that human wants are infinite, yet our resources are finite. This desire to satisfy our needs in the face of limited resources has manifested in globalisation as we know it today. Ever since the start of civilization in Mesopotamia, humans have traded with one another in order to compensate for a lack of resources. The Silk Road that connected the Roman Empire to China was built for no other purpose than to increase European access to silk, spices, and other commodities that were locally unavailable. The Columbian Exchange that bridged Europe to the Americas took place under the sole motivation of Europeans wanting to find new trade routes to India. The past era of globalisation had mostly been focused on the physical trade of goods in order to address the lack of resources in the face of geographical boundaries. As such, globalisation, or at least as we have known it thus far, can be defined as the interdependence of diverse economies and cultures to create one unified global economy. However, as humankind has transitioned into the Information Age, the geographical boundaries that prevented the sharing of physical goods and ideas have been gradually but surely eroded. The internet has led to the boom of E-commerce,

enabling people to enjoy full access to desired goods regardless of location. Before the rise of E-commerce, it was impossible to access wool from New Zealand without actually visiting the land of the long white clouds. Now, New Zealand wool can be accessed with just a few clicks of a button. The influence of E-commerce in this era is evidenced by Amazon being one of the five companies to have ever reached a trillion-dollar valuation benchmark.

The impact of globalisation can be witnessed in areas outside of E-commerce as well. In 1976, Apple was founded in a small garage at the corner of California. Within decades, this small company has developed into a conglomerate, selling its products to 175 out of 195 countries around the globe. Similarly, coffee, which originated in the Ethiopian plateau, is now a staple in the lives of billions world-wide. This trend is not only pertinent to commodities, but also to information. In the past, students attained knowledge through the words of their teachers or through textbooks. However, the internet now empowers anyone to access boundless information, and a simple google search is sufficient to access more information than a human brain can process in a lifetime. The barriers which once deterred companies and products from reaching foreign markets no longer exist, and the formerly segregated markets have been unified into one. Likewise, the barriers which once prevented information from reaching

“Is globalisation, or globalisation as we have known it, coming to an end?”

BY ASHLEY MINJI KOO, YEAR 10, MULCHAT

certain populations have been dilapidated, and the world now has access to a centralized wealth of knowledge.

In order to ascertain the future of globalisation, it is crucial to acknowledge that the needs of previous generations have now been fully satisfied. The physical trade of goods and ideas has already reached maximum capacity, and there is no longer room left for growth. Does this mean that globalisation as a whole is coming to an end? In order to answer this question, it is imperative to assess how the needs of humankind have changed over the course of the Information Age.

The irony of the Information Age comes in the form of connectedness. The rise of the internet and social media has created a landscape where people are unprecedentedly more connected than any generation in history. The internet has enabled anyone to instantly connect with another person who resides on the opposite side of the globe. It is now literally possible to form “friendships” without ever meeting the person in real life. Ironically, the most connected generation in history is also displaying the highest prevalence of loneliness. According to “Loneliness and Its Association With Social Media Use During the COVID-19 Outbreak” by Tore Bonsaksen, Mary Ruffolo, and Janni Leung, “using more social media platforms is associated with higher levels of emotional loneliness.” Katrina Trinko from USA Today further validates this through an interview with an anonymous teenager who claims, “I’ve been on my phone more than I’ve been with actual people.” This rising trend of loneliness has catalysed the growth of an innate human desire: the desire to connect with others.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that the desire to connect with others is an innate characteristic of humans; people need to connect with one another in order to fulfill their psychological and social needs to experience self-actualisation, and this is where the future of globalisation lies.

If the previous era of globalisation had been focused on creating a unified global economy, the new era of globalisation will be focused on creating a unified society. This will be achieved through one of the most eminent trends in modern technology: metaverse. Recently, Facebook has altered its name to “Meta'' as a statement of its dedication to creating a collective virtual shared space. Facebook is already focusing on developing new technologies related to virtual reality, augmented reality, and smart glasses. The metaverse will fulfill the growing demand of connection and socialisation in a way that is

consistent with social trends. People will be able to experience a 3D source of communication in another universe of reality from the comfort of their own beds; the metaverse will allow people to physically and sensually connect with one another in a shared virtual experience. Fortnite has already trialed the concept of the metaverse by showcasing a virtual concert in collaboration with Travis Scott, where over 12.3 million people unified in virtual reality to enjoy a shared musical experience. The main criticism of social media has always been that it deters people from enjoying physical connection; the metaverse will combine the best of both the offline and online worlds. Globalisation has always existed to serve human needs, and the future of globalisation will do the same: rejuvenating the concept of connectedness through the creation of a unified society in virtual realms.

BY JEAN KIM, YEAR 10, JEOJI

Edited by Taehee Kim

a memory or recollection Remebrance :

Remembrance is a memory or recollection. When people are dead, they live in the memory of other people who were close and precious to them. Every year, people commemorate their ancestors or deceased relatives in various ways to keep them in their remembrance which we call it a commemoration. Commemoration is a ceremony or celebration in which a person or event is remembered. It is usually a day of grief and reflection for the people who have been an important part of the deceased person's life. This celebration is held within the family or sometimes within the country which we call memorial day. This article will talk about procedures and reasons for commemorating dead people.

Hyun Chungwon: the place where all soldiers who have lost their lives during the Korean war are buried. Here, families or comrades of the dead ones attend and hold an event in the order. It starts with the opening ceremony and people salute the national flag, sing the national anthem. Then, silent tribute to the patriotic martyrs and patriots takes place and people offer flowers. Lastly, memorial performances are held followed by singing songs of Memorial Hall, and the closing ceremonies end the commemoration.

Memorial day, a national holiday, differs in every country according to its traditions, cultures, and history. For example, South Korea has a national monument day called ‘Hyunchungil’, annually on the 6th of June. This is the day for all the Korean men and women who have committed to the military service during the Korean war. Since Hyunchungil is a national holiday, people stay at home and commemorate those who have sacrificed themselves for the country. Individuals usually raise the national flag on their house and offer a silent tribute at ten in the morning. Other than that, there is a national ceremony in the memorial garden named

In Korea, not only on memorial days when we only celebrate the people who have sacrificed for the country, but also individual families commemorate their ancestors annually. There are two main ways we can do this depending on which day it is. However, one major similarity is that on these days, families are able to meet most other family members, even distant relatives who are not able to meet often. On the new year’s day or chuseok, national holidays, families visit graveyards where their ancestors are buried. In this case, people have to prepare food from their home and carry it. People set up food and drinks in front of the grave and bow. On the other hand, on personal days like the date when the ancestors have passed away, families gather at one of the family member’s house. The difference is that while Hyunchungil is the day for commemorating soldiers no matter whether we know them or not, other days are held individually.

There are mainly three reasons why we commemorate people. First of all, we miss them. Through commemoration, we can remember them as long as possible and remind ourselves how precious that person was in our lives. Secondly, to thank them. They are the people who have been very important in our life. Even after death, we have to show gratitude towards them. Lastly, the method mentioned above is the tradition and people have long believed this as the best way for people to show their gratitude to their ancestors. Especially for soldiers, we have to thank them for fighting for our country’s safety. It is our responsibility and courtesy to remember and commemorate them every year.

In conclusion, people commemorate dead ones to keep them in their remembrance such as memorial day or commemorating individually.

BY BRANDON LEE, YEAR 10, NORO

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa was the codename for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which was launched on June 22, 1941. The failure of German troops made an explosive turning point for the allies to start off again. The operation was firstly given the code name of Operation Fritz, but as the preparations and the invasion began, Hitler and the higher Nazi people renamed Operation Fritz to Operation Barbarossa, after Holy Roman emperor ‘Frederick Barbarossa (reigned 1152-90), who sought to establish German predominance in Europe. This contained a hidden meaning, which was to show again the golden age of the Deuitz people and Germany.

The background of the war was hardly similar with other wars,because the German troops were winning every war they had started and the morale of the German troops were very high. It was the largest invasion force due to the manpower of the Nazis. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party decided that Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviets, was suspicious. Furthermore,because they felt that the invasion of Western Europe wasn’t as easy as they thought, they decided to invade the east of Europe which was the Soviets.

War started. So, why did the Germans invade the Soviet Union? What benefit did the Germans assume

by the invasion? The first reason: Land. Because the Germans invaded most of Western Europe and France, and Hitler always wanted to see Germany expand eastwards to gain Lebensraum (Living space for German citizens), and for the next German generation. Also, the Germans thought that if they could invade and conquer the eastern part of Europe which was the Soviet Union, they could have the vast fields of the cold land, and the buried gold and silver mines where they can make war weapons and profit financially from the minerals and mines underground.

Another key question is this: how did Hitler and the Nazis successfully start war with the Soviet Union? The justification was that,because the Soviet Union’s ‘Jewish Bolshevist’ regime and established Nazi hegemony, the Soviet Union’s conquest of enslaving the Slavic populations might be a threat to the Nazis. As a result of this, the Soviets were regarded as the natural enemy of Nazi Germany and a key objective to the citizens. So, the Germans started the invasion of the Soviet Union, which was Operation Barbarossa. Finally the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union. 80 percent of the German Army were committed to the enterprise, which was 3400 tanks, 2700 aircraft of the Luftwaffe, and 80 percent of the Nazi army which the whole Nazi army number was 13.6 million.

What benefits did the Soviet Union have from Operation Barbarossa? The Soviets had a dominant number of disadvantages rather than advantages. The war between Germany and the Soviet Union was one of the deadliest battles in World War ll. The Soviets were swept by this deadly war due to establishing the same project with the Germans and because they had a large amount of land in their territory. Soviet forces suffered through the war: there were 40,000 civilian deaths and 1,100,000 casualties. The Soviets arm force was way weaker than the German Luftwaffe, and because of this many buildings and Soviet bases got destroyed and many people got killed. The Soviets approximately had almost no advantages or benefits due to Operation Barbarossa; the only positive outcome was that, because many Soviets had been killed, they gained the right to manage East Germany when Germany was divided into half after they lost the war and became a defeated nation.

One of the main wars in Operation Barbarossa was the battle of Stalingrad. This war was the turning point of the war, the reason why more than 40,000 Soviet citizens died, and when the Germans lost most of their armed forces in the “Wehrmacht” which was what the German army was called branched by three forces,

‘Heer’, the ‘Luftwaffe’, and the ‘Kriegsmarine’.

The battle of Stalingrad. The war between Germany’s allies and the Soviets. This war was the turning point of World War ll where the Nazis and the Axis power lost their power and the Allies started to get the flag of the war. The Nazis wanted to finish the war quickly because they didn’t wanted to repeat the mistake of Napoleon. In this war, almost ⅓ of the army dissolved in ashes because of the Nazis’ mistake. They didn’t know the climate, the misunderstanding of the reality of the Soviet land, and the partisans who sabotaged the supply routes. Also, Hitler thought that if they killed and destroyed many Soviet citizens, they would be shocked and might surrender to them. However, they did not. The shock burned the start of the Soviets' revenge to the Germans, which was the biggest reason why Nazi Germany lost to the Soviet Union, eventhough the Nazi ahd more higher quality arm forces.

No advantages. Only disadvantages. Death all over the ground. The fear overwhelms their situation and deep inside their minds.

The Nazis lost the war; the Nazis’ armed forces decreased highly. The allies were attacking them, and they didn't have any supplies. They needed to hide this

truth of losing to the Soviets and the Allies. If they didn’t hide this truth, their citizens might start to think that something is wrong and other people might start to find out what Germany has done to them. With the potential danger of citizens' strange thinking on one side, and the loss of Stalingrad that the Soviets kept attacking on the other, the turning point of the war took place. Everything had been successful before the Soviet invasion, but then everything went wrong.

Many solutions were considered. Doing a misunderstanding of the thing they did when they invaded Poland, or changing the soldiers to German soldiers and what they did to start the war. They could tell it was a surprise attack the Soviet Union did. Or, they could present or make propaganda. They used all of these kinds of solutions, and due to this the German citizens didn’t know anything about the Operation Barbarossa, and the German invasion of the Soviets was disappearing into their memories.

Although the Naziss erased the memories of people about Stalingrad, and the Soviet Union invasion, their circumstances were getting worse. They began to find out financial difficulties due to the war, and got surrounded by the allies. The ally axis powers weren’t any help to the Nazis. Formerly mightily omnipotent,

the axis powers were quickly losing their power over everything. Their physical power and economic power were weakening again, like a rolling rock sliding through the cold ice. There was nothing left to the Nazis except hungry citizens and their weak rusty army. Really, there was nothing left to the two. Only blood and death.

Taking this into consideration, the conflict of Operation Barbarossa caused significant losses and meager gains for both of the countries involved. The attacking part Nazi Germany lost their mighty army because of the Soviets’ traps and the cold blizzardy weather of the Soviet Union. The defending side, The Soviet Union, lost 40,000 citizens and more death in the army by the Nazis. The buildings and army bases of the Soviets were also destroyed, the rebuilding and reorganizing of which would lead to large financial problems in the future. The two countries' combat affected a long line in modern world history. In my opinion, I think because of this big deadly war leading up to World War ll, people started to take violence more seriously and be more conscious of their words. There were no advantages for the two countries; this operation was the turning point of the war and the end of the dark ages of modern history

Memories

BY JUNE KIM, YEAR 10, JEOJI

Edited by Lucas Shin

Memories Senses Evoke

Remembrance

Most people have experienced senses, such as smell, taste, or sound, triggering past memories. When you listen to music you enjoyed in the past, or tasted some familiar food, or smelt a perfume you used before, you suddenly remember the memories related to those senses. The link between sense and memories proves this phenomenon. Because of this link, people with no senses lived a darker life.

Interestingly, it was observed that the brains of subjects that saw the similar picture stimulated the hippocampus and the piriform cortex, both of which deal with smell. On the other hand, nothing happened in the brain when the subjects saw a completely new picture. This all happens because a visual stimulus in humans can trigger brain regions related to smell, such as the hippocampus and the pririform cortex. The trigger of the brain regions evokes your memories.

Imagine a nice Christmas day. The beautiful melodies of Christmas carols on the street, the taste of the food you are enjoying, beloved family or friends you are with, the perfume smell in the shopping mall will all trigger memories of the Christmas day in the specific year. Senses are powerful enough to evoke entire scenes from the past: a sudden remembrance. Jay Gottfried, a researcher in Neuroscience, conducted an experiment to explain the phenomenon and discover how this all works, specifically focusing on the relationship between the smell of the senses and the memories. Gottfried’s team first showed the subjects a series of pictures. The pictures were paired with a smell. Then after a moment, the subjects were shown multiple pictures. First they were shown a similar picture that they saw at the beginning. Then they were also shown a new picture, completely different from that at the start. The team observed the brain activity of the subjects, first seeing the similar pictures and second seeing different pictures.

Then how would the life of people with no senses be? For example, it is widely known that when people lose senses of smell, they lose a sense of contentment when savoring food and they become vulnerable to viruses and the danger of chemicals. However I believe that the consequence of not being able to trigger memories with smell is one of the most damaging consequences of losing the senses, yet not widely known. Since people with no senses of smell don't have the “feeling part” of the process of senses triggering memories, the “thinking part” doesn’t follow up. This means no new smell memory can be created. Imagine how no memories appear when you listen to a song, smell a perfume or taste a food. The world might be an emptier and a grayer place for them.

In conclusion, senses have the power to evoke memories from the past, which makes people’s lives more beautiful. Jay Gottfried’s team has proven the idea through an experiment of linking pictures and smell.

BY CATHY KIM, YEAR 9, JEOJI

Remember in two parts

BY CATHY KIm, YEAR 9, JEOJI

Do you remember me?

Will you remember me?

Could you remember me?

Could you? Will you?

Do you?

Can a memory be preserved?

If you forget, forgot, forget Me,

Would I be gone, As if I were never here?

Was I never here?

Was I only a hallucination of yours, Only a figment, a thread of your imagination?

“The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon.”

Records and memories - Is that all I amount to, in the end?

And if memories are unique to us, And memories and the past shapes who we are today, then By forgetting, are we abandoning a part of ourselves?

But I won’t be forgotten, no. For I will live in my sons and daughters’ Eyes and nose and mouth

And in their smiles and laughter, And their sons and daughters And for generations to come I will live.

Just like how my father lives in my eyes, my mother in my mouth, I will live.

Four score years have passed since the war. The Matron never let the doctors perform an operation on my foot, and so it’s still the same ugly prune it was, except for the fact that it wasn’t covered in the blood that haunted my dreams for months to come. Now, all that remained of the fall was a plethora of scars faded white, marking my shame. It was now a part of me, coexisting with my wrinkles, my memories.

She had been known as the witch ever since she moved here. She did not know how the name came about; she was just the “Witch”. The “Witch” who limped as she walked, who barely came out of her dark home. With her twisted foot, her war-damaged foot. Cursed foot. Devil’s foot. The witch.

A wail pierces through the silence. Although I no longer faint at the sound, my hands still tremble, sweat trickling down my spine.

The air raid. The plane. The bombs. Screams, screams, screams. Pieces of images, scattered in my mind. I try to put them together, like a puzzle, creating a hazy picture of a past

I do not remember, of a person I do not remember who once laughed, and cried. Who once could feel, who once could love and hate.

I do not know this person now, for she is now even less than a distant, distant, distant memory, for she was no more than a phase of mine, a mask, covering up the real me.

Where is that me now? I don’t know if I can say I miss her, but I do.

The war had changed me, more than I want to admit. For all had to act for themselves, especially at a time of extreme crisis. No amount of heroics can save you, for what use is the remembrance of your bravery after your death? Life is sweet, short. Enjoy it while you can. Even if it means you have to abandon the ones in need. Even if it means you’re going to have to go on alone.

The wail, the shout, the scream.

Exploding

Red coating the edges of my vision as I s t u m b l e down the stairs. Another scream: “Help!” I turn around; a boy holding a child, his face covered in dried tears and blood. “Please…miss…”

I stare into his eyes, bloodshot from the lack of sleep. And I turn away. Remember. The boy without a name.

Another wail, and my world fades to white. I fall, feeling a sickening crunch in my foot. I look down to see something, something connected to my legs, damaged, twisted, body. I scream. No one listens.

If you’re falling in a forest, and there’s nobody around, did you ever really crash or even make a sound?

As my eyes close, my fingers caress the scars. My payment for my evil.

And whisper a prayer for all I did not save.

The wail, the shout, the scream.

The bombs.

BY SERENA HONG, YEAR 9, NORO

Edited by R. Maher BY SERENA HONG, YEAR 9, NORO

Edited by R. Mahe

Deja Vu : An inexperienced memory

Imagine you walk into a foreign house, but the atmosphere is too familiar to be new. You are sure you have never walked into this house before, but all the furniture, walls, kitchen and floor tiles are so familiar. You are sure you have seen the yellow-white stained walls, with the brown wood tiles supporting the half worn out cushion in the middle of the house: however, this feeling only snaps in your mind for a second. Have you ever had an experience similar to this? If you have, you are not alone. The feeling of having already experienced the present situation is called a déjà vu. The word déjà vu is a French word, with a meaning of “already seen”. The exact cause of this phenomenon is not known yet, but has many scientific theories. Most people believe that déjà vu is a memory phenomenon, and this article will discuss some theories about déjà vu including the memorial theory. Some people believe it is a recall of a memory from past life!

Déjà vu happens in a short and sudden period of time, when people are mostly unconscious. Due to this feature there hasn’t been a scientific experiment to prove the cause of déjà vu definitively. However, there are some theories, which can be categorised in four ways: Neurological, Memorial, Dual processing and Attentional.

Firstly, the Neurological theory focuses on the theme of neuroscience: the function of the nervous system and the brain. The theory states two possibilities: that déjà vu is either a momentary neurological dysfunction related to an epileptical seizure, or a disruption of the neural transmission speed.

The first possibility comes from the actual experiences from people with TLE (Temporal Lobe Epilepsy). Epilepsy is a nervous system disorder where brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures. They reported that déjà vu is experienced commonly before the seizure starts, and think that perhaps déjà vu could be a part of their seizure.

The other possibility, a neural transmission delay, states that there are two pathways - single and dual - of transmission of information from one nerve to the other. The déjà vu is caused when there is a glitch in one of the pathways. This means that there is a slight delay in the arrival of the information in the single pathway, which creates a false sense of familiarity when the information is actually transmitted. In the dual pathway, as one of the pathways is slowed down, the two pathways do not match - the change in focus between the two pathways could cause the déjà vu.

Secondly, the Memory theory suggests that the déjà vu is actually a memory that feels real but actually is not. As the memory feels so real, the person is not able to distinguish between reality or not: similar to when people find it hard to distinguish between dream and reality. However, there has been opposition to this theory. A study using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) attempted to prove the memorial theory wrong. The fMRI scanned the brains of 21 participants as they experienced a déjà vu. The result was that the areas of the brain involved in memory were not triggered at all, which proved that déjà vu was not linked to memory at all.

The third theory, Dual processing theory, states that déjà vu happens when two cognitive processes do not go together. The main idea is that déjà vu is a result of two parallel and synchronised processes getting out of sync for a moment, resulting in a wrong sense that the current situation was experienced before.

The last theory, the Attentional theory, talks about people having full perception or not. It states that a scene is first witnessed without giving full perception or attention, but after it is witnessed in full perception, the two perceptions fit together and creates a sense of familiarity, a feeling that they have witnessed a long time before: creating déjà vu.

Then, what kind of people experience déjà vu the most? Research shows that epileptic people experience déjà vu the most. Epilepsy is sometimes called a seizure disorder, or a brain disorder. It is a disorder happening in the central nervous system, where the brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behaviour, sensation and sometimes loss of awareness. Research shows that people with temporal lobe epilepsy experienced déjà vu right before the seizure started. Thus, people should only worry about déjà vu when they happen too frequently and come with a seizure, a condition where the nerve cell activity is disturbed.

Déjà vu is still an unknown phenomenon which 70% of people experience in their lives; it doesn’t yet have a scientifically proven theory out of the 4 main theories(Neurological, Memorial, Dual processing, Attentional). It has been studied by linking the phenomenon to various disorders in pathology such as epilepsy and schizophrenia, but scientists have not yet found evidence which clearly links déjà vu to a disorder. Regardless, people believe there are chances déjà vu’s cause would be detected as the technology nowadays is improving thoroughly.

BY EMILY LIM YEAR 11, SARAH

Edited by Mr. Maher

Art Remembers Hungnam Evacuation

Have you ever watched the movie called Ode to my Father? The movie starts with a brother and a sister trying to escape Hungnam, located in North Korea, by boarding US ships. Unfortunately, the sister falls off from the rope and the family tragically loses their child in the flood of refugees flushing towards the ship at once. The film reflects one of the most significant events in Korean history: the Hungnam Evacuation during the Korean War.

The Hungnam Evacuation happened from the 15th to 24th of December,1950, when the UN forces withdrew their army from eastern North Korea, hearing that North Korea and China would attack back together. Without the help from the UN, tens of thousands of civilians would have been trapped helplessly as Hungnam was cut off by forces of the enemy. The UN forces initially planned to take military weapons back to South Korea, but with Dr. Bonghak Hyun’s plea to

the American general, the US decided to take courageous action by abandoning a massive amount of war materials. The famous last ship to leave Hungnam, the ‘Meredith Victory’, even abandoned 250,000 tonnes of war materials and instead saved 14000 refugees. Fortunately, 100,000 people returned back to their homes safely.

However, despite the majority of refugees that went back home, we should still remember the victims separated from their family by war, which resonates with the family who lost their child in ‘Ode to my Father.’ It was discovered that the number of separated families was about 10 million: this statistic reveals the devastating effect of war, leaving the problem unresolved till current days. The government made an effort to reunite the families through broadcasting personal descriptions of people whose families had been rent asunder from 1985 to 2018, but the number

of reunited families every year did not exceed thousand, which was less than 1/10000 of the initial victims.

Thankfully, there are different kinds of art existing to remind the public of this tragic event, preventing it from being lost in people’s memories. Other than films, there are books, including picture books for children to understand about Korean History easily from an early age. The picture book, Dear Onyang, written by Anna Seon is about a boy named Myeong-ho trying to come out from Hungnam with his pregnant mother. The book vividly portrays the fear of war and maternal love at the same time, leaving a deep impression on readers over all ages.

Korean books not only remember this event, books from foreign countries also introduce stories about the Hungnam Evacuation to the world. For instance, Hope in Hungnam, written by David Watts, depicts the outstanding heroism of Americans and dramatically shows the process of escape. It is certainly interesting to see different perspectives from countries on the same topic, Hungnam Evacuation, as a reader.

Overall, we should remember both the victims who had to be separated from their families and American generals who made a brave decision to save civilians despite their loss of war supplies. The portrayal of the dreadful features of war in different forms of art makes us think about the disastrous long-lasting effect of war again and the fact that it is still existing in some parts of the world. We should always be mindful of the past victims of the Hungnam Evacuation through art and now look forward to a world at peace, trying to avoid the same thing from happening again.

By EUNSUH KIM, YEAR 11, SARAH

Correlation between Poverty and Hunger

Millions of people are being pushed towards hunger by the prevalent coronavirus pandemic, which could end up killing more through lack of food than from the illness itself, Oxfam has warned. Developing countries especially have been harmed because of this, since they do not have enough money, facilities, health infrastructures, and basic necessities, which have led to more hunger and poverty within those countries. Thus, to specifically explain these two points, I would like to talk about why poverty and hunger occur, what kind of correlation they have, and why this should be remembered as a pivotal issue.

To begin with, day by day, the world produces enough food to feed all 7.5 billion people. Regardless of this fact, about 1 in 9 people are dying and starving because of a lack of food. This information could be odd because it does not make sense about why people are having a hard time because of starvation. To explain why this occurs, there are several reasons for this problem. The first reason is because of war, which obliges people to stay in famine. Because countries are in a war and it is urgent for people to be safe rather than to eat, they do not care about food and growing crops. Usually, because people just run away from their homes, there are a lot of lands that are leftover and devastated. Accordingly, when lands are abandoned and this continues for a long time, it takes much money and time to restore the lands. Also, people do not know when the war will terminate which makes them not able to go back to their life that had no war. For instance, in South Sudan, there were mass displacements because of civil war that resulted in crop failure and 6 million people experienced food insecurity.

Moreover, another reason is because of climate change. To explain this, most of the developing countries do not have enough technology to prevent sudden climate changes. Because of this, the repercussions of climate change are enormous. Usually, crops and livestock are very delicate and sensitive which means that even a small environmental effect

can be impactful to these sources of food. Damaging food sources is a very dangerous situation because these are the basic ingredients to create food and to fulfil people’s desires for food. Thus, because of global warming happening in the current status quo, this is and will create some negative consequences for people who are starving. To support this, the World Bank made an assumption that more than 100 million people will be forced into hunger due to these environmental harms over the next decade.

To describe the correlation between hunger and poverty, I believe that the two values have a positive relationship because as one increases, the other also increases together. To be specific, there is a vicious cycle created between these two because basically, if people do not have money, they will starve and when they starve, they will not have any power and strength to work again for money. Additionally, other factors including natural disasters or war, they cannot do anything if they do not have any money to recover from the situation, and this will also lead to famine. To provide more examples, a lack of education can cause poverty and this will lead to hunger again. Hence, these two have a negative relationship that should not occur at first and should be solved as soon as possible. As people can see, these two are impeding each other from overcoming the situations.

In conclusion, I had talked about hunger, poverty, and the relationship of these two values. Some people believe that this is a very minor case but in reality, it is not. Thus, other countries that have better conditions than these countries should help them to curtail harms which were caused by poverty first for their economy because their state of poverty plunges the world’s economy as well. When there are no countries and people who need help to overcome their poverty, a lot of other problems including famine will vanish and the world will settle in peace, and this is why we should remember the issue.

JOY HWANG, YEAR 7, SARAH

Edited by R. Maher

The sinking of MV Sewol

325 students from Incheon boarded the ship named 세월호 (Sewol-Ho) on the 15th of April, 2014. None of them were concerned about it, except for being homesick for the days they were away in Jeju. After all, what could go wrong on a fun field trip?

As we know, and as they could not: everything.

The Sewol Ferry disaster was caused by a devastating combination of strong currents, greed, irresponsibility, laziness, and, last but not least, a terrible government.

Because of the strong currents, the ferry made a sharp turn in an attempt to fight the waves. Because the ferry was overloaded by 1065 metric tons and the cars inside were unstable, with only ropes to secure some of them instead of chains, nothing affixed some of the cars. This caused the ship to be unstable. The ship being emptied of about 55.1% of its ballast water added to the instability. They had to empty the ballast water because if the ship had its normal amount of water and that much cargo, the ship's bottom would sink more than normal, making the inspector question the amount of cargo. As a result, the ship leaked and tilted with its sharp turn.

The captain’s greed and disrespect for his passengers’ safety are horrendous enough. However, the move that the government made was even more unacceptable.

As the ship tilted over, the government did everything but act to quickly save the passengers. Firstly, the captain escaped on a lifeboat almost immediately after the tilting had started, while the passengers were left inside, told to stay put and wait. During this time, the government did not send boats to rescue the passengers but merely asked for reports on the ferry’s current state; not acting in any way to bring the passengers to safty.

A song, "Spring Day'', was released by BTS to commemorate the tragic incident. The song speaks of a significant loss they are yearning to have back, reflecting the feeling of loss that the mothers felt when they heard that their children had died. Scenes of playgrounds with yellow ribbons tied on them, the blue sea, an empty train, and the big mountain of clothes caused many netizens all around the world to think that the music video is about the event. BTS said that they will not directly say that it was about the Sewol Tragedy, for many people may have different ideas. However, they did say that it was about an incident, which made many people believe that it was at least based upon the incident.

These are some of the comments on a video about the Sinking of MV Sewol. We can see in these comments that a lot of people were in sorrow and shock from this incident. Some expressed sympathy for the civilian divers that were trying to help recover the bodies of the dead. The government stopped these civilian drivers because they wanted to hide the secrets of the MV Sewol.

Although many leading figures on the ferry were irresponsible and ran for their lives alone, there also were some teachers who worked hard to save the children. Among them were teachers SooYeong Jeon, Nina Yoon, ChoOne Kim, HaeBong Lee, YoonCheol Nam, JiHae Lee, EungHeoun Kim, HaeJung Choi, ChangSuck Ko, SeungJin Yang, and YookGeun Park. They sacrificed their own lives for the sake of the students. We must remember these brave, selfsacrificing teachers for them and their loving students.

We also should remember these students, who died an unfair death merely because of immoral people and a corrupt government; we should keep up their memory and strive for changes so that things like this won’t happen again. Not anymore. Never.

Give Thanks to Those Around Us for Thanksgiving

BY DANIEL YOON YEAR 12, NORO Edited by E. Barlow

Sweet, sour, and bitter. The accumulation of these tastes and a parched mouth are my main reminiscences of my times in the United States: our family’s first celebration of Thanksgiving. I remember the chilling autumn breeze, the vivid oranges of nicely roasted turkey, the one on our table freckled with black spots, the nostalgic voice of my second grade teacher, Mrs. Zemans, teaching us about the arrival of the pilgrims aboard the ‘Mayflower’ a week prior in class. The alien choice of food on our table did not distract me from understanding the history following the holiday: the celebration of harvest, and arguably the most important, the underlying appreciation to the ancestors who spilt blood, sweat, and tears so that we wouldn’t have to.

Thanksgiving is unanimously celebrated all around America, with the exception of some, who still celebrate their own versions in their own respective cultures. Although the gathering of loved ones and a nice dinner is widely known as the conventional method of celebrating, many do not know why exactly this tradition has been adopted nor, more specifically, how the very first Thanksgiving was celebrated. It all started when the pilgrims set out for a venture on the ‘Mayflower’. After a gruesome journey pained by scurvy, starvation, and diseases, only half of the crew made it to dry land alive. They were taught how to grow corn by Native Americans and a year later, their first harvest proved to be successful. As a celebration, the pilgrims decided to hold a feast with the Native Americans which lasted three days. Centuries later, in the midst of the Civil War, President Lincoln proclaimed a national Thanksgiving holiday to be held every September.

Scouring my memories of Thanksgiving almost a decade later, some fragments of the day still stimulate my senses, prominently the smells. As a Korean expatriate in the small city of Thousand Oaks, California, I felt like an outsider, a single black hole poked in the middle of a white sheet of paper. Thankfully, although I was among the few ethnic Asians in my neighbourhood, a large diversity pool existed, mostly consisting of Mexians. Celebrating national holidays was one of my family’s few attempts to fit in with the community and we tried our best to spend our Thanksgiving exactly how other families did. We spent the majority of our morning preparing food and cleaning the house to welcome visitors: our grandparents and my father who flew across the ocean. Near noon, our battle came to an end, and I could finally rest from wrestling with the laundry machine.

Before the rest of my family arrived, I rode to the playground on my small scooter, passing by various houses filled with smiles and laughter. I was surprised not by the seemingly different smells of Turkey, but by the atmosphere. I then realised the difference of authenticity and, despite my mother’s efforts to provide it, how different the mood seemed. I rushed back home just in time to see my father park his freshly rented car and greeted my grandparents with a wholesome hug. We got to the dinner table and started our Thanksgiving dinner, something I imagined everyday since I learned of it in the classroom: a supposedly open space, nevertheless making me feel confined.

Although the dinner itself was different to what I witnessed moments ago at the park, it still felt pleasurable and seemed to have a merit, enough to satisfy me, and the

rest of my family. I realised then that Thanksgiving is not about huge juicy Turkeys lit by fluorescent dinner lights, nor the sweet and sour flavours of sweet chilli sauce; but the gathering and appreciation of family, which is specific and exclusive, making it special.

This feeling of a humble and exclusive celebration has been reduced to a nostalgic memoi, but every year I find myself relishing the abundance of delicious food in my home country. In South Korea, my home, we celebrate a day called Chuseok. Conventionally, families travel to the countryside to visit their grandparents. There, small children help prepare for the big meal by assisting their elders in cooking jeon, a Korean pancake. Then, the entire family proceeds to commemorate their ancestors and thank them for the year’s harvest. They do this by putting fresh food on the table mixed with alcohol. Different families have adapted this in various ways and a distinct combination of food can be seen on every table. To wrap off the feast, the entire family once again gathers to make a special rice cake called ‘songpyeon’. This desert helps reinforce the idea of family, while also filling the air with a delicate, sweet fragrance of autumn.

In Ghana, and interestingly in Portland, Oregon, a national holiday called Homowo takes place every August. Similar to many of its counterparts, the day is celebrated with a feast to commemorate the annual success of harvest. This originates from the journey that the Ga people of Africa experienced before settling in Ghana. Surprisingly, from 1989, this holiday has been implemented in parts of Oregon by Ghanian heritage families. It is a day when African traditions are passed on to the new generation with traditional dances, singing, and plentiful food.

Some countries send their thanks to not only their ancestors but to their religious gods and even nature. Pongal is a four-day long harvest festival in India held in the midst of January. The first day is designated to Lord Indra, the ruler of clouds who provide rain for crops, bringing prosperity to all. The second day is a tribute to the Sun God who receives offerings of rice boiled in milk, and a mix of crops in a small dish by participants in traditional dresses. The third day, called Mattu Pongal, is the day for cows in representation of the legend of Shiva and Basava, his bull. Cows are decorated and parade around town, their jingling bells signalling the time for celebration. Last but not least, the final day requires women to wash a turmeric leaf which is layed on the ground. The leaf is filled with Pongal rice and a wish of prosperity. Pongal is much different to the conventional ‘Thanksgiving’, however, it ties communities and families together, much like the Thanksgiving we know.

Although only seventeen countries celebrate their own ‘Thanksgiving’, it is undeniable that every culture has its own tradition of remembering their ancestors’ hardships, and also being thankful for what they currently have. The importance stressed by this is not that one method is right, nor a lack of celebration equals a lack of appreciation, but the simple mindset of ‘remembrance’. Next Thanksgiving, instead of admiring the beautiful sight of glistening food, or being jealous of other families, let’s make sure to thank those who worked hard to provide for our generation, and those who are currently next to us, simply for the fact that they are there.

By EDWARD CHO, Year 9, MULCHAT

Edited by R. Maher

Holocaust Remembrance Day

The International Holocaust Remembrance Day was established by the United Nations General Assembly on November 5, 2005, commemorating the liberation of the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. On this annual remembrance day, the United Nations calls on all member states to pay tribute to the six million Jewish Holocaust victims and the millions of other victims of Nazism. An important part of this act of remembrance is the call to implement educational initiatives which could help to prevent future genocides.

Every year on January 27th, UNESCO commemorates the Holocaust victims and reaffirms its unwavering commitment to combating antisemitism, racism, and other forms of intolerance that can lead to mass murder. On January 27, 1945, Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau, a Nazi concentration and extermination camp. The International Day of Commemoration in Memory of Holocaust Victims was established by the United Nations General Assembly was declared to be on 27th of January of every year.

Although it may be difficult to believe, Europe's Jews produced a huge quantity of writing throughout the Holocaust - in ghettos, in hiding, and - in a small but significant number of cases - in camps. Despite the fact that many types of literature were written, diaries and poetry predominated overall. Hundreds of Holocaust diaries have been discovered, with Anne Frank's being the most wellknown. Writing a journal is, of course, a deeply personal act that can be undertaken for a multitude of reasons. Some instances, such as the journal of Helga Weissova, a Czech girl who survived Terezin and Auschwitz, were started before the war. Survivors of the Holocaust reflected on and honor the lives of Europe's Jews and other victims of Nazi persecution. Despite the horrific circumstances, the literature is paramount in educating and helping to memorialise the sins of the Holocaust.

The Holocaust had a tremendous impact on the countries where Nazi crimes were committed, as well as having global repercussions and consequences in many other places. More than seven decades after the genocide, Member States share a joint duty for treating residual trauma, maintaining effective commemoration policies, caring for historic sites, and supporting education, documentation, and research. This role includes educating young people about the causes, repercussions, and dynamics of such atrocities in order to improve their resistance to hate ideologies. This has never been more important than now, when genocide and atrocity crimes continue to occur across numerous regions, and we see a global rise in antisemitism and hate speech.

Due to the significant impact left over with the First world war, the Holocaust remembrance day has been developing over years.

You might be wondering why it's so necessary for us to remember such a terrible period in history, even by allocating a day for the event.

However, understanding what happened in the past and the events that led up to it can help us avoid repeating the same mistakes in the future. These stories must be learned by all of us in order to foster our feeling of compassion and social responsibility. Also, we can learn to spot trends in our society now that are similar to those in the past, so that we can speak up and prevent such tragedies from occurring again.

In conclusion, the International Holocaust Remembrance Day which was established by the U.N. calls on all member states to pay tribute to the six million Jewish Holocaust victims and the millions of other victims of Nazism. The Holocaust had a tremendous impact on the world. Member States share a joint duty for treating residual trauma. This includes educating young people about the causes, repercussions, and dynamics of such atrocities to improve their resistance to hate ideologies. Understanding what happened can help us avoid repeating the same mistakes in the future.

Remembrance US Memorial Day

BY GURU HAN, YEAR 11, GEOMUN

Edited by Jenny Roh

What is the US Memorial Day? Memorial Day, which was originally known as Decoration Day, is a federal holiday in the United States for the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the U.S. armed forces. In 1971, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act and establishved that the Memorial Day was to be commemorated on the last Monday of May. However, it usually takes place between May 27th and 31st. Several southern states, however, officially commemorate an additional, separate day for honouring the Confederate Memorial Day such as January 19 on the third Monday in January in Texas, and the fourth Monday in April in Arkansas.

Although the first commemorative memorial day events weren’t held in the United States until the late 19th century, the practice of honouring those who have fallen in battle dates back thousands of years. Memorial Day was first celebrated in Ancient Greece and Rome. In these societies, people held annual days of remembrance for loved ones, especially those who were soldiers, each year, festooning their graves with flowers and having public festivals. Also, in Athens, public funerals for fallen soldiers were held after each battle, with the remains of the dead on display for public mourning before a funeral procession took them to their internment.

How is memorial day celebrated in the US? Memorial day is commemorated at Arlington National Cemetery each year with a ceremony in which a small American flag is placed on each grave. Traditionally, the President or Vice

President lays a wreath at the tomb of the unknown soldier. About 5,000 people attend the ceremony annually and many Americans observe Memorial Day by visiting cemeteries or memorials, holding family gatherings and participating in parades.

We’ve talked about memorial day in the US. What about other countries? In South Korea, the memorial day is on June 6th. It is to honour servicemen and civilians who gave their lives for South Korea. In the Netherlands, the memorial day is called Dodenherdenking and celebrates the military members who died in conflicts since WW2 and celebrated on May 4. Also, in Britain, Remembrance Sunday commemmorates fallen British military personnel in all conflicts since the Great War and is celebrated on the Sunday nearest to November 11th.

These days, in a lot of countries, they celebrate their own memorial day in different ways on different dates. By commemorating memorial day, it shows various cultures of remembrance.

How technology is used to remember important events

BY INJOON SO

YEAR 11, SARAH

Edited by Dongwook Kwon

Everything is done differently these days. As the trend of the well known “MZ” generation has moved onto the familiar use of the internet and social network, the methods of commemoration have also altered. For instance, social media platform ∫µ≥ generates new pages that are designed to perform as a memorial page. As people post many silly things on social media, it is essential that people prepare to erase any traces that they do not want other people to know before their death. Renowned social media sites such as: instagram, facebook, and twitter have already set measures in place to deal with the death of the users. For example, there is a ‘memorialization’ function in facebook that freezes the account once the owner is verified as dead making it into a memorial site which people may visit vand commemorate their loved ones. Furthermore, as social media possesses the feature of uploading new posts and allowing millions of people to view these posts, it enables contact with this huge audience. This allows the family to be in touch with those who were in a relationship with the dead one and remember the person together.

On the other hand, the use of social media also carries risks as well. Most of these sites or accounts are opened or held by their friends or family members which means that it is difficult to exercise control over the comments or legally sue people who leave hateful comments at the posts. The attacks on these accounts include bullying and inflammatory comments that might evoke anger. For instance, in South Korea, famous celebrities may be the target of these attacks. Two famous celebrities: ‘Jonghyun Kim’ and ‘Sulli’ have passed away. Many fans felt empathy for their death and provided a space where people could commemorate these figures. However, there were still people who left hate comments on these blogs, disrespecting these people even after their death. As these examples portray, we must also

inappropriately worded comments or direct accusations. In addition, doing so would allow easier identification and monitoring of the people who left such comments.

Furthermore, since the very first Video Games were created in the 1950s, they are another sector which has grown exponentially in popularity and have acted as an appealing entertainment for a broad range of age groups besides social media. For instance, one of the most renowned warfield games, “Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War”(hereafter referred to as “COD Cold War”) recently won the best video game category at the 2022 British Academy Game Awards. This historic win proves that it stands as one of the favourite games of players at a national level.

COD Cold War portrays the despair that can be seen in war and gives the users a chance to indirectly experience the missions conducted. This game has received many compliments for the experience it offers its players, but it has simultaneously sparked many controversial debates as well. It has been persuasively argued that the purpose of the game, which is to warn people about the severe damage war may cause, deserves to be celebrated. However, some critics also point out that the game has missions which glorify genocides and war crimes.

One particularly notable example of this alleged glorification takes place in COD Modern Warfare 2. The game features a well-known mission, titled “NO RUSSIANS”. This controversial operation places the user in an intense situation where the player is given the ability to gun down hundreds of innocent hostages in an airport. The event revolves around an act of terrorism, alluding to real life events such as the 2008 Mumbai attack or the Columbine High School massacre. In an interview in 2012, the game designer Mohammad Alavi admitted that the mission aimed to address the following messages: “sell why Russia would

acknowledge the fact that the commemoration of people online after death might be putting these people’s dignity at jeopardy.

In response, there are also counter methods to deal with this situation. For example, one of the well known methods is to assign the job to a trustworthy student group who are willing to take care of the website. By doing so, the family of the deceased could be protected from the use of invade America”, and purposefully “create emotional linkage with Makarov (the bad guy)”. Since the topic itself is vulnerable to scrutiny, critics strongly assert that ‘the experience let the players opt into the situations of a virtual terrorist’. On the other hand, the retrospective states that the mission was exploited to emphasise the militainment theme of remembering the sacrifices that the soldiers made for the greater good. Furthermore, Matthew Payne, the author of the book ‘Playing War: Military Video Games’ commented that the mission taught people the reality of terrorism and remembrance of the November 2015 Paris attack.

As all the examples above state, the development of technology has taken place as a double sided blade in today's society. Obviously there are certain benefits and harms that technology holds. Ultimately, it is up for the audience to decide whether or not to make use of the technology. The one thing to keep in mind before making the choice is to realise the consequences of the decisions and weigh them before deciding. As the internet also features a special characteristic of being unable to erase the trace once uploaded, a wise choice has to be made.

By CHLOE KIM, YEAR 8, NORO

Edited by Taehee Kim

George Floyd Death ; Turning point of the world

Around the world, there are many people and different races. No matter your identity, everyone should be treated equally; however, there are certain groups of people who suffer from inequality inherent in their society. Within American society, this inequality can be seen through various incidents such as “Black Lives Matter '' or “Rosa Parks boycott”. In both these cases, there are similarities, the fact is that there are specific groups of people becoming disadvantaged.

On 25th May 2020, an incident, the death of George Floyd, happened in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States that shocked the world and led to weeks of protests. George Floyd, a

46 year old black man, was arrested by the police purchasing cigarettes with a counterfeit $20 bill. Following the call from a convenience store employee, a police officer arrived at the scene. After seventeen minutes, George Floyd was unconscious and pinned beneath three police officers, displaying no signs of life. This means that the white police have killed a black man just because he used a fake $20 note in a convenience store. Many people will wonder how police officers can kill another man physically without any weapon. It may be unrealistic but police officers gave a neck compression. Some may think it is fair as he used fake money. However, is this normal happening? No.

There are many incidents like this that have happened. For example, on 25th May is 2022, in a small town in Texas, United States of America, there was a shooting incident in an elementary school where 21 people (19 children and 2 adults) were killed. In this event, was the attacker killed? No, he simply went to jail and paid money. That was all. Comparing these two incidents, which is more violent and extreme? Of course the elementary school shooting event. However, the real fact is that George Floyd was killed because he used fake money, but one who killed others was not.

With this event happening in a well-developed country, there were many comments. These protests and comments were more harsh and extreme than ‘Black Lives Matter’ protests, a protest and civil unrest against police brutality and racism in Minneapolis, Minnesota which largely took place during 2020. Not only was America taking an action, but 60 countries around the world were supportive and sympathetic with this action. Many people stepped forward and led these protests to change the world. People gathered by the thousands and set up a makeshift memorial. Everyone wanted to protest peacefully without violence use but wanted to deliver a strong message. With these protests, the results followed on. There were many changes within America itself for example, global tributes and protests, companies standing in solidarity with Black Lives Matter, police officers charged, black out Tuesday and more. These events are all supporting and helping people to stand up and not lose confidence in who they are.

However, there is sstill debate as to whether this was a discrimination aginst a minority or not. It is clear that people across the world are divided into two groups of supporting and opposing sides. For the people being on supporting side, they argue using the issue that it was racist and a discrimination against people of color. They raise the question “if George Floyd was white, would the police kill him?” Nevertheless, there are strong arguments that refute it. The opposition proposed the opinion, with few agree, is that it was a fair treatment for the people like this. Furthermore, they added their point by saying it was to prevent future incidents if the same problem occurs again. Currently, we do not know the purpose behind and can not conclude who’s right or wrong. Many people worldwide have learnt new things from this shocking event that happened in our society.

Remember what a face looked like?

BY IVAN LEE, YEAR 8, SARAH

Edited by R. Maher

Our faces were changed by Covid-19. Before the coronavirus pandemic swept the world, many people did not put anything on their faces. Occasionally they wore a mask if they were ill, but certainly not all the time. However, at the start of the pandemic, many felt that the only protection was wearing masks and people were mandated to wear masks both outdoors and indoors. Now, the Covid-19 restrictions on wearing masks outside have disappeared, as of May 2022. Despite this, people are still used to wearing a mask. Since we were forced to wear a mask for three years, people were more used to wearing masks outside than not. For example, if people were not wearing their mask, other people might think those people are weird. I set out to interview members of our NLCS community about what has changed before wearing masks and after wearing masks.

I asked my house master, Mr. Youell. He said he didn’t even know that covid is going to happen and everyone is going to be forced to wear masks. So he didn’t even feel anything. At the start of the covid he was shocked and the government’s reaction was even more shocking. Because without asking for people’s thoughts, they forced us to wear a mask. Now, he has already got used to it, since there were three years of time to get used to wearing masks. He now thinks that wearing a mask outside is nothing and now not wearing a mask outside makes the person weird.

After asking a question we know that lots of people didn’t agree about wearing masks but after some time they got used to wearing masks because if you were not wearing masks now it will make other people think you are crazy and you were not a well socialised person.

Día de Muertos: The day of the dead

BY HUEY HWILIM JANG, YEAR 11, NORO

Edited by A. Bate

Dia de los muertos; the day of the dead is celebrated, not mourned, on the 1st and 2nd of November. The roots of this ceremony finds itself merged between Catholicism and Mexican mysticism, a binded belief of eschatology. It is important to note how the traditional beliefs have led to Mexicans developing a festivallike memorial of the dead, which may seem like an unusual method to treat the term ‘death’.

First, the Catholic belief is that Death is not the end and when one dies, the physical body loses life whereas the eternal part of the human -the soul -, is transported to either heaven or purgatory.

It is believed that the level of sins will be judged based on God’s teachings. Corinthians 5:1-10 is a key passage in understanding Christian beliefs about the afterlife. It states that Christians will have a non-physical home in Heaven. It also states that, because Christians should be aiming for Heaven, they should do all they can to please God on Earth. They will be judged by God on the good and bad deeds they have done on Earth.

“5 For we know that if the earthly tent we live in is destroyed, we have a building from God, an eternal house in heaven, not built by human hands. 2 Meanwhile we groan, longing to be clothed instead with our heavenly dwelling, 3 because when we are clothed, we will not be found naked. 4 For while we are in this tent, we groan and are burdened, because we do not wish to be unclothed but to be clothed instead with our heavenly dwelling, so that what is mortal may be swallowed up by life. 5 Now the one who has fashioned us for this very purpose is God, who has given us the Spirit as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come.”

“6 Therefore we are always confident and know that as long as we are at home in the body we are away from the Lord. 7 For we live by faith, not by sight. 8 We are confident, I say, and would prefer to be away from the body and at home with the Lord. 9 So we make it our goal to please him, whether we are at home in the body or away from it. 10 For we must all appear before the judgement seat of Christ, so that each of us may receive what is due us for the things done while in the body, whether good or bad.”

‘If I die away from Mexico, let them say I’m asleep, and have them bring me back home”

México Lindo y Querido

The Mexican belief system surrounding death is not very different from its Catholic counterpart. However, as it was influenced not only by them but also from pre-Hispanic cultures, including a mixture between Catholic and Mesoamerican rites, they have their own unique aspects on death.

Imbued by a ‘circular worldview of life and death’, people in Mexico embrace death as a part of life. Peoples’ celebration during the day of the dead honours the ones who have passed away.

People dressing up as skeletons or placing skeleton figures symbolises a call towards revolution: where people break free from their lives before death, and enter a phase of new life through a connection between the two worlds. It also acts as a memorial where dead individuals are recalled to peoples’ minds so that they are not erased from family and tradition. It is known in Mexican culture that you never die until your name is spoken for the last time.

The purpose of the day of the dead is to remember their departed family members and ancestors, and to form a linkage between the living ones and the perished.

This was portrayed in the movie “Coco”, where the bridge of marigold flowers allowed coco to cross the boundaries between the living and dead. In the movie, the land of the dead is known as the ‘underworld’.

During the ceremonies of the day of the dead, people set ofrendas: offerings such as the food or drinks that the ones who passed away once favoured. Pictures of lost ones and prayers are known to encourage the dead souls to visit the living land and enjoy the festival, creating a linkage between the living and the dead. Ofrendas also bring back memories about the loved ones.

Day of the dead is one of the most unique memorial events in the world because of peoples’ attitude of celebration. While most memorials of deaths are formal and mourned, the general atmosphere is enthusiastic with bright coloured flowers, skeleton makeup and flamboyant clothing.

First adapted in Mexican culture from the Columbian MesoAmerica... 3000 years in the past, Aztecs and Nahua people lived in what is now Central Mexico, who had beliefs about death that lead to what has shaped into the Day of the dead in the present day.

They believed that when a person has departed, its soul travels to the Land of the dead, only after being able to go through 9 years of hardship. As a way to support their journey, people of the Aztec and Nahua had practices where they placed food or tools that could help the soul safely arrive at their destination. This explains the roots of the ofrenda culture in Mexico today.

One of the reasons for this is because the Mexican people do not view ‘death’ itself as tragic, but a gateway to a new life. Day of the dead is not a day of mourning, but a celebration of the souls’ visit.

“ Dia de muertos,a day to share a meal with the gone souls as one would have done while they lived”

Process of Dia de los muertos

*Nov. 1st. 12AM <Dia de los Angelitos>

The celebration of the dead starts at midnight of November 1st, with the day of the little angels. From midnight, deceased souls of children visit the living world and rejoin their family. People therefore set up toys, snacks and drinks their children loved most, and also write the childrens’ names on a sugar skull.

*Nov. 2nd, 12AM <Dia de los Difuntos>

After 24 hours, it is believed that the spirits of the children are gone and the souls of adults arrive, again, to reunite with their families. Bands play songs that the gone ones listened to most, while the ofrendas are more adult based: perfume, tequila, tamales and sprites.

*Nov. 2nd, Noon <Dia de los Muertos>

The last day celebrates all the spirits of the dead. People commonly visit their loved one’s graves to clean the headstone and decorate it with flowers and sugar skulls. Towns near each other open parades with Calavera painted faces of people.

Calacas and Calaveras : skulls and skeleton

“People dress up as skulls because they want to show their relationship with death. Death is all around us. Death is part of life.”

A skull is both a sign of death, thus the end of life beforehand, and a sign of rebirth where an afterlife begins. It is also a representative median of remembrance for the loved ones.

How skulls became a decoration of significant meaning

Tracking the footsteps of Calavera; skulls, it leads back to the civilizations of pre-Columbians. Aztecs first used skulls to worship the Goddess Mictecacihuatl, ruler of the afterlife and keeper of the dead. They decorated the walls with carvings of skeletons and offered the goddess skulls as a sign of offering and sacrifice, praying for their loved ones’ safe journey in the afterlife. Skulls were surrounded by bright pigments, flowers and paintings in events of remembrance to honour Goddess Mictecacihuatl. Remains of the calacas carvings are still preserved to this day, viewed by tourists in Mexico.

Flashback

BY SOPHIE LEE, YEAR 8, GEOMUN

Edited by A. Gellersen

Have your grandparents ever told you their life story? What did they do when the`y went outside? About them meeting each other and falling in love? About the dark night with bright spots of stars covering the whole sky? There must have been beautiful things that they could see, which now we can’t see or can not have. I talk with them about various things - such as clothes that they wore, snacks that they had, or events that happened during the era.

What they wore at that time is Korean hanbok which is the typical style during the Joseon period (1392-1897). Hanboks are composed of a blouse and loose-fitting pants or skirt. For women, they wore a jeongi (blouse or jacket) and a chima (skirt); and men wore jeongi and baji (pants).

Another question about the events at that time, my grandma told me that the most memorable events were students demonstrating for democracy. They were not allowed to shorten their skirts, and if they did, the school measured the length and if it was 2cm shorter, they were confined and locked where they couldn’t get out. Their freedom to change their looks was also limited by rules about hairstyle - they always had to keep their hair short, above the chin. She got hit by many things - cold/hot water, rocks, and others that could injure her badly. It was not different for the boys. They had to shave their hair and could not keep the

hair long. All of the students were treated like this, or even worse.

The first time when my grandmother ate Ramen, she told me she was so surprised and couldn’t forget that taste for a whole week. All sorts of junk foods were also her favorite. There were 맛기차콘 (Korean traditional macaroni corn snack), 달고나 (Dalgona), 번데기 (Pupa), 옥수수빵 (corn bread) and 해삼 (Sea cucumber), 아폴로 (Ahpolo), and popping candy similar to Nerds. These are familiar to us now, but they were a new and amazing things at that time.

The Gwang-ju uprising also happened in the 1970s, near the time when my grandparents were young. People died and suffered from this issue - in about ten days, 166 dead, 54 missing, 1336 injured and 376 people died from the sequelae. In total, about 2000 people have lost their lives.

Many issues and happenings have passed through this whole time, and these assist South Korea in developing even faster and stronger. When I listened to my grandparents talking about themsellves when they were young, it was extremely entertaining and it was surprising that things that are familiar to me were a brand new thing for them. The story of their life was intriguing, and you should ask your grandparents about their past story.

Remembering Recently Extinct Animals

BY RYAN LEE, YEAR 7, GEOMUN Edited by R. Maher

There are lots of animal species that are dying out. Every day, about 150 animals become extinct. This needs to stop. However, humankind continues to destroy Earth by using numerous air conditioners, cars that are polluting the air with carbon, and many more such pollutants. Although many people assume that extinction is a phenomenon which mostly impacted us centuries ago, there are some animals that actually recently became extinct. We will look at those animals and see what we need to do to protect our environment.

First, the Splendid Poison Frog. The Splendid Poison Frog was the species of Poison Dart Frog which is endemic to the eastern end of Cordillera De Talamanca, which is located in Western Panama. The main reason that it became extinct is because of the Chytrid Fungus outbreak in their habitat, which is a type of fungi that can give diseases to frogs and eventually kill them.

The second animal is the Spix’s Macaw. It is a beautiful bird and the main reason why it went extinct recently is because of its habitat loss and getting illegally trapped. They used to live in the Tabebuia Caraiba gallery woodlands. However, as the trees were cut down their habitat was lost, and they had nowhere to live. Aren’t they so poor?

The third animal is the Northern White Rhinoceros. They went extinct because they were hunted for their horns. Being hunted for horns is unfortunately quite common for animal crimes. The message that I want to tell you by this is that humans are the animals that damage the Earth the most. We shouldn’t damage the wildlife like those people who killed the animals and got their horns.

Strange Fruit

BY HAILEY KIM, YEAR 12, GEOMUN

Edited by A. Gellersen

History is a study of past events that aims to compliment the vast achievements of mankind, and document seismic changes that shaped our society to be what it is today. However, scholars in the field would agree that the intricate vestiges of humanity also largely tend to reflect on the many atrocities of our ancestors. The tales of the bloodshed of innocent civilians in military conflicts, unjust discrimination towards specific groups, and unfair rulings by corrupt leaders are constantly reviewed and scrutinised in the discipline that we call history, driven by the importance of reaffirming and recounting the darker aspects of past events. Consequently, remembrance is a key concept in the study of history. Making sure that people do not forget the past wrongdoings of humanity can prevent history from repeating itself and help resolve present-day problems that are derived from the past. For this objective, people have vehemently fought for their accounts of injustice to be remembered throughout generations, endlessly searching for an effective means to spread their political message, grabbing the public’s attention and thus impactfully engraving the message in people’s memory.

This article traces back to the way this was done in the

1930s when US society experienced a peak in its intensity of racial discrimination. From the 1920s onwards society would publicly discriminate against Black Americans and express antipathy towards them. Villages and public facilities were categorised into those that could be used by Black Americans and those that couldn’t, and hospitals often declined to provide treatment. As such sentiments worsened, organisations such as the Ku Klux Klan rose, united under a collective goal to “preserve white supremacy.” Lynchings targeted at Black Americans were carried out under false accusations or trials based on racist slurs, or simply as expressions of personal dislike. All in all, it was a devastating time for Black Americans.

Billie Holiday was a well-known Black American jazz singer of this period, famous for songs such as ‘All of me’, ‘God bless the child’, and ‘Lover man’ which were enjoyed throughout the country for their charming melodies and attractive lyrics. The gentle portrayal of typical concepts such as love and parting appealed to the general public as it could be enjoyed in a light manner. This was the reason she was frequently invited to sing at jazz bars and restaurants serving as the highlight of the evening.

On the evening of April 20th, 1939, Holiday was invited to sing at a small live performance at Cafe society. That evening, not unlike any other evening, she had stepped into the blinding gleam of the spotlight with professional ease. As her eyes began to adjust to the light, she could make out faint silhouettes of people at their tables, politely cheering and clapping as they welcomed her onstage. The clapping faded sporadically as she adjusted her stance. The room was silent except for the quiet murmur coming from the microphone, as Holiday took a moment to gather herself.

A quiet piano introduction marked the start of her performance. “Southern trees bear a strange fruit. Blood on the leaves and blood at the root”, “Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze.” The shocking lyrics caught the audience off guard. This was nothing like the tender, gentle lyrics they had expected from Holiday. “Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck, For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck” bewildered exclamations crowded the once-peaceful hall. “For the sun to rot, for the tree to drop, Here is a strange and bitter crop.” The last mournful verse rings throughout the room, and the stage goes dark. When it is illuminated once again, Holiday is gone, leaving only confused murmurs and awestruck expressions from the audience. What did the lyrics mean? Was it a civil rights statement? Why did Holiday suddenly decide to divert from her typical soft, lovely lyrics to full-on political statements, in a live performance, even?

Strange fruit was originally a poem by Abel Meeropol, published in 1937, protesting the lynching of Black Americans and comparing the victims to the fruits hanging from trees. A single black and white photograph showing the explicit lynching of two black American teens in Indiana was enough to motivate Meeropol to express his disapproval of the aggrevating systematic racism underlying in his country. As an English teacher, his method of doing so was through the art of poetry.

The poem gathered social recognition as it was published in a number of journals, which prompted Meeropol to turn it into a song. He had enhanced its popularity by encouraging people to sing it along with him and his wife in protest rallies, but Billie Holiday had provided the crucial factor in its official social debut. At this time, Jazz music already had a reputation for being a means for the younger demographic to rebel against society and thus, stir up conflict between generations. Because of this, it seemed like the perfect way to provoke the attention of a large audience.

The song, merging the gruesome lyrics with an ominous yet fragile melody typical of blues jazz, effectively portrayed the cruelty and brutality of the lynching of Black Americans. Responses to such a song varied; some outrageously denounced the song for miscalculating its audience and “overstating” the social climate, while some

were permanently shook by the explicit, bold portrayal of the disturbing truth. However, despite such differing public views, it could be agreed that the song left a lasting impression on the US population, and thus had succeeded in raising the issue of racism and discrimination to the attention of the masses. The song was soon adopted as the official anthem of the anti-lynching movement. However, it faced many challenges. Attempts were made to ban the song from being aired on radios and record companies turned down the song for “being too radical.” Opposition and criticism of the song by those espousing racist views went as far as Harry Anslingler, the director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, arresting Holiday in 1947 abusing the knowledge that she struggled with drug use as an excuse. Even when she was released, Holiday was banned from acquiring a cabaret performer’s licence.

And yet, here we are, still discussing the song nearly a century after it was first performed, assessing its significance and the impact it had on US society. What can be deduced here is that Holiday’s Strange Fruit did not only succeed in provoking anti-lynching sentiments among the public in the short term, it also achieved an underlying aim to fixate the oppression and devastation felt by Black Americans living in such discriminatory and disheveld times in a “snapshot” within history, one might say, to make sure that such a cruel history does not go buried in the ruins of historical events and ensure that the injustice experienced by Black Americans is reinforced and reeducated to prevent history from repeating itself. Holiday’s method of doing so through the means of music was effective in that forms of art can be widely distributed amongst media without “expiring” with time, and can be enjoyed by people of all age, race, and gender. This makes music an appropriate medium to raise and spread political messages. The fact that Strange fruit still remains as one of Holiday’s best selling recordings proves this. Furthermore, taking a psychological approach, music is easily associated with memories of certain events or periods in time, being regarded as a symbol or representation of some sort. This engraves the event in the listener’s minds along with the tune, and thus contributes to Holiday’s aim to encourage people to remember the many atrocities of the 30’s. Coincidentally, Time magazine coined Holiday’s Strange Fruit as the “song of the century” in 1999. Holiday’s story reinforces how significant the concept of remembrance is in history, and exemplifies how it can be achieved effectively. If you want something to be remembered and acknowledged throughout the course of history, you must act to make sure that an impactful method is used to implant the message in people’s hearts and minds.

BY SOPHIE PARK, YEAR 9, MULCHAT

Edited by A. Gellersen

Does photographic memory exist in reality?

You are given an unfamiliar picture to view for only 30 seconds, and it is removed. How would you feel if you could see the picture in front of you when it is not there physically anymore? This peculiar phenomenon is what people call "photographic memory.” However, is there such a thing in reality?

Although there are many claims and evidence regarding photographic memory, there is still no genuine proof that it exists. This can be justified with a simple example. People have claimed that they could memorise a whole book, but it was shown that they could not reproduce it in reverse order. If photographic memory exists, this does not make sense, as the person should be able to visualize the book “in front” of them. There are many ongoing debates among scientists, but as they cannot provide people with crucial evidence that it exists, nothing has been set.

Still, people with excellent memory skills exist, they are called the eidetiker. While photographic memory does not exist, eidetic memory is often found in children. Between 2% and 10% of children happen to have a photographic memory, but the majority of them lose the ability as they grow up. Scholar Annette Kujawski Taylor commented that “In eidetic memory, a person has an almost faithful mental image snapshot or photograph of an event in their memory. However, eidetic memory is not limited to visual aspects of memory and includes auditory memories as well as various sensory aspects across a range of stimuli associated with a visual image."

Eidetic memory is organised as one of the types of short term memory, the eidetikers’ brains are controlled by the “posterior parietal

cortex”, where the visual stimuli are produced. Usually, the images are kept for only a few seconds, before it gets stored as short-term memory. The stored memory can last for a while, but after it has been stored for a month, it gets passed on to long-term memory. Some people have tried training their brains toward the goal of gaining a photographic memory, but these were only effective at improving their memory in general.

There are several tests to verify if you have an eidetic memory. The most well known method is from Ralph Norman Haber, a scientist, who organized all the studies in 1979 and published a paper named “Twenty years of haunting eidetic imagery: where’s the ghost?”. In the paper, Harbor explained his experiment for testing eidetic memory; First, place an easel in front of the child and start painting simple patterns such as squares or circles. Then the tester removes the easel and asks the child if he/she could see the square where it was before. Next, place another picture with a more complex design such as a painting from a book, and let the child see the picture for 30 seconds. After, ask the child again if he/she could still see something where the picture had been. The majority of the children cannot describe it with specific detail, but a minority of children can describe the picture with very accurate descriptions.

To conclude, there is no scientific proof that photographic memory exists in the current society, albeit eidetic memory is present amongst a minority of people. In the ongoing society, a good deal of people show their interest in photographic memory and take part in the continuous research and investigation for development.

By Hanna Wang, Year 10, Sarah

Edited by A. Bate

Recording to Remember

We all record our homework or someone’s anniversary. But we don't write down what happened that day or how we feel. There is a limit to one's memory. No one can remember everything that has happened. These are memories that will gradually fade away after today unless they are left as powerful memories. So I have always thought recording is more important than anything else. It also includes recording what happened that day and where you went that day. The record I want to introduce is writing about ‘I’, one’s self. It is to focus on what emotions and feelings you have felt and record them. It's like writing a diary. The definition of "diary" is a book in which you record your thoughts or feelings or what has happened each day. In fact, I have seen many people who focus more on events than on how they felt. It is true feelings follow after the events that have occurred. But it does not mean that we have no thoughts and feelings when at home doing nothing. As if you don't think the same thing every day even if it's a repetitive everyday life. I hope no one judges themselves by reading this article, saying, "I'm not good at writing a diary," or "It won’t even last three days anyway." Anyone can do it if they want, and even if it's difficult, they can challenge themselves. One might think that it's childish, one may think starting with 'dear diary..' I hope you get rid of that stereotype. There is no fixed format in diaries.

I record myself every day. It was in 7th grade that I tried to keep a diary in earnest. It was my father who influenced me to write a diary. I started by my dad’s one word, that my diary

would be of tremendous help to me later on. Of course, it didn't come to me at first and I had no idea how to even start. "I've been studying, eating, and playing at home. What should I write today?” "Today was the same schedule as yesterday. What should I write today?" So for a while, I wrote a diary full of contents, wondering not knowing what to write. I was worried that I wouldn't be able to find an answer to this concern all my life, but fortunately it did not last forever. We live with many thoughts in our lives. No matter how special it is, we live thinking about something. I wrote those thoughts. Even if it's small, I wrote about all the worries, good ideas, happy events that had occured, etc. Anything. At first, I found it hard to write because I did not know how to express it, but it's actually not difficult at all. I just scribble down what is on my head at that moment. Now I write down my thoughts in a neat journal with plain lines. I think of it like saving everyday ‘me’ on paper and writing as honestly as possible. This way I did not have to rely on my memory completely to think of a memory.

There were days when I skipped it while writing a diary, and it was not that I had no difficulties at all. The pain that came to me was when I was happy. As for me, I feel the greatest joy when I spend time with the person I am with rather than the joy that a particular situation gives me. There was a time that made me extremely happy that I didn't want to forget the memory at all — even the small details. I struggled because I did not know how to write it down because I didn't want to miss any small

moments, such as conversations I had, what I ate, and so on. If I didn't get on this well in my diary, I would not be able to remember this feeling I had ever again. Yes, I suddenly found myself worried at the happiest moment. When I saw that the diary that I started to write developed into an obsession to capture everything and made me suffer, I realised that I had too much meaning in my memory. Right now, I am organising myself with more comfort and joy than anyone else, respecting my daily feelings.

BY JAYE CHOI YEAR 8 GEOMUN

BY JAYE CHOI YEAR 8 GEOMUN

Edited by Mr. Maher

Edited by Mr. Marher

March First Movement (3.1)

The March First Movement, also known as the Samil Independence Movement, was first enacted on March 1th, 1919. It was a protest movement for Korean national independence from Japan, after almost 10 years of Japan ruling the nation. The movement began with 33 Korean leaders and students planning a mass non-violent demonstration in Seoul, on their last emperor’s commemoration day.

People who participated in the movement shouted out “long live the independence of Korea”, holding the Korean flag in the air. Approximately 1,500 demonstrations throughout the country and more than 2,000,000 Koreans participated. The demonstrations resulted in more than 46,000 people being arrested, 15,000 casualties and 7,500 sacrifices.

We remember this day as a holiday on March 1st. Although these days, many forget why we celebrate this day, many remind us of the hardship of our ancestors by hanging the Korean flag by the window and thanking the people who participated or sacrificed themselves for Korea's independence. In addition to what people do on March 1st, there is a small celebration event every year, and it teaches students and encourages us to remember the deceased. As independence activist Shin Chae-ho famously reflected,“People who forgot their past, their future will be pitch black.” Shin Chae-ho wanted his descendants to remember this event for many generations to come.

To society at that time, this day meant that they could fight against pressure, and it also built up cohesion. Now, although Korea is divided, it highlights to us that they were together once, and gives people hope that we can be a whole again. Also, it reminds us of our patriotism by encouraging us to be thankful for the surroundings we have now.

Fighting over freedom may sound like great antiquity, but we should remember their offering for the betterment of Korea. It made us develop an improved present and we should always remember the day.

Scarlett O’Hara Who Transcended Her Time Period

BY SHONA PARK, YEAR 11, NORO

Edited by R. Maher

Black silky voluminous hair, illuminated green eyes that penetrate you within, pale skin and a fashionably small waist. She gracefully drapes herself across the evergreen Tara backyard with her moss-green curtain dress made of chartreuse velvet which fades into exposed sunlight. As I flipped through the pages overflowing with illustrations of the picturesque scenery of Tara and Atlanta, I encountered Scarlett O’Hara, an 16 year old protagonist who, at first, seemed to carry the rightful qualities of an antagonist. Scarlett O’Hara, the central character of the prominent classic Gone With the Wind, is easily identified as an unpleasant, egocentric villain by a lot of the readers, but beneath the surface she amplifies the strength and resilience that makes it hard not to admire. She truly is a fictional individual that is worth remembering, a woman who transcended beyond her time period.

When I first saw her delineated within the thick pages, it was effortless to claim that she exhibited a capricious and vain side of human nature and explicitly utilised her coquettish mannerism and charms to achieve everything by any means. This dark side of Scarlett’s personality was at first extremely disturbing, instigating many to question the true ethics that the novel implements.

But as I dived deeper into the book I found her unique traits and significant presence within the pages personified many individuals in society in the most unexpected ways. She was a woman who transcended her time period. Despite being the subject of suppression by social norms, she manifests the indomitable spirit of women by running the entire plantation herself, surviving a war, overcoming starvation, projecting strong leadership and charismatic aspects that she proudly possessed despite being a woman in the 1860s. Although the method of how Scarlett achieves her level of leadership distinctively differs, as it can be identified as a supreme example of manipulation, regardless, I found the ability to gain people’s trust and intellectually lead a group allowed her to take the role of feeding the hungry mouths of her family and providing a solid roof above their heads.

Scarlett is no doubt a catalyst. Besides the fact that 1037 pages are all based upon Scarlett’s life story, she always had the ability to add a dramatic element to every page, propelling the situations to bigger means to her advantage. The ability to adapt to any environment with a strong sense of perseverance was a quality that led her to survive amid the cruel, devastating nature of the civil war in which she found herself.

Finally, the most admirable trait that Scarlett possesses, amid all the unattractive personalities, is her overinflated determination, responsibility and loyalty. Scarlett defined the very term “determination” and it was first manifested in her narcissistic and backstabbing acts to elicit the applause of every young man. Reading Scarlett's growth from a selfcentered girl with her gorgeous green velvet dress to a bold determined woman, I found that she made no excuses. All the acts that might be deemed “unvirtuous” and “cruel” were done for the survival of her family and, in the process of diminishing her grace and virtue, she took rightful responsibility for the consequences. Later on, under threat of starvation and potential death, she is determined to live and this is shown by picking cotton, running an entire plantation herself, forging a successful business, and even killing a man.

Despite the fact that Scarlett embodies some of the most stereotypically unlikable qualities, I rather found her to be a realistic character, an anti-hero who was not delineated and established with the purpose of mere reverence but rather an individual who kept real to herself more than anyone. Her unpleasant actions were not justified and kept raw and unprepossessing. She truly is a fictional character who is worth remembering, a woman who went beyond the social norms, the castigating glances, and broke free from the shackles imposed by society.

28. 08. 1962

BY THERESA LEE, YEAR 9, JEOJI Edited by Jenny Roh

[D - 6]

22. 08. 1962

He welcomed a new day as Johnson Brown, the whirring of the ceiling fan becoming more coherent as his sleeping body started to regain its consciousness. He glanced at the clock nervously. Huh, he was up two and a half minutes earlier than yesterday. Splendid. Smiling smugly in self satisfaction, Johnson Brown exited his room and padded across his neat apartment hallway, already planning out his daily routine at the Pentagon.

Recalling the amount of yesterday’s paperwork he had accomplished - in the span of eight hours, in his specifically arranged office - Brown deduced that today would be even better. He would be able to sign over fifty papers and decode around ten messages intercepted from Cuba. Now that is a promising day, he mused. But first, I simply must have breakfast.

Maybe he would try a new type of sandwich today: he remembered spreading out the same type of peanut butter on the same rye bread, always placed on the beautifully decorated porcelain plate - a gift from his neighbour when he had first moved into the dingy little apartment. Maybe he would add mayonnaise or cream cheese. That would be a nice change; that would be something new to add to his encyclopaedia of food. Perhaps he could share it with his neighbours or his coworkers. Yes, that would be a nice adjustment to his schedule. Another good deed to lighten up the day. Off to work now!

[03. 06. 1960]

“Yankees due West!” the harsh voice of our Командир

rings through the stupidly dense forest area, in a thick accent that seems to do just fine, asserting its dominance over us. “Take cover, those cursed capitalists would rather kill their own than let us go alive.”

I duck as shrapnel starts to hurtle towards me, the sharp ends digging into the rough barks of the trees, just inches from my face. O мой Бог - Oh my God - I almost died. My name is Nikolaii Metel, and my life is officially a mixture of raw potatoes mixed with vinegar. In other words: it sucks hard. Why did I sign up for the military again?

[D - 6]

22. 08. 1962

Everyone was rushing about: hurtling papers, shouting, swearing, frantic telephone calls. Apparently, Krushchev was ignoring Kennedy’s attempt to communicate again and nuclear war was knocking on America’s front porch.

“Sir! Sir! Could you take a look at the paper I just sent you over, please? It’s about Cuba! The Cuban missile crisis!”

“Another message? That’s the fifth one in just this day alone!”

“Ah, the spies are working more efficiently, as of late. Must be all the threats of a nuclear war. Could you take a look at the codes, Sir, please? You are the only one in this department who can decode Soviet messages. It’s amazing really - am I rambling? Yes, sorry, Sir. I’ll let you be.”

Johnson Brown shook his head fondly, smiled, and took the paper from the deposit box. Ah yes, the classic Фиалка, or Fialka, a Russian word meaning violet. It was quite easy - one just has to know the correct way to perceive. Though he could not remember when exactly he was able to decode

Soviet codes without breaking a sweat, he was able to recall the sense of ease as he started to unscramble the seemingly random letters into a few coherent sentences and numbers. “Cargo sent for tonight at . Coordinates: 18.3560° N, 105.8877° E”. He was sent to the Pentagon to work right away.

[03. 06. 1960]

Screw those trees, screw those Americans, screw everything. What I need right now is a couple of shashliks up on my throat and a mug of hot coffee in my hands, not American idiots shootin’ at me like there ain’t no tomorrow. Vietnam isn’t like the stories they tell in the army though; got more trees than I expected and the folks ain’t as stupid as they make ‘em out to be in the army. Quite nice, I must admit, to be makin’ new comrades who I can depend on with my life. It’s impossible to make one back home, where you can’t even trust ‘em neighbour’s kids. Holy - what the hell was that? New rule: never reminisce when you’re stuck in a middle of a gun fight. I really should be running. Dangit.

[D - 5]

<World Nearly Witness Nuclear Armageddon>

23. 08. 1962

The world breaths a sigh of relief as Soviet official, Vasili Arkhipov prevented the nuclear missile in Cuba from destroying American territory. Two of the three senior officers who were tasked to fire the missile had given their permission to launch the nukes after an American spy plane, the U-2, was shot down in Cuban land, believing war had already broken out. However, Arkhipov didn’t authorise the launch, allowing the world to continue to live in peace even for a short while.

If this man had given permission to fire the missiles, America would not only have to compensate for the thousands of deaths in Vietnam, but for the lives taken after the nuclear attack. We, as American citizens, should collectively thank Vasili Arkhipov as our savior. To add on to the list of people our gratitude should extent to, there would be the spies and the team of intelligence who have worked to gather and decipher Soviet information and codes relating to the Cuban missiles - without their help, the US would not have been able to activate safety protocols.

[05. 06. 1960]

Waah - where the hell am I? God, it’s like someone put a pair of sunglasses on my eyes and then duct taped it to my head. I test the bindings that are pinning me onto the stupid chair people use for interrogation; looks like they ain’t coming off soon. C’mon Nikolaii, think. What’s the last thing that you did? I groan audibly. Stupid Capitalist pigs. As if right on cue, I can barely make out loud thumping, suspiciously sounding exactly like a pair of boots on fresh Vietnamese soil. Very specific, I know. I hear the zipper of a tent go down. Wow, I must be in a tent!

“Someone take that blindfold off,” someone barks in English. “And bring a translator or somethin’. Who knows if this commie can speak proper language.” The man finishes with a smirk in his voice. Probably won’t be the best time to

say that, yes, I can speak English thank you very much.

“Screw you,” I say in English. Only, I didn’t say ‘screw’ you. I’d like to think my voice didn’t sound half as scared as I am right now. “I can speak English, thank you very much, you idiot.”

Yeah, I didn’t say idiot.

[D - 2]

26. 08. 1962

“We should fire the god forsaken missiles in Turkey!”

“And risk global destruction? Have you finally gone mad, Francis?”

“Well, if we don’t fire the darn things, who knows if the commies will fire first! I’m just saying: We. Should. Do. What. Is. Necessary.

“Causing a nuclear war is not a necessity, Francis.”

“What other choice do we have, Raymond? What if the Soviets had actually fired the missiles three days ago? We could have died! We cannot let this happen again and to do that, we must gain an upper hand!”

Johnson Brown pursed his lips as his colleagues screamed at each other, almost resembling a pack of children fighting over who gets to play with the swingset. Only this time, it was a swingset that could potentially destroy almost thirty percent of the world.

“Hey, Johnson!”

Johnson Brown perked up. “Hm?”

“You’re the expert on the Russkis. What do you think we should do?”

Brown spoke slowly and deliberately, “I think we should wait for the president’s orders.”

[12. 06. 1960]

I think they are reaching the limit of their patience. It’s been ‘bout a week and like the amazing Soviet soldier I am, I haven’t given them anything. Good. It hurts - the torture. But if I cave in, my comrades would be the ones receiving this pain, ‘n that’s not gonna work out, is it? I spit out the coded message paper the guards have given to me to decode and I grin at the disgusted looks the soldiers give me. I think that’s the fifth paper they have given to me to decode, only for it to land on the floor, chewed and ripped apart by none other than my teeth. Maybe, at some point, they might rip out my teeth - but then I would no longer be able to provide them with any information. Hah. As if I was gonna let a couple of American pigs take advantage of me.

“That little dog,” I hear one of the soldiers mutter as they kick at the spit-covered paper across the dirtied tent floor. Well, a compliment that nice should be returned, right?

“You’re the dog.”

My head rears back as they knock my face with the back of their pistol. Fresh blood is spewing out and my vision blotches. I must look like some kind of spewage.

“Y’know what, commie?” one of the soldier drawls. “If you’re gonna be a stubborn little mule, looks like we’re gonna have to be a bit more hardcore.”

Wha-at? Through the haze, I see the soldier - he must be the commander or somethin’ - motion to others that are

crowded around me in the small tent.

“Bring the chair.”

Oh boy.

[D - 1]

27. 08. 1962

“I always wondered. How the hell are you so good at cracking Soviet codes, Brown? None of us know how. Heck, we don’t even know the keys. But you do. Why is that?”

Johnson Brown frowned. He had never questioned his gift before. For all he knew, he was born with it.

“I was thinking the exact same thing, man!” Harper exclaimed. “John, aren’t you all American? S’weird that you know more Russian codes than American ones. Hey! Did ya know when I gave him the NATO phonetic alphabet, he had no idea what the hell they were?”

The others laughed while Brown’s frown line deepened. Now that he thought about it… how did he learn how to crack Soviet codes when he didn’t even know the basic American ones? It’s like he was a Soviet soldier. That is impossible, though. He has lived his entire life in his overly patriotic country.

“India, Delta, India, Oscar, Tango! Do you know what it means, John?’

Brown scoffed. “Idiot? What are you, five?”

“He has cracked the code!” Harper said in exaggerated triumph. “He truly is an American!”

“If you are done goofing around, I’m afraid I must excuse myself. After all, some of us actually do their jobs.”

Brown glared at them pointedly. The others smirked knowingly.

[15. 06. 1960]

“What is your name?”

“It’s Nikolaii Metel, you pig!”

“Again!”

Brightness, pain, flashing images of the American flag and John F. Kennedy, more pain. Leather straps digging into my arm. It burns, God, it burns. Itburnsitburnsitburns -

“What is your name?”

“I said, it’s Nikolaii Metel - ahh!”

[16. 06. 1960]

“Russia, our sacred State! Russia, our beloved country! Might will -”

Electricity coursing through my veins, crawling under my skin, penetrating my brain. Seriously, there’s gotta be a better way to properly explain the pain I am in. No, nevermind. No vocabulary can describe it.

“Glory to our country! We're proud of you!”

All I can do is scream now. Help me. Please. Oh, God… Father…

[18. 06. 1960]

“What is your name?”

I blink once. Twice. I blink again. Painfully slowly, I raise my head to face a man I swear I have never seen before in my life. What did he ask for again? My name? I twitch slightly, only to realize I am strapped into a wooden chair. What the hell is going on? Where am I? Who is this man?

Why am I tied to a stupid chair? Just as I am on the brink of a panic attack, the rough voice demands again.

“What is your name?”

“I don’t know! I don’t -”

Oh god, I don’t know my name? That’s ridiculous! I should know my name, shouldn't I? It’s like, I don’t know, basic knowledge! C’mon - what is my name? I sob desperately, my mind blank. My name. I don’t know my name.

“I don’t know… I don’t know my name,” I whisper, feeling the tear slowly making its way down my chin. It tickles a bit. At least the man in front of me seems satisfied. I sob again and bury my head inside my tied arms. I don't know my name. I don’t know anything.

[21. 06. 1960]

“Are you feeling better today, Johnson?” the man, I mean, Lieutenant Reyland says sympathetically. After I woke up on the chair, the man has been nothing but kind to me. It was refreshing and almost relieving to have been awoken in ally camp. Lieutenant had explained to me I had hit my head on a boulder during a shooting against the Communists, hence the amnesia. He told me the electric chair was what brought me to life again. Honestly, I owe my life to these men.

“Much better, thank you, sir,” I say sheepishly, feeling self conscious - being snuggled into a thick blanket in the hospital wing, wearing nothing more than a pair of sweats and a tank top, while Reyland was donning his full battle uniform.

Reyland’s eyes crinkle as he smiles at me warmly and starts to reach for a pile of paper I didn’t notice was on my bedside table.

“Good, good. I was wondering, John,” Reyland says, gathering the paper on his lap. “If you could maybe decipher any of these codes. See, you were our main decoder and if you can decode any of these, you would be back in action again.”

My eyes widen. I can be back in action? I hold my hand out for the paper eagerly and Reyland fondly hands it back to me. One glance at the paper told me all I needed to know.

“Cargo sent for tonight at . Coordinates: 18.3560° N, 105.8877° E”

Reyland grins.

[D - Day] 28. 08. 1962

Ladies and gentlemen, I am proud to announce that the Cuban missile crisis has been successfully deterred by our president, John F. Kennedy. He was able to contact Krushchev right before the estimated time of global destruction and managed to pull off an agreement. In exchange for removing American missiles from Turkey, the USSR have agreed to extract their weapons from Cuba. Thank you for those who are still battling their way in Vietnam and to those who have spent months deciphering Soviet codes to gather all of the information needed during the crisis .

Symbols of Remembrance

BY RYAN LEE, YEAR 9, SARAH

Edited by R. Maher

Throughout history, people from different cultures swirl into events and they have different things for remembering.

Izzy Doll is a small-knitted doll in the shape of a child. It originated from a Canadian soldier who died during a tour in Croatia due to a landmine. This soldier, Mark Isfeld, used to knit small dolls for children while he was on duty. After he passed away, his friends decided to continue Isfeld’s work. As a result, Izzy dolls of different sizes and designs are being knitted for the children who live in conflict areas such as Ukraine, Syria, and Israel.

The Poppies are one of the most popular symbols of remembrance. Since it grew on the battlefields when WWI ended, it soon became the symbol of the soldiers’ sacrifice. Most poppies have four to six vivid red petals; creating an image of blood in the battlefields. The British Legion started selling badges and paperwork with shapes of the poppy from 1921, Nov 11, also known as Armistice Day. This tradition has continued until today all over the world, and the profits are raised to different charities that assist and support the war veterans and more. According to The Guardian, three billion

War Cemeteries are graveyards organised for war veterans and war victims that passed away. The gravestones in war cemeteries are mostly made of slate, marble, and granite in ivory or grey colours. For the remembrance of the dead, epithets and a brief summary of an individual's life are carved. These gravestones are well looked after.

Does Rishi Sunak Remember His Thatcherite Economics?

BY WARRICK KWON, YEAR 11, NORO Edited by Injoon So

Akshata Murty, perhaps better known as the wife of incumbent UK Chancellor of Exchequer Rishi Sunak, displayed masterclass hurdling as she skillfully skipped over British tax obligations. Murty, who is the daughter of one of India’s richest businessmen, was recently revealed to have been evading millions of pounds worth of taxes thanks to her non-domicile status in the UK. A green card for the married couple meant that they were effectively declaring themselves as permanent residents of the United States - of course, the ulterior motive behind this being taxation purposes. Perhaps the fact that HM Revenue and Customs separately taxes a married couple has been an absolute relief for Sunak. It was under the former UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher where all taxpayers, male or female, married or single, started to become taxed independently on income of all kinds. Surely this is something that Sunak should be grateful for: should their wealth have been taken into account altogether, he would have been responsible for actively attempting to pass through the tax loopholes he set out himself.

£39 million was not the only thing Sunak received from Thatcher, however. As a personal pick of UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, most of his political and economic career has been on the right side of the political spectrum: ever since his time in university, he undertook an internship at Conservative Campaign Headquarters and during his time

as the Member of Parliament for Richmond, Yorkshire, published a proposal to reform the way of capital flow for small and medium-sized enterprises through the creation of a separate smaller corporate bond market along with the right-leaning Centre for Policy Studies of the United Kingdom. Of course, Sunak has big shoes to fill as a Tory Chancellor of Exchequer: the impact of Thatcherite economic policymaking ever since Thatcher took office amidst rising fears of stagflation in the 1970s is something that cannot be overlooked, no matter how controversial her legacies might be to the British public. Likewise, ever since he was ensconced in office, Sunak has been toiling to save Britain from the unprecedented levels of market turmoil and uncertainty following the pandemic immediately succeeded by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Not only does the timing of his appointment resemble that of Thatcher, but Sunak’s stance on how he plans to sail the nation out of this turbulence is also comparable. To explore this similarity is the purpose of this article.

Given that the current majority of Parliament consists of Tories, it seems natural - even harder - for Sunak to remember his Thatcherite Economics. That is, even today, Thatcher’s legacy continues. The policies she implemented following her arrival in May 1979 to end a traumatic decade

of economic turmoil featuring inflation reaching 25% and bailouts from the International Monetary Fund were resorted to. Britain had become more competitive and efficient through Thatcher’s disbandment of trade unions, privatisation of public sectors and significant tax cuts, which paved the way for decades-long economic boom until the Great Recession. Granted, neoliberal reforms have not been the most popular policies to implement following the subprime mortgage crisis attributable to deregulations. Nevertheless, the laissez faire argument Thatcher used to reinvent the party still has prominent supporters within the party such as Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak, the subject of today’s article, with her stances acting as a nostalgic comfort blanket for the Tories to associate themselves with.

Specifically for Sunak, his ideological self is identical to that of Thatcher. He has the same bullish pride in being British as Margaret Thatcher and ingrained enthusiasm for balancing spending by limiting expenditure. In essence, Thatcher and Sunak both share the central concept that the government should take a limited role in the economy.

Those who do not know Sunak in depth might find this odd. As Sunak took office, he promptly gained the image of becoming the beneficent paymaster, doling out hundreds of billions of pounds of subsidies to cushion people from the ravages of the Covid-19 pandemic. Sunak’s policies and measures that we currently see are certainly ‘un-Thatcherite’, i.e. active spending by the British Treasury for the purpose of revitalising the economy through injecting astronomical sums of money into firms would certainly not be elements of Thatcherite economics. However, a deeper analysis into the motives of Sunak as he introduced schemes such as the Furlough or the Eat Out To Help Out scheme reveals that it is actually the opposite that Sunak hopes to accomplish. As he closed his statement to the House of Commons which unveiled the revised Spending Review in November 2020, Sunak described the nature of his schemes as an attempt by the government to “set the direction that will create jobs and give every person in this country the chance to meet their potential.” Of course, this classic

Thatcherite stance of the government acting as a ‘pointer’ rather than a ‘doer’ was followed by the lines: “But it is the individual, the family, and the community that must become stronger, healthier and happier as a result. This is the true measure of our success.” Such resembled the much renowned lines of Thatcher claiming how there is “no such thing as society.” This is further evinced by the past spending schemes that Sunak proposed. In the aforementioned reforms he suggested to change how small and mediumsized enterprises could raise capital, Sunak took an unorthodox approach to improving capital accessibility: to create a separate corporate bond market with exclusively these firms where they can sell corporate bonds to willing investors at significantly lower thresholds than the London Stock Exchange main market. Again, we can observe how Thatcher’s ideologies are deeply ingrained in Sunak. If he were to be uninfluenced by her, he would have taken the approach to simply provide such firms with more subsidies and lower the barriers for firms to apply for capital raises,but rather a market based approach like his is what highlights his qualities as a Thatcherite economist.

With PM Johnson barely surviving the party’s no-confidence vote with lower support rates than May’s vote, both Johnson and Sunak’s political futures are in the realm of the unknown. It is technically possible for Johnson to face another confidence vote should the Party make changes accordingly and there is also a slim chance for the Tories to win the upcoming general election. If this becomes the case, we shall look forward to the influences Sunak will have on fiscal and monetary policy decisions from a position of MP using the lessons learnt through

Noontropics and you

BY SOOMIN HA, YEAR 9, GEOMUN

Edited by Jenny Roh

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” boost brain performance by influencing neurons and neurotransmitters at a cellular level. They may be taken to improve mental performance. Doctors sometimes prescribe nootropic drugs for Alzheimer’s disease although it does not have a significant effect. However, most nootropics are not scientifically proven that they actually improve mental performance. So, which drugs at least improve memory?

L-theanine

L-theanine is an amino acid found in tea and some mushrooms. It promotes increased alpha-waves in the brain, which can reduce stress and anxiety. However, it normally shows only small benefits.

If it is taken with green tea extract, it may improve attention or alertness in small clinical trials. It also makes a patient feel relaxed. This can also give the ability to ignore distractions, which can improve memory impairment. For healthy people, taking L-theanine by mouth might help them to stay focused. L-theanine has a very low toxicity, according to a few animal studies.

L-theanine may not be safe to use for long periods and causes a few side effects like headache or sleepiness.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E, which is a vitamin that dissolves in fat, is often found in foods including vegetable oils, cereals, meat, poultry, eggs, and fruits. Vitamin E is essential for many of the body’s functions, including activities occuring in the brain. As Vitamin E has strong antioxidant properties, which allows it prevent or slow the damage to cells, it can be used to protect the brain cells of the consumer.

Studies show that people with mild or moderate Alzheimer’s disease may benefit from the consumption of this vitamin, as the damage to the brain cells is decreased by the antioxidant; however, this beneficial effect was not repllicated in other studies.

However, the over-ingestion of this vitamin may be unsafe for some people.

Curcumin

Curcumin is a yellow chemical produced from the plants of the Curcuma longa species. It has antioxidant properties which prevent/slow damage to cells of the brain. Curry powder is high in curcumin.

It boosts levels of BDNF, a type of brain hormone. Various degenerative processes in the brain can be fought with curcumin and brain fog, slow thinking, can be reduced which makes one able to remember better.

However, this may only be effective in older adults. Having high doses of curcumin can cause nausea, diarrhoea and headache. Furthermore, it is poorly absorbed in digestion, so it cannot give any huge benefits to the brain.

There needs to be more stdies in orfer to support this statement.

CDP-choline

CDP-choline is a chemical compound often used as a prescription drug. When orally ingested, the CDP-choline separates into the molecules choline and cytidine, the latter of which later converts into uridine. Choline and uridine are neuroprotective and potentially useful in enhancing learning abilities; this makes them particularly beneficial in preventing or treating memory impairments associated with aging.

Studies prove that CDP-choline may also be effective in increasing memory and attention span, although these conclusions are yet to be replicated and proven by further experiments. For the elderly who have problems in remembering, CDP-choline may help them with learning and in decreasing memory deficits.

This nootropic compound does not have any known side-effects.

Bacopa Monnieri

Bacopa monnieri is a nootropic herb traditionally used as Ayurvedic medicine; the plant was believed to have positive impacts increasing and enhancing longevity, cognitive abilities and vitality. The consumption of Bacopa may increase the growth of certain brain chemicals, such as dendrites - which are involved in thinking, learning, and remembering - and thus promote neuron communication. Moreover, the drug may be used medically in order to improve the memory of patients suffering Alzheimer disease, by protecting their brain cells from further damage.

The most well-known, and the only scientifically proven use of Bacopa Monnieri is in the improvement of memory. However, the effect of Bacopa tends to be inconsistent across various experiments and conditions. Bacopa is also used as an antidepressant drug.

Some side-effects may be nausea, cramping, and diarrhoea, which effects are particularly prominent after taking the drug on an empty stomach.

Eating Food and Sleeping

There are a lot of drugs that may help increase brain performance, but all of them do not actually have a huge impact on a patient. The best way to improve memory is having a balanced diet and enough sleep. This is the natural way to make your brain healthier without taking any pills.

A Short Note on World War II

Edited by E.Barlow

By Sihu Park, Year 8, Sarah

World War II

Throughout history, there have been many events that have changed the world in a drastic or revolutionary way. Some instances are the Renaissance and the French Revolution. But, there is one event that has a quite controversial effect on society afterwards. It is WWII.

Six years and one day after Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, the twentieth century’s second worldwide struggle came to a conclusion. World War II claimed the lives of an estimated 60-80 million people, or about 3% of the world’s population, by the time it ended on the deck of an American warship on September 2, 1945. Civilians made up the great majority of those slain in history’s worst war, including the 6 million Jews killed in Nazi concentration camps during World War II.

German forces had seized much of Europe from the Black Sea to the English Channel by the time the United States entered

World War II in response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Allies, on the other hand, turned the course of the war, and the momentous events that followed brought World War II to a close.

The aftereffects of World War II were not as fatal as anticipated. Government spending aided in the resuscitation of the economy that had defied the New Deal. Over one-third of industry’s output was absorbed by war requirements, but increased productivity ensured a tremendous supply of consumer products for the people. Despite wartime rationing, only America saw an increase in consumer goods. Real weekly wages before taxes in manufacturing were 50% greater in 1944 than in 1939 as a result of wage increases and overtime pay. The battle also gave birth to entirely new technology, business, and human abilities.

Remembering the Dead in Mexico

Edited by R. Maher

Hanbi Lee, Year 9, Mulchat

The Day of the Dead was originally a ritual held in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica to honour the dead. This is a ritual to remember family who have passed away. People in the past used skulls to remember their families and skulls remain as a key symbol which continued for more than six centuries. According to their beliefs, a person travels to Chicunamictlan, the Land of the Dead, and is guided through nine challenging levels. This voyage takes about four years to complete, lasting until the person’s soul reaches the final destination, the Mictlan. The ritual was traditionally held in August. The festivals were divided into two: one for children, and one for adults. The family members provide food, water and tools in order to aid the person who had travelled through the difficult journey. The Day of the Dead is an inspiration of this ritual which is a celebration in which people leave food and offerings for their loved ones. An important fact to emphasise is that the purpose of this event is to celebrate: it is not a sombre event, as the name may suggest.

The celebration is held on November 1st and 2nd and it is divided into three sections: Dia de los Angelitos, Dia de los Difuntos and Dia de los Muertos. On November 1st, 12am, the celebration is open for the spirits of children. To welcome the children coming back, people place the child’s favourite food, toys and photographs on the Ofrenda. The next section is for the spirits of adults which is held on November 2nd, 12am. People play various games remembering the departed ones and the Ofrendas are modified for adults. Starting from noon, the celebration is held for the spirits of all the dead. It is a grand finale which includes parades and cemetery visits. Ofrendas are an offering place and have specific guidelines. It is usually set up on a table covered with vivid tablecloth. Some use an oil cloth as a tablecloth. In the higher area, the photographs of the person are placed along with their belongings. The personal items arranged on the Ofrendas vary according to the ages. Offerings like food are placed on the lower area of the Ofrendas. The reasoning behind this set up of Ofrendas is the four elements: fire, earth, air and water. Fire is represented by candles lit up and displayed on the table. The paper decorations called papel picado represent air, and the varied foods represent earth. The action of the

family pouring water into a glass represents the final element and this is done for the soul to purify itself for the journey. The skulls used in the Day of the Dead are called the Calaveras. They are represented in various forms such as sugar candies or face paintings. These sugar candies are displayed on the Ofrendas to decorate them. Some will think of marigolds when they hear the word ‘Day of the Dead’. The name of these flowers is Flor de Muerto which means Flower of Dead in Spanish. They are known to form the pathway that the spirits can follow. People believe that the bright colour and scent of marigolds will lead the spirits to their Ofrendas.

Each country has their own unique way to celebrate the day of the dead. Other than the traditions of Mexico that I mentioned previously, Ireland, US, and Spain have their own traditions. Ireland’s ‘Day of the dead’ is called ‘Samhain’ which means ‘end of harvest’. This can be said as the origin of Halloween. The Irish people believed that during Samhain, the barriers between the spirit world and the real world would break. Samhain had the purpose of honouring the spirits and reflecting back to their own lives. Another example is Halloween celebrated in the US which is well known to people around the world. Originally, it was focused on remembering the dead. Nowadays, the original purpose has been corrupted and people remember Halloween as a day to dress up in black and orange. All Saints Day is a Spanish celebration, influenced by British and American cultures. Visiting cemeteries, placing flowers, and dressing up as spirits are all traditions of the All Saints Day. All of these cultural days are for honouring the people from the past, and are treated as a celebration, not a negative or depressing event. However, the ways that the events are viewed are contrasting. Especially for Halloween, most people think of costumes when they hear about the event, even though it was first held to remember the dead. In conclusion, the Mexican Day of the Dead is mirrored around the world, except for the vampires!

Forgetting to Remember or Remembering to Forget

BY JAYDEN LEE, YEAR 8, SARAH

I forgot to do my Maths homework today. As you might know, forgetting is an aspect of our lives. Maybe it's not a very nice one, but it certainly is an unavoidable part of human existence. Forgetting, simply put, is the gradual loss of information stored in our short or long term memory. For a small percentage of the population, however, forgetting is virtually not a problem, suggesting that forgetfulness does not have to exist in our brains, much like the Twilight series. Rather, it is just the brain's way of preventing information from accumulating excessively. There have been numerous methods and attempts to combat forgetfulness, such as the various mnemonic devices and techniques or, more simply, just writing down a note. In the end, the most important thing here is that my Maths homework remains unfinished.

Usually, forgetting is the loss of information in our short or long term memory, and a completely natural process. Here is the Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve, or just the forgetting curve in general, next to a crawfish for scale.

lot of things you can forget that can make your life better in a lot of ways:

You can see that most of the things we learn fade away after a few days. However, the amount of forgetting doesn’t change after a week or two. This is a real shame, because I would like to forget everything that’s ever happened in the Star Wars sequels. For much of us, forgetting might seem like a burden that can be quite annoying, but everything can have a bright side. Just to give you a nice reminder, here are a

Most of the forgetting usually takes place in your short term memory, where things don’t last quite as long, hence the name. These are the memories that are not as important as the other ones;where you left your keys (on the piano), Obama’s middle name (Hussein), or the story of any Michael Bay movie (a car flips over and explodes next to a billboard advertising Nike for product placement; the main character, accompanied by a strangely scantily clad woman, exits a Chevrolet in slow motion with the logo in full view for more product placement). The more important memories are located in your long term memory, such as your name (Jayden), the release date for Obi-wan Kenobi (May 27, 2022), and the exact amount of time it takes to skip an advertisement for a Michael Bay movie. (4 Seconds). These are topics you don’t easily forget; if you do, it’s not that the memories have necessarily gone away entirely, but rather that your brain is just having a hard time accessing them.

Psychologist Daniel Schacter categorised the problems with our memory in seven ways. He calls them “the seven sins of memory,” and these can be divided into 3 groups: Forgetting, Distortion and Intrusion. The first one is the most straightforward, and simply refers to being unable to access

memories or having them fade. The second one, Distortion, is when existing memories are changed or new ones are falsely created. Misattribution is what happens when you confuse the source of your memory, mistaking one thing for another. This can often create entirely new memories that are not true. For example, I watched Star Wars episode 9 and then watched Inception a week later, and I almost ended up thinking that the new Star Wars movie had a good plot. Suggestibility is similar to misattribution, but these false memories and information come from someone else, like when lawyers ask leading questions, or when Disney tries to convince us that we enjoyed The Last Jedi. The last of the sins in the Distortion category is Bias. This is when your already present view of the world distorts your memories of events in the past. Some types of bias include racial and gender biases.

Sometimes, memory loss can happen even before the actual learning takes place. This is what’s known as Encoding failure. These often happen with the smaller details, where the brain decides that these aren’t things that they should invest a lot of concentration into. For example, without looking at your phone, try and remember what app is on the bottom right corner. Most likely you can’t. Or maybe you can, and I’m the one with a bad memory. Interference is when you have a memory in your brain, but it cannot be accessed at the moment. There are two different types of interference, proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive interference is when your previous memories of something prevent you from remembering something new. For example, if you might mistake your room number in your old apartment as the new one, hindering your memory. Retroactive interference is when new information messes with your old memories. For example, you might have a hard time remembering who was in your class a year ago, because your knowledge of your current class is interfering with your old memories.

So, in total, this is why I forgot to do my maths homework.

Remembrance Day

Remembrance Day, which takes place on November 11th at exactly 11am started with the armistice time of World War One, the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month and further enables us to consider the sacrifice of all of those who died in wars. Red Poppies are good at growing in harsh environments and became one of the first flowers to bloom on the fields at the end of World War One Because of its strength to grow in even the bleakest environments, it has become a powerful symbol of Remembrance Day.

Cenotaph for remembrance day: there is a cenotaph in Australia that is built for remembering people that died during the World War.

Difference between remembrance day and memorial day: Remembrance day is a day where we can remember the people that have died during world war one with red poppies and memorial day is only for the country, where they celebrate the people who died during the civil wars in many countries.

By Kevin Park, Year 8, Sarah

By Ian Yoon, Year 11, Noro

Edited by R. Maher

Twenty one years have passed since the worst attack in history happened. September 11th; this date will be familiar to many people. America’s most famous commercial complex, the World Trade Centre, was attacked by hijacked airplanes. These days, Americans are still remembering and commemorating the horrific terror attack and the 2,977 innocent people who were killed.

To get into the details of this attack, it occured on the 11th of September where two airplanes crashed into the skyscraper and the building crashed to the ground. Lots of workers and Fire Department personnel in the centre died. The workers had contributed to the U.S economy’s success and they are the main part of the financial market. To make a comparison to some familiar places, the Twin Tower has a similar symbol like the Trade Tower in Seoul, Gangnam. Having been attacked in this symbolistic place, Americans panicked regarding the safety issue throughout America. Some long term economic impacts were that the GDP for New York City declined by $30.3 billion over the last three months of 2001 and into 2002. 2001 was the first year of George W. Bush, the 43rd president of America, and the government was being settled gradually. Moreover, in the background, Iraq and other Middle Eastern countries were in conflict with the U.S and there were tensions between these countries. Hence, some Americans were very sensitive regarding issues in these countries. At this point, this terror attack in New York brought more tension and the American government has expanded the military action in Middle Asia and strengthened their foreign policy. These were the economic and political impacts of the 9.11 terror attack.

Then what exactly happened on the day? It was just a mundane sunny Tuesday morning in New York. At 8:46 am, the first plane (American Airlines flight 11) crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and at 9:03 am the second plane crashed into the South Tower. The moment after the first plane crashed the tower was broadcast live by all the news channels across the nation. Then the second plane crashing towards the south tower was recorded on the channels which gave a huge shock to Americans. After these two crashes, the towers began to collapse rapidly and this was the point where many casualties occurred. As the towers began to collapse, many people weren’t able to escape the building so there were a few people jumping off from their offices which are located in the upper part of the tower. Even more tragically, some people were trapped underground for weeks due to the debris of the building piling up on the ground. 343 firefighters were involved in finding these people and most of them were killed.

This tragic incident is still being remembered today with lots of memorial museums and parks in New York. The memorial and museum was built in the exact spot of the World Trade Center and opened on March 13th 2006. This fabulous idea allowed people to remember 9/11 and the location of this incident. Furthermore, the design of this memorial park is very simple and modern as well. It has a small waterfall with the walls of the waterfall having names of people who passed away inscribed on it. The museum right beside this waterfall has much useful information about 9/11 starting from its timeline and going into all of the details of the incident. Since New York is a very popular city where there are many tourists visiting annually, the museum is a great idea to allow people around the world to remember the 9/11 terror attack.

Having this tragic incident in New York two decades ago, it is still being remembered and 9/11 is a special day for not only the Americans but for people globally. The construction of the memorial and museum has contributed to this remembrance worldwide and compared to other tragic incidents, 9/11, in my opinion, has been the incident that is remembered the most throughout recent history.

Burial Tra ditions Around The World

Even though it sounds tragic, it is an inevitable fact that humans die. Their loved ones have to let the deceased go; the deceased leave their loved ones behind. Yet it is certain that they will always be remembered in the hearts of the people they have loved, or even inspired. We also have diverse ways to remember them. Different countries have different traditions of burning, remembering, and caring for the ones who have gone away.

Before we get into the different types of traditions all over the world, we can first explore the roots and origins of funeral cultures, which have existed from the very dawn of humankind. The oldest known burial - which happened about 78,000 years ago - was a burial of a child,aged about two or three, in the continent of Africa. This burial site has evoked numerous reactions across the world. It provides us insight into how the ancient people had similar ‘cognition’ and sociality to people in the modern days. This shows the awe that the sheer presence of death has always given to mankind.

The burial traditions of mankind also link to human belief systems relating to the afterlife. Our beliefs may differ in many ways, but faith in some kind of afterlife unites many diverse groups of people. It may be a cycle of rebirth or heaven, but death is certainly not the end of the journey for the spirits. The spirits go somewhere else sacred or hazardous, or they even remain amongst the living people.

Just as all countries have various traditions and cultures, it is the same for burial traditions as well. Here is a list of some burial traditions all over the globe.

In the USA, going green is now the trend. They aim to be kinder to mother nature, as they are created by her and return to mother nature herself.

In the Philippines, people dress up their dead and put a cigarette in their mouths. The bodies remain in this position for weeks. It is a symbol and a wish of good luck, even though it may look gruesome.

In Mexico, the day of the dead is indeed very famous. As a national holiday, from all across the country, the people

In India, they believe in the cycle of birth and death. They want to break free of the cycle and achieve spiritual perfection. The cycle of birth and rebirth in this world gives pain and hardship, but it also gives lessons which will equip the traveler to break free of the cycle.

BY SEAN PARK, YEAR 9, GEOMUN

Ancient Egyptian myths are also very famous; they have been retold as movies and in many other types of entertainment. The afterlife contains many gates and verifications to go through - but, at the end, an afterlife of happiness and eternity awaits.

The common factor of many different burials can be concluded as the belief of an afterlife, and the remembrance that the ones left behind holds. However, new forms of burial methods are made. Their remains are sometimes shot into space, used to fertilize a tree, made into jewelry, fireworks, and even tattoo ink that can be written on the skins of people.

LEFT THE BUILDING BUT

MR WATERSON HAS LEFT THE BUILDING BUT HAS LEFT AN IMPACT

By Jenny Roh, Year 12, Halla

Edited by R. Maher

Celebrating their 10th Founder’s Day on the last day of March, 2022, NLCS Jeju joined with the other schools in the family to remember for the 171st time. Mr Waterson, who is one of the founding teachers of NLCS Jeju, holds memories of the last fifteen Founder’s Days, having worked in NLCS London for 4 years before landing on Jeju. Mr Waterson has left his indelible mark on the school in the form of the intrepid daffodils that appear year after year in front of the school. They have survived the Jeju winter, the grass cutting skills of the gardening team and the ground baked by the sun. He planted the flowers quite some time ago. He talks with passion about Founder’s Day as one of those significant events which are really the only things that students remember. Mr Waterson also mentioned that, “Founders Day might be boring and something dull but after graduating our school it will bring connections with other graduates from other NLCS schools. It has meaning when we meet up in other parts of the world but people don’t see it when attending school”. As the vast majority of the graduates apply to universities or colleges abroad, it will be meaningful encountering someone that shared the same educational background and daffodil procession.

Mr Waterson is starting the next phase of his career in Cambodia and he has said that he wants to be remembered for the round table in the sixth form building. The round table has a special

meaning to him as Mr Waterson put a lot of effort into finding a local carpenter so they could make a table at his request and exacting standards. The round table symbolises communication, cooperation and never ending circles of the school. During break time or lunchtime we can see so many students around the table and Mr Pettifor even enjoys having his wonderful maths class there. Mr Waterson also wants to be remembered as a friendly person who is married to the school. As a family man, he wants to be remembered as hard working for the school and he said that he feels like he has stayed more than 11 years.

Mr Waterson highlighted that his definition of remembrance is an act of remembering which has a formality about it or something that is done annually with ceremonies about it, giving Founders Day as an example. He suggested that schools should celebrate things that are achieved and it is not something that specifically applies to day one or be limited at the concept of first.

Since Mr Waterson was in the school for 11 years, he had a reciprocal relationship with the school. He experienced the changes through osmosis and also contributed to the development of the school’s culture and policies. NLCS Jeju is well known for its extensive programme co-curricular activities and Saturday morning Bryants. Pallet Craft,, which was a popular CCA among the students, was an idea of Mr

Waterson’s and Mrs. Waterson where they tried to use all the benefits of living in Jeju such as living with nature. In the first year of the opening of the school, the GEC area was not as developed as it is now, there were barely any residentials or shops, so it was hard for the school to find opportunities for activities. Back then, there were not as many connections with the locals so Mr Waterson collected old woods and pallets and in this process and realised that Jeju island was a perfect place for CCA, extended essay and trips such as for the geography department.

Normally it is a common phenomenon for teachers in international schools to only stay for a short period of time and travel to different parts of the world. In NLCS Jeju, 7% to 9% of staff leave each year which is a low rate compared to other schools as the average turnover rate in international schools in East Asia is 23%. Mr Waterson has mentioned that Jeju is a natural environment which is good for raising children and it is unusual to get a high quality of life in a rural area. This might foreshadow the reason why staff in NLCS Jeju have a lower turnover rate.

The island not only has a good environment for families but also for education. Since Mr Waterson used to be a geography teacher, he has noticed that the island is also good for going on trips or doing activities in terms of education. Before Covid, the Year 8s visited the oil fired power stations and had a chance to wander around the station looking at things such as control rooms, currently restricted due to the pandemic. One of the biggest memories of being a part in the geography department was that he not only taught students he learnt numerous things as a geographer and teacher like different research questions that students come up with for their Extended Essay.

Moreover, he has been instrumental in building the boarding culture (and the culture of NLCS) when no other schools in the group are boarding. Mr Waterson said, “as a whole the NLCS culture has been successfully brought in from the UK as academically NLCS Jeju has been a great school and the Korean commitment of education and the school system has produced a good result. We created a school with a good reputation with high IB scores and as a boarding school we have exceeded London in terms of service commitment such as Toweraid and the Co-curricular programmes.”

Recalling his memories, the exterior view of the school is the most significant change over the decade. The junior school building is new which was supposed to be a boarding house. Due to the development in the GEC, a high number of apartments were built which caused the demand for the boarding house to shift to housing. The infrastructure and facilities have obviously improved but it was not only the external factors that changed. The number of students has rapidly expanded and Mr Waterson personally thinks that it has lost the family feeling as a society since before he knew everyone in every year group but now that has become more challenging.

He said that the reason why the school is putting in so much effort is in order to strengthen the house affiliation. Furthermore, the growth of the school role increased as NLCS Jeju offers more subjects; not replacing any but in addition to what they already have. For the IB course there are numerous subjects that are not available in other IB schools such as dance, philosophy and global politics.

Recalling his memories of his life, Mr Waterson has previously lodged in various countries such as Brazil, Ireland and the UK. He always wanted to live abroad as it is a good opportunity to learn about landscape, history, people and culture. This experience made him strongly believe in the statement that “the best way to learn about your own country is to leave the comfort zone and interact with others”. Up to now, he still finds it fascinating to see his own culture or country being reflected and it made him think that everywhere has got their own values and interests.

Linking to the theme of remembrance, Mr Waterson broached that there are important factors in education apart from grades. Students should leave the education path with a belief in their own ability to tackle new things or solve problems whether it is work related or socially related. People should know themselves thinking back to the time they were in school in such a way and be the best version of themselves they can be.

We wish Mr. Waterson and his family a very long and happy life in Cambodia and, when he meets members of the NLCS community he can remind them of the daffodils.

Crew List

Writers:

Warrick Kwon

Theresa Lee

Taehee Kim

Stella Kang

Eunseo Lim

Emily Lim

Edward Cho

Daniel Yoon

Sophie Park

Sophie park

Chloe Kim

Sophie Lee

Sophie Lee(Y8)

Cathy Kim

Sophie Lee(Y10)

Soomin Ha

Sihu Park

Shona Park

Serena Hong

Sean Park

Ryan Lee

Lucas Shin

June Kim

Joy Hwang

Jimin Lee

Jenny Roh

Jean Kim

Jaye Choi

Jayden Lee

Jaeyoung Chung

Ivan Lee

Inseo Youn

Injoon So

Ian Yoon

Huey Jang

Hanna Wang

Hanbi Lee

Hailey Kim

Guru Han

Eunsuh Kim

Brandon Lee

Ashley Koo

Amy Kim

Ally Lee

Kevin Park

Soomin Ha

Designers:

Designers:

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Esther Lee

Hyuna Park

Kelly Park

Emily Kim

Emily Kim

Eunice Kim

Eunice Kim

Katie Hong

Katie Hong

Staff:

Staffs:

Raymond Maher

Raymond Maher

Alice Bate

Alice Bate

James Munday

James Munday

Stephen Mckeogh

Emily Barlow

Stephen Mckeogh

Minsoo Cha

Alex Gellersen