NOTIZIARIO Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone - Issue 19 n2, 2014

Neutron & Muon & Synchrotron Radiation News

Research Infrastructures

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

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Scientific Reviews

NOTIZIARIO

School & Meeting Reports

ISSN 1592-7822 - Vol 19 n.2 July 2014 Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96 - Sped. Abb. Post. 70% Filiale di Roma - CNR p.le Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma

Volume 19 n. 2

http://neutronielucedisincrotrone.cnr.it/

Neutroni e luce di Sincrotrone

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Volume 19 n. 2 http://http://neutronielucedisincrotrone.cnr.it/

Published by CNR (Publishing and Promotion of Scientific Information) in collaboration with the Physics Department of the University of Rome Tor Vergata

Summary

Volume 19 n. 2 July 2014 Aut. Trib. Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96 EDITOR Carla Andreani

Book Review 4

CNR - PROMOTION AND COLLABORATIONS Gloria Cavallini, Sara Di Marcello, Angelo Maliziola CORRESPONDENTS Livia Bove, Cecilia Blasetti, Giovanna Cicognani, Ines Crespo, Miriam Forster, Tatiana Guidi, Claus Habfast, Bibi Palatini, Luigi Paolasini, Harald Reichert, Valerio Rossi Albertini CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE F. d’Acapito, M. Bellini, P. De Natale, D. De Sanctis, R. Carpenter, C. Castelnovo, F. Fernandez-Alonso, D. Fiorani, S. Fletcher, C. Frost, J. P. Goff, G. Gorini, M. J. Gutmann, P. Imperia, J. B. Kycia, G. Leonard, P. Maddaloni, C. Mitchelitis, S. Mobilio, D. Pomaranski, D. G. Porter, D. Prabhakaran, G. Sala, A. G. Seel, R. Senesi, S. Torrengo , F. A. Trapananti, L. Zanini COORDINATION AND EDITORIAL INFORMATION Sandra Fischer Email: nnls.secretary@cnr.it GRAFIC DESIGN AND ON LINE VERSION Vincenzo Buttaro www.vibweb.it PUBLICATION DETAILS PUBLISHED ONLINE biannual publication ISSN 1592-7822 Published in July 2014

Laser-Based Measurements for Time and Frequency Domain Applications: A Handbook P. MADDALONI, M. BELLINI, P. DE NATALE

Scientific Reviews 6

Vacancy Defects and Monopole Dynamics in Oxygen Deficient Pyrochlores G. SALA, D. G. PORTER, J. P. GOFF, M. J. GUTMANN, D. PRABHAKARAN, D. POMARANSKI, C. MITCHELITIS, J. B. KYCIA, C. CASTELNOVO

Research Infrastructures 9

The Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Research: The Bragg Institute P. IMPERIA

14 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: the Italian Beamline GILDA at the ESRF F. D’ACAPITO, A. TRAPANANTI , S. TORRENGO , S. MOBILIO

Neutron & Muon & Synchrotron Radiation News 24 MXCuBE2 Defines a New Paradigm in Macromolecular Crystallography Data Collection D. DE SANCTIS, G. LEONARD

School & Meeting Reports 27 XII School of Neutron Scattering (SoNS) “Francesco Paolo Ricci” R. CARPENTER

29 Workshop on Fast Neutron Applications at Spallation Sources G. GORINI, C. FROST, L. ZANINI

32 Electron-volt Neutron Spectroscopy, Wither Goest Thou?

S. FLETCHER, A. G. SEEL, R. SENESI, F. FERNANDEZ-ALONSO

Call for Proposal 35 Neutron Sources 37 Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Cover photo The image shows the diffuse neutron scattering from spin ice characteristic of the oxygen vacancy defect clusters responsible for freezing monopole dynamics at low temperature.

(Image courtesy of G. Sala, D. G. Porter, J. P. Goff, Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London)

40 Calendar

Facilities 44 Neutron Sources 48 Synchrotron Radiation Sources

Book Review

LASER-BASED MEASUREMENTS FOR TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN APPLICATIONS: A HANDBOOK P. Maddaloni, M. Bellini, P. De Natale

Based on the authors’ experimental work over the last 25 years, Laser-Based Measurements for Time and Frequency Domain Applications: A Handbook presents basic concepts, state-of-the-art applications, and future trends in optical, atomic, and molecular physics. It provides all the background information on the main kinds of laser sources and techniques, offers a detailed account of the most recent results obtained for time- and frequency-domain applications of lasers, and develops the theoretical framework necessary for understanding the experimental applications. After a historical introduction, the book describes the basic concepts and mathematical tools required for studying the physics of oscillators. It then discusses microwave and optical resonators, crucial aspects of operation and fundamental properties of lasers, and precision spectroscopy and absolute frequency metrology. It also focuses on microwave and optical frequency standards and explores current and potential research directions. Accessible to scientists, postdoc researchers, and advanced undergraduate students, this self-contained book gives a wide-ranging, balanced overview of the areas—including frequency standards and clocks, ultra-high-precision spectroscopy, quantum information, and environmental metrology—revolutionized by the recent advent of optical frequency comb synthesizers (OFCSs) based on femtosecond mode-locked lasers. The book is also a useful guide to cutting-edge research for manufacturers of advanced laser systems and optical devices.

• Explores the up-and-coming field of quantum-enhanced time and frequency measurements, covering the link between OFCS-based frequency metrology and quantum optics • Describes applications of both ultra-fast and ultra-precise lasers

Features • Discusses laser-based time-frequency measurements not only in the context of frequency metrology and the science of timekeeping but also in light of contemporary and future trends of fundamental and applied research in physics • Emphasizes the extension of OFCSs to the IR and UV parts of the spectrum “The authors have made a considerable effort to make this book useful and interesting to different kinds of readers: they provide a detailed treatment of the basic concepts of time and frequency measurements, carefully describe different kinds of

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lasers and some of the most advanced laser-based measurement techniques, and finally present the latest developments in the field, with a hint to the possible future trends in applications and fundamental science. Being among the many

Book Review

important actors in this long story, the authors of this book are privileged witnesses of the evolution of time and frequency

measurements, and can provide an informed and wide vision of this developing field from many different viewpoints.”

From the Foreword by Nobel laureate Professor Theodor W. Hänsch, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Pasquale Maddaloni, Marco Bellini, Paolo De Natale; Laser-Based Measurements for Time and Frequency Domain Applications: A Handbook; published April 24, 2013 by CRC Press.

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Scientific Reviews

VACANCY DEFECTS AND MONOPOLE DYNAMICS IN OXYGEN DEFICIENT PYROCHLORES

G. Sala, D. G. Porter, J. P. Goff, Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK M. J. Gutmann ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK D. Prabhakaran, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK D. Pomaranski, C. Mitchelitis, J. Kycia, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Guelph – Waterloo Physics Insitute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada C. Castelnovo, Theory of Condensed Matter group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

Researchers have determined the leading source of magnetic impurities in spin ice materials using diffuse neutron scattering at the ISIS Facility and, as a result, they are able to explain the observed magnetic residual resistance at sub-Kelvin temperatures.

Electrically isolated charges are common in nature, most notably in the form of individual electrons.

conducted at temperatures below 1K indicate that the magnetization dynamics occurs on far longer timescales than one could explain using straightforward monopole dynamics. In an attempt to explain this discrepancy, magnetic impurities were shown to be capable of markedly reducing the flow of magnetic monopoles, similarly to electrical conductors in which local impurities can decrease the electrical conductivity.

The defect structures in oxygen-deficient Y2Ti2O7-δ and Dy2Ti2O7-δ were studied using diffuse neutron scattering using

Figure 1. Diffuse neutron scattering in the (hk7) plane from Y2Ti2O6.79 measured on SXD at ISIS at T = 5K (upper half) compared to the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation (lower half).

However, the equivalent in magnetism, the magnetic monopole, has proved far more elusive. The proposal that emergent magnetic monopoles could be observed in the low energy excitations in spin ice materials has generated intense experimental activity in recent years. In the case of diffuse neutron scattering it was possible to observe the so-called Dirac strings that trace the random walk of monopoles, and to infer the presence of monopoles from the broadening of pinchpoint features. However, magnetic relaxation measurements

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Figure 2. The oxygen-vacancy defect structure in Y2Ti2O6.79.

Schematic diagram of O(1) vacancies and the associated distortion of the surrounding lattice, with displacements indicated by green arrows. the single-crystal diffractometer, SXD, at the ISIS pulsed neutron source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The average structure was determined by neutron Laue diffraction, but in this case, diffuse neutron scattering was much more sensitive to vacancies and displacements of the oxygen ions.

Scientific Reviews

Figure 1 (upper half ) shows the diffuse scattering from Y2Ti2O6.79 in the (hk7) crystallographic plane, which is particularly informative. The diffuse scattering in this plane comprises a distinctive pattern of four rods that create a cross at the centre of the plane and four arcs that link the rods. We developed a Monte Carlo code that is able to reproduce qualitatively the main features of the diffuse scattering, see Fig. 1 (lower half ). The proposed oxygen-vacancy defect structure is shown in Fig. 2.

crystal much closer to ideal stoichiometry by annealing in oxygen suggests that oxygen vacancies are the main defects in asgrown samples. Note that neutron and x-ray diffraction do not

(0,k,7)

(a)

Figure 4. Diffuse neutron scattering in the (hk7) plane from Dy2Ti2O7-δ , measured on SXD at ISIS at T = 5K. The signal is weaker due to neutron absorption. It reveals the same defect structure as Figure 2 with Y ions replaced by Dy ions.

(b)

(0,k,7)

have the sensitivity to distinguish between the as-grown and annealed samples in this case.

Annealing as-grown Dy2Ti2O7 in oxygen leads to defect-free transparent yellow crystals and, therefore, we conclude that the dominant defects in this case are also oxygen vacancies.

Figure 3. Diffuse neutron scattering in the (hk7) plane from (a) as-grown Y2Ti2O7 and (b) Y2Ti2O7 annealed in oxygen, measured on SXD at ISIS at T = 5K.

We are able to reproduce the observed crosses only when there are relatively large relaxations of Y ions away from isolated O(1) vacancies along <111> directions. The physical origin of this is the Coulomb repulsion between oxygen vacancies and the Y ions. We replace two Ti4+ ions by Ti3+ ions for charge compensation, and move neighbouring O(2) towards Ti4+ so that Ti3+ - O and Ti4+ - O bond lengths agree with the literature.

The smaller displacements of surrounding ions were simulated using the so-called balls and springs model, and this successfully reproduces the four arcs that link the branches of the cross.

Figure 3(a) shows that an as-grown, nominally stoichiometric sample has qualitatively very similar, but lower intensity scattering. Thus we conclude that the oxygen-depleted and as-grown samples have very similar defect structures. Annealing in oxygen results in no significant diffuse scattering intensity on this scale, see Figure 3(b). The fact that it is possible to obtain a

Magnetic Moment (emu/g)

(h,0,7)

100 50 0 -50 -100 -6

-4

-2

0

Field (Tesla)

2

6

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Figure 5. d.c. magnetization as a function of field in the [100] direction at T = 2K for an as-grown sample of Dy2Ti2O7 before and after annealing in oxygen. The presence of oxygen vacancies reduces the saturation magnetization.

The diffuse neutron scattering data in Figure 4 show that the oxygen defect structure of Dy2Ti2O7-δ closely resembles that of Y2Ti2O7-δ, see Figure 2.

In Figure 5 we compare the static magnetic susceptibility of an as-grown Dy2Ti2O7 sample before and after annealing in

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Scientific Reviews

oxygen. We are able to resolve a reduction in saturation magnetization that implies a reduced moment on the defective Dy sites. Our crystal electric field calculations show that Dy3+ ions have a reduced moment in the presence of the oxygen vacancy, and the anisotropy changes from easy axis along <111> for the stoichiometric compound to easy plane perpendicular to the local <111>. a.c. susceptibility measurements were conducted on an asgrown and annealed Dy2Ti2O7 crystal using a SQUID susceptometer on a dilution refrigerator. The measured imaginary component, χ’’(ω), was transformed to the dynamic correlation function C(t) = <M(0)M(t)>, where M(t) is the time-dependent magnetization of the sample. The results are presented in Figure 6, where they are compared with previous results on a different, non-annealed sample of Dy2Ti2O7, at T = 800mK. The very slow long-time tail in C(t) associated with magnetic defects is observed in the as-grown sample, but it is altogether absent in the annealed sample. The fact that annealing in oxygen eliminates the long-time tail suggests that the magnetic impurity sites in the as-grown sample result from oxygen vacancies.

Professor Jon Goff said, “We have clearly demonstrated that oxygen vacancies play a key role in monopole dynamics at low temperatures. Understanding these defects is crucial for experiments directed at single-monopole detection, the observation of monopole currents, and the design of potential spin-ice devices.”

Devices that use electrical current are everywhere – if we can harness magnetic currents in a similar way there is potential for huge industrial impact.

Professor Goff adds, “Our results help us to understand the

resistance to the flow of magnetic charges, a phenomenon that

Figure 6. Dynamic correlation function C(t) of Dy2Ti2O7 from the a.c. susceptibility at T = 800mK. The as-grown samples (blue and green) exhibit the long-time tail seen previously and attributed to magnetic defects. This tail is entirely suppressed by annealing in oxygen (red). is likely to be as important to the behaviour of magnetic devices as electrical resistance is to electrical devices. The next big milestone is to detect single monopoles; any attempt to do this will require very low densities of monopoles, and understanding the contribution from magnetic defects will be crucial in studying this.”

References G. Sala, M. J. Gutmann, D. Prabhakaran, D. Pomaranski, C. Mitchelitis, J. Kycia, D. G. Porter, C. Castelnovo, J. P. Goff. Vacancy defects and monopole dynamics in oxygen-deficient pyrochlores. Nature Mater. 13, 488 - 493 (2014).

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Research Infrastructures

THE AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR NEUTRON SCATTERING RESEARCH: THE BRAGG INSTITUTE

P. Imperia, ANSTO, The Bragg Institute, Lucas Heights, Australia paolo.imperia@ansto.gov.au

ANSTO Situated 40 km from the centre of Sydney at Lucas Heights in a pleasant environment surrounded by Australian native bush, the Bragg Institute, aptly named after Australia’s first Nobel Laureate, William Lawrence Bragg, is the Australian centre dedicated to research with neutrons and the premier neutron user facility in the southern hemisphere.

The Bragg Institute is an integral part of ANSTO, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, an institution devoted to nuclear research and applications and one of the few facilities worldwide for the production of radiopharmaceutical isotopes for medical diagnosis and tumour treatments. Besides OPAL, Australia’s only research reactor, ANSTO runs a suite of accelerators for environmental, cultural heritage and medical research as well as another important Australian research landmark, the Australian Synchrotron in the Melbourne campus.

Founded in 2002, the Bragg Institute

is a relatively newcomer in the family of user facilities devoted to research with neutrons and neutron scattering. However, in a short time, it has established itself not only as one of Australia’s most significant user institution but also as an important global player competing and collaborating with more illustrious and long-standing Japanese, European and North American facilities.

The neutron scattering facility is open

to all researchers from around the world, with a user program based on a peer-review system offering a complete suite of instruments, quirkily enough, named after the Australian local and unique fauna. Seven completed instruments have already been running a successful user program for several years, while an additional six are under advanced construction or at the end of their commissioning and on the path to accept their first users.

The Neutron Scattering Facility The initial suite of instruments includes our two most productive instruments, the twins-under-the-skin high-resolution and high-flux powder diffractometers ECHIDNA and WOMBAT, respectively, complementing each other in their research program, the strain scanner KOWARI, mostly used for industrial

A view of the neutron guide hall of the Bragg Institute

research, the neutron Laue camera, KOALA, particularly apt to study the crystallographic structure of small single crystals, the thermal neutron triple-axis spectrometer, TAIPAN, for elastic,

inelastic and quasi-elastic scattering of single crystals and the two cold-neutron instruments particularly dedicated (but not limited) to research with soft matter: the neutron reflectometer PLATYPUS

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Research Infrastructures

and the neutron small angle scattering SANS instrument QUOKKA. These last two instruments, besides their soft-matter programs, run very successful magnetic materials experiments thanks to the availability of magnetic fields (up to 10T for the SANS instruments), low temperature and polarised neutrons.

Thanks to a timely injection of funding by the Australian Federal Government during the global financial crisis, another set of instruments have been built and are now ready to accept their first user proposals: the cold-neutron time-offlight spectrometer PELICAN, particularly suitable for inelastic scattering and neutron spectroscopy experiments, the cold-neutron triple-axis spectrometer SIKA, ready to complement and dramatically extend the energy range of the thermal triple-axis instrument, the neutron ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS) instrument KOOKABURRA, able to extend upwards the SANS instrument range and the neutron radiography and tomography instrument DINGO, already hailed as one of the best in the world with expected applications ranging from cultural heritage to studies of materials relevant to industrial applications.

Two more instruments are in a very advanced phase of construction and initial testing: the second small-angle neutron scattering instrument BILBY, which not only will relieve some of the operational pressure on the highly demanded SANS instrument QUOKKA, but will also significantly extend the range and capabilities of a SANS instrument, setting a new benchmark for this class of instruments, and the high-resolution backscattering spectrometer EMU, a new spectrometer with a resolution down to few ÂľeV. Mere technical prowess is not enough for a successful experiment. The assistance of competent and friendly

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Vladimir Luzin, Kowari instrument scientist, preparing an ice sample for the strain scanner instrument scientists from the initial design of the experiment to the final data analysis is a fundamental ingredient as well. The Bragg Institute instrument scientists are there to help in every step of the experiment, from the conceptual phase, advising about the questions that can be addressed by a specific instrument, through the experimental phase, data analysis and up to the final publication of the results.

Laboratories and Sample Environment A suite of instrument is not complete without a suite of laboratories and ancillary equipment to enable the science and an efficient use of neutron beam time. The four available laboratories allow the preparation of sensitive samples near to the measurement stations.

With the large suite of different sample environments, materials can be studied under specific parameters, for example under stress or under an applied high

voltage. Examples are in situ studies of batteries or food properties.

Thanks to the beam hall layout some synthesis and sample preparation work can be done right beside the neutron guide hall. The sample environment group provides a high level of support to our users with experiments performed under challenging and different environments like high magnetic fields up to 12T, low temperature (1.5 K), ultra-low temperature (25 mK) or high temperature up to 1800 °C. The sample environment group recently also commissioned gas and vapour delivery sorption and desorption systems for in situ characterisation of materials for gas storage or purification. High voltage up to 10 kV is also available in a range of cryostats and bespoke sample cells.

Combinations of the above sample environments and multiple techniques, like in situ photon spectroscopy in a wide wavelength range, can also be made available while solutions for specific experiments can be realised on request. In

Research Infrastructures

principle, new sample environments for complex experiments can be designed and realised in collaboration with the users for experiments to be performed with the neutron instruments. Recent examples are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for in situ SANS experiments, a unique proposition worldwide, cold grips for stress measurements done on ice with the 100 kN load frame for tension, compression and fatigue tests, necessary for validating data extracted from ice cores or specially designed sample sticks enabling sorption and desorption experiments within a large temperature range within a cryofurnace.

Mechanical, electrical and IT support is also available for the users. The Bragg Institute is a user-friendly facility willing to offer a hassle-free experience, enabling high-level scientific outcomes from the experiment performed with our instruments.

The User Program The Bragg Institute runs two calls for applications per year closing 15 March, for beam time awarded between July and December the same year, and 15 September, for beam time awarded between January and June the following year. The OPAL reactor runs typically for up to 300 days per year and typically more than 200 days of beam time are awarded to the user program for each instrument. With the current suite of

merit. The proposal success rate ranges between 46%, for highly demanded instruments, to 77% for more specialised ones. The Bragg Institute user portal provides examples and tips to help new users to write their beam time proposals. The access to the instruments for scientific work leading to publications is free of charge. However, beam time is available at a commercial rate for proprietary research. In this case the instrument access is fast and is open all year around. Proposals submitted for com-

Sample Deuteration Besides the suite of instruments, laboratories and sample environment equipment another important piece of the mosaic is the availability of molecular deuteration. Deuteration allows for a more effective use of neutron-based techniques enhancing contrast and lowering background. Chemical or biological deuteration can be sought through the ANSTO National Deuteration Facility (NDF). As for experiments on the Bragg Institute suite of instruments the access to the NDF is merit-based through a peer-review process of the proposals submitted through the Bragg Institute user portal.

Sample environment group on Wombat with 12T magnet and dilution seven instruments, an average of about 300 proposals per year are submitted to the peer-review process. More than 1/3 of these proposals are submitted by overseas-based researchers from Asia, Europe and the United States. The proposals are assessed by a pool of independent referees and the beam time is awarded on the proposalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scientific

mercial beam time are not subject to the peer-review selection process. The proposer retains the intellectual property and all results, data analysis, if requested, and experimental procedure remain confidential. A mail-in service for simple diffraction experiments is also available.

available at the Bragg Institute for the user program and everything you need to apply for beam time can be easily

found by consulting the Bragg Institute web page: http://www.ansto.gov.au/ ResearchHub/Bragg/index.htm

More Information on the Web More information and details about the zoo of instruments, sample environments, facilities and laboratories

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Research Infrastructures

Scientific highlight 1 Australian Frogs Help in the Fight of Superbugs Many Australian frogs have bactericidal skin secretions which contain antimicrobial peptides. Two synthetic analogues of such peptides have been studied by neutron reflectometry with the PLATYPUS instrument at the Bragg Institute: maculatin 1.1 from the green-eyed tree frog and aurein 1.2 from the green and golden bell frog. Neutron reflectometry is particularly useful to study the peptide-lipid interactions. The main goal is to understand how peptide insertion affects the structure of phospholipid bilayers and the mechanisms by which antimicrobial peptides work. Antimicrobial peptides offer one avenue to combat antibiotic-resistant ‘superbugs’ as the peptide attacks

tail deuterated lipids were used. Thus in a D2O solvent the peptide is highlighted and in a H2O solvent the phospholipid tails are highlighted.

Both antimicrobial peptides were found to bind to both types of model membrane, but only surface interactions were observed for the neutral bilayers with little disruption of the bilayer structure. For the anionic bilayers, structural changes were observed upon peptide addition. Upon the addition of mac-

Green-eyed tree frog

Green and golden bell frog the lipid components of the bacterial membrane leading to a lower probability for the bacteria to build resistance to the antimicrobial peptide.

The ability to discriminate between hydrogen and its isotope deuterium in neutron scattering makes neutron reflectometry a powerful tool in dissecting the lipid, peptide and solvent components of membranes along the axis perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. In this case hydrogenated peptide and

Scientific highlight 2 How do glaciers and ice sheets flow?

Interpretation and prediction of past and future behaviour of polar and glacial ice is a major challenge, especially in view of changing climate.

Neutron diffraction analysis is an invaluable tool for obtaining unique information about ice behaviour. An international

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ulatin 1.1 to the anionic bilayers, pore-formation, along with an increase in lipid tail order and changes in head group (HG) orientation, were observed.

Using the information gained by neutron reflectometry may, in the future, help develop more effective antibiotics.

D.I. Fernandez, A.P. Le Brun, T.H. Lee, P. Bansal, M.I. Aguilar, M. James, F. Separovic, “Structural effects of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1 on supported lipid bilayers”, European Biophysical Journal 41: 47-59 (2013).

D.I. Fernandez, A.P. Le Brun, T.C. Whitwell, M.A. Sani, M. James, F. Separovic, “The antimicrobial peptide aurein 1.2 disrupts model membranes via the carpet mechanism”, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14: 15739-15751 (2012).

research team led by Dr Sandra Piazolo (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia) performed unique deformation experiments at the strain scanner instrument KOWARI to advance the knowledge of the effects of temperature changes and deformation rates on the flow properties of ice and ice mixtures.

The team used a novel, world-first technique to investigate the deformation of ice dynamically in situ using neutron diffraction.

Heavy-water ice (D2O ice) offers the unique opportunity to utilise neutron diffraction analysis in order to monitor

Research Infrastructures

Research team members working in the “cold room” available in the Bragg Institute neutron guide hall at the temperature of -25 °C simultaneously the flow properties, microstructure and orientation properties of ice during deformation experiments. The samples were grown in the “cold room” available in the neutron guide hall of the Bragg Institute and then compressed in the range from 5% up to 40% at variable temperatures and at three different constant deformation rates. Two sets of samples were deformed: Set I comprised pure D2O ice and Set II made of “dirty” ice / ice mixtures including porous ice (with air bubbles), ice with gas hydrate analogue (tetrahydrofuran), ice with other minerals exhibiting different grain sizes.

Results from pure ice experiments show that ice exhibits highly dynamic deformation behaviour, with deformation grain orientations and microstructures changing rapidly and distinctly.

The processes that govern the flow properties and microstructures of ice change with increasing temperature and amount of deformation. The competition of these processes is highly dynamic and this competition defines ice dynamics and needs to be incorporated in ice mass modelling.

The results reveal that depending on the character of the mixture, ice can be significantly weakened or hardened relative to pure ice, and at the same time, the crystallographic preferred orientation is severely influenced by the type of mixture deformed. This has significant implications for the flow properties of glaciers and ice sheets which commonly exhibit layers of ice mixtures.

For example, fine-grained distributed rock powder may lead to an initial strain localisation allowing ice flow to be focused in such layers resulting in faster-than-predicted ice flow. Ice with high amount of large-grained rock powder, will be more rigid than the surrounding ice, arresting flow. Similarly, small amounts of weak phases in lower crustal rocks may weaken these and lead to increased flow rates and formation of rapidly extending sedimentary basins at the Earths’ surface.

This novel approach developed by the research team opens the door to a wide range of experiments on currently highly relevant research questions.

C. J.L. Wilson, M. Peternell, S. Piazolo, V. Luzin, “Microstructure and fabric development in ice: Lessons learned from in situ experiments and implications for understanding rock evolution”, Journal of Structural Geology 61: 50-77 (2014).

M. Peternell, M. Dierckx, C.J.L. Wilson, S. Piazolo “Quantification of the microstructural evolution of polycrystalline fabrics using FAME: Application to in situ deformation of ice”, Journal of Structural Geology 61: 109-22 (2014).

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Research Infrastructures

X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY: THE ITALIAN BEAMLINE GILDA AT THE ESRF

F. d’Acapito, A. Trapananti, S. Torrengo, CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali-OGG, c/o ESRF, Grenoble (France) S. Mobilio, Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome (Italy) and INFN, Frascati National Laboratory, Frascati (Italy)

Abstract GILDA is the Italian CRG beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. It is specialized in X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy applied to different materials. In this contribution

the beamline layout and experimental facilities are described as well as a short collection of experiments done by exploiting the peculiar capabilities of the beamline for measurements on

diluted systems and thin films. A detailed project for the refurbishment of this instrument after 20 years of successful operation is also presented in the last section.

energy range allows covering elements between V- to Pb-K edges and Ba- to U-L3 edges, and offers opportunities for user communities of different fields such as physics, chemistry, materials science, earth science and environment, cultural heritage, life science and medicine. During normal operation, the beam size on the sample is around 1 × 0.2 (hor × vert) mm2 FWHM with a total flux in the 1010 -1011 ph/s range, and energy resolution ΔE/E ≈10 -4 which is well below the intrinsic resolution limited by the core-hole lifetime. The beam can be also focalized down to 200×200 μm2 FWHM (with a total flux of 109 ph/s) for studies on small samples.

Thanks to the instrumentation developed on the beamline, including the sagittal focusing monochromator, multi-element hyper pure Ge detectors for fluorescence detection and various sample stations optimized for grazing incident and total reflection measurements, the beamline proved to be very

effective in the study of diluted systems and thin films. These systems are of paramount importance in modern science.

Taking a few examples, the typical doping level in extrinsic semiconductors starts at 1019 at/cm3 for heavily doped zones (n+, p+) and can reach values as low as 1014 at/cm3 [3]. This means that the investigation of the doping process in semiconductors requires the capability of analyzing elements with a concentration of about 103-101 atomic ppm and this can only be achieved by a high flux instrument. In chemistry, the mechanisms of the initial phases of metal adsorption on the surface of a catalyst support play a central role in determining the future behaviour of the system [4]. This requires the capability of investigating an amount of a fraction of monolayer of a metal on a surface coupled to methods to enhance the signal from the surface (Grazing Incidence geometry). Another example can be taken from environmental science: the

Introduction The Italian Collaborating Research Group (CRG) GILDA (General purpose Italian beamLine for Diffraction and Absorption) is a general-purpose beamline [1] built on a bending magnet source (BM08) of the European Synchrotron ESRF in Grenoble (France). It is co-funded and operated

by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN). The beamline is operational since 1994 with the mission of providing experimental opportunities for structural studies with high energy synchrotron radiation to the Italian research community. Updated information on the instrument can be found at the home page [2].

At present, the instrument is totally dedicated to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) experiments. The beamline routinely provides focused monochromatic beam to allow studies with high flux density in the energy range from 5 to 90 keV. This large

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Research Infrastructures

maximum allowable concentration of polluting heavy metals in soils range from 75 mg/Kg for As to 7500 mg/Kg of Zn [5], corresponding to a dilution of the order of a few tens to several hundred atomic ppm. Finally, it can be mentioned that for XAS studies of metalloproteins in solution the typical metal concentration is of the order of a few milliMolar [6] again requiring an effective instrumentation for the detection of XAS from diluted samples. All these examples demonstrate that in technology (materials science, chemistry) as well as in socially relevant sciences (ambient pollution, biology) the capability of studying diluted system is of paramount importance.

GILDA provides about 3400 hours of beamtime in User Mode every year, of which 2/3 is made available for projects

coordinated by principal investigators from Italian institutions and the remaining 1/3 allocated to general ESRF users. Since its opening, users have carried out about 600 experiments at GILDA with a production of about 550 publications on international journals.

Approximately 100 visitors come to GILDA every year to carry out experiments and the oversubscription rate varies from 1.5 for the Italian quota to above 4 for the ESRF quota.

Although the main components of the scientific activity are condensed matter physics, chemistry and materials science, the last decade has seen an increased use of beamtime for research in the environmental and cultural heritage science domains (about 20% of the total activity), for the investigation by XAS spectroscopy of trace (polluting)

elements in soils or aerosols, chromophores in artistic manufacts and of their chemical evolution upon ageing and exposure to external agents.

The beamline was also equipped with an instrument for X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) experiments [7]. The XRD setup was used to perform several time resolved studies, mostly in the field of cementitious materials, fibrous and mesoporous systems. At present this activity is suspended for lack of resources.

The beamline was also equipped with an instrument for X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) experiments [7]. The XRD setup was used to perform several time resolved studies, mostly in the field of cementitious materials, fibrous and mesoporous systems. At present this activity is suspended for lack of resources.

Beamline description Optics GILDA beamline is built on a high field dipole bending magnet (BM08) of the ESRF storage ring. The bending magnet has a field of 0.85 T and a critical energy of 20.4 keV. The beamline consists of four different lead shielded hutches: the first allocates the optical elements, while the remaining hutches are dedicated to the experimental stations. The first experimental hutch was designed for x-ray absorption experiments. The second is dedicated to x-ray powder diffraction. The third was conceived for non standard experiments and allocates an ultra-high vacuum chamber.

The beamline optics, schematically shown in Figure 1, consists in a first collimating mirror, a sagittally focusing monochromator and a vertically focusing mirror.

The white beam outcoming the

Figure 1. Layout of the optical hutch storage ring is defined in shape and size by a pair of horizontal and vertical slits located at the beginning of the optical hutch. The source size is 75×32 (hor × vert) μm2 and the collection angles at the primary slits are typically 1 mrad (hor) × 43μrad (vert). The thermal load on the optical elements is reduced by putting C, Al or Cu attenuators of different thickness along the beam path; all the optical elements illuminated by the white beam are water cooled. A first cylindrical mirror (fixed curvature radius of 16.5 km) is

placed at 24 m from the source before the monochromator to collimate the diverging incoming beam in the vertical direction. A second mirror, located after the monochromator (at 32 m from the source) is used to vertically focus the beam on the sample. The two mirrors, also used for harmonic rejection, present two parallel coatings of Pd and Pt and work, respectively, at an incident angle of 3.6 and 2.7 mrad where the cut-off is approximately 18 keV and 32 keV. For experiments at energy higher than 32 keV the mirrors are taken out of the beam path. For very low energies (<6 keV)

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a second pair of Pt coated flat mirrors set to have a cut-off energy of 12 keV is used. The monochromator is a double-crystal and double rotation axis fixed-exit device. The first crystal is flat while the second crystal is sagittally curved to focus the beam in the horizontal plane. Dynamical focusing [8] is used to keep beam dimensions in the focal point constant throughout a full energy scan and can be used in the whole energy range of the beamline. The intensity of the outcoming beam is stabilized via an analog feedback system to a level of about 1 part over 500.

To increase efficiency in use of beamtime two first crystals are permanent-

Figure 2. Schematic view of the sagittally focusing monochromator operative at GILDA ly mounted in the device as shown in Figure 2.

The first rotation axis hosts two Si(311) and Si(755) crystals. The second crystal is Si(311) and the reflection of the beam coming from the (755) crystal happens through its (933) planes. Moving the center of the horizontal primary slits a single crystal pair can be selected accessing the 5-30 keV range with the (311)/ (311) pair and the 20-90 keV range with the (755)/(311) pair. Using the two Si(311) crystals the typical flux is about 1010ph/s whereas with the Si(755)/ Si(311) pair the flux above 50 keV decreases to about 109 photons/s still allowing measurements in fluorescence

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detection mode on diluted samples. In

of noise (~10-4) up to large k-range. The

Figure 3. Example of spectra taken with the Si(755)/Si(311) crystal pair. (left): La K-edge XAS measured in fluorescence mode on a La doped (1%mol) silicate glass. (right): Tungsten K-edge XAS spectrum collected in transmission mode on a Tungsten foil at 80 K Figure 3 (left panel), we show the La K-edge absorption spectrum measured in fluorescence on a La doped (1%mol) silicate glass and the corresponding XAFS signal. Spectra with a very good signal to noise ratio were also collected in transmission mode (Figure 3, right panel).

In the standard configuration, a horizontal divergence of 1 mrad is collected at the primary slits and the typical beam size at the sample is around 1 × 0.2 (hor × vert) mm2 FWHM. A flat crystal operation mode is also possible for carrying out higher quality measurements in transmission mode.

In this configuration the ribbed second crystal is left un-bent and only the crystal portion between two ribs is illuminated.

The second mirror is also left unbent. In this configuration, the beam size at the sample is around 2 × 2 (hor × vert) mm2 FWHM and a noticeable improvement in the beam horizontal homogeneity can be achieved, that revealed to be crucial in the study of inhomogeneous samples (poorly ground powders, high absorbing matrices) requiring very low levels

considerable flux loss (about one order of magnitude or more) is not critical since in the case of transmission mode data the noise is dominated by other sources than the statistical fluctuations.

For applications requiring smaller beam size, the second crystal is bent to horizontally focus the beam impinging on the crystal area between two ribs down to around 200 µm FWHM. EXAFS and ReflEXAFS station The schematic layout of the EXAFS station is shown in Figure 4. The conventional XAS apparatus consists in two experimental vacuum chambers. The first chamber (CH1) is used for standard experiments, while the second one is available for the installation of non-standard sample environment (Figure 4).

Depending on the nature of the samples different detection modes are implemented in the EXAFS station. Two ionization chambers are used for measurements of the incoming and transmitted beam respectively. These are filled with different gases (N2, Ar, or Kr) at different

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pressures to achieve the optimal efficiency in the working energy range.

Transmission measurements are fast and

accurate positioning of the sample respect to the beam polarization direction to carry out "polarized EXAFS" experi-

mode, surface sensitivity is achieved by recording the intensity of the reflected beam from a flat surface and the depth at which the sample is being probed can be controlled by varying the incidence angle of the impinging beam. Below the critical angle (total reflection regime),

Figure 4. Schematic layout of the EXAFS and ReflEXAFS stations

accurate if concentrate, sufficiently thin and homogeneous samples are available. For diluted samples, fluorescence detection has to be used. The beamline is equipped with two energy resolving high purity Ge solid state detectors having 13-elements (Figure 5, right panel), a

Figure 5. (Left): the cell for solid-gas reactions. (right): the multi-element High Purity Ge detector used for fluorescence detection typical energy resolution of 200 eV and maximum count rate of 100 kcps/element. A digital pulse processing permits a fast and reliable calibration/operation of these devices. Electron detectors are also available to perform measurements with surface sensitivity. In particular the measurement of the sample current or the detection of electrons amplified by a He chamber are both implemented.

XAS measurements can be carried out in a wide temperature range using a liquid He/N2 cryostat (20-400 K). A translation/rotation stage mounted on top the liquid nitrogen cryostat allows the

ments; a vibrating sample holder [9] was also developed to minimize the effect of coherent scattering when analyzing single crystals.

A reaction cell (Figure 5, left panel) for in situ studying solid samples in controlled atmosphere is available with the possibility of treatments in a temperature range from 100 to 700 K [10]. The sample environment also includes a liquid nitrogen bath cryostat for measurements down to 80 K on frozen solutions, mostly used for biological samples to minimize the damage due to x-ray exposure.

The apparatus allows measurements in both transmission and fluorescence detection modes.

Developments of the XAS spectrometer had the goal of enhancing the beamline performance for measurements on very dilute samples (limit dilution ~50 ppm or ~1014 at/cm2) and thin films (limit thickness 0.2 monolayers), to better exploit the high flux provided by the sagittally focusing monochromator. The current sample stations for total reflection and grazing incidence data collection modes make this beamline particularly suited for the analysis of surfaces and thin films.

An ad-hoc experimental chamber is dedicated to total reflection EXAFS (ReflEXAFS) measurements for the investigation of surfaces or buried interfaces [11] (Figure 6). In this detection

Figure 6. Schematic side view and picture of the ReflEXAFS station. From Ref. [53] the probing beam is confined as an evanescent wave in a layer just 5-10 nanometres below the surface. This makes ReflEXAFS a surface sensitive technique without needing an Ultra High Vacuum environment and allowing investigations in-operando conditions [12]. Increasing the incidence angle above the critical value, the probed depth can be increased to a few Îźm opening the possibility of carrying out depth sensitive investigations [13,14].

An Atomic Force Microscope working in contact mode (Model Molecular Imaging, PicoSPM) is also available to

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users for preliminary surface morphological characterizations of the samples.

The ReflEXAFS apparatus has permitted the realization of several studies on systems like buried interfaces [13â&#x20AC;&#x201C;18], reactions at surfaces [4,12,19], lipidic films [20]. In the recent years a new original procedure for the quantitative rigorous analysis of ReflEXAFS data has been developed [21] that gave rise to the CARD code [22] freely available to users. The main limitation on the use of ReflEXAFS technique is represented by strong constraints on the samples in terms of length (a few cm), roughness and flatness, which cannot be satisfied in some cases. Therefore, an alternative data collection system for measurements in grazing incidence (~1-2 degrees) mode inside the first EXAFS chamber has been developed. The setup combines grazing incidence and grazing collection geometry and it is extremely advantageous when compared to the standard geometry used to perform XAS experiments in fluorescence mode, allowing an enhancement in the fluorescence signal from the surface layer without a corresponding increase in the elastic scattering contribution from the matrix [23].

Access Procedure GILDA delivers beamtime to users through the ESRF and Italian quotas in four deadlines per year: on September 1st and March 1st for ESRF and on May 1st and November 1st for the Italian users.

The access is made through the ESRF Users portal and, following the case, the proposal is to be loaded as "ESRF" or "CRG" experiment. Beamtime proposals submitted for the Italian quota are selected by an ad-hoc committee jointly appointed by CNR and INFN whose members receive a 2-year mandate.

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Examples of experimental studies Cultural heritage Several studies in the field of cultural heritage carried out at the beamline were focused on the chemical/physical characterization of chromophores and pigments and to investigate the microscopic processes associated with their degradation.

The origin of discoloration of the smaltino pigment has been addressed in [24].

Smaltino is a potassium based glass additioned with cobalt to obtain a deep blue color. This pigment is known to turn into a greyish hue under the effect of external agents.

An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy analysis at the Co-K edge carried out on fresh, artificially aged and original degraded specimens from a Luca Signorelli's banner revealed that the degradation is associated with a coordination change in the coloring ion Co2+ from tetrahedral into octahedral. Ab initio simulations of the optical response of the system (via time dependent density functional theory) showed that intermediate distorted "octahedral-like" structures are the best candidates to explain the color change (Figure 7).

Another study, presented in Ref. [25], was devoted to understand if the "Naples Yellow" pigment found in renaissance maiolicas (mainly made up of lead antimonate) could have been enriched on purpose with Zn or Fe to alter the chromatic effect. A XAS study, carried out at the Zn-K and Fe-K edges, evidenced that the metals actually can enter the crystal structure of the lead antimonate substituting for Sb. A series of studies have been dedicated to the link between color and valence state of Fe and Mn in Roman [26-28] and medieval/Byzantine [29,30] glasses.

Predominantly, Fe is actually found in 3+

state whereas Mn is present in the 2+ state. Glassware fragments of Roman production [26] revealed a link between the residual Fe2+ content and the coloration: between 30 and 52% of the total Fe content the color is aqua blue whereas for lower amounts the manufact turns light green. The predominant phase of Fe3+ and Mn2+ states was also assessed in Refs. [28-30], where the role of Mn as decoloring agent was stressed. This element was added to glasses as mineral Pyrolusite (Mn4+) and its reduction to Mn2+ led to the oxidation of Fe. Copper based tesserae studied in Refs.

[27] and [31] unveiled the clear role of this metal in the coloration. In the mosaic tesserae analyzed it was found that the deep red hue was due to nanoparticles of metallic Cu whereas the orange color was due to crystals of Cu2O. Semiconductors and thin films Several studies have been devoted to semiconductors [32], in particular to magnetic semiconductors and on the local order and electronic configuration of magnetic impurities. The capability of the beamline to carry out investigations on diluted systems has been particularly useful as these systems contain a limited amount of magnetic dopants (a few %) in thin films of thickness well below 1 Îźm. XAS revealed to be a fundamental technique as it allows detecting small inclusions hardly detectable by X-ray Diffraction and provides information on the valence state of the dopant ion.

A series of studies were focused on Fe and Mn in Gallium Nitride (GaN) for the potentialities of this material to provide a magnetic semiconductor at room temperature [33]. In the pure form, Mn [34] and Fe [35] can be hosted in GaN as isolated impurities (so avoiding the formation of spurious crystalline phases

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the nanocolumn boundary (Figure 8, bottom panel). In all cases the XAS data have been compared with ab-initio structural modelization (Density Functional Theory or Molecular Dynamics) that revealed to be a precious tool for the complete interpretation of the experimental findings.

Environmental science

Figure 7. (Left): The original banner (“Baptism of Jesus” painted at the end of the XV century by Luca Signorelli) with red spots where the pigment specimens for the investigation were collected. (Right, top): EXAFS data analysis for one of the original specimens (S3) and artificially aged smalt at different degradation levels (A0-A3).

(Right, bottom): simulation of the optical absorbance of different Co-O complexes (shown just above). Td and Oh are the perfect tetrahedral and octahedral structures whereas 1-3 are the intermediate configurations. Figures from Ref. [24] (Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry) originating a ferromagnetic response) if the growth conditions are suitably controlled [35,36]. For both metals it has been possible to define the valence state as 3+, meaning that these elements do not provide carriers for conduction or mediate the magnetic interaction. The addition of further dopants to increase the conductivity (donor Si or acceptor Mg) was found to change chemical state and structure of the magnetic impurities. Adding Mg to Mn:GaN [37] lead to the formation of Mn-Mgk complexes depending (Figure 8, top panel) on the Mn/Mg ratio. This allows a controlled tuning (at the fabrication level) of the spin state of Mn and the appearance of luminescence in the IR range even at Room Temperature that could open

new applications for these systems. The addition of Si for both systems (Fe:GaN and Mn:GaN) lead to a partial reduction of the metal to the 2+ state with suppression of the formation of aggregates [35,38] but at the same time an anti-ferromagnetic coupling between localized spins [39].

For a different class of magnetic semiconductors, Mn:Ge, it was evidenced that Mn is hosted in a highly disordered site that can be either interpreted as nuclei of formation of Ge3Mn5 inclusions [40] or a mix of substitutional and interstitial sites [41]. The formation of nanocolumns in MnGe on Ge layers was linked to the appearance of a cubic phase MnGe phase [42] with a considerable structural disorder coming from

A number of studies carried out at GILDA have given an important contribution to provide insight on the chemical environment of metallic contaminants and nutrients in soils, sediments, and plants. The chemical speciation is indeed crucial in determining their solubility, stability and toxicity for living organisms.

As an example, the reduction capacity of Fe(II) sorbed on or co-precipitated with micrometer-sized (100-200 μm) calcite towards Se(IV) was investigated using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy [43]. Being a common mineral in limestone soils (e.g. calcareous) and sediments, calcite plays an important role in Se(IV) sorption.

XANES spectra of Se K-edge showed that nearly half of the total sorbed Se(IV) is reduced to Se(0) by Fe(II) sorbed on calcite within 24 h (Figure 9).

The extent of reduction decreases with increasing equilibration time of calcite with Fe(II) solution before Se(IV) addition. Such understanding is important to predict the transport, transformation, and attenuation of Se in subsurface and in nuclear waste repositories.

Closely related to health aspects are also studies on fine particles coming from vehicular traffic and factory working environments. Fine particles (diameter d<63μm) coming from the San Bernardo highway tunnel were investigated by XAS at the Fe-K and Mn-K edges [44]. Fe was found in a valence

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state slightly lower than 3+ in a mix of magnetite and chloride phases originated from fossil fuel combustion and

after abrasion converts in oxides upon oxidation by air. Breathable silica dusts (diameter <4Îźm) collected with per-

Figure 9. Se K-edge normalized XANES spectra of Se(IV) sorbed on Fe(II) sorbed on calcite showing reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0). A remarkable difference in reduction is observed in 168h pre-equilibrated Fe(II)-calcite samples (CA 3) compared to 24 h (CA 1) and 96 h (CA 2) specimens. Figure partially reproduced from Ref. [43] (Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society)

Figure 8. (Top): Structure of Mn-Mg complexes for (Mg, Mn):GaN at different values for the Mn/Mg ratio. Figure from Ref. [37] (Copyright 2012, Nature Publishing Group). (Bottom): Effect of the disorder of the boundary of a nanocolumn of MnGe in Ge on the Mn K-edge XAS spectrum: upper panel ideal structure, lower panel structure with boundary. Figure from Ref. [42] (Copyright 2012, American Physical Society)

anti-icing salt use. Mn was speciated as Mn3O4 and its origin was linked to metal-organic Mn compounds (mainly Mn-Methyl-cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl added as antiknock agent). For what concerns antimony in road airdust (PM10 and PM2.5) [45], it was found that Sb is present as a mix of Sb3+ and Sb5+ bound to O. This is most probably linked to Sb in brake linings that, from the original form of stibnite (Sb2S3)

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sonal samplers in industrial working environments like ceramic manufacturing or iron alloy casting were investigated in Ref. [46]. In some specimens, the presence of Fe2+ or Fe3+ with an unsaturated coordination sphere were found, raising a health concern as these species are imputed to participate to the Fenton cycle for the radical production by silica.

Perspectives: the GILDA upgrade

project

for

After twenty years of continuous operation, an upgrade of the beamline is needed, in order to maintain the beamline performance at the state-of-the-art, improve its reliability and to keep it at the leading edge among other EXAFS beamlines at the ESRF as well as in the world. At this purpose a new instrument has been conceived that will permit to fully exploit the present source as well as the opportunities given by the new lattice of ESRF planned for the next years [47].

The main characteristics of the refurbished beamline, that will make GILDA a

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top-level instrument, will be: high sensitivity for the analysis of diluted samples; high quality in terms of low noise and linearity for XAS data in transmission mode; use of grazing incidence/total reflection data collection in linear dichroic mode for surface analysis; combined multi-technique in- situ data collection for extreme conditions or in operando experiments.

One of the most important issues addressed for the upgraded instrument will be the quality of the beam spot in terms of homogeneity, spatial and energy stability, reduced size and divergence.

To achieve the target of a beamline with high flux, focusing is a major issue for the GILDA upgrade project. A mirror-based focusing scheme was then adopted as already done for recently designed beamlines at APS [48], B18 at DIAMOND [49], ROBL at ESRF [50], CLAESS at ALBA [51].

The beamline optical scheme (Figure 10) will consist in two mirrors and a double crystal fixed exit monochromator. The first mirror will have a cylindrical shape for vertical collimation and three different parallel coatings (Pt, Pd and Si) for an efficient harmonic rejection in the whole energy range. The second mirror will have a toroidal shape and will focus the beam in the horizontal and vertical planes. This choice has been shown to minimize the impact of chromatic aberrations in the focal spot [48] and will keep at a moderate value the overall length of the beamline. The limited horizontal acceptance of the device (1 mrad in this case) will be no longer a limitation after the installation of the mini-wiggler source foreseen in the ESRF lattice upgrade. The mirror will consist in two cylindrical channels dug on the same substrate; the flat zone left between the channels will be used for experiments needing a non focused beam.

The technical solution consisting in two channels realized on the same substrate is not particularly challenging and has been successfully used in other projects [49–51]. The two channels will be coated with Pt and Pd and both mirrors will work at 2 mrad incidence angle. A pair of Pt-coated plane mirrors (already present on the beamline) working at 10 mrad will be used to reject harmonics in the lowest part of the energy range.

The monochromator will be a commercial fixed-exit device with a single rotation axis equipped with thick flat crystals to achieve a better quality beam in

of the new multipole wiggler source foreseen for the phase II of the ESRF upgrade will permit a further reduction of the beam size and an increase of the flux.

The upgraded beamline will have two experimental stations (EH). The main hutch EH2 will be designed for applications requiring a focused beam, such as experiments in fluorescence detection, ReflEXAFS experiments, XRF mapping.

To reduce vibrations, detectors (ion chambers and Ge multi-element fluorescence detectors) and the sample stations will be installed on a granite sup-

Figure 10. Schematic layout of the proposed upgraded version of beamline GILDA terms of temporal stability and beam spatial homogeneity with respect to the present sagittally focusing device. Two different pairs of crystals (Si(311) and Si(111)) will be permanently mounted to access the whole energy range of about 5-50 keV1 without interventions on the monochromator chamber.

Full ray-tracing calculations have been carried out using the SHADOW code [52] and with the present parameters of the ESRF storage ring. The proposed beamline scheme is shown to provide a photon flux of 1010-1011 in a wide energy range and a beam size of 100 (hor) × 150 (vert) μm2 FWHM in compliance with the experimental requirements for the upgraded instrument. The advent 1 These are only indicative limits. The actual values will depend on several details of the final design like the angular range of the monochromator and the number of Be windows in the beamline layout

port. The first sample station will carry a vacuum chamber equipped with two manipulators for standard XAS experiments in fluorescence mode and linear dichroic ReflEXAFS experiments. The second block will be a versatile table with basic translation/rotation stages to be used to mount bulky experimental setups like a crystal detector for X-ray Emission spectroscopy and combined multi-technique experiments (Raman spectrometer, XRD area detector).

The first experimental hutch EH1 will be designed for the collection of high quality XAS spectra in transmission mode with un-focused beam. The standard beamline sample environment will include a liquid helium/nitrogen cryostat, a cell for chemical gas-solid reactions and an oven for high temperature measurements up to 1500 K.

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Conclusions In 20 years of operation GILDA has constituted a reference for the Italian community working on X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy providing an instrument especially focused on the analysis of trace elements. This activity has been beneficial for a wide scientific

community in several fields such as materials science, chemistry, earth and environmental science, cultural heritage and biology as witnessed by the considerable production of scientific papers. In order to provide these communities with a high-quality instrument

a complete re-design of this instrument is proposed that will increase the experimental potentialities of this project and fully benefit from the foreseen improvements of the ESRF ring.

Acknowledgements We acknowledge all the scientists, students, technicians who have contributed to the success of this project in its 20 years of activity: Antonioli G., Balerna A., Bardelli F., Battocchio C., Bazzini A., Benzi F., Boscherini F., Cammelli S., Campolungo F., Chini G., Ciatto G., Colonna S., Costanzo, T., Dalba G., Dalconi M.C., Daldosso N., d’Anca F., Davoli I., Dettona E., Fornasini P., Ghigna P. ,Giacobbe C., Graziola R., la Manna F., Licheri G., Maurizio C., Meneghini C., Merlini M., Oppo C., Pais H., Pascarelli S., Pin S., Rizzo A., Rocca F., Rossi G., Rovezzi M., Sangiorgio L., Sciarra V., Solari P.L., Thorpe S. ,Tullio V. References [1] F. D’Acapito, S. Colonna, S. Pascarelli, G. Antonioli, A. Balerna, A. Bazzini, F. Boscherini, F. Campolungo, G. Chini, G. Dalba, I. Davoli, P. Fornasini, R. Graziola, G. Licheri, C. Meneghini, F. Rocca, L. Sangiorgio, V. Sciarra, V. Tullio, and S. Mobilio, ESRF Newsl. 30, 42 (1998).

[2] h t t p : / / w w w . e s r f . e u / UsersAndScience/Experiments/CRG/ BM08 [3] N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics (Harcourt College Publishers, New York, 1976).

[4] A. Tougerti, I. Llorens, F. D’Acapito, E. Fonda, J.-L. Hazemann, Y. Joly, D. Thiaudière, M. Che, and X. Carrier, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 7697 (2012).

[5] Environmental Protection Agency, A Plain English Guide to the US EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule, US EPA/832/R-93/003, Washington, DC, September (1994) [6] R. W. Strange, F. E. Dodd, Z. H. L. Abraham, J. G. Grossmann, T. Brüser, R. R. Eady, B. E. Smith, and S. S. Hasnain, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2, 287

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[9] V. Tullio, F. D’Anca, F. Campolungo, F. D’Acapito, F. Boscherini, and S. Mobilio, INFN-LNF Technical Report, LNF-01/020 (2001).

[10] A. Longo, A. Balerna, F. d’ Acapito, F. D’Anca, F. Giannici, L. F. Liotta, G. Pantaleo, and A. Martorana, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 12, 499 (2005).

[11] F. D’Acapito, I. Davoli, P. Ghigna, and S. Mobilio, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 10, 260 (2003).

[12] E. Groppo, C. Prestipino, F. Cesano, F. Bonino, S. Bordiga, C. Lamberti, P. C. Thüne, J. W. Niemantsverdriet, and A. Zecchina, J. Catal. 230, 98 (2005).

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[14] T. Costanzo, F. Benzi, P. Ghigna, S. Pin, G. Spinolo, and F. d’ Acapito, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 21, 395 (2014).

[15] K. L. Naidu, M. A. Mohiddon, M. G. Krishna, G. Dalba, and F. Rocca, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 430, 012035 (2013).

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[22] http://www.esrf.fr/computing/scientific/CARD/CARD.html [23] C. Maurizio, M. Rovezzi, F. Bardelli, H. G. Pais, and F. D’Acapito, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 063904 (2009).

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[32] X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Semiconductors, Claudia Schnohr and Mark Ridgway eds., Springer-Verlag (2014).

[33] T. Dietl, H. Ohno, F. Matsukura, J. Cibert, and D. Ferrand, Science 287, 1019 (2000).

[34] W. Stefanowicz, D. Sztenkiel, B. Faina, A. Grois, M. Rovezzi, T. Devillers, F. d’ Acapito, A. NavarroQuezada, T. Li, R. Jakieła, M. Sawicki, T. Dietl, and A. Bonanni, Phys. Rev. B 81, 235210 (2010).

[35] M. Rovezzi, F. D’Acapito, A.

Navarro-Quezada, B. Faina, T. Li, A. Bonanni, F. Filippone, A. A. Bonapasta, and T. Dietl, Phys. Rev. B 79, 195209 (2009).

[36] A. Navarro-Quezada, W. Stefanowicz, T. Li, B. Faina, M. Rovezzi, R. T. Lechner, T. Devillers, F. d’ Acapito, G. Bauer, M. Sawicki, T. Dietl, and A. Bonanni, Phys. Rev. B 81, 205206 (2010).

[37] T. Devillers, M. Rovezzi, N. G. Szwacki, S. Dobkowska, W. Stefanowicz, D. Sztenkiel, A. Grois, J. Suffczyński, A. Navarro-Quezada, B. Faina, T. Li, P. Glatzel, F. d’ Acapito, R. Jakieła, M. Sawicki, J. A. Majewski, T. Dietl, and A. Bonanni, Sci. Rep. 2, (2012).

[38] A. Bonanni, A. NavarroQuezada, T. Li, M. Wegscheider, Z. Matěj, V. Holý, R. T. Lechner, G. Bauer, M. Rovezzi, F. D’Acapito, M. Kiecana, M. Sawicki, and T. Dietl, Phys. Rev. Lett.

101, 135502 (2008).

[39] A. Bonanni, M. Sawicki, T. Devillers, W. Stefanowicz, B. Faina, T. Li, T. E. Winkler, D. Sztenkiel, A. NavarroQuezada, M. Rovezzi, R. Jakieła, A. Grois, M. Wegscheider, W. Jantsch, J. Suffczyński, F. D’Acapito, A. Meingast, G. Kothleitner, and T. Dietl, Phys. Rev. B 84, 035206 (2011).

[40] M. Rovezzi, T. Devillers, E. Arras, F. d’ Acapito, A. Barski, M. Jamet, and P. Pochet, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 242510 (2008).

[41] R. Gunnella, L. Morresi, N. Pinto, A. Di Cicco, L. Ottaviano, M. Passacantando, A. Verna, G. Impellizzeri, A. Irrera, and F. d’ Acapito, J. Phys.

Condens. Matter 22, 216006 (2010).

[42] E. Arras, F. Lançon, I. Slipukhina, É. Prestat, M. Rovezzi, S. Tardif, A. Titov, P. Bayle-Guillemaud, F. d’ Acapito, A. Barski, V. Favre-Nicolin, M. Jamet, J. Cibert, and P. Pochet, Phys.

Rev. B 85, 115204 (2012).

[43] S. Chakraborty, F. Bardelli, and

L. Charlet, Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1288 (2010).

[44] F. Bardelli, E. Cattaruzza, F. Gonella, G. Rampazzo, and G. Valotto, Atmos. Environ. 45, 6459 (2011).

[45] D. Varrica, F. Bardelli, G. Dongarrà, and E. Tamburo, Atmos.

Environ. 64, 18 (2013).

[46] F. Di Benedetto, F. D’Acapito, F. Capacci, G. Fornaciai, M. Innocenti, G. Montegrossi, W. Oberhauser, L. A. Pardi, and M. Romanelli, Phys. Chem.

Miner. 41, 215 (2014).

[47] http://www.esrf.eu/about/ upgrade/documentation/whitepaper-upgrade-phaseII.pdf [48] A. A. MacDowell, R. S. Celestre, M. Howells, W. McKinney, J. Krupnick, D. Cambie, E. E. Domning, R. M. Duarte, N. Kelez, D. W. Plate, C. W. Cork, T. N. Earnest, J. Dickert, G. Meigs, C. Ralston, J. M. Holton, T. Alber, J. M. Berger, D. A. Agard, and H. A. Padmore, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 11, 447 (2004).

[49] A. J. Dent, G. Cibin, S. Ramos, A. D. Smith, S. M. Scott, L. Varandas, M. R. Pearson, N. A. Krumpa, C. P. Jones, and P. E. Robbins, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 190, 012039 (2009).

[50] http://www.hzdr.de/db/ Cms?pNid=247 [51] h t t p : / / w w w . c e l l s . e s / Beamlines/CLAESS/ [52] B. Lai and F. Cerrina, Nucl.

Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A. 246, 337 (1986).

[53] M. Rovezzi, Study of the Local Order around Magnetic Impurities in Semiconductors for Spintronics, PhD thesis, Université Joseph-Fourier Grenoble I, 2009.

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Neutron & Muon & Synchrotron Radiation News

MXCUBE2 DEFINES A NEW PARADIGM IN MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY DATA COLLECTION

D. de Sanctis, G. Leonard Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France Macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines have been undergoing an increasing evolution in automation based on improvements in robotics, with faster and better automatic sample mounters, diffractometers, and X-ray detectors based on pixel technologies. This evolution has resulted in both an increase in the productivity MX beamlines and an improvement in the quality of diffraction data collected on such facilities.

Moreover, the advent of microfocus beamlines has made it possible to collect data from microcrystals, allowing the investigation of ever more important structural biology targets, including G protein-coupled receptors, the significance of which has been recognized by award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2012.

the linking of these to exhaustive metadata descriptions of an experiment and to automated data analysis, has also evolved significantly in recent years.

The ISPyB (Information System for Protein CrystallographY Beamlines) Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS)[1], jointly developed by the ESRF, MRC-UK and the e-htpx initiative, stores metadata on every single measurement carried out at the ESRF MX beamlines. This metadata includes information of the sample definition and all details of the experiment performed as well as the results of recently-developed automatic data reduction pipelines. It is thus now possible to track a sample, from its arrival at the ESRF to the final data set used in publications. To fulfill the scientific needs of ESRF user

MXCuBE2 interface is ideally divided in three parts, the left one containing information over the samples, the mid part that displays the crystal mounted on the goniometer and with which is possible to interact, and the right part contains all data collections modes.

Stored positions are displayed in light green and yellow on the crystal However, developments in instrumentation have not been the only driving force behind the increase in scientific productivity of MX beamlines. Software for beamline control, driven by the twin needs of reliably performing complex experiments and

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[1] Delagenière S, Brenchereau P, Launer L, Ashton AW, Leal R, Veyrier S, Gabadinho J, Gordon EJ, Jones SD, Levik KE, McSweeney SM, Monaco S, Nanao M, Spruce D, Svensson O, Walsh MA, Leonard GA. Bioinformatics. 2011 Nov 15;27(22):3186-92

Neutron & Muon & Synchrotron Radiation News

community and to accompany the evolution of ESRF beamlines the metadata model of ISPyB and the corresponding user frontend are in continuous expansion. Indeed, it is now impossible to consider next-generation MX experiments at synchrotron sources in which many thousands of diffraction images coming from various micro-crystals will need to be analyzed and combined, without the experiment tracking provided by ISPyB. MXCuBE, a beamline control graphical user interface (GUI) for

at synchrotron sources (see above) have resulted in the development and deployment of an upgraded version of MXCuBE, MXCuBE2. MXCuBE2, written in the Python programming language, introduces a radical new appearance and provides an updated environment for performing complicated multi-crystal/multi-position MX experiments in a modular, logical and automatic fashion. Compared to its predecessor, the layout of MXCuBE2 has been simplified and permits a closer interaction

MXCuBE2 contains a new mesh tools that is used to test and characterize different position on the crystal. Different meshes can be drawn with variable beamsize. Spot with stronger diffraction are colored in light yellow on the crystal are displayed directly on screen (MX) experiments[2] that was developed at the ESRF. Since its release in 2005, MXCuBE has become the preferred data-acquisition software for structural biologists, providing a platform for modern high-throughput MX and allowing users to carry out experiments remotely. The GUI provides the user with an intuitive means of interacting with beamline components by using graphical icons and visual indicators rather than text-based interfaces. In such a way, MXCuBE has allowed users of the MX facilities at the ESRF to carry out their experiments in a more user-friendly environment while letting them benefit from the increasing automation available.

The future requirements of next-generation MX experiments [2] Gabadinho, J., Beteva, A., Guijarro, M., Rey-Bakaikoa, V., Spruce, D., Bowler, M. W., Brockhauser, S., Flot, D., Gordon, E. J., Hall, D. R., Lavault, B., McCarthy, A. A., McCarthy, J., Mitchell, E., Monaco, S., MuellerDieckmann, C., Nurizzo, D., Ravelli, R. B. G., Thibault, X., Walsh, M. A., Leonard, G. A. & McSweeney, S. M. (2010). J. Synchrotron Rad. 17, 700-707.

with the protein crystal while, at the same time, adding a growing number of new functionalities. Particularly useful are the possibility to store different positions on sample that are then either used for data collection with an X-ray beam of a defined size or to define areas on the sample that are to be analyzed or characterized.

MXCuBE2 can interact, by design, with external experiment descriptors, that can iteratively define and adjust the data collection parameters, based on results obtained by connected analysis. This use has been extensively developed with DAWN workflows that offer, in the same MXCuBE2 GUI, user friendly access to functionality including the diffraction based centering of a crystal in the X-ray beam and the reorientation of a crystal, using a multi-axis goniometer, after the automatic identification of crystal symmetry operators.

The development of MXCuBE2 has progressed in close symbiosis with the ISPyB database. The two resources are in constant communication: MXCuBE2 obtains from ISPyB information on

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Neutron & Muon & Synchrotron Radiation News

the sample that is to be collected, which include any preliminary data available, and appends in ISPyB, in real time, details of experiments performed. ISPyB also stores the results of any automatic data processing and reduction that is carried on a posteriori.

A level of Hardware abstraction permits the adaptation of MXCuBE2 to any kind of hardware environment and its interfacing with a variety of low-level control systems, thus making it compatible with most components on a synchrotron-based MX

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facility. This allows users to focus on samples and experiments, without having to have a specific knowledge on how the hardware is going to perform the latter. For this reason it is highly likely that MXCuBE2, developed as a joint effort - the MXCuBE collaboration - between the ESRF, other European synchrotron sites [SOLEIL, EMBL@PETRAIII, BESSY and MAXLAB] and the Cambridge-based computer software company Global Phasing Ltd will enjoy as much success as did its predecessor.

School & Meeting Reports

XII SCHOOL OF NEUTRON SCATTERING (SoNS) “FRANCESCO PAOLO RICCI” R. Carpenter

The Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (EMCSC) in the medieval town of Erice, Sicily, was the site of the XII School of Neutron Scattering (SoNS) Francesco Paolo Ricci (www.sonsfpricci.org/sons-school-2014), held 30 April through 9 May, 2014.

of course, Marsala wine. In addition to lectures and tutorials from well-known experts in the field of neutron scattering, the school incorporated presentations from other, related disciplines, for example, an enlightening presentation by Francesco Mallamace (Università di Messina) on studies of ancient paper using NMR techniques.

Lecturer Victoria Garcia-Sakai (ISIS, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, U.K.) managed a practical tutorial: the art of writing beam-time proposals. After evaluating and discussing real

Interrupting a coffee break to take a photograph Twenty students from Canada, Denmark, Russia, and Italy were treated to nine days of neutrons and fun at this spectacular location. Situated on a rock outcrop 800 m above sea level, Erice overlooks the salt ponds of Trapani and the Mediterranean beyond. The school offered an overview of the theory and techniques of neutron scattering with an emphasis on applications for cultural heritage, in a relaxed atmosphere with plenty of opportunity for students and lecturers to discuss science, socialize, and enjoy the local Sicilian cuisine and,

Communicating science on the patio

The mist rises over Erice proposals, students wrote their own proposals, which a panel of “experts” (school lecturers) critiqued during the final session of the school. The level of student proposals was excellent. We expect some to be submitted to major facilities and are certain they will be successful!

One highlight of the school was the discussion on communication in science, held in the elegant 16th-C. courtyard of the San Rocco convent cloisters. Led by Christiane Alba-Simionesco (LLB, CEA-CNRS) and inspired by initial thoughts from Roberta Reale, Luca Pizzimento, Mikkel Jensen Hartmann and Rhonda Carpenter, students and lecturers gathered in the sunshine to exchange experiences and opinions, which Giorgio Benedek, director of the EMCSC International School of Solid State Physics, quietly observed and enjoyed from the balcony of his room.

After a full day of neutrons, students and lecturers alike were happy to wind down with a cup of wine and taste of marzapane in the convent’s famous Marsala cellar. There the now even

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more famous â&#x20AC;&#x153;Piano Manâ&#x20AC;?, otherwise known as Giuseppe Gorini (UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano-Biocca), led the entertainment and sing-along sessions of popular international music from Mozart to Dylan to Fabrizio de Andre, Guccina, and Battisti - an excellent way to break down language barriers and build relations.

Participants visited the historic island of Mozia, which, dating from the 8th century BCE, the Phoenicians and then Carthaginians developed as a shipping center and staging post.

Because of its presence near the coasts of Trapani and Marsala, it became one of the most important settlements on the western Mediterranean trade route. However, after Dionysus of Syracuse laid waste to Mozia in 397 BCE, it practically disappeared from history, leaving only the little islet and its ancient artifacts to help us imagine its centuries of glory.

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The atmosphere of the school promoted a great deal of informal discussion and camaraderie among lecturers and students. Lecturers were encouraged to remain for the entire school, and everyone took lunch, coffee breaks, and dinners together. One student likened it to being part of a large family. Introductions and friendships that began here will lead the students to long-lasting relations in the neutron community.

We are indebted to Giorgio Benedek for including SoNS within the International School of Solid State Physics and for being such a gracious host. Next year SoNS becomes a formal International school in the EMCSC, taking place from 28 July to 3 August, 2015. Mark your calendars!

School & Meeting Reports

WORKSHOP ON FAST NEUTRON APPLICATIONS AT SPALLATION SOURCES The Cosenerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House, Abingdon, UK 30 September - 1 October 2013 G. Gorini, C. Frost, L. Zanini Summary The Workshop on fast neutron applications at spallation neutron sources was held on 30 September - 1 October 2013 at the Cosener's House in Abingdon, UK. It was organized and sponsored by ESS AB (Sweden), ISIS (UK) and CNR (Italy).

The goal of the workshop was to discuss possible applications of fast neutrons at high-power spallation sources such as ESS. Four different areas of interest had been previously identified:

chip irradiation, isotope production, fast neutron fission research, and fusion research. Forty participants attended, coming from these different communities. A summary of the main topics discussed is given below, which includes inputs from many of the workshop participants.

The workshop programme and presentations can be found at the link http://plone.esss.lu.se/fast-neutrons-workshop.

Participants on the Workshop on fast neutron applications at spallation sources

CHIP IRRADIATION Currently there are a few such facilities operating around the world (e.g. TRIUMF, Los Alamos, TSL at Uppsala). A few more are either in the construction stage (ChipIr at ISIS) or considered (CSNS in China or SNS in the USA).

ESS has potential to provide fast neutron beams of higher intensity than available now. ESS has capability to add SEE (Single Event Effect) testing. Is the provision of an additional single event testing facility a priority for ESS? Considerations on the higher possible fast neutron flux delivered at ESS indicate strong potential for SEE testing at ESS: looking ahead about 10 years one can expect that semiconductor devices will become more tolerant to radiation. As devices become more reliable higher fluxes will be required. This is what the ESS will be able

to do that cannot be done now.

Additionally, ESS will have the highest energy neutrons. With 2 GeV, ESS will extend the neutron energy range beyond what easily available today; there are cosmic ray neutrons extending to GeV energies. New materials may well introduce new problems at higher energies. There may be even new failure modes at high neutron energy that we are not aware of now.

The current provision was cited in a 2011 air accident report from the Australian Transport Safety Board as being inadequate, stating that there were significant logistical difficulties in obtaining access to appropriate test facilities and developing test software and procedures [p146 of ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY REPORT Aviation Occurrence Investigation, AO-2008-070,

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Final].

Further provision of facilities is perceived as a positive move as this will enable the field to expand from the current supply limited situation into one where adequate provision can be achieved. This will have several major effects: • Single event testing could become a more routine 'tool' and a normal part of the development process of new devices.

• It will allow expansion into emerging fields and sectors where single event effects have not been considered important.

• It will allow authorities to specifically 'require' testing with neutrons rather than ‘recommend’ testing as part of a more generalized reliability requirement.

Having many testing laboratories may help various industry sectors to further develop standards for radiation tolerance of semiconductor devices. Up to now, the setting of global standards has been limited by the number of suitable facilities, i.e. a lack of global capacity. As standards are developed, the demand for testing facilities will probably increase significantly and this has to be met with new facilities.

Suggestions for ESS: A consultation with key stakeholders needs to begin within the context of a potential development for single event effects at ESS; this very much follows the process carried out during the development of the ChipIr beamline at ISIS. Points to be discussed: • From the current perspective what are the expected

problems to emerge in this field in the next 5,10,20 years and how will they be addressed.

• What does industry/academia do now and how does the provision of facilities shape this; i.e. look in detail how industry/academia works with facilities, the good and the bad.

• What would industry/academia expect/like to see over various timescales both in terms of beam provision and wider facility provision (in the context of additional facilities coming on line – i.e. ChipIr).

• Is the additional capability that ESS is proposing required and/or will it be required into the future and what is its expected impact.

• Are there any 'game changing' things that ESS could do?

Suggestions for practical implementation at ESS: • Space needed: as much as you can. People bring quite a lot of equipment. Make it as easy as possible. Make the facility as user friendly as possible.

• ESS should begin to think of how to measure the energy dependence of the neutron flux. The easiest way is by time-of-flight but that would require a mode of operating with short (~1ns wide) pulses separated by a few microseconds (like Target-4 at LANSCE). It might be good to have the capability of short pulses even if it is used infrequently for calibration and diagnostic purposes. If we have several facilities testing semiconductor parts, we will need to come up with a way of accurately normalizing the fluxes between the facilities.

ISOTOPE PRODUCTION Are there opportunities for radioisotope production using fast neutrons at ESS? At the workshop, the focus was on isotope production for medical applications, but different applications are also possible and were discussed.

Today, most medical isotopes are produced by cyclotrons and thermal reactors. By far the most used radioisotope in the world for diagnostics is 99mTc, which comes from the decay of 99 Mo, produced so far in five reactors worldwide. The recent shut down of two of these reactors has caused concern about future shortage of this isotope. Alternative methods of productions are under study. One serious drawback of production in a spallation source would be that a spallation source is not continuously available.

Concerning therapy, there is a list of radioisotopes that are currently used, including 177Lu, 131I, 90Y. Are there opportunities for ESS? We have to look for potential clinical interest, sufficient half life, redundancy. The possible reactions to be exploited at ESS with fast neutrons would be: • (n,fission) reactions: do not seem to provide major gain over thermal fission, for isotopes of clinical interest.

• (n,α) reactions, for instance 35Cl(n,α) and 36Cl(n,α).

• (n,p) reactions; these reactions are of interest because

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they lead to non carrier added isotopes. Possible interesting isotopes would be 32,33P, 47Sc, 64,67Cu, 89Sr, 90Y, 169Er. • 99Mo: for that one would need to go to industrial production, and find producers for when the facility is down.

• (n,n') reactions.

• (n,2n) reactions with a possible candidate 195mPt for Auger therapy.

For several of these isotopes, due to the short half-life one would need weekly sample exchange.

Isotope production other than for medical use is also a possibility, which has successfully implemented at PSI in the ERAWAST program, and at the IPF facility in Los Alamos. At PSI, long-lived radioisotopes are extracted from beam dumps, from the SINQ cooling water, from the muon producing target, and from the STIP samples in the SINQ target. Their use is for basic nuclear research such as nuclear astrophysics.

However, one should keep in mind that a facility with unique capabilities is good for research, but not for industrialization, because the facility must be always available.

Suggestions for ESS: • As already discussed for the ChipIr case, a consultation

School & Meeting Reports

with key stakeholders would be necessary. There are workshops organized: start bringing people together, that may eventually bring proposals In the case of 99Mo, links should be with the industry.

• Link with users.

• Needed information: hot cells planning. An isotope production facility will require hot cells with manipulators and associated infrastructure. Space allocation could be made for these without them being built initially.

• Opportunities with high-energy protons may be also of interest. ○○ Irradiation at the beam dump. Maybe there is some room for isotope production? One could try to choose accordingly the material for the beam dump. ○○ One could think of other ways to produce isotopes, such as putting thin targets in the primary beam. This should be taken into account from the beginning.

FISSION The workshop participants discussed two possible applications of fast neutrons related to nuclear fission.

The first possible application is a proposal of measurement of fission products from fast neutron fission of minor actinides: need fast fluxes of at least 109 n/cm2/s. High fast fluxes at ESS would be unique. The time structure is not important, only the integral above 1 MeV matters. This kind of application seems promising for ESS. For this application one would need a beam port and an experimental area for the experiment. As these requirements are similar to those for chip irradiation, it could be possible to strengthen the case for the construction of an experimental room for both areas of research.

The second application discussed was irradiation of materials for fission reactors. What is critical is to know the dose and irradiation temperature well. Irradiation control is fundamental. The general feeling however was that irradiation conditions may be too distant from the required parameters for a representative irradiation. Additionally one potential show stopper for such application is the repetition rate of ESS: 14 Hz is difficult, because of the difficulty to control the temperature.

FUSION

for a timely licensing of DEMO. How can these dpa levels be achieved? Fission irradiation can be considered but requires adding dopants to the materials in order to reach the appropriate combination of dpas and gas production. Irradiation using spallation sources is an old idea; it was abandoned earlier on because of concerns raised by the effects of the high-energy neutrons from spallation (affecting the He/dpa ratio, effect of transmutation products).

Can this drawback be tolerated given the scarcity of suitable alternatives? The pulsed structure of a spallation source is another cause of concern to be addressed.

One suggestion is to look at the data that are available in the spallation community: there are radiation data from the spallation community at different temperatures.

The first neutronic calculations on fast neutrons at ESS indicate very promising irradiation parameters: up to 16 dpa/year with the facility running at full power of 5 MW for 200 days/year.

The corresponding values for gas production are: 15 appmHe/ dpa and 65 appmH/dpa. These are close to what is required for simulating the fusion first wall.

The temperature range of interest is between 250 and 600 °C. Required information from neutronics calculations: • transmutants impact up to 20 dpa.

• He/dpa.

• Possibility to decrease the high energy tail (e.g. by enhancing the rest of the neutron spectrum by use of reflectors).

Discussion on the decision process and required resources/ concepts: - The first step is the approval of ESS construction. The agreement for construction will be based on what is now in the cost book which does not include an irradiation test station for fusion applications.

- Some additional resources would be needed which can be provided in kind.

- The target design should be able to accommodate the fusion test station. This needs to be taken into account now.

- Engineering concepts are needed for temperature control, and for insertion/extraction of samples.

The DEMO program aims at production of electricity from fusion by 2050. ESS could be useful for irradiation of test materials for the DEMO program. Materials irradiation testing is essential for DEMO: radiation damage levels of 20-30 dpa are expected in the plasma-facing wall, and there is not at present a definitive choice on the material that will withstand this.

The DEMO development programme is composed of twelve projects, one of them being an "early" neutron source for material testing. This should come well before the IFMIF facility.

Irradiation at ESS would be a possibility.

Materials testing for fusion requires, say, 30 dpa in Fe by 2026

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ELECTRON-VOLT NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY, WITHER GOEST THOU? S. Fletcher,1 A. G. Seel,1 R. Senesi,2 F. Fernandez-Alonso1,3 1

ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom

2

Dipartimento di Fisica e Centro NAST, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle

Ricerche, CNR-IPCF, Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy 3

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom

In January 2014, scientists from across the world came together in Abingdon (United Kingdom) for a two-day meeting on the latest developments in electron-Volt neutron spectroscopy (eVs) [1]. This international workshop was jointly organised by the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, the Università degli Studi di Roma

provided a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of eVs, with particular emphasis on the current science and instrumentation program on the VESUVIO spectrometer at ISIS [5].

The event also represented an opportunity to bring together experimental and theoretical communities interested in nuclear quantum dynamics in condensed matter and the application

Figure 1. Workshop participants during a brief lapse of (well-deserved!) orderly respite

Tor Vergata, and the Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca.

Interest in the use of epithermal neutrons for condensed matter dates back to the advent of proton-driven spallation neutron sources in the 1970s and 1980s, resulting in a first major scientific meeting at Los Alamos (USA) in 1984 [2]. Following these initial efforts, the first and second editions of the present eVs workshop series were held in Abingdon (United Kingdom) in May 1995 and October 1998, the third edition was held in Santa Fe (New Mexico, USA) in April 2005 [3], the fourth at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA) in 2006, and the fifth in Rome (Italy) in 2010 [4]. This sixth edition [1]

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of eVs techniques in materials science. In addition to talks and Q&A sessions, the meeting was wrapped up by a two-hour discussion to delineate the way forward in the short, medium, and long terms.

The use of epithermal neutrons for high-resolution spectroscopic studies remains a unique feature of short-pulse, accelerator-driven spallation neutron sources. Much of the progress in the field is owed to joint and sustained research & development efforts at ISIS by the Italian and British communities over the past couple of decades, including novel detection methods,

School & Meeting Reports

data-analysis tools and protocols, not to forget emerging applications beyond fundamental condensed-matter research. In this context, VESUVIO remains the only neutron spectrometer of its kind in the world and has seen recent and significant improvements of its capabilities, leading to substantial gains in accuracy and reproducibility. This meeting provided a timely platform to discuss these developments in the context of current scientific trends.

The opening session focused on the quantum behaviour of hydrogen and deuterium as seen via nuclear-momentum-distribution measurements, an area of research that continues to be at the heart of the science programme on VESUVIO. Recent collaborative studies between experimentalists and theoreticians were presented, primarily aimed at a quantification of nuclear quantum effects in aqueous and hydrogen-bonded systems, including cases of extreme spatial confinement. These presentations provided a firm starting point for subsequent discussions on the underlying nature of eVs observables, in-

Figure 2. Dan Major (Bar-Ilan University, Israel) explains the importance of nuclear-quantum effects in enzyme catalysis

cluding the analysis and interpretation of Compton profiles in both ordered and disordered media. On a closely related front, these experimental studies also offer a direct link to the output of path-integral molecular dynamics simulations, yet it was also acknowledged that much remains to be done in order to facilitate a direct comparison between experimental data and first-principles predictions. The second session detailing ongoing studies on heavier nuclides followed naturally from the above, and included lithium- and oxygen-containing binary and ternary systems, as well as complex materials such as biocements. Falling under the umbrella of MAss-selective Neutron SpEctroscopy (MANSE), these more recent studies served to examine current capabilities and limitations on VESUVIO, as well as to explore future opportunities for MANSE in the study of heavier atoms, a new frontier for eVs with applications to the wider materials and applied sciences.

The last session of the first day was necessarily devoted to

developments in eVs instrumentation, taking as starting point the uniqueness of VESUVIO on the global stage. The detection of epithermal neutrons remains a key area of research & development efforts at ISIS, as well as a superb illustration of fruitful and continued collaborative efforts between ISIS and its international partners, particularly the Italian community.

Moreover, this session emphasized the yet-to-be-tapped potential offered by further technical developments on VESUVIO, so as to provide a step-change in experimental capabilities for detailed parametric and time-resolved studies, as well as much-needed enhancements in mass discrimination to expand the realm of applicability of the MANSE technique. Alternative and complementary epithermal neutron spectrometers such as MAPS at ISIS or SEQUOIA at the SNS were also brought to the fore and discussed in the context of current and future scientific needs and challenges. Beyond neutron instrumentation per se, new capabilities to treat eVs data within the MANTID framework [6] were also presented, leading to a subsequent discussion on the needs of the community in the provision of data-reduction and analysis tools so as to facilitate the interpretation of experimental data.

The second day focused on theoretical approaches, associated state-of-the-art computational tools, and their application to a variety of phenomena including collective proton tunnelling and ferroelectric behaviour in hydrogen-bonded media or enzyme catalysis. As illustrated by a number of international speakers, atomic momentum distributions are of great interest and relevance to theorists developing new methodologies for molecular and condensed-matter dynamics, a high-profile area in contemporary chemistry and physics. The ultimate aim of this line of research is to predict and quantify non-trivial effects associated with the quantum behaviour of the lighter elements in condensed matter, from hydrogen and its isotopic cousin deuterium to lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen.

Whereas this work is fundamental in nature, it is also transformational as it questions the very essence of our current understanding of ubiquitous phenomena such as proton transfer in aqueous and biological media or charge and mass transport in materials for energy applications. Likewise, these conceptual and methodological developments in first-principles simulations can also provide fresh insights into the properties of increasingly complex materials amenable to investigation with eVs. The second day ended with a lively discussion on perspectives and challenges for eVs techniques. The discussion emphasised the central role that VESUVIO continues to play in joint experimental and theoretical efforts to explore and unravel the essence of nuclear quantum dynamics in condensed matter.

This discussion session, as well as the questions posed to all speakers throughout the workshop, were documented and will form a set of conference proceedings. The attendees amply demonstrated that the science undertaken on VESUVIO

33

School & Meeting Reports

could be conveniently subdivided into an unabated interest in fundamental nuclear-quantum effects associated with particle delocalisation and interference, and emerging applications of MANSE in more practical scenarios. These two complementary areas were discussed in terms of future prospects, highlighting both systems to which each could contribute, as well as the role and importance of parallel efforts in computational modelling. The room may have been filled with experimentalists and theoreticians, yet it was abundantly clear that participants were certainly not confining themselves to their own communities!

More details of the conference programme including copies of the presentations can be found in Ref. [1] below. Conference proceedings will be published in a thematic volume in the open-access journal Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Based on the extensive input from all participants, these proceedings will follow a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Faraday Discussionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; style, including a detailed record of all discussions held, associated conclusions, and future prospects. ..........................................................................

References [1] www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/2014/ [2] www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5858602 and www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/5860709 [3] www.fisica.uniroma2.it/~vesuvio/dins/html/eV_workshop240405.htm [4] web129.its.me.cnr.it/workshop/ [5] www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/instruments/vesuvio/ [6] www.mantidproject.org/

34

Call for Proposal

CALL FOR PROPOSAL

NEUTRON SOURCES (deadline for proposal submission) http://nmi3.eu/about-nmi3/access-programme/facilities---submit-a-proposal.html

Any time

May 15, 2014 (for August - December cycle)

ANSTO http://www.ansto.gov.au/ResearchHub/UserAccess/index.htm BNC – AEKI Budapest Neutron Centre http://www.bnc.hu/?q=node/64

October 15, 2014 (for January – June cycle)

March 1 and September 1, annually

Any time

BER II – Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/beamtime/index_en.html CINS - Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering http://www.cins.ca/beam.html#apply

To be annunced

FRM-II – Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier Leibnitz http://www.mlz-garching.de/user-office

To be annunced

ILL - Institut Laue-Langevin http://www.ill.eu/users/call-for-proposals/

October 16, 2014 (for beamtime cycle in 2015)

To be annunced

April 1 and October 1, annually

To be annunced

ISIS – Rutherford Appleton Laboratory http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/user-office/useroffice.html JCNS - Jülich Centre for Neutron Science http://www.jcns.de/ LLB - Laboratoire Léon Brillouin http://www-llb.cea.fr/en/Web/avr2000_e.php MLZ – Heinz Maier Leibnitz Zentrum http://www.mlz-garching.de/user-office

Any time

NPI – Nuclear Physics Institute http://neutron.ujf.cas.cz/en/instruments/user-access/nmi3

Any time

RID - Reactor Institute Delft http://tnw.tudelft.nl/index.php?id=33195&L=1

May 15 and November 15, annually

SINQ - Swiss Spallation Neutron Source

35

Call for Proposal

June 10 and December 9, annually

To be announced

36

http://www.psi.ch/useroffice/proposal-deadlines SµS – Paul Scherrer Institute http://www.psi.ch/useroffice/sinqss-nmi3 SNS – Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://neutrons.ornl.gov/

Call for Proposal

CALL FOR PROPOSAL SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES

(deadline for proposal submission) http://www.lightsources.org

September 3, 2014 (General User Proposals for August–December cycle)

Any time

ALS - Advanced Light Source http://www-als.lbl.gov/index.php/component/content/article/58.html

(for Rapid Access Proposals)

June 30 and January 15, annually (for the scheduling periods October -March

ANKA - Institute for Synchrotron Radiation http://www.anka.kit.edu/english/554.php

and April - September, respectively)

July 11, 2014 (2014-3: for the period between October and December 2014)

APS - Advanced Photon Source http://www.aps.anl.gov/Users/Calendars/GUP_Calendar.htm

October 31, 2014 (2015-1: for the period between January and April 2015)

To be announced

March 1 and September 1, annually

Any time

July 16, 2014 (additional facility time for the period between

AS - Australian Synchrotron http://www.synchrotron.org.au/index.php/features/ applying-for-beamtime/normal-proposals BESSY II – Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/ beamtime/proposals/index_en.html BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility http://english.bsrf.ihep.cas.cn/facilityinformation/ CFN - Center for Functional Nanomaterials http://www.bnl.gov/cfn

September and December 2014)

Any time

September 4, 2014 (for the period between January and June 2014)

July 11, 2014 October 31, 2014 March 6, 2015

CHESS - Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source http://www.chess.cornell.edu/prposals/index.htm CLS - Canadian Light Source http://www.lightsource.ca/uso/call_proposals.php CNM - Center for Nanoscale Materials http://nano.anl.gov/users/call_for_proposals.html

37

Call for Proposal

September 1, 2014 (for FLASH proposals)

DESY– Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron http://photon-science.desy.de/users_area/index_eng.html

September 1, 2014 (for Petra III proposals)

To be published (for Commissioning Calls)

Diamond - Diamond Light Source http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Users.html

April 1 and October 1, annually (for Direct Access)

April 1 and October 1, annually (for Programme Access)

March 17, 2015 (for the period between July and December 2015)

September 1, 2014 (for the period between March 2015 and July 2015)

ELETTRA http://www.elettra.trieste.it/userarea/elettra-call-for-proposals.html ESRF - European Synchrotron Radiation Facility http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/UserGuide/Applying

January 15, 2014 (for Long-Term Project (LTP) applications)

July 15, 2014 (for the period between October and March 2015)

September 30, 2014

To be announced

July 29, 2014

FOUNDRY - The Molecular Foundry https://isswprod.lbl.gov/TMF/login.aspx ISA - Institute for Storage Ring Facilities http://www.isa.au.dk/user/access.asp LCLS - Linac Coherent Light Source http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls/users/

To be announced

LNLS - Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron http://lnls.cnpem.br

To be announced

MAX-lab https://www.maxlab.lu.se/calls

To be announced

NSLS - National Synchrotron Light Source https://pass.nsls.bnl.gov/deadlines.asp

September 30, annually (for the period between January and April)

January 31, annually (for the period between May and August)

May 31, annually (for the period between September and December)

38

FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared experiments http://www.ru.nl/felix/

NSRRC - National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center http://portal.nsrrc.org.tw/index.php

Call for Proposal

To be announced

PAL http://paleng.postech.ac.kr/

To be announced

PF - Photon Factory http://pfwww.kek.jp/users_info/users_guide_e/

June 13, 2014

October 15, 2014 (for PX Beamlines)

SACLA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Spring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron laser http://sacla.xfel.jp/?lang=en SLS - Swiss Light Source http://www.psi.ch/sls/calls

September 15, 2015 (for non-PX Beamlines)

February 15, annually September 15, annually

SOLEIL http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/Recherche/SUN

(for standard proposal for the period between September and February, and March and July, respectively)

September 15, 2014 (for BAG proposal for the period between March and February)

To be announced

September 17 (Crystallography Proposals for November

SRC - Synchrotron Radiation Center http://www.src.wisc.edu/users/apply_for_beamtime_IR.htm SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource http://ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/user-resources/ssrl-deadlines

- February scheduling)

August 15, 2014 (X-ray/VUV proposals for November - February scheduling)

November 15, 2014 (X-ray/VUV proposals for February - May scheduling)

39

Calendar

CALENDAR

July 1 – 4, 2014 Villingen, Switzerland

July 6 – August 2, 2014 Grenoble, France

July 7 – 11, 2014 Cambridge, UK

July 7 – 11, 2014 Hamburg, Germany

ESRF/ILL International Student Summer Programme on X-Ray and Neutron Science http://www.esrf.eu/home/events/conferences/x-ray-summer. html

International Conference on High Frustrated Magnetism http://hfm2014.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/

13th Surface X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Conference (SXNS) http://www.sxns13.de/

July 7 – 11, 2014 Grenoble, France

SCES 2014 http://www.sces2014.org/

July 9 – 11, 2014 Paris, France

Neutrons & Food http://neutronsandfood.com/

July 14 – 18, 2014 Gaithersburg, USA

July 14 – August 18, 2014 Stockholm, Sweden

40

PSI Powder Diffraction School 2014 https://indico.psi.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=2592

Summer School on Methods and Applications of Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Neutron Reflectometry http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/summerschool/ss14/index.html

Novel Directions in Frustrated and Critical Magnetism http://agenda.albanova.se/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=3874

Calendar

July 16 – 18, 2014 Oak Ridge, USA

Workshop on Structure and Dynamics of Confined and Interfacial Fluids https://neutrons.ornl.gov/conf/sdf2014/index.shtml

July 21 – 25, 2014 Coventry, UK

International Conference on the Structure of Surfaces https://www.iopconferences.org/iop/frontend/reg/ thome.csp?pageID=106741&ef_sel_menu=2125&eventID=264&eventID=264

July 21 – 25, 2014 Lisbon, Portugal

9th Liquid Matter Conference http://www.fc.ul.pt/en/conferencia/liquids-2014/

August 5 – 12, 2014 Montreal, Canada

23rd Congress and General Assembly of the Int. Union of Crystallography http://www.iucr2014.org/

August 9 – 18, 2014 Zug, Switzerland

2014 PSI Summer School on Condensed Matter Research http://www.psi.ch/summerschool

August 20 – 29, 2014 Berlin, Germany

September 1 – 12, 2014 Jülich and Garching, Germany

Neutron Scattering Applications to Hydrogen Storage Materials http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/events/ hydrogen-school-2014/index_en.html

18th JCNS Laboratory Course – Neutron Scattering 2014 http://www.neutronlab.de/

September 13 – 22, 2014 Valle Aurina (Bolzano), Italy and Grenoble, France

Learning Days of the Italian Society of Neutron Spectroscopy http://www.sisn.it/

September 15 – 17, 2014 Villingen, Switzerland

2nd International Conference on Science at Free Electron Lasers (Science@FELs 2014) https://indico.psi.ch/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=2910

41

Calendar

September 15 – 19, 2014 Sydney, Australia

Polarised Neutrons for Condensed-Matter Investigations Conference http://www.ansto.gov.au/Events/PNCMI2014/

September 15 – 19, 2014 Grenoble, France

HSC17: “Dynamical Properties Investigated by Neutrons and Synchrotron X-rays” http://www.esrf.eu/home/events/conferences/HSC/hsc17. html

September 21 – 23, 2014 Bonn, Germany

SNI 2014 http://sni-portal.uni-kiel.de/sni2014/index-engl.php

September 21 – 26, 2014 Ile d’Oléron, France

Journées de la Diffusion Neutronique (JDN22) http://www.sfn.asso.fr/

September 24 – 26, 2014 Zaragoza, Spain

NMI3-II General Assembly http://nmi3.eu/news-and-media/calendar/show-individual-event.html?back=yes&eventid=194

September 24 – 31, 2014 Stockholm, Sweden

RACIRI Summer School 2014 http://www.raciri.org

September 25 – 27, 2014 Berlin, Germany

17th Heart-of-Europe Bio-Crystallography Meeting 2014 (HEC– 17) http://www.agklebe.de/

September 29 – October 3, 2014 Mito, Ibaraki, Japan

International Collaboration on Advanced Neutron Sources (ICANS XXI) http://j-parc.jp/researcher/MatLife/en/meetings/ICANS_XXI/ index.html

October 5 – 10, 2014 Grindelwald, Switzerland

October 6 – 10, 2014 Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary

42

10th World Conference on Neutron Radiography http://www.psi.ch/wcnr10

International Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes http://www.ic-cmtp3.eu/

Calendar

October 12 – 16, 2014 North Leigh, UK

8th International Workshop on Sample Environment at Neutron Scattering Facilities (SE@NSF 2014) https://eventbooking.stfc.ac.uk/news-events/se-at-nsf-2014

October 13 – 17, 2014 Saint-Aubin, France

4eme Ecole de Cristallographie http://cge2014.impmc.upmc.fr/index.html

October 19 – 23, 2014 Tutzing (Munich), Germany

November 24 – 25, 2014 Rome, Italy

December 8 – 11, 2014 Saclay, France

JCNS Workshop on Neutron Instrumentation http://www.fz-juelich.de/jcns/JCNS-Workshop2014

Conference: Magnetism vs Large Scale Facilities http://www.aimagn.it/magnetism-vs.-large-facilities.

Fan du LLB School http://www-llb.cea.fr/fanLLB/index.php

43

Facilities

FACILITIES WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD

NEUTRON SOURCES

http://nmi3.eu/neutron-research/where.html ANSTO Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization Phone: + 61 2 9717 3111 Fax: + 61 2 9543 5097 Email: info(at)synchrotron.org.au http://www.ansto.gov.au BER II, BESSY II Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Phone: +49-30 / 80 62 - 42778 Fax: +49-30 / 80 62 – 42523 Email: neutrons(at)helmholtz-berlin.de http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/user/neutrons BNC – AEKI Budapest Neutron Centre Phone: +36 1 392 2222 Fax: +36 1 395 9162 Email: tozser(at)sunserv.kfki.hu http://www.bnc.hu CAB

Email: tamas.BELGYA(at)energia.mta.hu http://www.energia.mta.hu CSNS Phone: 86 10 68597289 Fax: 86 10 68512458 Email: cas_en(at)stimes.cn http://english.cas.ac.cn ESS European Spallation Source Phone: +46 (0)46 888 30 00 Email: info(at)esss.se http://www.esss.se FLNP Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Phone: (7-49621) 65-657 Fax: (7-49621) 65-085 Email: belushk(at)nf.jinr.ru http://flnp.jinr.ru/25 FRM II

Centro Atómico Bariloche Phone: +54 2944 44 5100 Fax: +54 2944 44 5299 Email: info(at)cab.cnea.gov.ar http://www.cab.cnea.gov.ar Canadian Neutron Beam Centre Phone: +1-866-513-2325 Email: communications(at)aecl.ca http://www.aecl.ca/en/home/facilities-and-expertise/cnbc.aspx Centre for Energy Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Phone: +36-1-392-2539 Fax: +36-1-392-2533

44

Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Phone: +49 (0) 89 289 10794 Fax: +49 (0) 89 289 10799 Email: useroffice(at)mlz-garching.de http://www.mlz-garching.de/user-office GEMS German Engineering Materials Science Centre Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht Phone: +49 4152 871254 Fax: +49 4152 871338 Email: klaus.pranzas(at)hzg.de http://www.hzg.de/central_departments/gems/index.html.de

Facilities

HANARO

ISIS

Center for Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Phone: +82 42 868-8120 Fax: +82 42 868-8448 http://hanaro.kaeri.re.kr

Science and Technology Facilities Council Phone: +44 (0) 1235 445592 Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103 Email: uls(at)isis.rl.ac.uk http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk/user-office/useroffice.html http://www.isis.stfc.ac.uk

HFIR ORNL, Oak Ridge, USA Phone: 865-576-0214 Fax: 865-574-096 Email: burnettese(at)ornl.gov http://neutrons.ornl.gov/facilities/HFIR/experiment.shtml IBR-2 Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Phone: (7-49621) 65-657 Fax: (7-49621) 65-085 Email: shv(at)nf.jinr.ru http://flnp.jinr.ru/34 Institute for Energy Technology Phone: +47 63 80 60 00 Fax: +47 63 81 63 56 Email: firmapost(at)ife.no http://www.ife.no/en ILL Institute Laue-Langevin Phone: + 33 (0)4 76 20 71 11 Fax: + 33 (0)4 76 48 39 06 Email: cico(at)ill.fr and sco(at)ill.fr http://www.ill.eu IPEN Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Research Phone: 226-0030, 226-0033226 Email: ceid(at)ipen.gob.pe http://www.ipen.gob.pe/site/index/index.htm Argonne National Laboratory

JCNS Operating instruments at FRM II/TUM Jülich Centre for Neutron Science Phone: +49 (0)2461 614750 Fax: +49 (0)2461 612610 Email: neutron(at)fz-juelich.de d.richter(at)fz-juelich.de (for JCNS-1) t.brueckel(at)fz-juelich.de (for JCNS-2) http://www.fz-juelich.de J-PARC CROSS-Tokai Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology Phone: +81-29-284-3398 Fax: +81-29-284-3286 Email: j-uo(at)ml.j-parc.jp http://j-parc.jp/index-e.html JRR-3M Fax: +81 292 82 59227 Phoneex: JAERIJ24596E Email: www-admin(at)www.jaea.go.jp http://www.jaea.go.jp/jaeri/english/index.html JEEP-II Reactor Phone: +47 63 806000, 806275 Fax: +47 63 816356 Email: kjell.bendiksen(at)ife.no http://www.ife.no/en/Frontpage-en Kalpakkam Mini reactor (KAMINI) Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research http://www.igcar.ernet.in

Phone: 630/252-2000 http://www.anl.gov/user-facilities

45

Facilities

KENS

MURR

Institute of Materials Structure Science High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Email: kens-pac(at)nml.kek.jp http://neutron-www.kek.jp/index_e.html

Phone: 1.573.882.4211 Email: MURRCustomerService(at)missouri.edu http://www.murr.missouri.edu

KURRI Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute Phone: +81-72-451-2300 Fax: +81-72-451-2600 http://www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en LANSCE Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre Phone: 505-665-1010 Fax: 505-667-8830 Email: lansce-user-office(at)lanl.gov http://lansce.lanl.gov LENS Low Energy Neutron Source of Indiana University Phone: +1 (812) 8561458 Email: pesokol(at)indiana.edu http://www.indiana.edu/~lens/index.html LLB Laboratoire Léon Brillouin Phone: 33-(0)1 69 08 60 38 Fax: 33-(0)1 69 08 82 61 Email: proposals-llb(at)cea.fr http://www-llb.cea.fr/en McMASTER NUCLEAR REACTOR Phone: 905-525-9140 Ext. 26223 Fax: 905-524-3994 Email: reactor(at)mcmaster.ca http://mnr.mcmaster.ca

NESCA Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa http://www.necsa.co.za/default.aspx NIST Center for Neutron Research Phone: (301) 975-6210 Fax: (301) 869-4770 Email: Robert.dimeo(at)nist.gov http://www.ncnr.nist.gov NPL – NRI Nuclear Physics Institute Phone: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428 Fax: +420 2 20941155 Email: onf(at)ujf.cas.cz http://neutron.ujf.cas.cz NPRE Department of Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering Phone: +1 217 333-2295 Fax: +1 217 333-2906 Email: nuclear(at)illinois.edu http://npre.illinois.edu NRU Chalk River Laboratories Phone: 613-584-8293 Fax: 613-584-4040 Email: info(at)cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca http://nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng/mycommunity/facilities/chalkriver/chalkriver_facilities.cfm Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy Phone: 226-0030 and 226-0033 http://www.ipen.gob.pe/site/index/index.htm

MIT Nuclear reactor Laboratory Email: nrl-rrs(at)mit.edu http://web.mit.edu/nrl/www

46

Facilities

PIK

http://neutrons.ornl.gov

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Phone: +7(813-71) 46025, +7(813-71) 46047 Fax: +7(813-71) 36025, +7(813-71) 31347 Email: dir(at)pnpi.spb.ru http://www.pnpi.spb.ru

TRIGA – Mark II Reactor

Reactor Triga Puspati (RTP)

TRIGA – Reactor Infrastructure Centre

Email: Zarina(at)nuclearmalaysia.gov.my http://www.nuclearmalaysia.gov.my/ Plant&Facilities/reactor.php

Phone: +386 1 588 5450 Fax: +386 1 588 5377 http://www.rcp.ijs.si/ric/index-a.htm

Phone: +43-1-58801-141202 Fax: +43-1-58801-14199 http://ati.tuwien.ac.at/startpage/EN

RIC Reactor Infrasctructure Centre Phone: +386 1 588 5450 Fax: +386 1 588 5377 http://www.rcp.ijs.si/ric/index-a.htm RID Reactor Institute Delft (NL) Phone: +31 (0)15 278 5052 Fax: +31 (0)15 278 6422 Email: secretary-rid(at)tudelft.nl http://www.rid.tudelft.nl RISØ DTU Phone: +45 4677 4677 Fax: +45 4677 5688 Email: risoe(at)risoe.dtu.dk http://www.risoe.dtu.dk SINQ Paul Scherrer Institute Phone: +41 56 310 4666 Fax: +41 56 3103294 Email: useroffice(at)psi.ch http://www.psi.ch/sinq SNS Spallation Neutron Source Phone: 865.241.5644 Fax: (865) 241-5177 Email: neutronusers(at)ornl.gov

47

Facilities

FACILITIES

SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES

WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD www.lightsources.org Aichi Synchrotron Radiation Center

BESSY II

http://www.astf-kha.jp/synchrotron/en

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Phone: +49 (0)30 - 8062-0 Fax: +49 (0)30 8062 - 42181 Email: info(at)helmholtz-berlin.de http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de

ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility Phone: +34 93 592 44 19 Fax: +34 93 592 43 01 Email: useroffice(at)cells.es http://www.cells.es ALS Advanced Light Source Phone: 510.486.7745 Fax: 510.486.4773 Email: alsuser(at)lbl.gov http://www-als.lbl.gov/als ANKA Angstromquelle Karlsruhe Phone: +49 (0)7247 / 82-6188 Fax: +49-(0)7247 / 82-8677 Email: info(at)fzk.de http://ankaweb.fzk.de APS Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory Phone: (630) 252-2000 Fax: +1 708 252 3222 Email: fenner(at)aps.anl.gov Http://www.aps.anl.gov AS Australian Synchrotron Phone: +61 3 8540 4100 Fax: +61 3 8540 4200 Email: info(at)synchrotron.org.au Http://www.synchrotron.org.au

48

BSRF Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: 86-10-88235027, 86-10-88236229 Fax: 86-10-68186229 Email: bsrfhew(at)ihep.ac.cn yumj(at)ihep.ac.cn http://bsrf.ihep.cas.cn CAMD Center Advanced Microstructures & Devices Phone: +1 (225) 578-8887 Fax: +1 (225) 578-6954 Email: leeann(at)lsu.edu http://www.camd.lsu.edu CANDLE Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveries using Light Emission Phone/Fax : +(37 4-10) 629806 Email: baghiryan(at)asls.candle.am http://www.candle.am/index.html CESLAB Central European Synchrotron Laboratory Phone: +420-541517500 Email: kozubek(at)ibp.cz http://www.xray.cz CFN Center for Functional Nanomaterials Phone: +1 (631) 344-6266

Facilities

Fax: +1 (631) 344-3093 Email: cfnuser(at)bnl.gov http://www.bnl.gov/cfn CHESS Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source Phone: 607-255-7163 Fax: 607-255-9001 http://www.chess.cornell.edu CLIO Centre Laser Infrarouge dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Orsay Phone: +33 01 69 15 32 94 Fax: +33 01 69 15 32 28 Email: accueil-clio(at)lcp.u-psud.fr http://clio.lcp.u-psud.fr/clio_eng/clio_eng.htm CLS Canadian Light Source Phone: (306) 657-3500 Fax: (306) 657-3535 Email: clsuo(at)lightsource.ca http://www.lightsource.ca CNM Center for Nanoscale Materials Phone: 630.252.6952 Fax: 630.252.5739 Email: carrieclark(at)anl.gov http://nano.anl.gov/facilities/index.html CTST Institute for Terahertz Science and Technology (ITST) Phone: +1 805 893 8576 Fax: +1 805 893 8170 Email: manager(at)itst.ucsb.edu http://www.itst.ucsb.edu DAFNE Light INFN-LNF Phone: +39 06 94031 Fax: +39 06 9403 2582 http://web.infn.it/Dafne_Light/

DELSY Dubna ELectron SYnchrotron Phone: + 7 09621 65 059 Fax: + 7 09621 65 891 Email: post(at)jinr.ru Http://wwwinfo.jinr.ru/delsy/variant-21june.htm DELTA Dortmund Electron Storage Ring Facility FELICITA I (FEL) Phone: +49-(0)231-755-5376 Fax: +49-(0)231-755-5383 Email: shaukat.khan(at)tu-dortmund.de http://www.delta.tu-dortmund.de DFELL Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory Phone: 919-660-2681 Fax: 919-660-2671 Email: beamtime(at)fel.duke.edu http://www.fel.duke.edu Diamond Light Source Phone: +44 (0)1235 778000 Fax: +44 (0)1235 778499 Email: useroffice(at)diamond.ac.uk http://www.diamond.ac.uk/default.htm ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Laboratory Phone: +39 40 37581 Fax: +39 (040) 938-0902 Email: useroffice(at)elettra.eu http://www.elettra.trieste.it ELSA Electron Stretcher Accelerator Phone: +49-228-733617 Email: hillert(at)physik.uni-bonn.de http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/elsa-facility_en.html ESRF European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.

49

Facilities

Phone: +33 (0)4 7688 2000 Fax: +33 (0)4 7688 2020 Email: useroff(at)esrf.fr http://www.esrf.eu FELBE Free-Electron Lasers at the ELBE Radiation Source at the HZDR Dresden-Rossendorf Phone: +49 (0)351 260 - 0 Fax: +49 (0)351 269 - 0461 Email: m.helm(at)hzdr.de http://www.hzdr.de/db/Cms?pNid=471 FELIX Free Electron Laser for Infrared experiments Phone: +31-30-6096999 Fax: +31-30-6031204 Email: felix(at)science.ru.nl http://www.lightsources.org/facility/felix FOUNDRY The Molecular Foundry Phone: +1 - 510.486.4088 Email: rjkelly(at)lbl.gov http://foundry.lbl.gov/index.html HASYLAB Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor DORIS III, PETRA II / III, FLASH Phone: +49 40 / 8998-2304 Fax: +49 40 / 8998-2020 Email: HASYLAB(at)DESY.de http://hasylab.desy.de

HSRC Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center HiSOR Phone: +81 82 424 6293 Fax: +81 82 424 6294 http://www.hsrc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/index.html ifel

http://www.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/index.html ILSF Iranian Light Source Facility Fax: +98 21 2281 3722 Email: ILSF(at)ipm.ir http://ilsf.ipm.ac.ir INDUS -1 / INDUS -2 Centre for Advanced Technology Phone: +91-731-248-8003 Fax: 91-731-248-8000 Email: rvn(at)cat.ernet.in http://www.cat.ernet.in Institute of Metal Physics Phone: + (380) 44 424-31-10 Email: metall(at)imp.kiev.ua http://www.imp.kiev.ua/ IR FEL Research Center FEL-SUT Phone: +81 4-7121-4290 Fax: +81 4-7121-4298 Email: felsut(at)rs.noda.sut.ac.jp http://www.rs.noda.tus.ac.jp/fel-tus ISA Institute for Storage Ring Facilities - ASTRID-1 Phone: +45 8942 3778 Fax: +45 8612 0740 Email: fyssp(at)phys.au.dk http://www.isa.au.dk ISI-800 Institute of Metal Physics - Ukraine Phone: +(380) 44 424-1005 Fax: +(380) 44 424-2561 Email: metall(at)imp.kiev.ua http://www.imp.kiev.ua/ (Russian) ITST

Phone: +81-(0)72-897-6410 Email: web_masters(at)eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

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Institute for Teraherz Science and Technology Phone: 805.893-8576

Facilities

Email: manager(at)itst.ucsb.edu http://www.itst.ucsb.edu Jlab Jefferson Lab FEL Phone: (757) 269-7100 Fax: (757) 269-7848 Http://www.jlab.org/FEL Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology Pulse Stretcher/Synchrotron Radiation Phone: +38 (057) 335-35-30 Fax: +38 (057) 335-16-88 http://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/.indexe.html KSR - Nuclear Science Research Facility Accelerator Laboratory Phone: +81 774 38 3290 Fax: +81 774 38 3289 Email: noda(at)kyticr.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp http://sun.scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~sakabe/ARCBS-Home.html KSRS Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source Siberia-1 / Siberia-2 Phone: 8-499-196-96-45 Email: presscentr(at)kiae.ru http://www.lightsources.org/facility/ksrs http://www.nrcki.ru/e/engl.html LCLS Linac Coherent Light Source Phone: +1 (650) 926-3191 Fax: +1 (650) 926-3600 Email: knotts(at)ssrl.slac.stanford.edu http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls LNLS Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron Phone: +55 (0) 19 3512-1010 Fax: +55 (0)19 3512-1004 Email: lnlscomunica(at)abtlus.org.br http://lnls.cnpem.br

MAX IV Laboratory Phone: +46-222 9872 Fax: +46-222 4710 Email: maxlab(at)maxlab.lu.se http://www.maxlab.lu.se Medical Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81-(0)43-251-2111 Email: kokusai(at)nirs.go.jp http://www.nirs.go.jp/ENG/index.html MLS - Metrology Light Source Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Phone: +49 30 3481 7312 Fax: +49 30 3481 7550 Email: Gerhard.Ulm(at)ptb.de http://www.ptb.de/mls NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source Phone: +1 (631) 344-7976 Fax: +1 (631) 344-7206 Email: nslsuser(at)bnl.gov http://www.nsls.bnl.gov NSRL National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Phone: +86-551-3601989 Fax: +86-551-5141078 Email: zdh(at)ustc.edu.cn http://www.nsrl.ustc.edu.cn/en NSRRC National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Phone: +886-3-578-0281 Fax: +886-3-578-9816 Email: user(at)nsrrc.org.tw http://www.nsrrc.org.tw NSSR Nagoya University Small Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81-(0)43-251-2111 Email: nuinfo(at)post.jimu.nagoya-u.ac.jp

51

Facilities

http://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp PAL Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Phone: +82 10 2520 3078 Email: huang(at)postech.ac.kr http://paleng.postech.ac.kr PF Photon Factory Phone: +81 (0)-29-879-6009 Fax: +81 (0)-29-864-4402 Email: users.office2(at)post.kek.jp http://pfwww.kek.jp PSLS Polish Synchrotron Light Source Phone: +48 (12) 663 58 20 Email: mail(at)synchrotron.pl http://www.synchrotron.uj.edu.pl RitS Ritsumeikan University SR Center Phone: +81 (0)77 561-2806 Fax: +81 (0)77 561-2859 Email: d11-www-adm(at)se.ritsumei.ac.jp http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/src/index.htm SAGA-LS Saga Light Source Phone: +81-942-83-5017 Fax: +81-942-83-5196 Email: info(at)saga-ls.jp http://www.lightsources.org/facility/sagals SESAME Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East Phone: +962-5 3511348, ext.203 Fax: +962-5 3511423 http://www.sesame.org.jo/sesame SLS Swiss Light Source

52

Phone: +41 56 310 4666 Fax: +41 56 310 3294 Email: useroffice(at)psi.ch http://www.psi.ch/sls SOLEIL Phone: +33 1 6935 9652 Fax: +33 1 6935 9456 Email: frederique.fraissard(at)synchrotron-soleil.fr http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/portal/page/portal/Accueil SPL Siam Photon Laboratory Phone: +66 44 21 7040 Fax: +66 44 21 7047 Email: siampl(at)slri.or.th http://www.slri.or.th/ SPring-8 Phone: +81-(0) 791-58-0961 Fax: +81-(0) 791-58-0965 Email: sp8jasri(at)spring8.or.jp http://www.spring8.or.jp/en SRC Synchrotron Radiation Center Phone: +1 (608) 877-2000 Fax: +1 (608) 877-2001 http://www.src.wisc.edu SSLS Singapore Synchrotron Light Source - Helios II Phone: (65) 6874-6568 Fax: (65) 6773-6734 http://ssls.nus.edu.sg/index.html SSRC Siberian Synchrotron Research Centre VEPP3/VEPP4 Phone: +7(3832)39-44-98 Fax: +7(3832)34-21-63 Email: G.N.Kulipanov(at)inp.nsk.su http://ssrc.inp.nsk.su

Facilities

SSRF

TNK

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Email: ssrf(at)sinap.ac.cn http://ssrf.sinap.ac.cn/english

F.V. Lukin Institute Phone: +7(095) 531-1306 / +7(095) 531-1603 Fax: +7(095) 531-4656 Email: info(at)ckp.su http://www.niifp.ru/page/sinhrotron

SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Phone: +1 650-926-3191 Fax: +1 650-926-3600 Email: knotts(at)ssrl.slac.stanford.edu http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/index.html SuperSOR Synchrotron Radiation Facility Phone: +81 (0471) 36-3405 Fax: +81(0471) 34-6041 Email: kakizaki(at)issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp http://www.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/labs/sor/project/MENU.html SURF Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility Phone: +1 (301) 975-4200 Email: inquiries(at)nist.gov http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/SURF/SURF/index.html

TSRF Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation Facility Laboratory of Nuclear Science Phone: +81 (022)-743-3400 Fax: +81 (022)-743-3401 Email: koho(at)LNS.tohoku.ac.jp http://www.lns.tohoku.ac.jp/index.php UVSOR Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation Facility Phone: +81 564 55 7402 Fax: +81 564 54 7079 Email: mkatoh(at)ims.ac.jp http://www.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/defaultE.html

Information on Conference Announcements and Advertising for Europe and US, rates and inserts can be found at: • http://neutronielucedisincrotrone.cnr.it/ • nnls.secretary(at)cnr.it Notiziario Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone, the semestral magazine for users, is available on our web site. To register a free subscription, please visit: • http://neutronielucedisincrotrone.cnr.it/

53

BOOK REVIEW • Laser-Based Measurements for Time and Frequency Domain Applications: A Handbook P. Maddaloni, M. Bellini, P. De Natale

SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS • Vacancy Defects and Monopole Dynamics in Oxygen Deficient Pyrochlores G. Sala, D. G. Porter, J. P. Goff, M. J. Gutmann, D. Prabhakaran, D. Pomaranski, C. Mitchelitis, J. B. Kycia, C. Castelnovo

RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES • The Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering Research: The Bragg Institute P. Imperia

• X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: the Italian Beamline GILDA at the ESRF F. d’Acapito, A. Trapananti , S. Torrengo , S. Mobilio

NEUTRON & MUON & SYNCHROTRON RADIATION NEWS • MXCuBE2 Defines a New Paradigm in Macromolecular Crystallography Data Collection D. de Sanctis, G. Leonard

SCHOOL & MEETING REPORTS • XII School of Neutron Scattering (SoNS) “Francesco Paolo Ricci” R. Carpenter

• Workshop on Fast Neutron Applications at Spallation Sources G. Gorini, C. Frost, L. Zanini

• Electron-volt Neutron Spectroscopy, Wither Goest Thou?

S. Fletcher, A. G. Seel, R. Senesi, F. Fernandez-Alonso