Problems and prospects of village tourism case study of bhumlichok vdc gorkha thesis by karna rana

i

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis is prepared for the partial fulfillment of the requirements of Masters Degree in Rural Development. It focuses mainly on problem and Prospects of Village Tourism in Bhumlichok VDC of Gorkha district.

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my supervisor Bimal Kumar Khadka, and Gopal Khadka Head of Rural Development, Department of Patan Multiple Campus, for his constant supervision, invaluable suggestions and encouragement during the process of this study.

I would always remain thankful to my wife Mrs. Susila Rana and daughter Kusum Rana who encouraged me and created appropriate environment during the writing of manuscript and assisted me in the final preparation of this thesis.

Last, but not least, I would like to thank the people of the Bhumlichok VDC who very eagerly provided information and support during the preparation of the document.

Karna Bahadur Rana

iii

ABSTRACT Village tourism that focus of village destinations has been receiving much attention as a means of income and employment generation, diversification and direct effect on local economies without having environmental and ecological adverse impact. Nepal being an agricultural country with a great potentiality for sustained tourism development adopted this concept of village tourism as an effective tool for intensive and integrated community development.

This study is made in Bhumlichok in Gorkha district with the general objectives of analysis of potentiality of village tourism in the study area and its problem and prospects. This study is based on both primary and secondary data.

Total number of population recorded in Bhumlichok is 3,545. Economy of the area is agro-based.

Basic infrastructures such as roads, communication, drinking water supply, health service and security measures are in existence. However they need to be upgraded.

Based on the attractions available at Bhumlichok associated activities for the tourists are envisage being trekking/hiking, cultural program, picnicking, paragliding, home stay trip and mountain biking.

There is no official record available of the tourist visit Bhumlichok. So, this is necessary for making future plan related with the tourism in the study area.

In the view of its potential for the tourism development, the local community is seen to be more interested and aware on the development of this area jointly as tourist destination.

There are no good accommodation and catering facilities for tourists. Most of the house owner told that if they got the financial as well as other support they are ready for serve tourists as their demand.

iv

Tourism awareness campaign (with inclusion of topics such as tourism, its benefits, likely negative impacts, and measures to avoid such impacts) should be addressed to all community members, focusing on specific skill training programs. That could include lodge /home stay management, guiding, handicraft development etc. Similarly, programs such as literacy and enterprise development need to be organized.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Letter of Recommendation

i

Letter of Approval

ii

Acknowledgements

iii

Abstract

iv

Table of Contents

vi

List of Tables

ix

List of figures

ix

List of Maps

ix

Acronyms/ Abbreviations

x

Chapter -1: Introduction 1.1 Background

1-7 1

1.2

Statement of the Problem

4

1.3

Objectives of the Study

6

1.4

Limitation of the Study

6

Chapter-2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction

8-37 8

2.2

Concept of Tourism in the World

2.3

Concept of Tourism in Nepal

11

2.4

Review of the Publications Related to Tourism

12

2.5

Review of Literature Related To Tourism

15

2.6

History of Religious Tourism

25

2.7

Nepal Tourism Year 2011: A National Campaign

28

2.7.1 Tourist Arrival in Nepal

8

28

vi

2.7.2 Tourists Arrival Trend in Nepal

28

2.7.3 Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of visit (2012/013/014)

30

2.7.4 Tourist Arrivals by Age & Sex Group

31

2.7.5 Tourist Arrivals by major nationality (2013/014)

32

2.7.6 Contribution of Tourism Sector

33

2.7.7 General Guidelines to Conserve the Potentiality

36

Chapter-3:

Research Methodology

38-43

3.1

Study Area

38

3.2

Research Design

39

3.3

Rational for the Selection of the Study Site

40

3.4

Sampling Procedure

40

3.5

Natures and Source of Data

41

3.5.1 Primary Data

41

3.5.2 Secondary Data

41

Tools and Technique of Data Collection

41

3.6.1 Questionnaire Survey

42

3.6.2 Key Information Interview

42

3.6.3 Field Visit and Observation

42

3.6.4 Focus Group Discussion

42

3.6

3.7 Data Analysis

43

Chapter-4: Presentation and Analysis of Data 44-62 4.1 Historical, Cultural and Religious Prospective of Study Area 44 4.2 Socio-Economic Prospective 44 4.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents 45 4.3.1 Respondents by Age and Sex 46 4.3.2 Classification of Household According to the Caste Group 47

vii

4.3.3 Educational Status of Respondent

47

4.3.4 Respondents by Caste and Ethnicity 4.3.5 Religion of Respondents 4.3.6 Occupational Status of Respondents

48 48 48

4.4 4.5

Socio-Economic Benefits from Tourism Employment Opportunity

50 51

4.6

Awareness of Local People

52

4.7 4.8

Assessment of Current Infrastructure Facilities in Bhumlichok 53 Perception towards the Future Pattern of Tourism Development in

4.9

Bhumlichok by the Respondent Respondents Perception toward Home Stay

54 54

4.10 4.11

Tourists Perception Information from Hotel Owner

56 56

4.12

Problems and Prospects Village Tourism Development in Bhumlichok VDC 4.12.1 Problems of Village Tourism Development in Bhumlichok VDC 4.12.2 Transportation 4.12.3 Information and Publicity 4.12.4 Recreational Facilities 4.12.5 Trained Manpower

57 58 58 58 59

4.12.6 Preservation of Major Attractions 4.12.7 Poor Sanitation 4.12.8 National Tourism Policy Prospects of Village Tourism Development in Bhumlichok VDC 4.13.1 Bhumlichok Home Stay Trip Activities /Pokhari Tar 4.13.2 Environment Friendly 4.13.3 Cultural Show 4.13.4 Hospitality 4.13.5 Echo-Mountain

59 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 62

4.13.6

62

4.13

Trishuli (River)

Chapter-5: Summery, Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Summery 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendations

viii

56

63-64 63 65 66

Bibliography

69-70

List of Tables

29-55

Table: 2.1: Tourists Arrival Trend in Nepal

29

Table: 2.2: Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit 2012, 2013 & 2014

31

Table: 2.3: Tourist Arrivals by Sex and Age Groups

32

Table: 2.4: Tourist Arrivals by Major Nationalities (2013/2014)

33

Table: 2.5: Gross Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

34

Table: 2.6: Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

35

Table: 4.1: Respondents by Age and Sex

46

Table: 4.2: Classification of Household Caste Group Wise

47

Table: 4.3: Educational Status of Respondent

48

Table: 4.4: HHs Classification by Profession

49

Table: 4.5: Current Situation of Infrastructure Facilities

53

Table: 4.6: Respondents Perception toward Home-Stay

55

List of Figures

46-55

Figure: 4.1: Respondents by Age and Sex

46

Figure: 4.2: Educational Status of Respondent

48

Figure: 4.3: HHs Classification by Profession

50

Figure: 4.4: Respondents Perception toward Home-Stay

55

List of Maps

38-39

Map: 1.1:

Gorkha Districts Map in Nepal

38

Map: 1.2:

Bhumlichok VDC Map in Gorkha Districts

39

ix

Abbreviations/Acronyms ACAP

=

Annapurna Conservation Area Project

ADB

=

Asian Development Bank

CBS

=

Central Bureau of Statistics

GDP

=

Gross Domestic Product

INGO

=

International Non-Government Organization

MoCTCA

=

Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation

MoF

=

Ministry of Finance

NGO

=

Non-Government Organization

NPC

=

National Planning Commission

NTB

=

Nepal Tourism Board

STN

=

Sustainable Tourism Network

TAAN

=

Trekking Agencies' Association of Nepal

UNWTO

=

United Nations World Tourism Organization

UNESCO

=

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

VDC

=

Village Development Committee

WTO

=

World Tourism Organization

WWF

=

World Wide Fund for Nature

x

CHAPTER - ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background

Nepal, one of the most unique, exotic and remote destination in the tourism map of the world, is unquestionably a country teemed with countless natural wonders and exhilarating old historical monuments and heritage sites. It is rich in tourism attractions whether natural or cultural with its attractive, marketable landscapes and its unique biodiversity; all the tourism attractions of Nepal are world class. Tourists are attracted to Nepal by lush Terai jungles, the beautiful peaks of Himalayas, terraced farmlands, glistening rivers, wildlife activities and rich cultures and heritages. Tourism can be defined as the Science, Art and Business of attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating them, and graciously catering to their needs and wants. Such places offer big potentiality for development of tourism that, is considered as an easy source of income, requires relatively less investment and provides many jobs, and develops relation among people from distance.

Nepal is a small and beautiful country with snow-cold torrents and green vistas. It is situated in southeastern part of Asia between two huge nations India and China. It is a country of numerous and diverse villages having three different ecological regions running from south to north namely Terai, Hill and Mountain. It is located between latitude of 26022"N and 30027" N and longitude between 8004"E and 88012"E. It has a wide an areas 1, 47,181 Square Kilometer with 885 KM east west and average of 193 KM north to south. (CBS, 2011), Its population is 2,83,02,528 (CBS, 2011). 85.8 percent of total population is living in rural areas and 38 percent people are under poverty line. The per capita income of Nepalese people is $ 762 per annum (MoF, 2014/15). The gap between haves not is still increasing. Despite the natural beauty, the social-economic scenario indicates that it very challenging to develop the nation.

1

This small country Nepal is very rich in natural resources. In the world, occupies 0.03% only and in Asia o.3% of land. Like wises, it lies between the altitudinal variation ranging from 60 meter to 8848 meter. Nepal is the second richest country in water resources. The theoretical hydroelectric potential of Nepal's river courses in 83 million K.W. comes to around 1.5 percent.

Similarly, it has many more beautiful types of scenery, bio-diversity etc. On the other hand, it is an extremely rich cultural storehouse. There is diversity in language and culture, people live with harmony and unity, and people are friendly with smiling faces. There are 14 mountains are above 8000m in the world out of that 8 are in Nepal. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, which lies in Nepal.

Nepal is a mountainous country is considered as nature's paradise. It is a paradise for ornithologist, nature lovers, hikers, trekkers and researchers of various disciplines. The country is recognized for its unique and pristine natural and cultural diversity. Nepal's immense heritage sites are of immediate aesthetic, architectural, historical and social significance. Its natural and cultural tourism attractions have been well suited for international tourism.

Since ancient times, Nepal is known as “Abode of the Gods� as such many visitors from China and India visited Nepal as pilgrims to worship at pilgrimage places like Lumbini, Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Baraha Chhetra, Swoyambhunath, Boudhanath, Sworgadwari, Chhayachhetra, Goraksha Ratan Nath pith and many other sites of religious and cultural interests. Fortunately, Nepal has some of the most valued religious sites in the world. The area of tourism expand in Nepal mainly after the revolution when the gates of Nepal were opened to all the foreigners in 2007 B.S. Nepal further expanded the diplomatic relations with other world organizations such as UNESCO, FAO, WTO, etc, after getting the membership to the UNO in 1950 - Nepal became famous in the outside world.

Nepal is also known as the country of nonstop festivals as festivals are the prominent aspect of Nepalese life in which people from all walks of life

2

participate enthusiastically. The religious custom, life style, festivals, food habit, clothing and languages of different people differ as per geographical and ethnic variation. There are 125 spoken languages and 123 ethnic groups. One remarkable feature of Nepalese culture is persisting harmony in the midst of this difference.

This ancient land, with its unique cultural, religious, linguistic, topographical, and ethnic diversity, has all that a country dependent on tourism could possibly desire. It has something for everyone, whether it is an adventurer, the poet in search of peace and tranquility, or hardcore professionals like anthropologists, sociologists, and ornithologists, linguists and historians. The range in interest is so wide and diverse that one short visit to this country would just not be enough. With the unique socio-cultural treasures such as nature-friendly and people-friendly traditions and behaviors, Nepal is well known for magnet of tourism: it has immense potentiality for tourism development.

Tourism is a never ending and ever changing process. It is one good means to earn foreign exchange for Nepal in present situation. Tourism is mainly labor intensive industries by which we can reduce the national problem of unemployment and it can be a strong and powerful weapon to reduce poverty.

Data shows that tourism industries were able to earn an amount of US$ 348,005 million in 2014/2015.

The research study area Bhumlichok is in Gorkha Districts, 91 km far west of the capital city and accessible through other parts of the country. A small market area named Fisling (on the Prithvi Highway) is main entrance to the Bhumlichok. The main inhabited is Magar community in Bhumlichok, they have own language, unique custom, culture, tradition and belief. Spectacular mountains scenery, amazing landscape, farm terrace, Jungle, picnic spot and temple are main attraction for tourist.

3

1.2

Statement of the Problem Nepal is known as the house of poverty. Millions of Nepali youth are

spreading all over the world in search of job although they have to face the undesirable death in various countries. So Nepal has a great challenge to increase economic activities to create new job opportunities to address the unemployment problem of rapid population growth. More than 85% Nepali are in rural areas and almost of them are engaged in subsistence agriculture where agriculture itself known as source of many kinds of unemployment. Agriculture is a traditional job and new generation is not interested in such boring job. At that context tourism can be the good path of economic generation for sustainable development.

Tourism is a never ending and ever changing process. It is one good means to earn foreign exchange for Nepal in present situation. Tourism is mainly labor intensive industries by which we can reduce the national problem of unemployment and it can be a strong and powerful weapon to reduce poverty. Data shows that tourism industries were able to earn an amount of US$ 348,005 million in 2014/2015.

Tourism in Nepal ranging from religious, cultural and natural tours to mountaineering has been growing continuously at the rate of 10% to 20% per annum since the country opened its door in 1950s. However, in spite of the country being rich in the bio-diversity, Nepal has still not been able to generate and distribute tourist to all the remote areas.

Tourism will be less damaging than most other economic expansion.

Tourism plays vital role for the development of the most dynamic and important sector in the socio-economic field of Nepal, however, the potentiality is vast but facets such as limited air accesses, poor infrastructure and lack of appropriate marketing strategy has resulted in the limited growth.

Nepal has started to pay more attention to this industry. However, it does not seem that proper program and planning have been made and the industry

4

may not be professionally managed as is needed for the sector's proper development.

We are in global economy. Our industry must be globally competitive and we must think globally. Village tourism must address innovative transfer of technology, economic development and socio-cultural environment. We need not to do anything for boosting these areas with tourism except managing the resources and introducing innovative transfer of technology.

Tourism is termed as a ‘peace industry’ as it prospers only in peace environment and also contributes to extend the international affability among countries. Political fluctuation, Banda-Hadtal is major problem of the tourism development in Nepal.

Community participation in this sector is a most necessary pre-condition for sustainable growth. Unless the local residents are not aware of their capacity, we cannot achieve the desired goals. Capacity building and awareness program regarding multi-dimensional aspect of tourism is the lacking factor, which needs to be prioritized in our long-term strategy.

Bhumlichok has wide prospects for the development of tourism. Being an old and historical place but equally reflects beautiful mountain scenery, amazing landscape and nature charming.

The underdeveloped infrastructure has been the major constrains in the overall development of tourism in Nepal. The mountainous and difficult terrain of Nepal has limited the process of infrastructure development necessary for the rapid development of pro-poor tourism. Similarly, marketing of such products by the private sectors has also gained the necessary momentum so far.

Lack of awareness on tourism in the new potential areas is a major constrains for tourism development. Awareness among not only the general public but to the principle stakeholders are required for the sustainability of tourism development endeavors.

5

1.3

Objectives of the study The general objectives of the study focused on the problems and prospects

of village tourism in Bhumlichok which covers a broad area of activities. A brand new concept of village tourism where the guests would be taken to the carefully picked up village where you would be given the chances to know the local people, their culture by allowing them to stay on one of the house as a family member. A few guest room and kitchen are developed without disturbing the village environment. Villagers continue their daily normal works and guests enjoy participating in the village activities. Tourist are staying as a family member with host family, you can participate in all activities of their daily choirs. These activities includes home stay, community based tourism or sustainable village tourism and many more giving a name as village tourism.

The specific objectives are:  To assess the present situation of tourism in the study area.  To inquire into the various problems and hindrances encountered for the development of tourism and its promotion.  To assess the prospects of village tourism significance of the study area.  To recommend measures and strategies to develop the tourism industry in Bhumlichok.

1.4

Limitation of the Study Every social research is bounded with the limitations. Time and money are

the main constraints of research work. It is on academic research for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Rural Development. As the fresh researcher many hardships have been faced in the study. A micro-level study has been done in the touristic area Bhumlichok of Gorkha District. Despite, the various difficulties the touristic site Bhumlichok has been viewed a "holistic approach" and its activities can be understood by an "interdisciplinary approach". However, the study is not free from its limitations, which can be shown in terms of some following points:

6

(1) This study is based on the specific area of Bhumlichok, therefore generalization may or may not be equally applicable on the other rural and urban area of Nepal.

(2) This is an academic work, as the researcher is a student who does not have previous research experience like this, thus there could be many shortcomings.

(3) The study is conducted within the given time frame and financial limitations.

(4) This study is only confined to touristic site of Bhumlichok VDC of Gorkha district. So, the findings of may be equally applicable in all of other village tourism development of different parts of Nepal.

(5) Primarily, this study is focused on determining the physical characteristics, sustainable village tourism with it main Problems and Prospects.

Though, the study was very specific like case study in an around Bhumlichok, So the conclusions drawn from this study was more indicative rather than conclusive. The conclusions might not be generalized for the whole.

But, the inferences might be valid to some extent to those areas, which have similar geographic and environmental settings.

7

CHAPTER –TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1

Introduction Despite the short history of modern tourism in Nepal as compared to other

Asian countries, there are different kinds of profound literature available on tourism, tourism activities related to Nepal. So, literature review is an important aspect, which guides the new researcher and also it helps gain insights on particular research issues, which assists in formulating the research problems and acknowledging the previous efforts made scholars and researchers. It can be a strong bridge between the previous and present efforts to carry out the fundamental assumption without which a research work never can be original. So, in this chapter on attempt has been made to provide the theoretical foundation of tourism. In dealing with theoretical foundations some books, studies magazines, reports, regulations, and dissertations that the directly and indirectly relevant to proposed study have been reviewed.

2.2

Concept of Tourism in the World The World Tourism Organization is the leading international organization

in the field of travel and tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. Its membership includes 138 countries and territories and more than 350 Affiliate Members representing local government, tourism associations and private sector companies, including airlines, hotel groups and tour operators. With its headquarters in Madrid, WTO is an inter-governmental body entrusted by the UNWTO with the promotion and development of tourism.

Tourism is now one of the global engines of development. Every year, more people are in motion than ever before in history. With good planning and management, tourism can be a positive force, bringing benefits to destinations around the world. If poorly planned and managed, tourism can be an engine for degradation. It is clearly in the interest of the tourism sector to maintain and

8

sustain the basis for its prosperity, the destinations for tourism. This Guidebook, produced by the World Tourism Organization, is intended to help the managers of tourism companies and destinations, their partners and other stakeholders to make better decisions regarding tourism. It focuses on the use of indicators as a central instrument for improved planning and management, bringing managers the information they need, when it is required, and in a form which will empower better decisions.

Tourism is an ancient phenomenon and an inherent nomadic urge in man.

From the very earliest historical period, travel has remained a fascination to man. In ancient time pilgrims, traders, explorers, adventurer and some scholars had undertaken journey in order to fulfill their respective requirements and needs. The progress of tourism development is related with human evolution.

To search for basic needs of life, food, cloth and shelter, human beings used to move from one place to another. Travelling in those times was difficult because of severe constraint of well equipped transport, lack of safety and comforts.

Gradually, when permanent settlement started, different religions and trade emerged which motivated people to travel different places.

In the middle ages, merchant’s explorer, pilgrims and student travelled in various places and despite the upheavals caused by the invasions of the Arabs, the Normans and Hungarian, the movement of person was far from ceasing completely. Students attracted by the master mind of such renowned universities of Bulgeria, Paris, Rome, Salmanca, Cairo and Nalanda and Kikramshila in India travelled after to heart them.

After that, the rise of industrial revolution in the world brought major changes in the range and type of tourism development. The increase in productivity regular employment and growing urbanization promoted people with several opportunities and motivation to go on holiday. In contrast to earlier dominance by the wealthy people, tourism began to embrace a broader social spectrum in the society. Thus, the industrial societies of Europe were responsible for the difference places. Gradually peoples search for new kind of

9

product, place and people led them to discover ever new finding in the world.

For them tourism became to flourish and associate with economic products.

The realization that tourism sector should necessary be developed with facilities and promotion came into being. As a result the demand supply medium contributed to an organized growth of tourism which virtually assumed to be the most dramatic proportions during the 20th century, predominantly after the world war-II, due to increase mobility. Hence, urbanization and industrialization were two important foundations, which have motivated the people to travel, explore and enjoy the land with numerous plans, behaviors, actions, facilities and recreational activities.

In general term, tourism denotes the journey of human beings from one place to another, where it may be within own country or second countries for various purposes. The word 'tourism' is derived from the French word 'Tourism' which originated in the 19th century and was popularized in 1930s, but its significance was not fully realized until today when .Tourism' has a wider meaning and significance .

The word tour is derived from Latin "torn are" and Greek "torsos" meaning a lathe or circle, the movement around a central or axis. This meaning changed in modern English to represent ones turn. The suffix-ist denotes one that performs a given action. When the word tour and suffixes - ism and -ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle. One can argue that a circle represents a starting point which ultimately returns back to its beginning. Therefore, like a circle, a tour represents a journey that it is a round trip i.e. the act of leaving and then returning to the original starting point, and therefore, one who takes such a journey can be called a tourist.

In Sanskrit literature, we find three defined for tourism derived from the root, which means leaving home for some time to other places. According to Negi (1990:23) the three terms are:-

10

 Paryatana

: It means going out fox pleasure and knowledge.

 Desatana

: It means going out of the country primarily for economic

gains.  Tirthatana

: It means going out to places of religious.

According to rebels - bus curtain tourism involves travelling to relatively undisturbed natural areas with the objectives of admiring, studying and enjoying the scenery, its wild plants and animals as well as cultural features found there (Lascurain, 1991, pp 24-31).

According to Figgis, travel to remote of natural areas aims to enhance understanding and appreciation of the natural environment and cultural heritage while according damage or deterioration of the experiences for others (Penelope, 1992).

Suresh Kumar Shrestha in his study defines that those individuals who are motivated to travel make the entire picture of tourism hence the perception of tourist play roles in the marketing development of a tourist area and indicates that the demand of that area would increase (Shrestha, S.K., 1993).

2.3

Concept of Tourism in Nepal In the decade of 1950s, Nepal adopt democratic rule for the tourist

industry. Tenzing Norge Sherpa and Sir Edmund Hillary climbed the highest mountain (Mt Everest). In this decade, Nepal develop the tourism promote though varies activities. There are seven different cultural sites from Nepal, which are included in the world heritage list of UNESCO 1979. These are Bhaktapur, Patan and Hanuman Dhoka, Darbar squares, Swyambunath, Baudhanath, Pasupatinath and Changunarayan. Recently, the Lumbini also has been included in the world heritage list. More than 1250 heritage sites have been identified and documented from 72 districts outsides Kathmandu valley.

Most of these heritage sites are located in the rural areas; this can be the core attraction for the tourists visiting those areas. Similarly, the different protected

11

areas are also gradually listed and going to be included in the list of world heritage sites. Pilgrimages are also famous in Nepal where different shrines, temples and monuments are concentrated like Gosaikunda, Tatopani and Muktinath etc. Nepal is attracting and keeps interest to adventure mountain places in order to see outstanding scenery, altitude, topography, climate, vegetation and life zones of the Himalayan region.

The seventh five-year plan of Nepal brought a new approach in tourism.

This included furnishing information to the mountaineers with a good communication system, daily weather reports of the mountains and emphasized on increasing public awareness on the mountain tourism and environmental sustainability. The implementation of the seventh five-year plan put emphasis on the native style accommodation services to the tourists and new sites were opened for tourism, one of them was popular Annapurna Century.

The resort area development program, under the 7th five-year plan, also included Hile of Dhankuta and Shreenagar of Palpa at tourism sites. At the same time some basic survey programs had also been launched in Rara Lake, Tikapur, Chisapani of Kailali, Shree Antudanda of Ilam, Dhorpatan of Baglung and Kulekhani of Makawanpur etc. Then, many tourists know about Nepal as natural beauty.

2.4

Review of the Publications Related to Tourism Many studies have been conducted on tourism by different people inside

and outside the country. There is a growing interest in the field of tourism.

Anthony V. Silliam and Wilbur Zelinsky had studies on the topic of some patterns in international tourist flows. In their study they included 14 nations; study is made on major patterns of outflow and inflow of tourist in European and Eno-European Country (Williams and Zensky, Vol. 46, 1970, pp-549-567).

William A. Washington has studied on upland resort and tourism in Indonesia. He has tried to analyze the factors affecting the development of tourist centers. He identified those scenic attractions. Natural beauty and

12

pleasant climate of uplands were the dominant factors for the development of tourism in Indonesia.

Maheswor Bhakta Shrestha has tried to cover the important aspect of Nepalese aviation and tourism in his book "Nepalese aviation and tourism". He has tried to explain the aviation history and the role of aviation in tourism. He further discussed the economic significance and the benefits of tourism in the economy of the host country which is measured mainly in terms of foreign exchange receipt from tourist and its multiplier effects on different activates, contribution to national income, employment generation in rural areas, thus contributing to regional balance. Tourism development will also induce new business opportunities by opening market for local products, promote new skill and encourage positive change in land use and production system.

Kamal Maiya Pradhan has examined the concept and theories of tourism development in context of Nepal and the efforts made by the planners including the legal framework and institutional managements for the development of tourism. She has also focused minutely on one particulars tourist spot Nagarkot. Her study also determined the problems and prospects of tourism in Nagarkot (Pradhan K.M., 1997).

Narendra Kayastha has studied on South Asian Regional Tourism. In his study he has analyzed different aspects of tourism like tourist flow, expenditure pattern and duration of tourist staying and the impact of tourism. He has determined that natural as well as manmade beauty and wild life are the major attractions for the majority of tourist visiting Nepal. In His View tourism is an important sector for income and employment generation. (Kayastha, 1985) Tourism Master Plan 1972 has provided guidelines for tourism development in Nepal. Sightseeing tourism, trekking tourism, recreational tourism, trekking tourism, recreational tourism as well as internal pilgrims are the potential aspect of Nepalese tourism. This plan indicates tourism can be one of the most important industries to achieve the aims like increasing foreign

13

exchange earnings, develop a profitable sector of the private economy, creating animalize towards the development of National and regional economy and diverting development impulses to the retarded regions. This plan shows that Nepal has been spending large amount of foreign exchange earnings, develop a profitable sector of the private economy, creating an impulse towards the development of National and regional economy, and diverting development impulses to the retarded regions. This plan shows that Nepal has been spending large amount of foreign exchange to import basic tourism components. To make the favorable balance of foreign exchange, this plan has formulated policies like reduction of imports, developing saving habits, strict control over foreign exchange and development of air services as well as travel agencies.

(Tourism Master Plan, 1972) Beside these, T.C. Pollaca studied on "Development of cultural tourism in Nepal" in 1986. He states that historical movement and cultures of Nepal are important attractions to many tourists and better use of this sector helps more in promotion of tourism in Nepal. Intensive care should therefore be taken for the protection of the cultural properties. (Pollaca, 1986) I.K. Pradhan conducted a study on "Developing Tourist resorts and its economic impact" in 1979. The study deals with the need for improving tourist resorts in Nepal. The major aim of developing tourist resort is to see that the tourist is able to spend as much as possible which depends on the extent of opportunities provided to them. There is little tourist resort which is not free from problems. (Pradhan K.M.1979) Alvar W. Carlson studied tourism under the topic "Geographical resort on International and Domestic tourism". He concludes that tourism is not only an economic activity but it largely does its impact upon the cultures and physical environment of the destination areas therefore the common goal should be the careful planning of future touristic developments.

14

Nepal Rastra Bank has studied on "Income and employment generation from tourism in Nepal". This study deals about the composition of tourist, duration of their stay, tourist expenditure and the impact of tourism industry on income and employment generation, the study determines that tourism industry has provided tabs for 11,176 persons added the tourist expenditure per day is less than Rs. 300 (Nepal Rastra Bank. 1989).

2.5

Review of Literature Related to Religious Tourism Nepal is traditionally a tourist country. Nepal possesses a depository of

places of widely historic interest. It is an ancient country with a rich cultural heritage. An independent sovereign state united by king Prithivi Narayana Shah, the great Nepal lies in the lap of mighty Himalayas. She is rich in varied landscapes, lakes, waterfalls-green valleys and terraces. The entire northern border is lined with its very peaks of the Himalayas the most fascinating of which is Sagarmatha or Mount Everest the highest peak in the world. The culture of Nepal is made up to the blending of .the two great Hindu and Buddhist religions. Traditional folk songs and colorful festivals are preserved all over the country (Satyal, 1988).

The first of all once the forbidden Himalayan Kingdom opened its doors to the outside world, Nepal has seen a veritable avalanche of tourist and young western in spiritual seekers roll through its peaceful valleys. But in 1976, when we visited here a news after prolonged absence, we found that years of exposure to often shockingly crude and commercial westerns ways had not yet changed the basic nature of one of the most gentle, charming and hospitable countries in Asia (Minke, 1978).

"Among the Mountains, I am the Himalayan"- Lord Krishna in Bhagvad Gita signified the sanctity or Nepal as one of the holiest places on earth. The

15

Himalaya or the "abode of snow" is referred to as the home of Lord Shiva and his consort, Parvati. Goddess Parvati presented as the daughter of the Himalaya, the majestic mountain range in the world. The Himalaya has a particular importance to the followers of Hinduism since time immemorial. The mythological period covering the Satya, Treta and Dwapar Yuges or ages also contains numerous references regarding the temples, Marines and holy places of the country. Many reflections are expressed in the ancient Hindu and Buddhist texts about the holiness of Nepal as the land of spiritual blessing and tranquility.

"Nepal houses innumerable holy shrines of Hindu and Buddhist deities.

Hindu and Buddhist from all parts of the world come to pay homage at Nepal's many places of pilgrimage. A large number of devotees of both the religious visit the temple of Pashupatinath. Ram Janaki Temple, Janakpur, Gosaikunda, Bauddhanath, Swayambhunath and Lumbini to pay homage each year.

Similarly many religious sites in and out of the Kathmandu Valley have served also as great attractions for international tourists; while some are beautiful and intricately carved temples built by master builders of ancient times. Other places are the center of religious fairs and festivals. Many such religious sites are near a river or stream with holy water of which the devotees undergo early morning ablutions. (Satyal 2002) Travel for religious purposes assumed a significant importance the practice of travelling for religious, going on a pilgrimage, for instance, became a well established costume in many parts of the world. By the end of the middle Ages a large number of pilgrims were traveling to the main shrines in Europe, and travel again assumed an interesting character. However, it was still dominated by religious motivations very little actual pleasure travel was undertaken. The

16

adoption and spreads of Christianity subsequently led to numerous pilgrims making their way to the holy land. So deed and strong was the hold of faith that the ritual of pilgrimage flourished over the countries. Religion was a great unifying force pilgrimage strengthened religious bonds. It provided the impetus for a 'stay at home' agrarian society to break out of its narrow geographical confines. It also exposed people to new manners and costumes different kinds of food and modes of dress. It encouraged exchange of ideas and also fostered trade. It served as a powerful means of forgoing unity and understanding between peoples from widely different regions. The powerful influences of a crusading religion that slowly penetrated a foreign land, such as Christianity in Europe and later in America and Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism in Asia took place to permit an assimilation and perpetuation of very distinctive languages, literature, music, art architecture, philosophy and forms of government Religion thus played and continues to play a crucial part in travel. (Bhatia, 2003) Since ancient times many religious minded people not fearing for hardships, on the way that travels pilgrimage braving multiple dangers. The principal motives impelled them to travel religious sentiment Nepal, described as the above of Gods and Goddesses since ancient times by mythological accounts and versions in religious texts, religious sentiment persuaded people to make long pilgrimages to place of venerated worship traveling road less mountain rigged paths not caring the limit of human endurance. Nepal was so famous for religious and pilgrimages sites. So, the religious minded people are even now visiting the pilgrimage places in large numbers to pay homage to Gods and Goddesses of their choice for veneration in different parts of the country. Nepal has got big potential as in natural and cultural resources. To

17

lovers of ancient art and culture, Nepal is really stronghold and storehouse of ancient art and architecture untouched by any foreign invaders at any time of her long and glorious history. So, Nepal has been able to preserve the oldest pilgrimage places with the oldest idols of gods and goddesses' sculptures, art, architecture and paintings and decorations of the past. Archaeologically speaking- Nepal is one of the oldest nations in the world. The ancient relics and remnants bear testimony to the fact that Nepal has been the state custody of the earliest Asian civilization and culture. Nepal has so much religious touch, mythological background and ideal philosophical thought, which has created trust and confidence and devotion to her place of pilgrimage- It, has always been one of the most important pilgrimage sites for Hindus as well as Buddhist m the central .Himalayas. So the various Hindu and Buddhist temples and Stupas are preserved and are of an astonishing richness in the pilgrimage sites in the different parts of the country. Nepal has a most active blend of Asian cultures with as abundance of, monasteries and temples, which makes it a land of devotes with sacred places of religious pilgrimages.

Religious sentiment urged people to go on long pilgrimages to places of religious worship. The Chinese Buddhist travelled long distances to visit Lumbini, the birth place of Buddha in Nepal and other Buddhist places in India, enduring many hardships with the development of western Christianity, Pilgrimages passed a special importance in the middle ages and set many pious journeys on the national and international level. The Buddhist people despites hardship, continued to make pilgrimages to the shrines of the Buddha Mecca became a powerful center of religious attraction for the Islamic countries from the 8th century onwards.

18

Since ancient times Nepal was known as the abode of Gods. Many Chinese as well as Indian people came to Nepal to make long pilgrimage to places of venerated scholarships. The Chinese, followers of Buddha, did -not hesitate to go as far as Lumbini, traveling millions of noise across vast countries. So the religious sentiment persuaded people China and India to make a Journey, strafing many dangers and hardships. The people of India used to make journey to pay homage to lord Pashupatinath, Muktinath, and Barahachhetra etc. making efforts, which sometimes exceeded the limit of human endurance.

(Satyal 1999) The Nepal Himalayan presents a distinct aspect sum of quaint cultural patterns. The people living in mountains lead a ritualized model of life and their social activities, ecology, culture, typical sources of livelihood, and religious "practices can easily be distinguished from the lower regions natural beautification and her environment, family, marriage, kinship, simple life's type. traditionalism, trams Himalayan trade, agro pastoralist, transhumance, nature of crop production method of cultivation, indebtedness, different patterns of land holding system, agricultural problems and animistic belief and the then religious practice have given birth to various socio-Cultural implications.

Hari Prasad Shrestha (2000) in his book aimed to study contribution of tourism in the Nepalese economy assess and evaluate the existing tourism marketing and promotional efforts and its, impacts on tourism development in Nepal. His main findings were that Nepal is extremely rich in tourism products and it exists all over the country. Natural wealth, cultural a monumental heritage, bequeathed history are the principle tourism products of Nepal. Nepal possesses tremendous diversities to develop it’s as a major tourist destination

19

from various perspectives. There is noted dearth of support infrastructure to develop it. Potentialities, Support infrastructure has not reached in all areas despite efforts to develop necessary infrastructure. At present more than 50 percent hotel accommodation facilities outside the valley are concentrated in Kathmandu Valley and most of the accommodation facilities outside the valley are in non-stars category. In view of the present status of infrastructure significant attention has to pay to avail and improve such facilities in order to develop the existing tourism area as well as develop potential areas. Nepal has not been able to earn as per the growth of visitor or compared to market potential. Nepal earns one of the lowest per day spending by tourist permit it, tourism is a major source of foreign exchange of Nepal and it is playing an important role in the National economy. Tourism has generated significant indirect benefits through the growth of allied industrial sector and boosting export trade. Moreover, tourism helps to promote balanced regional development of the country as well. Hence the contribution of tourism in the socio-economic development of Nepal is very significant.

Experts viewed that Nepalese tourism marketing was an organized, not adequately professional and total marketing of Nepal was very poor. The allocation of resources for the tourism sector in different plans was very low despite recording continuous growth. Tourist arrival in south Asia to promote expenses made by Nepal income level in originating markets and the lugged variable.

He has given various suggestions in his book like. efforts should be made to operate new and potential areas and products identified by various studies, products should be maintained and preserved properly by the government and local people, air access to the country much be improved, on alternative

20

international airport should be developed in the Terrain region at on appropriate location, the government should adopt open sky policy, short take off and landing service should be developed in tourism potential areas, Nepal needs to focus on environment issues especially pollution in Kathmandu valley, major trekking routes and touristic places, tourism marketing should be done jointly by the government and the private sector, the promotional plans and programs should reach the tourist generating market at least six to twelve month in advance to ensure them to select Nepal as a destination, Nepal should target and position in the medium income market for tourism , Effort should be made to promote Indian market properly on a continuous basis for positioning hill stations, stopping and other facilities, improvement and standardization of pricing tourism services are needed, greater allocation of development as well as promotional budget is needed to gear up promotion of tourism, Nepal most make an annual tourism promotion and marketing plan, there is a significant need to improve the process and service of immigration and customs. Thus the study has clearly shown the paucity of marketing efforts of Nepal.

Among tourism sub-scoters (when direct, indirect and induced effects were combined) the ratio of import coated for hotel was estimated at 53.45 percent, travel agencies 74.51 percent trekking agencies 54.04 percent and airlines 67.05 percent. The ratio of direct import content when the indirect and induced effects were taken out was intimated at 35.45 percent for hotel, 15.12 percent for travel agencies, 10.79 percent for trekking agencies and 57.60 percent for airlines. The value added for the tourism sector i, e, total payment to domestic factors including payment to domestic, factor including payment to intermediate and final inputs (when direct, indirect and induced effects were combined) was estimated at 37.74 percent as compared to 44.66 percent for

21

tourism related sector and 42.82 percent for the overall sector (Nepal Rastra Bank) Nepalese people have been religious minded and spiritual oriented since immemorial. They have religious tolerance and communal harmony among themselves. Religious syncretism has been to special characteristics from generation to generation. Shaivism, Shaktism Vaishanavism and Buddhism nourished together without any discrimination and difference. So there are thousands of pious places of pilgrimage in our country. Some have spiritual significance than others and the benefits and spiritual attainment for a religious person going there is increased. Thousands of Nepalese go to several places of pilgrimage to neighboring country India. Likewise millions of Indian pilgrims come to Nepal every year to pay their homage to their favorite Gods and Goddess.

This way the exchange of this type of religious visits increases the age-old relationship between the two countries. "Places of pilgrimage yield a special advantage for a devotee in quickly advancing his spiritual life. Lord Krishna lives everywhere, but still it is very easy to approach him in holy places of pilgrimage because these places inhabitant by great sages. Lord Shri Krishna says that He lives wherever his devotees are chanting the glorious of his transcendental activities.

"Pilgrimage Tourism in Nepal" by Rakesh has stated" in the material world the Lord is situated in different area multi (Deities) in the temples, just to increase the material activities of the conditioned soul and increase his spiritual activities. Faithful Hindus visit these holy places for perfection of spiritual realization." A tourist to Nepal long ago has called it a home of gods and land

22

of festivals. The authentic of this remark can be judged from the scores of ideals of various gods and goddess to be found in this land. The valley of Kathmandu is itself full of the images of hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist divinities. So this valley presents the beautiful picture of different religious and different sectors. Thus, Nepal has become a decent destination far pilgrimage tourism with has large number of both Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage sits and shrines and temples. There are valuable and vibrant and very important assets of this Himalayan only Hindu kingdom of the world. They have contributed significantly in the development of the pilgrimage tourism as well as domestic tourism. This is a marvelous, mystic and mysterious meeting place of many Hindu and Buddhist gods and goddess. They unfold a colorful picture of human verb and joy of the immensely religious minded people of this lovely land.

The attitude of the Nepalese people at large displays a unique spirit of mutual trust and tolerance toward different religious. The age old interaction between the Hindu and the Buddhists presents and products a beautiful balance in which Gods lose their sectarian character. There is a street synthesis of different religious. There is a religious harmony between the Hindu and the Buddhist which has been existed from time immemorial. A devout Hindu devotee goes to Swayambhunath and Bouddhanath and a true Buddhist goes to Pashupatinath to pay homage irrespective of his or her religious faith. Thus our country's strength has been expressed through its cultural solidarity and religious bond since the creation of this universe. (Rakesh 2002) Trust in the almighty, devotion to -the monarch, good will toward countrymen, irrespective of community, caste creed or color, are common feelings of all patriotic Nepalese. These feelings pervade in all functions and

23

activities be their cultural, religious or otherwise- In fairs and festivals, in national celebrations, there is always a religious touch as well as the expression of loyalty and devotion to the king- The long and glorious history of Nepal is witness to the fact that monarchy in Nepal is a strong unifying factor in maintaining communal harmony, religious tolerance and national unity, in the midst of various ethnic groups and communities, with different cultural heritage and traditions, speaking various dialects in different region. Fairs and festival of Nepal are mostly of religious nature and are observed or held in some religious place of pilgrimage or in some temples or in the vicinity of temples and Stupas. It is an ideal religious tradition of the Nepalese that the Hindus regard the Buddhist temples as much raced as their own and the Hindu temples are traced in the eyes of the Buddhists to the same extent. Whether it is a Hindu or Buddhist festival both the Hindus and the Buddhists celebrate and observe it equally. In Nepal never has a drop of blood been shed in the name of religion. Religious tourism side-by-side is helping Nepal to originate a new refined culture.

Here in this country one can see the Hindu and the Buddhists temples standing side by side and images of Buddhist and Hindu gods close to each other. The main religions of Nepal are Hinduism and Buddhism 80.62 percent of the people here are Hindus and 10.74 percent are Buddhists (CBS, 2005).

According to the constitution of Nepal, every citizen of Nepal, having regard to the current traditions, may practice and profess his own religions as handed down from ancient times. It is there clear that there is perfect freedom of religion and worship in the country. (Khatri. 1982) "A Pilgrimage of the Heart" Broughtan has stated "The tour has pilgrims stood frozen in ambulatory poses, shirtsleeve shirts and dresses hanging slack,

24

entranced by Ama's focused, resolute absorption- Here was one old Hindu women from Nepal expressing their Catholicism for them worshiping on behalf of all of us. In the authentic tradition of pilgrims he had endured suffering, lifts home in old age, encountered hardship en route, and arrived here, finally and fortuitously, to present harshly before the gods and goddesses of a holy shrine.

But now she was going further, leaving us momentarily in the world of the vulgar while she touched up on the sacrosanct. The tour bus pilgrims betrayed looks up expectancy, as if wanting to join "It is acts of Bhagwan that these deny are in a different form than ours, but they are the same gods." "Which Bhagwan is it, the one in the came?" (Broughton, 1995) 2.6

History of Religious Tourism The word tourism derives from the verb tour meaning "travel". Travelers,

whether alone or in a group, date back to ancient times- the sign, perhaps, of an innate need in man. In ancient Greece, for example, people would travel to attend the Olympic Games or to worship the gods in particularly important temples. In pre-Christian times, the oracle at Delphi played an especially important role in ancient Greece. The Pan-Hellenic religious feasts held at Olympia every four years and at Delphi led to the two sites becoming famous outside Greece. The oracle at Delphi, in particular, exercised a strong attraction, drawing a large number of pilgrims.

Latin literature in its turn often mentions the Otoe, the periods of free time that the upper classes devoted to activities other than work. The horal subsicivae of the Romans, for example, were given over to leisure activities as a well-earned rest after work. During their atria, the Romans used to visit cities with particular climatic conditions, such as pomp ell.

25

The middle ages are marked by journey and pilgrimages to holy place.

This is the period in which "religious tourism" become popular with its interdependent means of transport, accommodation for pilgrims, and Stupa along the route at which peddlers would sell "relies". The most common destination of the period was Santiago de Compostable, C zestochowa, and Rome. In the Middle, pilgrimages were a collective phenomenon that was an integral part of the Christian world. Pilgrims were considered to be extremely spiritual and were held in high regard by society. Pilgrims were "the initiated" who sought to free themselves from the structures surrounding them and to ascend to a new level of existence. To go on a pilgrimage meant leaving behind the worldly aspects of life so as to concentrate on the purity of one's faith.

When they returned home, pilgrims were greeted with admiration and were aware of having taken a further step toward spirituality.

In Medieval time, the ecclesiastically legitimated pilgrimage represented elements of a very precise nature: the "movement" of the Journey, the religious "motivation " and the destination", which had to be a place that was considered holy- In general, pilgrimages arose from the search for salvation and. sometimes, the need to be physically healed. Medieval travelers undertook their journeys for a purpose lo increase their spirituality- and in this sense pilgrims in the Middle Ages were clearly different from those who traveled to satisfy their curiosity.

In the seventeenth century, those traveling for the purposes of tourism emphasized the search for truth, but the real change in the nature of tourism came about in the following century. With the reduction in working hours, more leisure time became available, and cultural tourism, with the accent on art and poetry, became popular, The major change dates to 1828, the year in which

26

George Stephenson invented the steam locomotive- This was also the period of the "grand tour of Europe" of the English aristocracy and the no less famous" Journey to Italy" of the German nobles, intellectuals, and artists who were treading in the footsteps of Goethe, This was soon followed by visits to Spa towns.

As time passed, "tourism" came to mean the opportunities available to the increasing mass of individuals who felt attracted by these offers of excursions for pleasure. The growing demand led to the birth of travel agencies, the first was founded in leicesterin 1841 by Thomas Cook he went on to become famous because, in 1866, he organized the first tour of the United States and in 1872 the first round the world tour.

At the beginning of this century, tourism was turning into a business, although it slackened in the first half of the century, owing to the two world wars. After these difficulties, tourism came to signify the personal transfer from one place to another of income for the purposes of consumerism as the result of economic wellbeing and technological progress.

Today, the old pilgrimage sites have began again to attract masses of pilgrims, the difference now being that the pilgrims also come across tourists on holiday. Thus they complement one another, the promotion of "religious" tourism today, seen as both devotional and cultural, is proof the existence of this common "search".

The rediscovery of pilgrimages also shows that religious values, doctrines, and institutions have lost nothing of their status in, and their influence over, every day behavior. This means that the modern individual is seeking transcendental values to overcome the fragments, the discontinuity, of modern society and that he or she is the "pilgrim tourist" of modern time.

27

2.7

Nepal Tourism Year 2011: A National Campaign All people of this Universe want Peace & Prospects. Nepal occupies only

0.1% land in this Earth, but it is endowed with disproportionately rich diversity of flora & Fauna; unrivaled scenic beauty; diverse culture; ethnic etiquettes.

Nepal is a beautiful country. It has diverse & magnificent environment .It has major tourist destination of Asia. Tourism Sector is earning 3.5% of total G.D.P. Nepal tourism year 2011 announced by the first elected government of Nepal after the success of the Peoples movement 2062/2063 in the day of 2065 Kartik 9th . The target was to welcome 1 million tourists in 2011. The programmed was inaugurated in 2066.11.14. At that ceremony the main theme was: 1) Together with tourism.

2) Tourism for Prosperity.

3) Prosperity for forever 2.7.1

Tourist Arrival in Nepal

As already been mentioned the tourist started visiting Nepal freely soon after the event of democracy in 1950. But rapid progress of tourist arrivals in Nepal seems after the restoration of democracy in 1990.

2.7.2

Tourists Arrival Trend in Nepal

Pattern of tourist arrival in Nepal show in Table 2.1 presents trends of tourist arrivals from 1995 to 2014.

28

Table: 2.1 Tourists Arrival Trend in Nepal Year

Total

Growth

By Air

%

No.

Rate %

1995

363395

11.3

325035

89

1996

393613

8.3

343246

1997

421657

7.2

1998

463684

1999

of By Land %

Total

of Average Length

Total

of stay

38360

11

11.27

87

50367

13

13.50

371145

88

50712

12

10.49

9.9

398008

86

65676

14

10.76

491504

6.0

421243

86

70261

14

12.28

2000

463646

-5.7

376914

81

86732

19

11.88

2001

361237

-22.1

299514

83

61723

17

11.93

2002

275468

-23.7

218660

79

56808

21

7.92

2003

338132

22.7

275438

81

62694

19

9.60

2004

385297

13.9

297335

77

87962

23

13.51

2005

375398

-2.6

277346

74

98052

26

9.09

2006

383926

2.3

283819

74

100107

26

10.20

2007

526705

37.2

360713

68

16599

32

11.9

2008

500277

-5.00

374661

74.90

125616

25.10

11.78

2009

509956

1.90

379322

74.40

130634

25.60

11.32

2010

602867

18.20

448800

74.44

154067

25.56

12.67

2011

736,215

22.1

545221

74.1

190994

25.9

13.12

2012

803,092

9.1

598258

74.5

204834

25.5

12.16

2013

797,616

-0.7

594848

74.6

202768

25.4

12.60

2014

790118

-0.9

585981

74.2

204137

25.8

12.44

Source: 10/ Nepal Tourism Statistics 2014

29

The number of tourist visiting Nepal has increased each year except in the year 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2005 respectively. In 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005 the trend of tourist arrival had decreased by 5.7%, 22.1%, 23.7%, and 2.6% respectively due to the conflict situation in the country. The number of tourist visiting in Nepal increased by 11.3 percent in 1995, 8.3 Percent in 1996, 7.2 percent in 1997, 9.9 percent in 1998, 6.0 percent in 1999, 22.7 percent in 2003, 13.9 percent in 2004, 2.3 percent in 2006 and 37.2 percent in 2007.Similarly in 2012, 2013 & 2014 tourist arrival had decreased in Nepal by 9.1, -0.7 & -0.9 percent respectively.

2.7.3

Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit (2012/13/14)

Tourists travel with various purposes in Nepal. Nepal is destination of nature and culture for tourist. Tourist visited for pleasure accounted to 29.6 percentages in 2008, which further decreased to 8 percent in 2009, there is increased by 12.40% in 2010. It is simply because of that pleasure tourist want to visit country, where there is peace and order. Majority of the foreigners visited Nepal is with the purpose of holiday pleasure. Where, -10.8 percent in 2012 and 7.6 percent in 2013. And -3.81percent in 2014 of the tourists visited Nepal. For the purpose of trekking and mountaineering; 21.7 percent, -3.0 percent and -4.96 percent tourist visited Nepal. Likewise, 38.8 percent, 12.1 percent, -15.06 percent tourist visit Nepal for the Business propose respectively in 2012, 2013 & 2014. For the pilgrimage propose; 72.2 %, -53.4%, & 27.49% respectively.

30

Table: 2.2 Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit 2012, 2013 & 2014 Purpose of visit

2012

%

2013

%

2014

%

Holiday pleasure

379,627

-10.8

410934

7.6

395849

-3.81

Trekking&

105,015

21.7

102001

-3.0

97185

-4.96

Business

24,785

38.8

28183

12.1

24494

-15.06

Pilgrimage

109,854

72.2

71610

-53.4

98765

27.49

Official

30,460

26.6

37386

18.5

32395

-15.41

Others

30,552

-4.8

46792

34.7

53728

12.91

Conference

13,646

25.9

15552

12.3

13432

-15.78

Not specified

91,165

29.5

77623

-17.4

74271

-4.51

Total

754522

100

790081

100

790119

100

mountaineering

Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2014 / 3 For the official work 26.6 %, 18.5% & -15.41% in 2012, 2013 & 2014. To join conference 25.9%, 12.3% & -15.78% of tourists visited Nepal 2012, 2013 & 2014 respectively. In not specified 29.5%, -17.4% and -4.51%, & in others 4.8 %, 34.7 %. And 12.91% tourists visited in Nepal in 2012, 2013 & 2014 respectively.

2.7.4

Tourist Arrivals by Sex and Age Groups

According to Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA) Tourist arrival in Nepal is differing with sex and age. It is known that numbers of male tourists are higher than that of the female tourists. In 2012, male visitors comprised 24.8 percent of the total arrivals while female visitors accounted for -5.3 percent.

31

Table: 2.3 Tourist Arrivals by Sex and Age Groups Age groups

2012

%

2013

%

2014

%

0-15 years

35,468

8.2

46262

23.3

50441

8.28

16-30 years

181,558

6.1

190630

4.8

185685

-2.66

31-45 years

231,117

8.9

237690

2.8

235738

-0.83

46-60 years

201,835

13.4

195416

-3.3

183582

-6.45

60 & over

109,239

32.2

115654

5.5

106666

-8.43

Not specified

43,875

-26.2

11964

266.7

28007

57.28

Female

363,822

-5.3

363,822

-5.3

445627

-0.77

Male

439,270

24.8

439,270

24.8

344491

-11.63

Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics 2014 / 3 Likewise, age groups recorded that highest share recorded by the 31 to 45 age group followed other year groups. Data has given in the table 8.9 has cleared the inflow of tourists by age group and sex 2012 and 2013, similarly in 2014.

2.7.5

Tourist Arrivals by Major Nationalities (2013/14)

According to NTB Tourist arrivals in Nepal in 2013 and 2014 were recorded 797616 and 790118 respectively. It is observed that the tourist arrivals from Asia continent was the largest and in second Position took the Western Europe. North America stood in third position. Eastern Europe came in fourth position. Australia and Pacific took fifth position. South and Central America Stood in sixth position and only the smallest percentage of tourists came to Nepal from Africa. Tourist arrivals by major nationalities of the world are presented in following table:

32

Table: 2.4 Tourist Arrivals by Major Nationalities (2013/2014) Nationality

2013

Percentage

2014

Percentag e

Australia

20469

3.5

24516

3.1

Austria

3131

0.3

3,320

0.4

Canada

2132

1.7

11610

1.5

China

113173

12.3

123805

15.7

Denmark

5320

0.9

5150

0.7

France

21842

3.5

24097

3

Germany

22263

3.5

18028

2.3

India

180974

23.2

135343

17.1

Italy

9974

1.2

10347

1.3

Japan

26694

3.3

25829

3.3

Netherlands

10516

1.3

12320

1.6

Spain

10412

1.3

13110

1.7

Switzerland

4903

0.6

6447

0.8

Sri Lanka

32736

4.1

37546

4.8

U.S.A.

47355

5.9

49830

6.3

U.K.

35668

4.5

36759

4.7

Others

11979

28.6

252061

31.9

Total

797616

100

790118

100

Source: 8 / Nepal Tourism Statistics 2014 2.7.6

Contribution of Tourism Sector

The contribution of tourism sector, as the total earning, as percentage of total foreign exchange earnings in NRs (000), USD (000) and Exchange rate,

33

percent change in USD by fiscal year is presented in table 2.5. The foreign exchange earning g in tourism by fiscal year of the country was NRs 46,374,900, USD162,513, -4.3 change in 2000/01and NRs 11,969,174, USD 471,769, exchange rate 98.3 and -21.4 change in 2013/14.

Table: 2.5 Gross Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism by Fiscal

Total Earnings ( Net received ) Facial Year

Annual Average NRs. (000)

Exchange Rate

% Change in US$

US$ (000)

2057/58 (2000/01)

11,969,174

-

162,513

-4.3

2058/59 (2001/02)

7,798,535

-

101,628

-37.5

2059/60 (2002/03)

10,369,409

-

134,245

32.1

2060/61 (2003/04)

12,337,977

-

168,163

25.3

2061/62 (2004/05)

11,814,853

71.76

164,644

-2.1

2062/63 (2005/06)

11,710,893

72.03

162,086

-1.6

2063/64 (2006/07)

12,645,761

70.19

180,165

11.2

2064/65 (2007/08)

20,339,890

64.72

314,275

74.4

2065/66 (2008/09)

27,959,800

76.58

365,106

16.2

2066/67 (2009/10)

28,138,600

74.24

379,022

3.8

2067/68 (2010/11)

24,610,800

72.07

341,485

-9.9

2068/69 (2011/12)

30,703,820

80.72

380,374

11.4

2069/70 (2012/13)

34,210,576

87.66

390,264

2.6

2070/71 (2013/14)

46,374,900

98.3

471,769

21.4

2071/72 (2014/15)*

34,313,300

98.6

348,005

13.6

Source: Nepal Rastra Bank * Based on total tourist arrival in 2014/790118 ** Based on average length of stay of tourist- 12.44 days

34

Table: 2.6 Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

1988/89

Total Foreign Exchange Earning from Tourism (Rs. in millions) 2735.3

1989/90

3121.2

59.5

28.5

23.3

3.2

1990/91

3587.6

47.1

23.5

21.8

3.3

1991/92

5016.9

35.9

19.5

20.0

3.6

1992/93

5966.0

34.5

26.7

17.6

3.7

1993/94

8251.7

42.7

22.4

18.9

4.1

1994/95

8973.2

50.8

21.8

17.3

4.1

1995/96

9521.2

47.9

23.3

21.4

3.8

1996/97

8523.0

37.6

13.7

17.6

3.0

1997/98

9881.6

35.9

17.4

15.2

3.3

1998/99

12167.8

34.1

18.5

15.9

3.6

1999/00

12073.9

24.2

13.0

8.8

3.2

2000/01

11717.0

21.0

12.0

7.4

2.9

2001/02

8654.3

14.9

10.6

6.1

2.1

2002/03

11747.7

23.1

15.2

8.2

2.6

2003/04

18,147.40

32.9

20.3

8

3.4

2004/05

10,464.00

17.5

12.2

4.7

1.8

2005/06

9,556.00

15.5

10.9

3.6

1.5

2006/07

10,125.00

16.5

10.8

3.7

1.4

2007/08

18,653.00

30.1

17.9

5.5

2.3

2008/09

27,960.00

40

20.8

6.5

2.8

2009/10

28,139.00

44.5

24.6

8.1

2.4

2010/11

24,611.00

35.8

20.2

5

1.8

2011/12

30,703.80

37.7

20

4.8

2

2012/13

46,374.90

45.9

20.5

5

2

2014/15*

34,313.30

53

21.7

5.5

2.6

Year

As % of As % of Total Total Value Value of of Exports of Merchandis Goods & None Exports Factor Services 65.0 28.2

As% of Total Foreign Exchange Earnings 24.5

As % of GDP

Note: Date based on new format since Fiscal Year 1988/99 to 2014/15 *Up to first eight months 35 Source: Nepal Rastra Bank

3.3

The contribution of tourism sector, as the share of GDP, as percentage of total foreign exchange earnings is presented in table 2.6. The share of tourism in GDP of the country was 2.9 in 1988/89 and 2.4 in 2009/10. Recently in 2014/15, it is increased to 2.6 percentages. It is due to the fall in tourist arrivals and their spending. The foreign exchange earnings from tourism as the percentage of total foreign exchange of the country were highest in FY 1995/96, which was 21.4 percent. Recently the share of the exchange earning as the percentage of total foreign exchange earnings was only 5.5 percent in FY 2014/15. (Nepal Rastra Bank) 2.7.7

General Guidelines to Conserve the Potentiality

There is necessary to create strong conservation rules and also to enforce them. Moreover, plantation and drainage management system on the lackfacing slope is necessary which control landslides and erosion. Effective drainage system will be a positive way to maintain the bio-diversity and reduce the problem of environmental degradation through deforestation. The group trekkers should be given strict order to control the garbage. Similarly, we have seen of their social and cultural heritage to the local people.

Environmental conservation Tourism should be environment friendly, so everyone should be friendly with nature, socio-cultural degradation or wide scale deterioration of the environment should be controlled. Attention should be given to conserve rhododendron and orchid available there and need to be expanded. Tourism should have less negative impacts such as deforestation, deterioration or sanitation or water crisis, impact on wild life preservation and behavior. Nonbiodegradable rubbish such as mineral water bottles, chocolate, biscuits wrappers should be controlled to clean the environment.

36

For environmental conservation, we have to encourage using the alternative sources of energy e.g. solar, biogas, etc. Government should take attention to control garbage at the initial stage of tourism development and to harmonize tourism and environment. There is prime need of ecological should trekking practices. Attempts should be made to conserve of their biodiversity, culture and forests, garbage management should be done through packed foods, use of recyclable garbage, etc. Proper management of human waste (especially at picnic sites) is also crucial aspect to be considered.

Cultural preservation Individual tourists/ researchers should be encouraged to go to this area with the help of local guides so that interaction between them and the local people could be beneficial and cultural exchange could take place. Priority should be given to local tourist guides so that local people could directly help to boost up the local culture. There is no information center it should be established to give cultural information with information booklet, detail cultural practices, the brochure and documentary etc. All need to respect local people, culture and resources and increase local clubs' motivation to conduct cultural programs in village, which could be helpful to exchange local culture between visitors. Moreover it is also beneficial to preserve cultural wealth (like songs, dances) to earn foreign currency. Those all suggestions are connected with methods of eco- religious tourism development. Besides these there are several problems faced by the tourists, hotel owners and local people. Hence, a strict policy measure seems to be appropriate to solve them. Eco -religious tourism is sure to succeed if it follows suitable path and takes into account the recommendations offered here all the policy maker and related agencies.

37

CHAPTER – THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1

Study Area Bhumlichok is a village development committee of Gorkha District in the

Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal with distance of about 85 Km on the way to Prithvi Highway from Kathmandu, than need to walk about 3 hours to get in poin. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 3,545 and had 685 houses in the town. The geographical location of the study area is situated in approximately latitude of 84.696171 and longitude of 27.846639 in Bhumlichok VDC of Gorkha District. The study area is located at the altitude of 287m Fishling at Trishuli River to 1652m elevation at Bhairabi Tar (Pokharai Tar) from the sea level. Location map is shown in page no 7.

Map: 1.1 Gorkha Districts Map in Nepal

Source: GIS Digitized Map

38

Map: 1.2 Bhumlichok VDC map in Gorkha Districts

Source: GIS Digitized Map

Bhumlichok has diverse culture and religion. Magar are the main inhabitants of this VDC and Chepang/Praja, Gurung, Newar, Chhetri are also being a part of this area. So, the area posses varied culture or it can be said that the area is culturally rich which is also one of the most imperative feature of rural tourism. The existing culture in Bhumlichok as a product, the people of Bhumlichok can promote them for tourists international as well as domestic.

The temple of Bhairabi, Bhairabi Tar, Dudh Pokhari are the cultural and historical attraction in Bhumlichok. Like in other part of the country, Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Mage Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Loshar celebrate with great rejoice and pleasure. Similarly, other religious festivals such as Buddha Purima (Chandipurnuma), Bhairavithan Mela etc. are celebrated and enjoyed.

3.2

Research Design For the fulfillment of the study, I used exploratory and case study research

design because the study was focused on to investigate the impact of tourism

39

activities on sustainable management of natural environment. Thus, this study was both descriptive and exploratory.

3.3

Rationale for the Selection of the Study Site Being a major touristic site in Bhumlichok, the tourism activities are

continuous in and around the Bhumlichok VDC due to its natural beauty, cultural heritage and hospitality of the people. Skilled manpower for tourist guide is another aspect of tourism industry. Being services oriented and laborintensive industry, tourism needs skilled and professional manpower for quality services. Skilled manpower such as tourist guides and their hospitality is a precondition for quality tourism. (Sigdel, 2004) During the course of study it was found that there is a lack of trained guides who can explain in detail about Bhumlichok to the visitors. In the proportion of availability of sufficient attraction at Bhumlichok guide facility is not satisfactory. Majority of local peoples are illiterate, backward and poor.

Increasing pollution of plastic every day by manufacture product is being also a problem. The training on how to deal with guests should be given to those who come into contact with tourists. But the concept of village tourism is not implemented well or operational zed in this area. The main concern of today is to make any industry sustainable and beneficial for the people. So, this study tried to explore minutely the environmental aspects consistence with degradation. Moreover, this study tried to find out the causes and hidden facts of the degradation of natural environment. Therefore, this study contained the great significance in social science to minimize the problems related to the environment of this study area.

3.4

Sampling Procedure Both types of sampling were used for the selection of sample. Under non-

probability sampling, the quota sampling was used to select the samples from local people, Home stay owners and tourist. Under the probability sampling simple random sampling was used to select the intended number of samples 60,

40

respondents. In this study, 20 local people, 25 tourist & 15 flower seller were select for the interview, questionnaire & focus group discussion.

3.5

Natures and Source of Data This study is based on both primary and secondary source of information.

The primary information has been collected from the field survey. Secondary data and information were collected from different published and unpublished documents. Both qualitative and quantitative information has been used in the study.

3.5.1

Primary Data

This study was mainly based on primary data. Primary data collected by using different data collection techniques such as structure and semi structure questionnaire, key informant interview, observation and focus group discussion etc.

3.5.2

Secondary data

Secondary data was collected from different tourism concern agencies and organizations were visited such as tourist service center Bhumlichok, Nepal Tourism Board, WWF, TAAN, ACAP, KEEP, CBS, world Bank and various reports, Journals, relates articles, previous published and unpublished researches, etc.

3.6

Tools and Technique of Data Collection For the primary data, structured and semi structured questionnaire were

used in the field; in cases of illiterate respondent, researcher himself have noted down whatever the respondent responses. The other tools were used for the primary data collation mainly for key informant interview, field observation and focus group discussion

41

3.6.1

Questionnaire Survey

Structured questionnaire was prepared to generate the realistic and actual data from households' survey, hotel/home stay owner and tourists. The respondents were asked to fill up the questionnaire by themselves.

3.6.2 Key Informant on Interview The primary data was collected from key informants using the semi or unstructured interview methods. The interview have been taken a cross checking for data obtained from questionnaire. The informants were interviewed on the impact of tourism on environment, sanitation, vegetation, socio-culture impact etc.

3.6.3 Field Visit and Observation The field visits of the study area have done based on the non-participatory observation, which helps to enrich the qualitative and quantitative data collection. In this researcher observed the daily life of people by watching and listening to their conversation. This was done during interviewing people, talking with them, during walking along the route and traveling in the bus. This was done to know the actual condition of respondents, the condition of landscape, kind of flora and fauna, awareness of people, roads, income from tourism, economic status of the local people condition of tourism, sociocultural impact of tourism etc.

3.6.4

Focus Group Discussion

The focus group discussion was held in separate group with the participation of women and men. The discussion was focused more on women and poor group members who were not benefited well from tourism but affected from the degradation of surrounding environment.

42

3.7

Data Analysis The quantitative data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed using

statistical tools. The collected qualitative information is presented in descriptive way. The Various information obtained is presented in appropriate tables and figures. They are categorized and tabulated according to the objective of the research.

43

CHAPTER - FOUR PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1

Historical, Cultural and Religious Prospective of Study Area Bhumlichok is an old and historical town situated at the North-Western

from Kathmandu city. Bhumlichok has diverse culture and religion. Magar are the main inhabitants of this VDC and Chepang, Gurung, Newar are also being a part of this area. So, the area posses varied culture or it can be said that the area is culturally rich it is also one of the most imperative feature of rural tourism. The existing culture in Bhumlichok as a product, the people of Bhumlichok can promote them for tourists international as well as domestic.

The temple of Bhairavi, Pokhari Tar, Dudh Pokhari, are main attraction in Bhumlichok. Like in other part of the country, Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Mage Sankranti, Janai Purnima is observed with great rejoice and pleasure. Similarly, other religious festivals such as Buddha Jatra, Swasthani Mela etc. are celebrated and enjoyed.

4.2

Socio-Economic Prospective Magar community predominantly populates the main area and in the

surrounding hill areas Chepang, Gurung, Newar and others.

According to the Census 2011, total number of population in Bhumlichok is 3,545 comprised of 1,653 males and 1,892 females. Till date, out of total population, only 528 male and 772 females are found to be literate (who can both read and write).

Major population of the people in this village relies on agriculture. So, the economic condition of this area is depending upon the agricultural products, though the areas have high potentiality for developed as a tourism destination in cultural, religious and other forms of pro-poor tourism or sustainable

44

tourism. The major agriculture products are paddy, maize, and other vegetable farming as cash generating agricultural activities. But the products from the farm-based activities are not sufficient for the year. Hence, the local people are engaging in other income generating activities like teashops, retailer and wage/labor according to their social and economic status.

There is road network with the district headquarter and the other market being closer from this area. In this area, there is no such industry by which the local people can add their economy in their daily life and also there are no such local resources, which is potential for running business merchandise except the tourism. For the tourism development, development should be sustainable, development projects should be local community owned and operated as for as possible. Developing smaller units of tourist facilities combined with the adoption of design drawn from the local culture and with the use of indigenously available construction materials will become cost effective and serve better to the taste of the visitors and lend themselves more readily to ownership and operation residents. Furthermore, it could play a crucial role in generating

income

(including

foreign

exchange)

through

providing

employment opportunity. Ultimately it could fulfill the social needs such as roads, sewage facilities and conservation of natural and cultural wealth.

4.3

Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents Socio-economic aspects plays important role in every aspect of human life

and their society. So, these characteristics helps to substantiate what categories of people are paying attention in develop rural tourism by their available local resources. In this respect, some indicators such as age, sex, education status and occupation of the respondents have been briefly presented in this section of analysis.

45

4.3.1 Respondents by Age and Sex There were different age group members in the study area, so for uniformity the respondents were grouped in ten-year age intervals and by sex.

Based on the minimum and maximum age limit the groups are: Table: 4.1: Respondents by Age and Sex Age Group

Male

Female

Total

20-29

15

10

25

30-39

25

15

40

40-49

15

5

20

50-60 & above

10

5

15

Total

65

35

100

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January Figure: 4.1: Respondents by Age and Sex 25 20 15 10

Male Female

5 0 20-29

30-39

40-49

50-60 & above

Age Group

Age group distribution of the respondents in sample is presented in Table No. 4.1. Most of the member respondents are from the age group of 30-39 years, which comprises 40% of the total member of respondents. Likewise, 25% of respondents are between the ages of 20-29. Similarly, 20% and 15% of

46

respondents are in their age group of 40-49 and 60+ respectively. This age distribution shows the respondent attention towards the tourism development in their area by locally available resources that may be value added for their society and their surroundings. Participation of local resident are highly appreciated in every field of social life so they are as a responsible social capitals and their contribution can be rated high in tourism development if organized properly.

4.3.2 Classification of Household According to the Caste Group The respondents are from all caste in study area. Questionnaires have covered all the strata of the society.

Table: 4.2: Classification of Household Caste Group Wise S.N.

Caste Group

HHs

Percent

1

Magar

41

68

2

Chepang/Praja

10

17

3

Gurung/Newar

9

15

Total

60

100

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January The above table shows that survey covers the major percentage (68%) of Magar it is because; Bhumlichok is predominantly populated by the Magar.

And respectively Chepang/Praja (17%), Gurung and Newar represent 15%.

4.3.3

Educational Status of Respondent

It is well known fact that education plays a vital role or as a catalytic agent in different sector of human activities and in their social life so as it equally imperative in the field of tourism. People who are educated are aware towards the issue of better quality service delivery and serious for fostering the tourism in their area, which eventually gives better life with in the society.

47

Table: 4.3: Educational Status of Respondent Description

Number

Percentage

Illiterate

58

58

Literate

23

23

Up to SLC

17

17

Higher

2

2

100

100

Total

Source: Field Survey -2016 – January Figure: 4.2: Educational Status of Respondent 58 60

Number

50 40 30

23

17

20 10

2

0 Illiterate

Literate Up to SLC Description

Higher

The table revealed that majority of the population is illiterate. Very few percentage of the population has higher education. So, it is needed to aware the people in education. Tourism awareness and the basic level of standards come from education. Clean, green and pleasant environment comes by protecting and promoting the environment. For sustainable development of tourism in the area community development programs together with the educational programs for children and functional literacy classes for adults could help to improve the quality of life of the village people. Thus, ultimately improve the overall environment o the village.

48

4.3.4

Respondents by Caste and Ethnicity

The study area consists of various caste groups like Magar, Chepang/Parja, Gurung and Newar. Magar community predominantly populates the main part of the Bhumlichok and there is not any single house in the town besides of Magar community. Hence the culture, languages, traditions are homogeneity and united for the religious functions.

4.3.5

Religion of Respondents

Nepal is known as the country of multi culture and ethnic group.

According to the constitution of Nepal 1990, Nepal had defined as Hindu state, but as Nepal's interim constitution of 2063 has defined as "Dharma Nirpakchha" state. In the study area, respondents are belongs to Hinduism and Buddhist and practice their culture according to their religion.

4.3.6 Occupational Status of Respondents Economic status of the people is largely determined by the occupation which they acquire, for sustaining the life with in their family or in society.

Most of the people of the study area depend on the agriculture as a primary activity. Where most of the people have small house, some livestock and to cultivate. Local people selling their milk in small scale, one milk collection center lies in the Bhumlichok village where they collect their milk and sell.

Table: 4.4: HHs Classification by Profession S.N.

Profession

Number

Percent

1

Agriculture

32

53

2

Trade/business

13

22

3

Service

6

10

4

Other

9

15

Total

60

100

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January

49

Figure: 4.3: HHs Classification by Profession Others 15%

Agriculture 53%

Service 10%

Trade/Business 22%

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January The respondents are engaged in different profession for the live hood like business and trade, agriculture, services and other activities. Generally Magar, Chepang and Gurung are found engaged in agriculture and the Newar mostly engaged in trade, agriculture and service activity. Still Chapng ethnic group are spending nomadic life in the jungle and river side.

The table and figure reveals the data those respondents primarily activities rely in the agricultural (53%) and its related activities. Similarly, 22% are making their living in the profession of trade and business. Likewise 10% are dependent on the income of services rendered to education, governmental and private institutions and 9% depend on wage, labor and other activities.

4.4

Socio-Economic Benefits from Tourism Tourism can increase opportunities for the rural poor in their own

communities. It also has the potential to help reduce rural out migration to the urban areas, increase employment opportunities for the rural poor, and give them additional income to provide for their families in the rural areas. Also tourism related skills gained by the urban poor could be applied in rural areas,

50

helping to reverse the migration process. Tourism provides employment opportunities by diversifying and increasing incomes that helps reduce the vulnerability of the poor. Through increased national income additional funds can be diverted to the poverty reduction programs.

Though Bhumlichok has the entire necessary infrastructure to develop as a tourist destination, but the trends of visiting Bhumlichok and expenditure by the visitors are very nominal and there are no such official records of tourists and their expenditure pattern. This may not be so contributing factor in the economic and social aspect in the life of Bhumlichok people in the present situation.

Considering the competitive power (with uniqueness of the products available at Bhumlichok and cost efficiency, tourism development at Bhumlichok could be the dependable source of economic activity. Crucial role played in generating income (including foreign exchange), providing employment opportunity and fulfilling social needs such as roads, sewage facilities and conservation and protection of natural and cultural wealth could be the major socio-economic benefits from tourism in the Bhumlichok area.

4.5

Employment Opportunity Tourism being service industry, it creates different level of job

opportunities. Principle type of labor it requires is semi-skilled and unskilled type, which is abundant in Bhumlichok. Furthermore, it unlocks opportunities for pro-poor economic growth by providing formal and informal employment, creates profit and collective income from locally owned enterprises and facilitates social development by increasing access to infrastructure, providing local people with the opportunity to access tourism infrastructure. The industry projects labor demand for goods and services needed to service visitor requirements. Thus, it provides secondary or indirect employment opportunities in construction, agricultural manufacturing and in other sectors.

51

Since, we cannot perceive the desirable number of tourists in Bhumlichok as it has the existing potentiality of products which can appeal all kinds or segments of visitors from various strata. In view of the fact that, the pattern of expenditure and the visitors' flow is directly related with the employment opportunities of that area.

So, considering the tourism development potentials of Bhumlichok, accommodation and catering, sightseeing tour, hiking, trekking, cultural program organization and handicraft production and sales constitute major sectors of employment in tourism.

4.6

Awareness of Local People In the view of is potential for tourism development, the local community is

seen to be active and aware about the development of this area jointly as tourist destination. Understanding brings awareness, and from awareness comes concern. When concern exists, then active participation is a possibility. Hence, when the awareness rises the stakeholders in the community provide a continuous supply of fresh ideas that can help fill information gaps and set a development agenda for the local tourism activities. So, awareness as a strategy, play a vital role in the different aspects of the tourism, just as existing product in community like culture, monument, natural scenic etc. and make seriousness about their conservation in sustainable manner. Input from the community is vital throughout the planning process if plans are to receive the support needed to succeed.

During the consultation with the local people, it was noticed that the local people are willing to take part in the tourism development activities, provided if there will be guidance from the expertise. And, the existing products which are posses a competitive strength in tourist market; it fosters a sense of pride of the local people. This is good sign for the sustainable tourism development.

Therefore, some external support and guidance is needed during the initial

52

stage to facilitate in the awareness raising activities and in involvement of local communities in tourism.

4.7

Assessment of Current Infrastructure Facilities in Bhumlichok Modern facilities and services is one of the major components that are

necessary to attract the tourists. During the field visit key informants and some respondents were asked about the current infrastructure facilities available in Bhumlichok and the researcher also try to attempt to assess the existing facilities in the study area. The available data and their responses are shown in the table.

Table: 4.5: Current Situation of Infrastructure Facilities in Bhumlichok S. No.

Facilities

Responses

1

Road

Not satisfactory

2

Water supply

Not satisfactory

3

Communication

Good

4

Electricity

Good

5

Health services

Not satisfactory

6

Drainage system

Bad

7

Street lighting

Bad

8

Cleanness of places

Satisfactory

9

Hotels

No such standard hotels, rather they can say tea shops or Home Stay

10

Toilets

Every HHs have toilet

11

Services (govt. & private)

There is existence of basic govt. office, but no such private institutions.

12

Conservation

and People are much more concerning to

promotion of natural and preserve their heritage and aware about cultural assets.

it.

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January

53

The above table tries to explain to some extent about the existing facilities in the study area. In Bhumlichok all need facilities are found but among them some need to be building up in efficient way. However, the data reveals that the facilities like water supply, electricity, and conservation and promotion of natural assets are good and satisfactory according to available resources.

4.8

Perception towards the Future Pattern of Tourism Development in Bhumlichok by the Respondent Clearly, rural tourism (village tourism), while still only a minority tourism

market, is already making a valuable contribution to rural economies. Its contribution can be expressed not only in the financial terms, but also in terms of jobs, contribution towards funding conservation, encouragement to the adoption of new working practices, and the injection of a new vitality into sometimes weakened economies.

So, it may not be high expectation of local people of Bhumlichok, that they see excellent prospect of tourism in their surroundings. It is also observed during field visit about the perception towards the future pattern of tourism and it was found that most of the local respondents are aware of the fact that they have much potentiality to foster the tourism in future. And the development should be oriented towards the betterment of the all irrespective of caste, creed and class having emphasis upon the poor and lower class.

4.9

Respondents Perception toward Home Stay Village tourism denotes tourists visiting villages and staying in the

villages. This is associated with tourist behavior in that they stay in a village and explore surroundings. The special feature of this kind of tourism is that the visitors become part of the village for the period of their stay. Such visitors normally do not except the kind of accommodation and food that they are accustomed to. In other words, they rely on locally available accommodation and food. And they enjoyed the local religion and culture related with that particular village.

54

Table: 4.6: Respondents Perception toward Home-Stay Description

No. of HHs

Percentage

Ready for home stay

35

58

To be considered

15

25

Cannot say

10

17

Total

60

100

Source: Field Survey -2016 - January

Figure: 4.4: Respondents Perception toward Home-Stay 35 35

No. of HHs

30 25 20

15

15

10

10 5 0 Ready for home To be stay considered

Cannot say

Description

The above table clearly indicates that the local are interested in home staying of tourists. It is reported that if tourists are interested to see their culture, religion and become a part with the local environment, they are capable to serve at their best for their valuable guest. In the view of its potential tourism development, the local community is seen to be more interested and aware on the development of this area jointly as tourist destination.

The local people are willing to take part jointly in the tourism development activities if they get proper information and guidance from the expertise. From

55

the data, 58% of respondent are ready for staying of tourists, 25% are considering about that concept, and 17% are still ignorant towards the home staying concept. It is reported that all household are not meet the necessary standards in their house. Hence, if they got financial support and other necessary support from concerning institutions, that may be valued towards in the field of rural tourism.

4.10

Tourists Perception All together 10 tourists (foreigner) were interview in the field that were

very much interested in home staying in local peoples and express their desire to experience the local culture and taste the local food. From their response, it could be expect that, if approach of village tourism is properly promoted in the area, the area became a potential tourism destination. Which gives the new taste of tourism as village tourism, for tourist and it is highly energized in the field of tourism and future potentiality of the Bhumlichok area.

And in a case of domestic tourist, they come to Bhumlichok for visiting the Bhairabi temple, Football match at Bhairavi Tar (Pokhari Tar) and picnic spot with enjoying mountains scenery Annapurna Himalaya Range (Annapurna IV, II) west to east Gourishankar Himalaya range.

4.11

Information from Hotel/Home stays Owner Enhanced product and service standards are primary requirements for

attracting higher spending tourists and reaping the benefits of economic development through tourism. Hence, hotels, teashops are also a key part in the tourism because it gives the alternative income generation opportunities to the local people. Hotel industry plays a dominant role in tourism development, but there is not such a high quality hotel or restaurants in this area. All together 5 hotel /Home stay owners were interviewed in the study area. Particularly, they provide local food and beverage.

56

4.12

Problems and Prospects of Village Tourism Development in

Bhumlichok VDC Now tourism is becoming a great industry in the world. It is helping to build the strong national economy of many countries by providing job opportunity and earning foreign currency. In the context of Nepal, tourism is becoming an issue of challenge and opportunity. Nepal is rich in different aspects such as social, cultural, religious and natural resources. Here are very important places for tourism development. Similarly, it is providing job opportunity for thousands of unemployed Nepalese people. It is one of the major sources of earning foreign currency and balance of the defect trade, in this way, it is known as opportunity sector. But in the other hand, Nepal is a country in which here are mountains and rural features. Most of the tourism spots are located in rural and mountainous area. Because of the complicated geographical structure is very difficult to develop infrastructure facilities.

Similarly, some events of the country, such as plane hijacking, tragic incidence in Royal Palace, political instability, Maoist conflict, announcement of emergency, Natural disaster (Earthquake), Border blocked and others are creating problems for tourism industry. That's why it is taken as a challenging issue for tourism development in Nepal (Tenth Plan, 2003).

Nepal is known as destination place for pilgrimage tourists. Various places are known as touristic places so it has long history of tourism. Among the many tourism spots of Nepal, Bhumlichok too may be one of the major tourist destinations for Natural lover and cultural seekers.

4.12.1

Problems of Village Tourism Development in Bhumlichok VDC

There are numerous problems associated with tourism in Bhumlichok. The main problems are related to infrastructure facilities. The available facilities such as transportation and recreation are inadequate to meet the demand of visitors. At the same time, there is no tourist standard hotel to provide food and accommodation. Existing hotels and restaurants are least facilitated. Facilities

57

like providing information; guiding, traveling and trekking facilities are not developed in the area.

Major problems associated with tourism in the area are given below: 4.12.2

Transportation

Transportation facilities are not well developed in Bhumlichok. There is an unmetalled motor able road from Kathmandu to Bhumlichok. There is no regular direct transportation service. The local buses coming from Kathmandu and Gorkha become over crowded, slow and inconvenient. Generally, these buses are the important means of transportation to go to Bhumlichok from other parts of the country. But for comfort travel you can take regular tourist bus from Kathmandu to Chitwan or Pokhara, get off at Fisling 85 Km on the

way Prithvi Highway and take local bus to Bhumlichok or walk through the Magar and Gurung village to the destination.

4.12.3

Information and Publicity

Except a few books, booklets and traveling agencies, one single agency is associated in disseminating out providing information about Bhumlichok.

Information about this area is also not available in other tourist centers and tourist entrance points like Gorkha. So, majority of visitors coming to Bhumlichok do not get information about the culture customs, facilities etc. at any place of Bhumlichok before their first visit.

4.12.4

Recreational Facilities

Recreational facilities and tourism are directly related to each other. So, promotion of tourism depends on the development of recreational facilities like swimming, rafting, paragliding, mountain baking sports, cultural program park and sightseeing facilities. Such recreational facilities are absent in Bhumlichok.

58

4.12.5

Trained Manpower

Trained manpower can provide qualitative services to the visitors. On the country, the manpower at Bhumlichok and local bus conductors are mostly untrained and uneducated. Because of their language difficulty, communication between host and visitors become more difficult and is same in the case of bus conductor and visitors. In such situation progress of tourism becomes more difficult.

4.12.6

Preservation of Major Attractions

Tourism promotion can be possible only after the preservation of natural beauty, artistic temples old and ancient building, historical place and living human culture of the area. So, these things should be preserved by governmental and non-governmental sectors.

4.12.7

Poor Sanitation

Poor sanitation is a remarkable problem in the town area. Garbage, canes, pieces of plastics are found to be scattered on the streets. Public toilet and sewerage are limited in number. Available toilets are not properly used carelessness of shops, tea stall and local people of Bhumlichok are creating such sanitary problems in the town area.

4.12.8

National Tourism Policy

Though the need of national tourism policy is long talked issue and government is also well aware of it. Nothing substantial has been done for the development of village tourism in Bhumlichok. There are no promotional activities from government side. Tourism policy is essential to provide the required guidance and encouragement to the tourism industry there by achieving desired level of success in the regard.

59

4.13

Prospects of Village Tourism Development in Bhumlichok VDC For the development of tourism, the local communities of the study area

are found to be more active and aware about the development of this area as tourism village. A formal committee, Bhumlichok Tourism Committee, have been recently formed for overall tourism development. This committee is performing different task related to tourism, especially in the infrastructure development. From the field visit, it was observed that people are willing to take part in the tourism development activities. Gorkha district has potentiality to promote tourism for all types of tourists. Regard both domestic and foreign tourist the same manner for local benefit, because sometimes they get more benefit from domestic tourist than the foreign.

Gorkha is rapidly expanding as tourist destination in Nepal. There are lots of potentialities for the development of tourism in and around. Gorkha has its own identification and it has various tourist destinations.

4.13.1

Bhumlichok Home Stay Trip Activities /Pokhari Tar

Bhumlichok is cantered by main city like Kathmandu, Pokhara and Bharatpur, so tourist from Kathmandu can drive by regular tourist or public bus to the Phisling, Chitwan. Bhumlichok is suitable for domestic and international tourist to visit in shortens time and easy access.

To make your trip memorable, it would be best to combing rafting trip from Charaudi. Charaudi is most famous rafting place of Trishuli River 75 kilometers from Kathmandu on the Prithvi Highway. From here you can raft in Trishuli River about two hours and getting off at Fishling. Then you need to either 2 to 3 hours hiking or take bus to Bhumlichik.

The locals welcome you warmly with their tradition custom Tika and garland for you with musical group of Panche Baja and Jhyaure. It makes most special movement in your life. Then stay overnight with local house, taking meal with them what local’s having. If you are interested for local food, they

60

will teach you different food recipe. They offer organic food, which are picking up from their farm. After evening meal, they entertain you by cultural performance like; Kauda, Ghatu Nach, Panche Baja, Jyaure, Maruni etc.

You will visit the Pokhari Tar (Bharavi Tar), from where you have spatacular mountains view such as Lamjung Himal (6,983m), Manaslu (8,156m), Ganesh Himal (7,422m) and many more can see from Bhumlichok.

The abstract view of Fishtail (Machhapuchre) can see from here, which is known local as Mt. Shyamkarnel Ghoda due to the shape of mountain similar like Ghoda (horse).

The second highest population of Bhumlichok is Chepang/Parja community. Until approximately twenty years ago, the Chepang were nomadic hunters and slash burning cultivation methods gatherers but now due to dramatic changes in their life style, they live under what might be considered very difficult conditions.

They belief in traditional healers like Dhami and Jhankri (Shamans or “witch doctors”) often results in delayed medical attention and untimely deaths.

The situation in which this ethnic group finds itself at present on the one hand the Chepang are seen by many people as outcasts at best and more often as Untouchables through the Pande – the Chepang shaman – are held in great esteem being considered among the most powerful shamans in Nepal. The Chepang pande call them Tunsuriban, a word which describes their faculty to move freely in both the celestial and Chtonious kingdoms. You may consult with Dhami for your perspective life and family.

After late breakfast the home stay host will arrange farewell program with your suggestion for Home stay improvement. This is trip for generate local business and empowerment the local for their prosperity.

4.13.2

Environment Friendly

Climate and environment of this place is the another important aspect for tourists. Bhumlichok VDC is located at the surroundings of hill and the climate

61

is appropriate; healthy and pleasant. Blissful movement and quiet environment provide self satisfaction to the tourists.

4.13.3

Cultural Show

Various cultural activities by different caste and ethnical groups and communities are seen during the year long period. Kouda Nach, Ghantu Nach and much folk music (local songs) are organized in the Bhumlichok. While, in the VDC during the Janai Purnima, procession called Lakhe and Gaijatra by Narwari people, Ghantu Nach performance on the Baishakh Purnima (Chandi Purnima) by Magar community, and on the occasion of Buddha Jayanti also huge celebration by Gurung ethnic. Entire 15th days of Dashain festival pray the different god and goddess in various temples. The celebration is carried out in the victory of Ram over Ravan during the Treta yough. Likewise on the Chaitra Purnima there is occurred huge Mela called Bhairabi Jatra.

4.13.4

Hospitality

People around the Bhumlichok VDC are very cooperative, friendly and helpful. Their behavior towards tourist satisfaction is the ample example which helps to increase the observer and stay a long period.

4.13.5

Echo-Mountain

Just above the west side of hill there is an Echo mountain. It is really surprising in its physical setting. If someone speaks loudly, the sound will reflect from the hill.

4.13.6

Trishuli (River)

This river flows in between huge mountain gorge which divides Gorkha and Chitwan districts. Its' natural setting is very beautiful because of jungle and plain land. Trishuli River is most popular rafting trip for two days one night program or one day trip.

62

CHAPTER - FIVE SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The objective of the present study is to study the potentiality of rural/village tourism in Bhumlichok area. The study was made using the purposive sampling method while collecting the primary data. Other secondary data were used to fulfill the objective of the study. This chapter includes three parts namely finding, conclusion and recommendation.

5.1

Summery  Major population of the study area relies on the agriculture and takes as primary activities for sustaining their livelihood.  Of the total 60 Hhs 68% were belonged to Magar, 17% were Chepang/Praja and 15% related to Gurung/Newar.  The majority of respondents are illiterate and few of them got higher education. It is because who are literate and high profile are shifted from Bhumlichok to Kathmandu, Chitwan or other city.  Bhumlichok has the entire necessary infrastructure to develop as a tourist destination, but the trends of visiting Bhumlichok and expenditure by the visitors are very nominal and there are no such official records of tourists and their expenditure pattern. This may not be so contributing factor in the economic and social aspect in the life of Bhumlichok people in the present situation.  The pattern of expenditure and the visitors' flow is directly related with the employment opportunities of that area. So, considering the tourism development potentials of Bhumlichok accommodation and catering, sightseeing tour, Paragliding, hiking, trekking, cultural program organization and handicraft production and sales constitute major sectors of employment in tourism.

63

 In the view of its potential for tourism development, the local community is seen to be active and aware about the development of this area jointly as tourist destination.  In Bhumlichok all needed facilities are found but among them some need to be building up in efficient way.  Bhumlichok reflects its prosperity in cultural and heritage monument, which are related to Village tourism. Hence, there is potential to foster the cultural tourism - forms of village/rural tourism.

64

5.2

Conclusion In Nepal, tourism is a perennial source of foreign currency earnings and a

means of survival for thousands of people directly and indirectly dependent on this industry. More recently, tourism has also been a catalyst for community development and conservation in some remote areas of the country. It is believed that some of these gains would have been difficult to achieve through other means.

Village tourism is a common bridge in between domestic tourism and international tourism industry. In fact, it is an integrated approach on tourism development. Understandingly, village tourism is a major component of scientific tourism that creates the self-sustaining and self-standing economy. To view the nature and complexity, village tourism is a non-foreign aid requiring concept.

Thus, the study is able to show that Bhumlichok has basic infrastructure facilities, which shall be upgraded. It also shows that it has tourism products to attract tourist in near future. At present the income generation and employment opportunity from the tourism sector is not so as expected or in other words having much more potentiality the people of Bhumlichok cannot harness the opportunity from this sector. So, community involvement and community cooperation is special feature of rural tourism. It is necessary to make active participant of all the local people in this sector, it will be better in form of sustainable tourism. In the course of development tourism brings both positive and negative impacts within the society but the locals shall minimize the negative one and boost up the positive reaction. Thus, we can say that Bhumlichok has great scope in the tourism field, which shall be actualized to increase the level of income of the locals.

65

5.3

Recommendations In a country like Nepal where there has been little infrastructural

development, particularly in the remote rural areas, village/rural tourism has helped to spread income and enrich the local economy. In Nepalese context rural based tourist or village tourism leads to the dynamism in tourism industry.

It concerns with all villages of Nepal. Most importantly, tourism in Nepal has been one of the most important supporting features of Nepalese economy.

Therefore, tourism industry shall be developed in such a way that the national development and distribution of income must satisfy all strata of society.  People participation is central to the success of sustainable village tourism. Local community members should be encouraged and closely involved in the complete cycle of tourism development programs. So, the concerning agency with tourism should take active part in it.  There is no such official record of tourist visiting Bhumlichok and their expenditure pattern so there is necessity of those types of office which can give clearly data concerning tourism.  It has become too late to prepare a master plan for the proper development of Bhumlichok, a historically, culturally and artistically important place.  There are no such good hotels/ Tea House in Bhumlichok, so by providing some financial assistance and other support from the concerning body like VDC, DDC and other public sectors should motivated the local people.  Tourism consists a wide range of services, which constitutes the tourism product, and a single enterprise cannot provide all services. Therefore, public - private sectors must be encouraged in the tourism development of Bhumlichok area.  Moreover infrastructure like toilet and sanitation and accommodation facilities should be developed in the communities. In this case the VDC must take a more active role to make funds available to develop the

66

social infrastructures. VDC should link households unable to invest upgrading the homes to accommodate visitors to the concessional credit programs made available through different government programs and from other sectors.  The Tourism Development Plan of Budhi Gandaki Hydroelectric Project must be address the Bhumlichok for tourism development. According to the preliminary report, the reservoir of the project, which will be spread over 63 sq km, will be 15 times larger than the Fewa Lake. The lake will be just lap of the Bhumlichok. (BGHPDC, 2071/72-2). It should be give priority by NPC also to develop tourism in this area.

Education and Training for Rural Tourism: One of the major issues in the development of rural tourism is the need for education and training. It is frequently overlooked because many people having experienced holidays as consumers, and having been involved in other type of business, assume that little further knowledge or skill is required to enter the tourism industry. But tourism is a complex and high professional enterprise; success rarely comes without considerable expertise. Rural tourism requires additional and specialized skills.

Training and education programs in rural tourism should bring a number of benefits. They should help develop more care and commitment amongst all those involved. They should help businesses become more effective and profitable, by encouraging better marketing; organization and co-operative working and helping gain repeat visit from guests. If any NGO or INGO help the people conducting tourism training. They should help professional planners and administrators understand the need to plan rural tourism in a sustainable and profitable way. Finally, there is the critical but hard to define point that well thought out training program helps widen horizon, raise standards and create professional and positive attitudes.

67

The Need to Understand and Relate to the Market: Without markets, any discussion on rural tourism must remain incomplete.

The size, type, elasticity and demands of the market influence all the issues related to the tourism. Lacks of the market knowledge and lack of knowledge about how to relate to markets are common problems for many rural tourism initiatives. They need to connect with worldwide STN for the sustainable tourism for village develops. Hence, there need to understand the size, location, characteristics, perception and requirements of markets. And the need to understand how to relate to, influence and win markets via marketing campaigns, liaison with travel agents, travel companies and tour operators.

68

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CBS, (2005); Central Bureau of Statistics CBS, (20111); Central Bureau of Statistics Bhatia, (2003); Sustainable Dimensions of Tourism Management BGHPDC (2071/72-2); www.bghep.gov.np/ Budhi Gandaki Hydroelectric Project Development Committee Broughton, (1995); Studies in Nepali History and Society - Volume 1 - Page 153 Hari Prasad Shrestha, (2000); Tourism in Nepal: Marketing Challenges.

Kayastha, (1985); The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies, Volumes 6-8, page-89 Lascurain, (1991, pp 24-31); Ecotourism: Towards a key elements approach to operational sing the concept Khatri, (1982); Religion and Society, Volume 32 Kunwar, R.R., (1997); Tourism and Development: Science and Industry Interface, Laxmi Kunwar, Kathmandu.

Minke, (1978); The Library Journal Book Review - Page 223 MoCTCA; Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (2001).

Negi, (1990:23); Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage.

Nepal Rastra Bank, (1989); Key Indicators of Developing Member Countries of ADB, page 375 Nepal Rastra Bank; Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism

69

Nepal Tourism Statistics, (2014); Tourists Arrival Trend in Nepal Penelope, (1992); Tourists in Historic - Towns Urban Conservation and Heritage Management Pollaca, (1986); T.C. Pollaca studied on "Development of cultural tourism in Nepal" Pradhan K.M., (1997); Kamal Maiya Pradhan (1997) Planning Tourism in Nepal Vikas, New Delhi Rakesh, (2002); Pilgrimage Tourism in Nepal Satyal, Yagna Raj (1988); Tourism in Nepal – A profile Nath Publishing House, Vanarasi Satyal, Yajna Raj. (1999); Tourism in Nepal: A Profile. Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

Satyal, Yagna Raj (2002); Tourism Monograph of Nepal, Adroit Publication Dehli Shrestha, S.K., (1993); Tourism in protected areas: The Nepalese Himalaya Tourism Master Plan, (1972); Nepal Tourism Master Plan (1972); Tourism and Economic Development in Nepal - Page 204 Williams and Zensky, (Vol. 46, 1970, pp-549-567); National Library of Australia http://nla.gov.au/nla.news World Tourism Organization; Concept of Tourism in the World

70