Emphasizing exploration over presentation

Emphasizing exploration over presentation

Moving beyond the Map Communication Model in visualization 
 of spatial information.

Nora Morales Vision Plus IIID MĂŠxico UAM Cuajimalpa

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‌ Maps and Agency Exploration

Confirmation

Synthesis

Presentation

Arthur Robinson introduced a more rigorous approach to cartography, but mapping have gone well beyond of what Robinson would have guess in the mid-century.

New geomedia technologies

4

New geomedia technologies

4

Traditionally •

Present stable known information

Now •

5

Exploratory environments where knowledge is constructed

J.B. Harley •

Developed the idea of maps as practices and relations of power and knowledge

•

Challenged the cartographic assumption of maps as communication devices

•

And the prevailing picture of transfer of knowledge from the cartographer to the map user

•

Question the limits when users are their own cartographers

Home Depot

7

1950-1975

Map Communication Model in Cartography

Cartographer

Map

Codify

Transmitter

User

De-codify

Channel Entrance - Transfer - Exit

Receiver

MCM Major principles •

Clear separation between cartographer and user

•

The map as an intermediary that communicates information to the user from the cartographer

•

It is necessary to know the cognitive and psycho-pysical parameters of the map user’s abilities to comprehend learn and remember information communicated by the map

User testing as predominant paradigm

EXPERT

NOVICE

1960s quantitative revolution in cartography

MCM goals

Harleian

•

To create a single map

•

Provide multiple presentations

•

“The best” map

•

•

Emphasized “presentation”

•

Static documents

Judgment of “the best” arise from privileged sites of power-knowledge

•

Reinforces dichotomy cartographer-user

•

Exploration of data

•

Maps are transient, created and erased many times

Power of the resistance 12

“Deconstruction as an account for the power relations of mapping and the map’s agency as discourse.”

– Harley, 1989 –

1986 Dennis Wood and Fels

Maps as a narrative By privileging accuracy and technical authority scientific maps promote naturalization and divide practice between scientific and non-scientific maps. – Crampton, 1999 –

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3 routes of investigation •

Eliciting the “rules of cartography” encompass the wellknown rules of technical production and the less known ones of cultural production.

•

Interpreting maps as social constructed texts that can be interpreted in multiple ways, have contradictions, fragmentations, and cannot be traced back to a sovereign mind or subject.

Maps are practices and relations of power-knowledge competing interests of external and internal agendas corresponding to cultural, historical, political aspects.

•

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Geographic Visualization

Visualization is an art of cognition, a human ability to develop mental representations that allow people to identify patterns and create or impose order.

MacEachren 1992 16

“Choropleth map” showing the main municipalities where UAM students come from

García Laura, 2017 LAST UAM-C

“Symbolic map” showing the same information

García Laura, 2017 LAST UAM-C

“Dispersion map” showing the same information

García Laura, 2017 LAST UAM-C

Visualization to expose or to explore

–Alberto Cairo 2011

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MacEachren and Fraser Taylor, 1994

“C3”Cartography cubed

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MacEachren and Fraser Taylor, 1994

Private

Public

“C3”Cartography cubed

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MacEachren and Fraser Taylor, 1994

Private

Public

“C3”Cartography cubed

inte

vit i t c ra

h g i H n

a m hu

-

y

Lowp ma

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MacEachren and Fraser Taylor, 1994

Private

Public

“C3”Cartography cubed

Re kn vea ow l ns

Ex - pl un ori kn ng ow ns

inte

vit i t c ra

h g i H n

a m hu

-

y

Lowp ma

21

MacEachren and Fraser Taylor, 1994

ns

visualiza

Re kn vea ow l

Private

tión ...co

Public

mmunica tio

n

“C3”Cartography cubed

Ex - pl un ori kn ng ow ns

inte

vit i t c ra

h g i H n

a m hu

-

y

Lowp ma

21

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

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Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

23

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

23

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

24

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

25

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Map of closed streets during 
 Pope visit CDMX (2016)

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

25

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

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Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

27

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

27

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

28

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

28

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

28

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

29

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

29

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

“Six years of IED attacks in Afghanistan” The Guardian, Paul Scruton, 2011

w Ex o L - pl ity p v i a t c o a m un ri ter n i kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

29

Thermo color map display, according to weather conditions Camilla Hempleman, (2015) Bath England.

Designboom

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“Modeling the landscape” Science Museum, Granada, Spain, 2017.

“Modeling the landscape” Science Museum, Granada, Spain, 2017.

Re kn vea ow l ns

Private

Public

Renewing Cartography with visualization

w Ex o L - pl it y v i ap t c a m r un ori inte kn ng h g i ow H an n s

hum

Since the environment is interactive the user in large part determines what information is displayed, at what stage, at certain scale and in what context. “user defined mapping� or a mapping environment Crampton 1999

c tati 2D S tional i Trad graphy ic to raph g Car o e n 2D G lizatio a ) Visu ractive on e zati n i (Int l a Visu dded i e t Emb onmen ir Env

Virtual mapping

Phenomenological Reality

Posible represestations

This transition of mapping could provide new understanding of maps in favor of social change enabled by new mobile technologies.

Virtual mapping

Phenomenological Reality

Posible represestations

This transition of mapping could provide new understanding of maps in favor of social change enabled by new mobile technologies.

Conclusion •

By emphasizing the social constructions of cartographic knowledge rather than a system of communication, we are able to engage in the creation of visualizations in real environment

•

How might political action be enabled or retarded by the generation of information by their own citizens or knowledge of resistance groups.

•

How can we improve access to spatial information by embedding it into the physical environment.

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Other aspects of protection and personal privacy need to be attending this new geographies of access, might en up in increased surveillance.

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Opportunity of the recovery of subjugated knowledges.

THANK YOU

–Nora Morales nmorales@correo.cua.uam.mx

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291-304 Hempleman C. 2015. Thermo color map display, according to weather conditions. Design boom.

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