Medical microbiology and Immunology / Tymkiv M. Z., Korniychuk O. P., Pavliy S. by Nova Knyha

Mariya Tymkiv, Olena Korniychuk, Svitlana Pavliy

Medical Microbiology and

immunology

Vinnytsia Nova Knyha 2019

УДК 579.61:518.7(075.8) М42 Рекомендовано до друку рішенням засідання вченої ради Львівського національного медичного університету імені Данила Галицького як підручник для студентів медичного, стоматологічного та фармацевтичного факультетів вищих медичних закладів, які навчаються англійською мовою (протокол № 9 – ВР від 24 жовтня 2018 року) Автори: Тимків М. З. – кандидат медичних наук, старший викладач кафедри мікробіології ЛНМУ імені Данила Галицького. Корнійчук О. П. – доктор медичних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри мікробіології ЛНМУ імені Данила Галицького. Павлій С. Й. – кандидат біологічних наук, доцент кафедри мікробіології ЛНМУ імені Данила Галицького. Мішина М. М. – доктор медичних наук, професор, лікар-бактеріолог вищої категорії, завідувач кафедри мікробіології, вірусології, імунології ім. професора Д. П. Гриньова ХНМУ. Філімонова Н. І. – доктор медичних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри мікробіології, вірусології та імунології НФаУ. Климнюк С. І. – доктор медичних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри мікробіології Тернопільського державного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського. Вовк І. М. – кандидат медичних наук, доцент кафедри мікробіології ВНМУ імені М. І. Пирогова. Рецензенти: Степанський Дмитро Олександрович завідувач кафедри, д. мед. наук доцент, ДЗ “ДМА МОЗ України” Федорович Дарія Василівна професор, доктор біологічних наук, провідний науковий співробітник Інститут біології клітини НАН України М42

Medical microbiology and immunology = Медична мікробіологія та імунологія : підручник / Тимків М. З. , Корнійчук О. П., Павлій С. Й. [та ін.]. – Вінниця : Нова Книга, 2019. – 416 с. ISBN 978-966-382-766-7 Підручник складено у відповідності з офіційно затвердженими програмами викладання мікробіології, вірусології та імунології на усіх факультетах вищих медичних навчальних закладів. Послідовно розглянуті питання загальної мікробіології (основні методи дослідження мікроорганізмів, морфологія, структура і класифікація бактерій, їх фізіологія, вплив фізичних, хімічних та біологічних факторів на мікроорганізми, генетика мікробів та біотехнологія, протимікробні препарати та поняття про інфекцію) та спеціальної мікробіології (відомості про морфологію, фізіологію, патогенні властивості збудників багатьох інфекційних захворювань, сучасні методи їх діагностики, специфічної профілактики і терапії). Підручник присвячений для студентів медичних ВНЗ і університетів, відповідних кафедр ВНЗ підвищення кваліфікації лікарів, інтернів та мікробіологів усіх спеціальностей. УДК 579.61:518.7(075.8)

ISBN 978-966-382-766-7

Contents

SecTiON i

General microbiology

History of Microbiology development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Microbiology. Classification of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . Bacterial morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Features of spirochetes, actinomycetes, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma and fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bacterial physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nutrition of bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bacterial growth and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The influence of physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbial genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antimicrobial drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION Đ&#x2020;I

Immunology

immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonspecific immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . immune factors of oral cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . immune system of organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cooperation of the cells in immune response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . immunopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immunodeficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transplantology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . immune status of the human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serological reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 13 14 22 24 25 27 32 33 42 42 47

58 60 67 68 72 77 80 81 85 86 87 88 97

SECTION IĐ&#x2020;I

Virology

General virology . Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses . cultivation of viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General properties of viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antiviral immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . control and treatment of viral infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special virology . RNa-viruses of medical importance . . . . . . . . . . Picornaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthomyxoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paramyxoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mumps virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measles virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhabdoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Filoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coronaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retroviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . caliciviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . astroviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arboviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Togaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubella virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flaviviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bunyaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arenaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dNa viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parvoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . adenoviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Herpesviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6, 7 and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poxviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hepatitis viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oncogenic viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papillomaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polyomaviridae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slow viral infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

106

107 107 119 120 121 122 128 130 135 138 139 141 144 147 149 157 158 159 159 161 162 165 167 169 169 171 173 181 182 186 201 202 204 205

SecTiON iV

Special bacteriology

Pathogenic cocci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Staphylococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram-positive catalase-negative cocci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram-negative cocci: Genus Neisseria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anaerobic gram-negative cocci: Genus Veillonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . anaerobic gram-positive cocci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family enterobacteriaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus escherichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Salmonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Salmonellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Shigella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Klebsiella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Proteus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Yersinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family Vibrionaceae . Genus Vibrio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus aeromonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Plesiomonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Family Pasteurellaceae . Genus Haemophilus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Pasteurella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus eikenella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus calymmatobacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aerobic gram-negative bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Bordetella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Brucella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Francisella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus legionella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram-negative aerobic non-fermenting bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Pseudomonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Burkholderia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Kingella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Moraxella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus acinetobacter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . anaerobic gram-negative bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

208

209 209 213 215 217 222 222 224 224 224 227 230 231 233 235 236 240 244 245 246 248 249 250 251 251 254 258 259 261 262 264 265 266 268 269 5

Genus Bacteroides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Prevotella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Porphyromonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Fusobacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus leptotrichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bacillaceae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus clostridia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . clostridia producing gas gangrene infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gram-positive rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Bifidobacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus lactobacillus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Propionibacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus listeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . corynebacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Mycobacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mycobacterium leprae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus actinomyces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Nocardia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus eubacterium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Mobiluncus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Gardnerella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spirochetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Treponema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Borrelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus leptospira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus campylobacter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Helicobacter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus Spirillum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rickettsiceae family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus ehrlichia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genus coxiella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chlamydia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mycoplasma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

269 271 271 271 272 272 275 276 282 282 283 285 285 287 292 297 299 301 302 302 303 303 304 306 308 309 310 312 312 318 320 321 324

SecTiON V

Mycology

Superficial mycoses. Pityriasis versicolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black piedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White piedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cutaneous mycoses . Microsporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichophytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . epidermophytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subcutaneous mycoses . Sporotrichosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chromomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mycetoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Systemic (deep) mycoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Histoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blastomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coccidioidomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paracoccidioidomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opportunistic mycoses . candidiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aspergillosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penicilliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fusariosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pneumocystosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cryptococcosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mycotoxicoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SecTiON Vi

Clinical microbiology

The blood culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urine cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respiratory tract cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lower respiratory tract specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wound cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stool, rectal cultures and smears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cerebrospinal fluid cultures and smears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Genital specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

328

331 332 333 334 335 338 338 339 340 341 341 342 344 345 345 347 348 349 350 351 351 353 355

359 361 362 363 365 367 369 371

SECTION VĐ&#x2020;I

Microbial ecology

Microbiota of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of the soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of foodstuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of the medical items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SecTiON Viii

SecTiON iX

379

Normal microbiota of the human body

383

Role of microorganisms in the development of dental diseases

Periodontal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periodontal pocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Osteomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SecTiON Xi

Microbiological studies in pharmacy

Phytopathogenic bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytopathogenic viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytopathogenic viroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytopathogenic fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Factors of plant protection against infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . control of plant diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiological investagations of pharmaceutical preparations, medicinal raw materials, non-sterile and sterile dosage forms . . . 8

375 376 376 377 377

Sanitary microbiology

Microbiota of oral cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of digestive tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of the skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of the ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of the respiratory tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microbiota of genitourinary tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dysbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SecTiON X

374

384 385 386 386 386 387 387 388

389 389 390 390 392

394 395 395 396 397 398 399

SecTiON Xii

Medical protozoology

Sarcomastigophora phylum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naegleria genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acanthamoeba genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flagellates . Subphylum Mastigophora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leishmania genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trypanosoma genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Giardia genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trichomonas genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plasmodium genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toxoplasma genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ciliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

402

403 405 405 406 406 407 408 409 410 411 412

SECTION I

General microbiology

History of Microbiology Development Microorganisms, living things ordinary too small to be seen without magnification, are the foundation for all life on the Earth. The discovery of microorganisms by early scientists and their impact on all aspects of human life opened a new era of biology in which prevention and cure of infectious diseases became possible. Microbiology consists of general and special microbiology. The special microbiology is divided into medical, technical, agricultural, food, oceanic and cosmic ones. Medical microbiology is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Medical microbiology studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health. The medical microbiology studies pathogenic and opprtunistic microorganisms that affect humans. It is subdivided on bacteriology, virology, mycology, and protozoology depends on the group of microorganisms, which interact with human being (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, respectively). Each of these disciplines studies morphology, physiology, genetics, the response/reaction to environmental influences, an ecology of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, their role in etiology and pathogenesis of infectious and somatic diseases, specific diagnostic methods, prevention and treatment. Scientists divide the history of microbiology at several periods: y Empirical y Virologic y Morphological y Molecular-genetic. y Physiological y Immunological y Chemotherapeutic History of Microbiology Development

Empirical. In ancient times it was considered that diseases had special reason and were caused by specific objects of small size. Hippocrates named them “miasma” (emanating from rotting organic matter). In 1546 Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro supposed that epidemic diseases were caused by “alive contagion” that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. But it was only a guess about the existence of specific infectious agents. Morphological period. Dutch researcher Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first, who saw and described microorganisms using a single-lens microscope of his own design. His discovery has started the morphological period in history of microbiology, which continues up today. While Van Leeuwenhoek is well known as the first person who observe microbes, Robert Hooke made the first recorded microscopic observation, of the fruiting bodies of moulds, in 1665. The researches of Ukrainian scientists in the development of morphological period were important. The different activities of D. S. Samoylovich (1744–1805) were dedicated mainly to fight the plague. He proved the contagiousness of plague and suggested a weakened vaccine for its prevention. Terehovskyi M. M. was the first native microbiologist who proved idea about inability of spontaneous microorganisms generation. Physiological period. French biologist Louis Pasteur, often considered to be a father of microbiology and medical microbiology, initiated physiological period of microbiology development. He proved that fermentation was the result of microbial activity, introduced techniques of sterilization, methods for obtaining a pure culture of bacteria and designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization). He also dis11

covered causative agents for some human diseases, such as: anthrax, pyogenic processes, puerperal fever, malignant edema. Robert Koch was the author of germ theory of disease, proved that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed series of criteria that have become known as the Koch’s postulates: 1) the microorganism or any pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease; 2) the pathogen should be isolated from the sick host and grown in pure culture; 3) the isolated pathogen should cause the same clinical manifistation after inoculation into susseptible host (an animal). Immunological period. Immunology as a science originates from microbiology – the theory of vaccination. The British physician E. Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by inoculation of variolous material to prevent smallpox infection. L. Pasteur received attenuated strains of pathogens and used them to prevent infectious diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies. Ukranian scientist I. Mechnikov, father of natural immunity, discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis. He established the concept of cell-mediated immunity. P. Ehrlich postulated the major role of antibodies in protection from infectious diseases (humoral immunity). For providing a theoretical basis of immunology Ehrlich and Metchnikoff were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Emil von Behring discovered diphteria antitoxin. Chemotherapeutic period. The German microbiologist P. Ehrlich became a pioneer of modern chemotherapy by developing salvarsan, an arsenic compound for treatment of syphilis. Introduced by Domagk sulfa drugs, or sulfonamides, all of which 12

are related to the compound sulfanilamide, provided the first successful therapy for many bacterial diseases. A triumph of this period was the discovery of antibiotics and their application for the treatment of infectious diseases. A. Fleming discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic – penicillin. S. Waksman was a Ukrainian-born microbiologist, who discovered antibiotic streptomycin. Chemotherapeutic period is intensively developing today. Many chemicals with antimicrobial activity including antiviral have been synthesized from this time. Virologic period. In 1892 the discovery of viruses by D. Ivanovskyi started a new period. He was the first to formulate the basic properties of this group of microorganisms (the smallest size, infectivity, reproduction only in living organisms). Martinus Wilhelm Beijerinckis was also considered to be one of the founders of virology. He proved that the tobacco mosaic virus reproduces only in tobacco tissues. An important contribution to the development of virology had scholars such as Loeffler, Frosch, Landsteiner, Zilber etc. Molecular-genetic period. Nowadays microbiology is evolving in different directions. The microbial genetic apparatus are intensively studied. J. Watson, F. Crick, R. Franklin, M. Wilkins determined the structure of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living matter. Use of genetic engineering approach to microbiology gave impetus to the development of biotechnology. New insights into the beneficial aspects of microorganisms have created the biotechnology industry and introduced many useful new products and processes into general use. Use of the genetic approaches (polymerase chain reaction, nuceotides sequence) is the basis of modern methods of laboratory diagnostics. SECTION I. General microbiology

General Microbiology. Classification of Microorganisms

Satellites are nucleic acid molecules with or without a capsid that require a helper virus for infection and reproduction. Prions are protein molecules, which has no nucleic acid, responsible to cause diseases. Because prions are misfolded protein they do not induce an immune response in the host as would a foreign infectious agent. Prions cannot reproduce because they lack nucleic acid, but they replicate by stimulating normal cellular prion protein to refold into a abnormal form called PrP scrapie. The conversion of normal prion protein (PrPC) into abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) and replication of prions in the brain causes degeneration of neural tissue and, ultimately, death. Viruses are non-cellular obligate intracellular parasites, containing one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, which covered with one ore more coats. They cause human, animal, plant and bacterial infections. Cellular microorganisms are subdivided into two kingdom: 1) prokaryotes (cells that lack a nuclear membrane); 2) eukaryotes (cells that contain a true nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane) (Fig. 1.2).

Carl von Linné (1701–1778) proposed formal system to classify and name biological species. Taxonomy is hierarchy scheme for the classification, identification and nomenclature of organisms, which are grouped into categories called taxa. Taxonomical categories are: y Genus y Domain y Class y Species. y Kingdom y Order y Phylum y Family Living things are grouped into taxa on the basis of features ranging from general to specific: morphological, biochemical characteristics, chemical and serological structure, genetic and molecular assays, and nucleic acid sequencing. Such system of classification is called Numerical taxonomy and is the basis of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The World of Microbes are divided into two groups: non-cellular (prions, viroids and viruses) and cellular (Fig. 1.1). Viroids are protein-free, low molecular weight circular single-stranded RNA without the protein coat, resistant to heat and organic solvents but sensitive to nucleases. They infect mostly plants and possibly animals and humans.

Non-cellular forms: Prions Viroids Viruses

Fig. 1.1. The World of Microbes

Protozoa and Fungi belong to eukaryotes. Prokaryotes represent two domains – eubacteria and archaea. Ar-

Cellular forms: Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Bacteria Fungi Chlamydia Protozoa Rickettsia Spirochetes Mycoplasma Actinomycetes

General Microbiology. Classification of Microorganisms

Bacteria

Spirochetes Proteobacteria

archaea

eucaryota

Green Filamentous bacteria Grampositives

Cyanobacteria Plancomyces Bacteroides Cytophaga Thermotoga

Slime molds Entamoebae Animals Methanosarcina Fungi Methanobacterium Halophiles Plants Methanococcus Ciliates T. ceter Thermoproteus Flagellates Pyrodicticum Trichomonads

Aquifex

Microsporidia Diplomonads

Fig. 1.2. Phylogenetic Tree of Life chaea are ancient bacteria that live under extreme environments (high salt, heat, etc.) and usually are called extremophile. They have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Eubacteria (true bacteria) are subdivided into bacteria with thin cell wall (gram-negative), with thick cell wall (gram-positive) and ones without cell wall (mycoplasma). Organisms are assigned binomial scientific names consisting of their genus and species name. In microbiology genus are usually called by the name of the author (Escherichia, Salmonella) or morphology of organisms (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). Species name may reflect the nature of the disease (Vibrio cholera, Salmonella enteritidis), formation of pigment (Staphylococcus aureus) or other specific features.

Bacterial morphology Bacteria are unicellular haploid microorganisms lacking chlorophyll. The prokaryotic cell is smaller and simpler than the eukaryotic one. Unlike to eukaryotes the 14

prokaryotes lack a nuclear membrane. They have a nucleoid. The bacterial nucleoid contains the DNA strand which is not separated from the surrounding cytoplasm by a membrane. Prokaryotic cell has no mitochondria, Golgi apparatus. Microtubular structures distinguishing for eukaryotic cells are generally absent in prokaryotes. Shape, size and arrangment of bacterial cells are their main morphological properties. The size of bacteria is measured in micrometres (µm) and varies from 0.1 µm (Spiroplasma, Acholeplasma) to 16–18 µm (Spirillum volutans). Most pathogenic bacteria have size from 0.2 to 10 µm. The shape of bacteria is kept by their cell wall, while their arrangement depends on degree of interconnection of the cells during reproduction by binary fission at one or different planes. Bacteria have characteristic shapes: cocci (spherical), rods, spiral, filamentous and often occur in specifically arranged groups (pairs, chains, tetrads, clusters etc.). These signs (features) are usually typical for a genus and play role in microscopic differentiation of bacteria. SECTION I. General microbiology

Cocci are divided into one or more planes, resulting in classification of them in next groups (Fig. 1.3): y monococci are single cocci divided in one plane with a subsequent separation of the Daughter cells from each other; y diplococci – paired cocci: Ì tetracocci – are cocci, divided in two perpendicular planes with tetrad formation of four cells; Ì streptococci – are cocci, multiplying in one plane with chain formation of various length; Ì sarcinae are cocci, divided in three perpendicular planes and forming cubic packets of 8, 16, 32 cells; Ì staphylococci are cocci divided in var-

ious planes with formation of irregular clusters (grape-like). Rod shape bacteria are divided into (Fig. 1.3): y bacteria – non-spore forming rods; y bacilli – gram-positive, aerobic spore forming rods; y clostridia – rod-like spore-forming obligate anaerobes. Rods also can be named due to their arrangment (diplobacteria, diplobacilli; streptobacteria, streptobacilli), size (coccobacteria, coccobacilli) etc. Spiral-shaped bacteria are subdivided into (Fig. 1.4):

COCCI

RODS

Plane of division

a Diplococci 2 μm

Single bacillus

Diplobacilli 2 μm

Streptococci 2 μm

Streptobacilli 5 μm

Tetrad 1 μm

Coccobacillus

Sarcinae 1 μm

2 μm

Staphylococci Bacterial morphology

2 μm

Fig. 1.3. Cocci and rod shape bacteria 15

Навчальне видання

Тимків Марія Зенонівна Корнійчук Олена Петрівна Павлій Світлана Йосипівна та ін.

Медична мікробіологія та імунологія Підручник (англійською мовою)

Редактор Ю. В. Лозович Коректор Ю. В. Анвар Комп’ютерна верстка: О. С. Парфенюк Підписано до друку 20.06.19. Формат 70×100/16. Папір офсетний. Гарнітура Таймс. Друк офсетний. Ум. друк. арк. 33,70. Зам. № 1922. ПП “Нова Книга” 21029, м. Вінниця, вул. М. Ващука, 20 Свідоцтво про внесення суб’єкта видавничої справи до Державного реєстру видавців, виготівників і розповсюджувачів видавничої продукції ДК № 2646 від 11.10.2006 р. Тел. (0432) 56-01-87. Факс 56-01-88 E-mail: info@novaknyha.com.ua www.nk.in.ua