Academic Preparation Kit

Thessaloniki ‘17 36th National Selection Conference of EYP Greece 1-4 December 2017

Academic Preparation Kit

Contents 3 | Note from the President of the Session 4 | European Union Overview 10 | Committee on Culture & Education - CULT 16 | Committee on Development - DEVE 23 | Committee on Human Rights - DROI 28 | Committee on Employment & Social Affairs - EMPL 32 | Committee on Environment, Public Health & Food Safety I ENVI I 37 | Committee on Environment, Public Health & Food Safety II ENVI II 44 | Committee on Industry, Research & Energy - ITRE 49 | Committee on Legal Affairs - JURI 55 | Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice & Home Affairs - LIBE 60 | Committee on Regional Development - REGI 2

Note from the President of the Session The advancement of technology has made our lives easier, however we are slowly discovering the negative externalities. There is no way we would be willing to go back, so the only way left is forward. What we must do now, is find ways to develop while being mindful about the potential harm we might do. We must find a balance between progress and sustainability, and that's exactly why I believe this is such an important topic.

- Niks Bērziņť

Academic Preparation This Preparation Kit provides you with a solid set of knowledge in order to prepare for Committee Work. The overviews for each topic have been written by your chairpersons; they present all relevant information in the most compact manner possible and should serve as a starting point for your preparation for the session. Please take your preparation for this event very seriously; this will give you an advantage in the selection process but, more importantly, I can promise that you will enjoy the discussions much more if you are sufficiently prepared. All topics are complex and challenging and you can help your team in the process of writing the resolution only if you have a solid background of knowledge on the topic.

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European Union Overview

How does the EU work?

The institutional structure of the EU cannot be compared to any other international organization (e.g. NATO or the UN). It is neither a centralised unity like a nation state, nor does it imitate a relatively loose structure, such as the Commonwealth of Nations or a confederation like the United States of America: it is an organisation sui generis. The structure is unique and continuously developed. The Treaty of Lisbon marks the last big step in this process.

Main institutions of the EU

European Council (since 1974) Regular meetings (aka summits, at least four times per year) of the Heads of State/Government + Commission President + President of the European Council + High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union. Provides political guidelines, sets general goals and incentives to the further development of the EU and common strategies concerning the CFSP.

European Commission (EC) „Executive power of the EU (one Commissioner per Member State, with one being the President of the Commission). Commissioners are appointed by their nation state, approved by the European Parliament and responsible for one issue area (e.g. Federica Mogherini as High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy). Each Commissioner is appointed for a term of 5 years and all 28 Member States have a national official direct a Directorate-General (DG). The DGs are the equivalent of national government departments; they oversee the development and implementation of policies and laws in specific domains. The DGs are staffed with a mix of full-time European bureaucrats known as fonctionnaires, and of national experts.

The Commission monitors the adherence to the EU aquis communautaire, represents the Union in foreign relations and has the exclusive Right to Initiative.

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European Parliament (EP) The first part of the EU´s legislative branch consists of 751 Members of Parliament elected for five years by all EU-citizens (over 18 years old, in Austria over 16). The first direct election of the EP was held in 1979, the latest in 2009. The parliament is divided into seven big fractions plus several independent Members of Parliament (the biggest three fractions are firstly the European People s Party pooling Christian Democrats, secondly the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats for the left and the social democratic political spectrum, and thirdly the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats). It is working either in a big plenary or in its 20 different committees, each responsible for specific issue areas.

The Parliament shares its legislative competences with the Council .

Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers) Also known as the Council , structured in issue-specific councils with the respective ministers of the Member States (e.g. Council Justice and Home Affairs with all ministers of the interior). The presidency of the council changes every six months. The president in office supplies the different councils with a chairperson except the council on Foreign Affairs, which is presided by the High Representative (Federica Mogherini since 2014).

The issue division in the councils is mirrored in the parliamentary committees (e.g. environment, education, economy, budget). The council shares its legislative competences with the EP and holds executive powers, too. Latvia holds the current presidency until June 2015 when Luxembourg will take over.

The „Council of Europe is a completely different institution than the European Council and the Council of the European Union. Founded in 1949 it is both a predecessor and a project that runs parallel to the EU as an independent organization mainly focussing on the adherence to Human Rights agreements. There are currently 47 members, among them EU Member States, as well as e.g. as well Ukraine and Russia.

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Law-making in the European Union Does the EU pass laws? Not exactly! The sources of EU law can be divided into two groups: the primary source of Union law and secondary source of Union law, with the primary law ranking above the secondary. Therefore secondary law can only be effective as long as it is consistent with the primary law. The differentiation between primary and secondary law is especially important in the process of lawmaking: While secondary law is enacted by the EU institutions, the enactment or amendment of primary law is solely within competence of the Member States.

Primary sources of EU law include all founding treaties of the European Union, all later EU treaties (i.e. Treaty of Maastricht and the latest Treaty of Lisbon), as well as all accession treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. The EU has the following secondary legal options to legislate: Regulations, Directives, Decisions, Recommendations and Opinions: A Regulation is a law that is applicable and binding in all Member States directly. It does not need to be passed into national law by the Member States although national laws may need to be changed to avoid conflicting with the regulation. Regulations have to be strictly adhered to in all Member States and leave no room for adjustments during the implementation process.

A Directive is a law that binds the Member States, or a group of Member States, to achieve a particular objective. Usually, directives must be transposed into national law to become effective. Significantly, a directive specifies the result to be achieved: it is up to the Member States individually to decide how this is done. Directives provide a framework and give a certain policy direction, leaving the states with more flexibility and room for adjustments.

A Decision can be addressed to Member States, groups of people, or even individuals. It is binding in its entirety. Decisions are used, for example, to rule on proposed mergers between companies. Decisions always address certain recipients and are only valid for them.

Recommendations and Opinions have no binding force.

The European legislative procedure lasts a bit longer than on a national level. The EC has the exclusive Right to Initiative, the Council and the EP decide if the proposal becomes a legal act after having discussed relevant details. General policy guidelines and statements, especially from the EP, are formulated in Resolutions. They can entail instructions for future procedures as well as regulations, which are formally valid in the Member States.

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Legal acts passed by the EP and the Council only enter into force after the respective national governments have introduced and implemented it within their national laws.

Institutional design of the European Union

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What does the EU do?

The EU is engaged in many policy areas and tries to implement its goals together with its Member States. Many options are possible: Either the Union provides money and/or expertise for projects or certain measures or it passes regulations that harmonise laws and norms in Europe and/or gives them a new direction. Furthermore the EU deals with many issue areas, in which it has no competence to regulate, but can nevertheless express visions, requests and warnings in order to provoke the Member States to act. The Union is more and more visible as a single actor and is also able, in case of a consensus, to speak on behalf of Europe within the scope of the CFSP.

Important areas in which the states cooperate: 

Single Market (4 Fundamental Freedoms: Free movement of goods, services, capital and people)

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Economic and Monetary Union

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Common Agricultural Policy (CAP, almost complete agricultural communitarisation with no scope for action for national governments; subsidies make up a big part of the EU-Budget)

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Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, in general still unilateral decision making processes, however, efforts to speak with one voice in international relations; especially in peace-keeping missions and increasingly at financial and economic summits the Member States try to jointly formulate an EUopinion)

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Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (Free movement in all EU Member States; cross border police cooperation against transnational crime, drug traffic and to control migration)

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Energy and Climate Action (Security of supply, environmental sustainability, profitability, support of innovation and research)

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Mixed competences by Policy Area

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Committee on Culture & Education - CULT In light of the increasing importance of digital technologies in everyday life, how should educational systems prepare young people for the digital life of tomorrow?

by Klaudija Gauja (LV) & Triantafyllos Kouloufakos (GR)

1. Introduction Information and communication technology (ICT) has become one of the basic building blocks of modern society. According to recent World Economic Forum job reports for the future, an estimated 65% of students entering school today will have jobs that do not yet exist. The Education system is not preparing today s pupils for the future job market, therefore, the system should be updated in order to ensure the future employees have the skills necessary to participate in the modern job market. Digital learning does not only mean producing videos that are easy to view on your phone, it means bringing learning to where employees are.

1.1. Evolution of Learning and Developement.

Educational opportunity must include everyone, not just a select few. It has been estimated that 60% of nine-year olds in the European Union go to a school that does not have extensive digital facilities, only 25% of pupils are taught by teachers that are confident with ICT and 50% to 80% of teachers in the EU never use digital textbooks, and exercises or dedicated educational software etc.The desired result of preparing youth for the future is to create a new model for learning by incorporating technology into the existing structure in the most efficient way possible.

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Nowadays, students don t question the pros and cons; they don t read the manuals; they use the technology to find out the answer, for example, Youtube videos, Google, Wikipedia etc. Social media are an extension of their social life. It s how they acknowledge each other. With these tools society creates a platform for people to express themselves, that includes: hate speech, bullying etc. They use ICT to meet, to play, to date, to connect, to explore the world and to construct identities, but we need to make sure that this native society 1 understands how to use this knowledge that is given to them and make the digital future of tomorrow a better, safer place for everyone.

2. Key Actors

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The EU Working Group on Digital Skills and Competences is a working group established within the premises of Education and training 2020 (ET 2020) framework. Its role is to look at the development of digital skills and competences at all levels and stages of learning, and the potential benefits and challenges of using digital technology in education.

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The Directorate General for Education and Culture (DG EAC) is the executive branch of the European Union responsible for policy on education, culture, youth, languages, and sport. The DG's education and training activities focus primarily on helping countries learn from one another and work together to improve education across Europe.

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The Member States of the European Union have exclusive jurisdiction regarding educational matters meaning that the EU can only take actions to support, coordinate or supplement their measures and initiatives.2 Whatever measure is decided by the EU in educational matter it is the Member States discretion whether they will implement it.

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The Joint Research Centre (JRC) is the European Commission's science and knowledge service which employs scientists to carry out research in order to provide independent scientific advice and support to EU policy. It addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation and developing new methods, tools and standards.

LSE research online: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27739/1/Digital_natives_(LSERO).pdf Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Art.6 (e)

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3. Key Conflicts Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.

Nelson Mandela 

Digital age makes it possible to create effective learning activities to meet individual student needs and interests. It develops alternative teaching strategies as the teacher is no longer the sole source of expertise in classroom due to the widespread availability of networked resources.

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Increased connectivity is changing how knowledge is transmitted. Libraries are being digitized. Classes and course materials are now within reach via a smartphone.

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The access to knowledge: encyclopaedias, dictionaries, Web productions. The Web has become a living archive: 23 million Wikipedia articles in over 300 languages, updated continuously, 20 million digitized books on Google Books, and millions of new information published daily. Thus, writing encyclopaedia articles is no longer restricted to experts, nor the publication of press articles.

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However, technology has largely failed to systematically transform the teaching and learning environment in schools.

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While low-cost devices like mobile phones have reached many, today almost 2 billion people remain untouched by digital technology. A recent study in U.S. schools shows that technology still functions more or less like an expensive substitute for textbooks and chalkboards.

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There is a growing discrepancy between the amount of information produced and the ability to sort, prioritize, and understand it. These situations can best be described by terms such as information overload or cognitive overload.

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Other issues that rises when having this amount of connectivity is cyber-bullying, hate speech and cyberstalking.

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Stephen Hawking has warned that artificial intelligence could end mankind. As well, the technology entrepreneur Elon Musk has warned that AI is "our biggest existential threat", clever machines capable of undertaking tasks done by humans until now will swiftly destroy millions of jobs. The primitive forms of artificial intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful, but he fears the consequences of creating something that can match or surpass humans.

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Education system cannot prepare kids for the future of tomorrow because the digitalisation is an existing problem that schools cannot adapt to quickly enough as the technology is developing in a massive paste. Therefore, digitalisation is a threat for both schools and the society, as they are not providing the knowledge that kids need and the gaps in the education creates problems in the crucial process of finding a job and meeting the criteria in the digital life of tomorrow.

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Therefore, education should be the link between technology and society in order to create a secure environment from which we can benefit. Digital technologies give us a massive power that the education system should teach us how to use in order for us to make the right decisions in our daily lives.

4. Measures in place 

The Digitally Competent Educational Organisations (DigCompOrg) Framework was created by the the Joint Research Center of the European Commission. It provides a comprehensive and generic conceptual framework that reflects all aspects of the process of systematically integrating digital learning in educational organisations from all education sectors.3

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D- Transform is an Erasmus+ funded project run by the the European Distance and E-learning Network. It aims at implementing a training program for leaders of European universities (presidents, vice-presidents) focusing on the major role played by digital technologies and Open Educational Resources (OER) in the necessary transformation of their institutions.4

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Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are online courses aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web.5 Open means open to everyone and participation is voluntary. It is the learner s responsibility to decide upon which activities to undertake, what skills they are curious about, and what content they want to acquire. Online means that the courses are available online, but this does not mean that no off-line elements are used. The word massive refers to the number of people attending the course as well as the range of interactions between participants.

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Digital Competent Educational Organisations Framework: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcomporg/framework 4 D- Transform Project: http://www.dtransform.eu/ 5 Kaplan, Andreas M.; Haenlein, Michael (2016). "Higher education and the digital revolution: About MOOCs, SPOCs, social media, and the Cookie Monster". Business Horizons.

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The Lifelong Learning Platform is an umbrella that gathers more than 40 European organisations active in the field of education, training and youth.

Currently these networks represent more than 50 000 educational institutions and associations covering all sectors of formal, non-formal and informal learning. The Platform creates a space to exchange innovative practices, Europe-wide and strives to set up a strengthened dialogue between civil society organisations and public authorities in order to modernise european educational systems as well as to support public sector innovation.

5. Questions a) How technologies create more opportunities not just for few but for all? b) Are massive open online course a valid educational tool of the future or are they just useless information? c) Can the EU play a significant role in the matter of the future of education by itself or it is bound by the will of the Member States? d) What are the dangers of an education centered around a digital future? e) How can we breach the existing digital divide making the use of these new tools of digital education available for everyone?

6. Links 

Reimagining education for the digital age: http://bit.ly/2j1ZiWc

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Skills in the digital age

how should education systems evolve?:

http://brook.gs/2A8820o 

DigCompOrg Infographic: http://bit.ly/24tfnEY

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Promoting Effective Digital-Age Learning: http://bit.ly/1RxajmK

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Learning in the digital age: http://bit.ly/2heSZxY 14

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The pros and cons of technology in the classroom: http://bit.ly/2k8XPca

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Innovative Schools- Learning and Teaching in the digital era: http://bit.ly/1Nse50d

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Committee on Development - DEVE What steps should the EU take to harness the opportunities space exploration has to offer, while ensuring its peaceful and sustainable use?

by Ilias Pagkozidis (GR)

1. Introduction People fear the unknown. The more we explore and discover, the less we fear.

Jean-Franรงois Clervoy, France For thousands of years humans gazed at the sky with awe. The Sun, the Moon and the stars seamlessly span across the horizon, influencing works of art, fiction and philosophy.

Embodying mankind s inner need to explore, sky elevates voyaging and for quite some time proved to be a limit. During the 20th century though, space exploration was revolutionised. We have successfully send astronauts to the moon, assembled the International Space Station (ISS), sent rovers to Mars and even launched the Hubble 6 telescope in orbit.

Space drives mankind to pose questions and find answers. It challenges human intelligence and deepens knowledge on science, evolution and life. Space research innovations have found indispensable application in everyday life, from navigating systems and telecommunications to weather forecasting, climate protection and medical apparatuses7. Space is also vital to EU economy, supporting local communities8 and worth 46-54 billion Euros in 2014, making up to 21% of the global value9.

Space, above all, is a symbol of prestige; nations in the forefront of research, innovation and industrial development have the capacity to access. Today nine countries 10 have full launching capabilities with an increasing number of states involved in the industry. Unlike past, private investors are pushing their way through the market eyeing commercial 11 or expeditionary use of celestial bodies.

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Hubble Space Telescope, National Geographic - http://on.natgeo.com/2gUgtog The use of astronauts exoskeleton revives hopew for better mobility of paraplegic patients, National Aeronautics and Space Administration - https://go.nasa.gov/2ylO2uM 8 % of French Guiana s population are linked with space industry, European Space Agency http://bit.ly/2ilKopB 9 Factsheet on EU space Policy, European Commission - http://bit.ly/2huq7Pk 10 USA, Russia, France, China, Japan, India, Israel, Iran, and South Korea - European Parliamentary Research Service Blog - http://bit.ly/2nzWfWT 11 Notably, Mars One aims at partially funding the project from broadcasting rights - The Guardian http://bit.ly/1QmNPu9 7

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With more players approaching space, doubts are rising over the nature of human involvement and if the outer environment can keep up with this. It is high time that the EU, as a global leader in the sector, took action to boost international cooperation and ensure that space exploration can pose no such threat. Are we eager to move to a new era of space expedition or is this (literally) our final Frontier?

2. Key Actors European Space Agency (ESA)12: ESA is an international, intergovernmental organization, made up of 22 participating states.It is responsible for coordinating its members space policy, harmonizing them with the European Space Policy (ESP) and also conducting research programmes and expeditions in the field. Operating as Europe s gateway to space, ESA is responsible for the infrastructure of EU Space projects and ensures that citizens benefits are derived during this process. Ahead of the Space 4.013 era, ESA set its goals (innovation, inspiration, information, interaction) and contributed to the Global Exploration Strategy.

European Commission (EC): The EC is responsible for formulating ESP and the Space Strategy. The EC also seeks to bridge the gap and advance space dialogue at an international level, by establishing partnerships with key countries as well as showcasing a common EU position in the International Space Exploration Forum14.

European Parliament and European Council: These two EU bodies are under the TFEU15 responsible for drawing up the necessary measures for the formulation of ESP. Member States (MS): Through their National Space Agencies, MS pursue their individual Space Programmes and Research, along with the European one (which is conducted by membership to the ESA).

United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) 16: UNOOSA endorses international dialogue on sustainable and peaceful uses of space, assists in establishing space governance framework and explores the uses of space technology into everyday life. It facilitates the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), who aims at supervising the exploration and ensuring the use of space for development, innovation, peace and security.

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http://bit.ly/1TBHwPJ Space eras explained, European Space Agency - http://bit.ly/2zp22UL 14 A ministrial-level meeting that fosters international cooperation on space exploration.

15 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 189 - http://bit.ly/2hvLmjD 16 http://bit.ly/2A6x00H 13

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Private Sector: During the Space 4.0 era more and more private companies are investing in space exploration. Committed to independent, low cost, hassle free and faster access to spaceflight, the private sector has made tremendous leaps17, forming the New Space movement.

Eurospace18: A Trade Association that works for the interests of European companies investing in the space market. It identifies the problems that come up in the industry and has a supportive and consulting role to the ESA as well as the EU bodies that shape space policy.

European Defense Agency, European Environmental Agency GNSS Agency: These agencies have a side-role in space policy. The former is involved in the potential uses of space technology in the defense and civil protection sector. The Environmental Agency is responsible for the manufacture and operation of ground sensors for the Copernicus19 programme while the GNSS Agency is responsible for the operation of the Galileo20 system, when fully functional.

3. Key Conflicts 

Research and infrastructure key ingredients that safeguard a nation s capacity to explore space can set the latter s price tag to new heights. While 47% of European citizens endorse investments21 in the sector, one third of the citizens believe22 that the Union shall concentrate on more down-to-Earth problems.

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Space policy in Europe; a dark hole. MS conduct individual space programmes in accordance with national legislation and the EU under the TFEU shall set a Strategy for the States. ESA, responsible for common projects of its members and for materializing EU Strategy, lacks accountability23 for its EU-raleted projects.

Also, this nebula24 of national and international regulations convey a sense of weak governance in the field.

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Notably, the private aircraft that won the 2004 Ansari X Prize and the successful launch and intact return of a SpaceX rocket, EurActiv - http://bit.ly/2jUzR59 18 http://bit.ly/2gU1ZVE 19 An overview of the Copernicus programme, European Space Agency - http://bit.ly/2Aj6ykJ 20 An overview of the Galileo programme - http://bit.ly/25M9cZK 21 Special Eurobarometer 403 - http://bit.ly/2hy5hi0 22 Special Eurobarometer 403 - http://bit.ly/2hy5hi0 23 Establishing appropriate relations between EU and ESA, §2.5, Communication from EC http://bit.ly/2A7qg2H 24 ESP in depth-analysis, EuropeanParliamentary Research Services, §4.2 - http://bit.ly/2nrmkFG

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The right to explore. As stated in the Space Strategy for Europe, the EU shall work towards ensuring its autonomous access in space. Yet, it is far from independent; Europe relies on suppliers in foreign territories to boost its space activities, mainly in the field of electronic compartments25. This partially dependent reality casts doubts on whether mitigating security breaches26 by forming long term partnerships with suppliers is worth the risk of a future monopoly or activity suspension27.

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A peaceful horizon. International treaties ban the launch and the deployment of weapons in outer space. Yet, space and space-based technologies assist nations defense mechanisms. As modern societies rely heavily on space data (for e.g. navigation, risk assessment, crisis management, border control, maritime surveillance) advanced warfare has emerged, from jamming satellite transmission and cyber-attacks to even interference and destruction of ground based receptors.

Space-based technology and projects in the EU have long been under civilian control. The Space Strategy though calls for more synergies between civilian use of space and the defense sector28, at a time when 25% of citizens think closing the gap between space and non-space technology (e.g. UAV29) infringes their privacy30.

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The unprecedented upsurge in private industries entering the space sector has brought new challenges to traditional public agencies; effective supervision and heavy investments in reusable equipment,contribute to a new era of low cost space launches, travel and exploitation31 of celestial bodies.

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The explorations of the Milky Way and other galaxies as well as the futuristic vision for human colonies in Mars rely heavily upon sustainability. This challenge is comprised of two pillars; sustainability in space and sustainability of space. The former shall be completed once autonomous life support of astronauts, in-space recycling of O2,CO2 and food production is secured32. The latter poses a more evident threat; space debris (increased33 by the continuous commercial space activity) are posing a serious threat to satellites and future launches 34, which

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It is estimated that 60% of electronic equipment on European satellites is imported from the US, Roadmap for Research and Development, European Commission, page 5 - http://bit.ly/2iSsSxp 26 Reuters - http://reut.rs/2z3uf2N 27 Roadmap for Research and Development, European Commission, page 15 - http://bit.ly/2iSsSxp 28 http://bit.ly/2z49guc 29 ESP in depth-analysis, EuropeanParliamentary Research Services, §3.2 - http://bit.ly/2nrmkFG 30 Special Eurobarometer 403 - http://bit.ly/2hy5hi0 31 Luxembourg becomes the first EU MS to introduce asteroid mining law to regulate potential market, EurActiv - http://bit.ly/2yl7mbB 32 Research on life support, European Space Agency - http://bit.ly/2ikknY0 33 Orbital Debris problem, Secure World Fundation - http://bit.ly/2ykoYUQ 34 Kessler Syndrome, National Aeronautics and Space Administration - https://go.nasa.gov/2im16oP

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already have to face fiercer enemies, Near-Earth Objects35 (NEO) and space weather36. Ultimately, the use of Nuclear power Sources37 and dangerous chemicals38 in the process question the sustainability of both terrestrial and space territory.

4. Measures in place 

Outer Space Treaty. This UN treaty set the regulatory framework of space law.

Under this treaty,parties commit to use space for the benefit of mankind, to put no weapons of mass destruction in orbit, to claim no sovereignty over celestial bodies as well as ensure the non-contamination of outer space.

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Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU). Article 189 of the treaty calls for the Union to shape its Space policy, which is under shared competence. The EP and the Council shall adopt the necessary legislation so as to make this policy a reality, whereas the EU shall enhance its ties with ESA.

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European Space Policy. Highlighting space as an asset to the EU s global leadership role, it set the Union s commitment to ensure a competitive and innovative industry, to exploit any synergies between space and defence sector, to enhance the uptake of space based technologies for the benefit of citizens, enterprises and the environment and to invest in space-based science. It calls for elevated international dialogue as well as the adoption of a Space Strategy.

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Space Strategy for Europe. Revealed in 2016, it has 4 main areas of focus; a)utilizing the benefits of space and space-based technology for the interest of EU citizens and economy, b) establishing a globally innovative European space sector, capable of competing against old and new rivals, c) securing EU s autonomous access to a peaceful and sustainable space and d) strengthening its role at an international level in terms of space dialogue.

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Space Industrial Policy. Published in 2013, it sets out possible areas of action and key measures in order to boost research and activity of the european space sector.

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Internation Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. Proposed by the EU in 2014, it regulates the ethics of nations space behaviour but has still to be ratified at an international level.

NEO are asteroids or comets that orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of Earth s.

Space and Security, European Commission - http://bit.ly/2gUgqJl 37 Nuclear Power Sources, UNOOSA - http://bit.ly/2xK2jwN 38 Hydrazine ban could cost Europe s space industry millions, Space News - http://bit.ly/2lDBOaF 35

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Global Exploration Strategy. Signed and derived from the collective efforts of 14 Space Agencies across the globe, this Strategy aims at sustainable and selfsufficient human presence beyond Earth s limits. The 14 Agencies have agreed to the establishment of an International Coordination Mechanism that will help them align, collaborate and strengthen their individual as well as joint efforts in space exploration.

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Space Situational Awareness (SSA). The rising number of satellites, debris and the possible threat of asteroids crossing paths with our planet call for a constant surveillance system of outer space. This is referred to as SSA. Dating back to 2009, this ESA project secures funding for the research of space weather and NEO and introduces the Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) system. Supported by the EU with the respective Framework39 in 2014, it helps tracking the location of debris that could potentially collide with European satellites, future launch trajectories and even the ISS.

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Horizon 2020. This EU research and Innovation programme is a key financial instrument to both ESA and the space sector in Europe. Under Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies priority, it has secured more than 780 40 million Euros for space research and technology in 2017-2020.

5. Further questions a) With great power comes great responsibility. Which stance, if any, shall the EU have concerning space policy in an international level? b) How can the EU guarantee effective governance over space policy? c) Can the EU ensure its long term access to spaceflight? How can the European space sector contribute to that cause? d) How can the EU utilise the connection of space and defense sector whilst safeguarding citizens rights? e) What further measures shall the EU take in order to achieve sustainability of space? f) What approach shall the EU take towards the nature of projects undertook by New Space?

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Decision on the establishment of Space Surveillance and Tracking support - http://bit.ly/2z3HHkK Horizon 2020 work programme 2017 & 2018 - 2020 - http://bit.ly/2znJpAv & http://bit.ly/2zVO5K3

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6. Links 

Gateway to EU space policy and space-releated areas: http://bit.ly/2z5ZTwy

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A brief overview on ESA porjects regarding space exploration: http://bit.ly/2xJUFme

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A leaflet on the work of ESA: http://bit.ly/2xIQYgz

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A new vision for human exploration: http://bit.ly/2lDQLtm

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An extensive overview of the Outer Space Treaty results: http://bit.ly/2lAloQk

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A think tank on the peaceful and sustainable uses of space: http://bit.ly/2nzWfWT

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An article on sustainability of space: http://bbc.in/1O0pBiN

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Asteroid mining - feasible, yet legitimate?: http://bit.ly/2zb5K3d

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An insight on the posibility of space conflict and combat: http://bit.ly/2l95ueR

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A video on EU SST: http://bit.ly/2A5SY3U

To our future!

We have only just begun the exploration of outer space!

The next steps are up to you.

The road to space is endless, like space itself.

Aleksei Leonov, Russian Federation

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Committee on Human Rights - DROI A contribution to transparency or a threat to security: Following the Snowden, WikiLeaks and Panama Papers cases, what approach should European states have towards whistleblowers’ disclosures of sensitive information?

by Matteo Busetti (IT)

1. Introduction Recent cases of public disclosures by whistleblowers and increased media coverage of their revelations have raised awareness on the importance of whistleblowing across the EU in recent years41. Whistleblowing is widely considered as an effective way of exposing wrongdoing, such as corruption or illegal activity, from occurring, or uncovering it if it has already taken place. From Wikileaks42 to the Panama Papers43, they have brought to light successive scandals and the great amount of information leaked to newspapers allowed considerable progress to be made, especially in the fight against tax evasion, illegal mass surveillance, sexual abuse of children and unfair competition in the EU. However, very few countries have adopted specific legislation regarding whistleblowing.

If on one hand many would argue that whistleblowing is essential in order to foster transparency, on the other it is believed that a major overhaul of existing secrecy legislation is necessary in order to ensure a more efficient level of security. Is there difference between blowing the whistle and deliberately leaking information to the press? The risk of a serious threat to security, in a digital age in which government employees above all can easily disclose vast amount of sensitive information, may be very high.

It is evident that in 2017 whistleblowers are at the centre of the attention like never before, holding governments and corporations accountable for illegal activity, corruption, human rights violations and environmental damage.

41

The State of Whistleblower and Journalist Protections Globally, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights - http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Opinion/Protection/AmericanUniversitySchool.pdf 42 What is Wikileaks - http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-10757263 43 What are the Panama Papers? - https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/apr/03/what-you-need-toknow-about-the-panama-papers

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2. Key Actors Whistleblowers - people who tell someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company44. The majority of whistleblower related scandals over the past decade have been brought to light by the media, such as the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists45 (ICIJ), leading to some questioning the role the media plays in deciding what information is revealed to the public.

European Parliament (EP) - many MEPs within the EP are in favour of introducing EUwide legislation in order to protect whistleblowers. Specifically the EP s Legal Affairs Committee is calling on the Commission to propose legislation to protect whistleblowers across Europe46, no matter how they came across the information or which channel of reporting they use to leak the information.

European Commission - initially the EC argued that the EU has no competence to establish a comprehensive protection system. However whistleblower protection is on the Commission s radar and Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker promised rapid progress on the subject47

3. Key Conflicts The conflict of transparency opposed to security, especially for what concerns national security, is at the core of the issue of whistleblowing. A clear example is the striking disparity48 between what s happening in the UK and the European Parliament. On one hand we have a Government looking at increasing the punishment of those who would seek to expose wrongdoing to draconian levels, while in the European Parliament there is support across the political groups to protect whistleblowers through legislation. In fact, when national security issues are highlighted by whistleblowing, efforts to protect the leakers of information may be weakened if related to a necessary sacrifice made to ensure security. Diametrically opposed is the view of the EP49 which 44

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/dizionario/inglese/whistle-blower https://www.icij.org 46 European Parliament demands protection for whistleblowers across Europe - https://www.greensefa.eu/en/article/document/european-parliament-demands-protection-for-whistleblowers-across-europe/ 47 Jean Claude Juncker, Public Hearing http://audiovisual.europarl.europa.eu/AssetDetail.aspx?id=bd0e27eb-b98e-4a17-a364-a78300edadd6 48 While the UK attacks whistleblowers the EU is defending them, The Independent http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/brexit-eu-britain-whistleblowers-european-parliament-defendingthem-a7589581.html 49 Whistleblowers will be protected by the EU, The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/feb/21/whistleblowers-will-be-protected-by-eu 45

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supports the idea that whistleblowing is essential to ensuring the accountability and integrity of the public and private sector.

The core of the issue is that If the leak is designed to expose illegal activities, then many would say the individuals should be protected. But if the leak has nothing to do with exposing illegal activities and, instead, is just to reveal secret - but legal - information, all in the name of transparency, does the individual still deserve protection? Hence, does the type of sensitive information which whistleblowers disclose and the way they choose to do it matter in how they should be protected?

Finally, the question of protecting whistleblowers at an EU level becomes more complex due to the the fact that it overlaps a number of exclusive (competition, environment, internal market) and some EU-Member States shared competences (such as taxation).

For an EU law to protect whistleblowers in all these fields, it would have to be unanimously accepted by all Member States50. Another viable solution to this could be attainable if legislation was introduced at a national level. However, the main problem is still an enormous lack in prevention; in fact legislation is often introduced only after scandals which force governments to act concretely.

4. Measures in place Whistleblower protection has been recognised by all major international instruments concerning corruption, among the first by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)51.

In April 2014, the Council of Europe (CoE) adopted a Recommendation on the Protection of Whistleblowers52, which provided CoE Member States with guiding principles for the creation of a comprehensive national framework for protecting public interest whistleblowers. In April 2015, the CoE published an update on their recommendation detailing what action had been taken by Member States. In June 2016, following a proposal from the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council adopted a Directive that aims to standardise the national laws in EU countries against the unlawful acquisition, disclosure and use of trade secrets: the so called Trade Secrets Directive53.

50

Protection of Whistleblowers: a brief guide to implement national framework, Council of Europe https://rm.coe.int/16806fffbc 51 Whistleblower protection: encouraging reporting http://www.oecd.org/cleangovbiz/toolkit/50042935.pdf 52 Recommendation on the Protection of Whistleblowers, Council of Europe - https://rm.coe.int/16807096c7 53 Trade Secrets Directive - https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/intellectual-property/trade-secrets_en

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Between 3 March and 29 May 2017, the European Commission carried out an open public consultation (OPC)54 to collect views on the issue of whistleblower protection at the national and EU level. For almost all aspects of whistleblower protection, the policy option favoured by respondents was a combination of EU and national legislation.

5. Questions a) Are all whistleblowers naturally good ? How can you be sure that a whistleblower was acting in good faith? b) Are there effective institutional frameworks and clear procedures which facilitate the reporting of wrongdoing and corruption? c) How can the EU encourage Member States, who have previously been hesitant, to legislate protection of whistleblowers? d) If legislation is introduced, who is responsible of seeing it enforced? How can the EU ensure its effectiveness? e) Once in force, should the whistleblower protection framework be periodically evaluated and reviewed?

6. Links 

EURACTIV (2016), The Trade Secrets Directive: what it does, what it does not:

http://www.euractiv.com/section/trade-society/news/demystifying-the-tradesecrets-directive/  Study on Whistleblower protection frameworks, compendium of best practices and guiding principles for legislation, G-20 Anti-Corruption Action Plan (2011):



https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/anti-corruption/48972967.pdf Javor Benedek (2016), Frequently asked questions on whistleblowers and whistleblowers protection:

http://javorbenedek.hu/en/frequently-asked-questions-about-whistleblowersand-whistleblower-protection/

54

Open Public Consultation, European Commission - http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=54254

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

Global Research (2016), The Rise and Fall of the Whistleblower: https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-whistleblower/5536954



The Economist (2015), The Age of the Whistleblower:

https://www.economist.com/news/business/21679455-life-getting-better-thosewho-expose-wrongdoing-companies-continue-fight

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Committee on Employment & Social Affairs - EMPL Taking into account the current development of technology and artificial intelligence, more than 47% of all jobs are likely to be replaced by non-human workforce. What measures should the EU take to lessen the negative impact of automation while ensuring progress and development?

by Ilias Mavromatis (GR) & Tomas Turner (CH)

1. Relevance of the Topic If robots can do better, faster and cheaper almost everything humans can what will humans do? This is the biggest fear raised by the the rise of artificial intelligence55 (AI) and digitalisation in the workplace; a fear augmented by the lack of a regulatory frame both on a European and international level.

The adoption of new technologies impacts the workplace in two ways56. First, it makes jobs redundant by gradually replacing human work with robots and secondly, it raises the demand in professions that arise due to automation. This means that the implementation of automation in the industry will lead to substantial savings with regards to labour cost and hours while releasing workers from hard, dangerous and repetitive work. At the same time, it will create a demand for advanced skills specific to these technological advancements in such a rate that might be impossible to meet, considering the current educational plans and trainings.

Many experts estimate that mass unemployment, poverty and increased inequality are possible scenarios for the future labor market57. However, it is evident that a sudden loss of jobs is unlikely to be the result of the digitalisation58 of the workplace. A gradual transition to this new reality seems to be the most probable outcome, especially considering that the implementation of new technologies has already commenced and differs from country to country, industry to industry and company to company.

It is, therefore, important that any framework which will try to regulate this new work environment focuses on mitigating any possible consequences and ensuring that this modern Industrial Revolution is as beneficial as possible.

55

Artificial intelligence is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence 56 http://bruegel.org/2017/04/do-we-understand-the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-employment/ 57 https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2015/may/27/internet-of-things-automationunemployment 58 Digitalisation is the integration of digital technologies into everyday life

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2. Key Actors ● The European Commission is responsible for bringing forward directives that are relevant to the problem at hand. Given that the area of employment is a shared competence between the European Union (EU) and the Member States, it is up to the Member states to decide whether or not these will be adopted and to what extent. ● Member States are responsible for implementing EU legislation, enact national legislation and should make an effort towards the harmonisation of their legislation with that proposed by the EU. ● Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an organisation comprised of 35 Member Countries coming from around the globe, from North and South America, Europe and Asia-Pacific. The OECD monitors the events across its members, analyses data and makes recommendations for improvement to governments. ● The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) are think tanks focused on developing a deeper understanding of the evolution of global economy and providing a fact base to assist decision making in critical issues.5960

3. Key Conflicts With the development of AI and General purpose robots61, as well as noticing that 51% of the activities in the US economy are replaceable with current technology 62, the question for the future of the labor market arises. Activities which fall under the umbrella of Predictable physical activities, Process data and collect data, where software is more efficient than humans, will probably be the first ones to become obsolete. Even though many think that this will lead to job losses, which will be substituted by new types of jobs, others say that full employment isn t possible in the future of automation and part time jobs (or no jobs at all) are the future.

Automation s contribution in the industry is a significant factor for its implementation.

Machines are able to work in any conditions - hazardous or not - and are more precise and efficient when it comes to repetitive tasks. This is the reason why many see in automation 59

https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview https://www.weforum.org/ 61 Robot that is able to do and learn a variety of different tasks 62 McKinsey Global Institute A future that works: Automation, employment, and productivity 60

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a way to improve productivity, quality and hence Gross Domestic Product5; crucial factors considering that the growth of the Global economy is slowing down. The use of robots could also prove instrumental for EU s ever ageing society and growing labor market needs. Projections show that over the next decade there will be a labour market deficit in many countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, which cannot be matched by the local or EU population63; the adoption of automation in various occupations could be the solution to the problem.

One has to keep in mind that automation won t take over within a fortnight: different factors will be deciding in the amount of time in which these technologies will be adopted.

The most relevant ones are technical feasibility, how advanced the technology is and how many jobs could it potentially replace in a specific sector; costs of research and development, meaning the costs of creating the technology and implementing it; labor market dynamics and economic benefits, meaning the labor cost of humans compared to robots; regulatory and social acceptance, what laws will be put in place and how society will accept the constant presence of robots in their lives.

There are many approaches for handling the aftermath of the automation of the work market, some more controversial than others. A general idea is that we need to act on the education system to train people to work in the age of automation64, as well as re-train those who will become unemployed due to the extinction of some professions. In order to dampen the financial consequences of automation and find sufficient funds for governments in an era where less people work, tech leaders, like Bill Gates, have also suggested the adoption of a Robot Tax , that would tax the adoption of machines which substitute human labor65. The idea of universal basic income has also become of topical interest, although it remains very controversial.

Of the stated factors above some are difficult to influence but the last two (Economic Benefits and Regulatory acceptance) the legislative bodies of national governments and the EU have a big part to play. So should we try to hinder the adoption of AI by legislative measures or should we try to adapt ourselves?

4. Measures in place Dear delegates this where you get to shine and possibly make sure that future sessions have something to write in this section. For now however, there are none.

63

OECD, EU, (2014). Matching Economic Migration With Labour Market Needs.

World Economic Forum Executive Summary: The Future of Jobs and Skills 65 http://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-robot-tax-brighter-future-2017-3

64

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5. Questions a) How can AI affect the labor market? b) What measures should the EU take in order to mitigate the effects of the adoption of new technological advancements in the workplace without hindering further development? c) How can we ensure a future employment for those who are less familiar with new technology?

6. Links 

McKinsey Global Institute, A future that works: Automation, employment, and productivity: http://bit.ly/2qM0Bsk



Introduction to AI and labor market: http://bit.ly/1mITYwo



http://econ.st/2zYtSDi



Robolaw: http://robohub.org/robolaw-why-and-how-to-regulate-robotics/



Europe preparing for digitalization and automation of work: http://bit.ly/2iX4yKK

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Committee on Environment, Public Health & Food Safety I – ENVI I Taking into account that green technologies come at a high cost, what steps can the EU take to ensure sustainable growth in Europe?

by Lukas Burnar (AT) & Dilge Imer (TR)

1. Introduction Europeans believe that environmental sustainability is important66, yet they also want jobs, prosperity, and economic growth. What can be done to move towards both of these goals? Securing reliable energy at affordable prices is still one of the biggest challenges the EU is facing. For nearly 20 years since its inclusion in the Treaty of Amsterdam as an overarching objective of EU policies, sustainable development has been one of the fundamental objectives of the European Union (EU). However it comes at a cost. Factors such as limited natural resources, the pressure to meet the immediate global consumption needs and increasing demand due to growing global population significantly limits the options for sustainable development. Due to these issues the EU has been striving to change its growth and development strategy in order to ensure sustainable development without compromising the opportunity of future generations to meet their own needs.

Especially with the targets set under the category Climate Change and Energy for Europe 2020, the EU began from its shift from dependence on imported fossil fuels to meeting the energy needs with renewables and green energy sources. The competition for resources can bring about instability in many regions of the world. EU Member States, which rely on the rest of the world for resources like fuel and a number of key raw materials, are therefore vulnerable to security of supply risks.

2. Key Actors â—? The EU has a crucial role in supporting all regions and Member States in reaching their potential for innovation, competitiveness and sustainable growth. In many EU countries, the regional or local authorities are responsible for policy areas linked to sustainable growth such as entrepreneurship, infrastructure and energy efficiency. Therefore, dialogue between national, regional and local government is

66

Debating Europe

, How would you grow Europe s economy sustainably?

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important in bringing the EU s priorities for sustainability closer to people, strengthening the feeling of ownership. ● The European Commission, with its actions such as adopting the 2009 Review of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy (EU SDS), underlined that in recent years the EU has mainstreamed sustainable development into a broad range of its policies.67 It aims to create an optimal business environment for sustainable growth, job creation and innovation by ensuring coherence between industrial, environmental, climate and energy policies. These efforts have gone hand in hand with a high level of engagement of Member States and stakeholders68, which is very much needed for successful implementation. ● Moreover, Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, takes on biannual monitoring reports on sustainable development and, together with the Member States, develops and improves Sustainable Development Indicators. 69 ● The main task of the European Council in the matter is monitoring and peer review, while the European Parliament mobilises national parliaments to play their role and establishes an economic dialogue with the Council and the Commission, making the process more transparent and the aforementioned institutions more accountable. ● The involvement of all sections of the civil society from businesses, to trade unions, non-governmental organisations and individuals is of great significance in order to provide EU with sustainable growth. Empowering civil society represents and fosters plurality of ideas and can contribute to more effective policies, equitable and sustainable development.70 ● The European Sustainable Development Network (ESDN) is an informal network of public administrators and other experts dealing with sustainable development strategies in Europe.71

67

European Commission

, Reviews of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy .

68

European Commission , Reviews of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy .

European Commission , Civil Society .

71 European Sustainable Development Network , Welcome to the website of the ESDN .

69 70

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3. Key Conflicts In order to make renewable energy competitive against traditional means of energy production, a number of investments have to be made. Extensive research and development (R&D) as well as infrastructure investments are necessary to drive down the costs in the long term. However, the way this innovation can be incentivised is still highly debated.72 While some argue for increased subsidies for renewables, others claim this practice is unsustainable and instead advocate for cutting existing subsidies, putting pressure on the energy suppliers to innovate. The areas where technological improvement is needed to become competitive are the efficiency of the production units, the storage of excess energy and the cost of financing the necessary infrastructure.

Estimating the future market penetration for electricity generated from renewables has proven challenging as there are significant variations caused by the development of new technologies, the supply of fossil fuels and policies regulating the latter. 73 This uncertainty hinders investment as a certain degree is necessary for certain technologies to be profitable.

The European Commission already announced a continued dedication to funding research on sustainable energy after the end of the current programme Horizon 2020.

However, there is still debate over the financing and budget of the successor programme.74 Special interest groups representing a number of European companies active in the energy industry are claiming that existing policy is focused too much on renewable electricity, leaving out other forms of renewable energy such as sustainable heating.75 However, as the shift a more sustainable society is a global one, recent developments in the US also affect the EU. After relatively few changes in 2017, the budget request for the fiscal year 2018 by the US Department of Energy (DOE) includes significant cuts to research into green technologies, terminating the DOE´s loan programmes (ARPA). While this decision is entirely national, it is emblematic of the shift in tone by the current US Administration, prompting a discussion about increased cooperation with other nations.76

72

https://www.nap.edu/read/12619/chapter/6#138 , page 138 https://www.nap.edu/read/12619/chapter/6#135 , page 135 74 Times Higher Education (2017), "Commission report calls on EU to double research spending" 75 Euroheat & Power , Renewable Energy 76 US Department of Energy , FY Budget Request Fact Sheet 73

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4. Measures in place ● The Paris Agreement on climate change is an international agreement signed by 195 countries which aims at reducing the output of greenhouse gases through a number of national measures, limiting the increase of temperature to a maximum of 2% relative to pre-industrial times.77 ● The EU has taken an active role in the international effort of restructuring the global energy market through regular exchanges with energy powerhouses such as Russia, China, India and the US. Additionally, it has promoted a closer integration of neighboring countries into its energy market and developing sustainable infrastructure. The Energy Community, an international organisation represented by the European Commission, was created specifically for this purpose in 2006.78 ● Horizon 2020 is a financial instrument created to fund research in the EU. It has a budget of around 80 billion Euros available over a 7 year period and is looking to finance innovative projects that are sustainable and economical.79 ● The main EU framework currently in place is the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework, which contains the targets of the Energy Efficiency Directive as well as a commitment to a 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions and a share of 27% renewables in the energy supply. It is a part of the 2050 Energy Strategy, which is aiming to reform the European energy market in the long term.80 ● The Ecodesign Directive sets out EU-wide mandatory minimum requirements for the energy efficiency of household appliances and other products.81 It is being complemented by the Energy Labelling Directive which introduced mandatory energy efficiency labelling on certain products.82 ● One of the main pieces of legislation in place is the Energy Efficiency Directive.

Adopted in 2012, it establishes a set of binding measures to help the EU reach its 20% energy efficiency target by 2020. Last year, the Commission proposed an update to the directive, including a new 30% energy efficiency target to 2030.83

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change , The Paris Agreement .

European Commission , Energy Community 79 European Commission , What is Horizon ? .

80 European Commission , Climate & Energy Framework .

81 European Commission , Ecodesign .

82 EUR-Lex , DIRECTIVE / /EU of the European Parliament and of the Council .

83 European Commission , Energy efficiency .

77 78

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5. Questions a) Is relentless economic growth compatible with a green future? b) Is green energy really as green as advertised? Or is the reliance on biomass distorting the true cost of renewables? c) Should Europe instead focus on increasing energy efficiency to meet its climate targets? d) Does energy efficiency competitiveness?

create

new

growth

opportunities

or

hinder

e) Is the current set of measures tabled enough to meet the Paris obligations? f) Is renewables transition enough to tackle climate change?

6. Links 

What is sustainable development? : http://bit.ly/1m6E7bH



How would you grow Europe s economy sustainably? : http://bit.ly/2zxUuxR



Single country profiles and brief overviews of sustainable development strategies of 33 European countries by ESDN: http://bit.ly/2zhPPQD

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Committee on Environment, Public Health & Food Safety II – ENVI II Recently, scientists managed to delete genes associated with diseases from embryos. What approach should we take towards gene alteration and what regulations if any should be put in place?

by Athina Karameliou (GR)

1. Introduction As of August 2017, humans have succeeded in editing a disease-causing gene in human embryos. The study was a collaboration between the Salk Institute, the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland and Korea's Institute for Basic Science. The said gene is called MYBPC3 and it has been associated with inherited heart conditions which affect an estimated one in 500 people worldwide.84 The genetic tool used is called CRISPR-cas9 and its full potentials are fascinating but still to be discovered.

For the time being, the research on human embryos, where it is approved, is conducted with the consent of the donors in IVF surplus embryos that otherwise would be discarded.

The embryos are not allowed to divide past the stage of 8-14 cells and then they get destroyed with no intention of getting implanted in the uterus and get gestated.

The applications of germ line gene engineering are countless. Humans have experimented with altering the genome of plants and animals through selective breeding since the dawn of civilization. However, not until now was it possible and seemingly safe to correct mutant genes in order to eliminate hereditary diseases and disabilities without causing greater problems to the embryo. Besides, genetic engineering could also be of use to address infertility issues and/or prevent abortions.

These applications nonetheless are not to be taken lightheartedly. Creating Genetically Modified Embryos free of diseases leads the path to altering the genes controlling other physical features as well. Designer Babies raise a whole lot of ethical issues and are seen as the cause of a new era of social inequalities based on one s capability to alter their genome or not.

New bioethical dilemmas occur as science and technology advance on the subject of gene engineering. However, regulations on such research are either extremely strict or too ambiguous. Many are enthusiastic about the new therapeutic effects of gene alteration

84

http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/health/crispr-human-embryos-gene-editing-study/index.html

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and the prospect of even more useful applications of the said techniques while others remain sceptical that society heads towards a new era of eugenics.

2. Key Terms ● Genome:85 A genome is an organism s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. ● Zygote:86 A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. ● In vitro fertilization (IVF):87 is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg (embryo) or eggs are implanted in the uterus. One cycle of IVF takes about two weeks. IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryos from a known or an anonymous donor. In some cases, a gestational carrier a woman who has an embryo implanted in her uterus might be used. ● Hereditary Diseases: 88A disease that is caused by a mutant gene and that may be transmitted from one generation to the next. (syn. congenital disease) ● Germline genetic modification:89 is a form of genetic engineering which involves changing genes in eggs, sperm, or very early embryos. This type of engineering is inheritable, meaning that the modified genes would appear not only in any children that resulted from the procedure, but in all succeeding generations. ● CRISPR cas9 system:90 is a genome editing tool that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. It is currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation. ● Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD): 91is generally defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytes for genetic defects. It has been 85

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/zygote 87 https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-fertilization/home/ovc-20206838 88 http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hereditarydisease 89 https://ieet.org/index.php/tpwiki/germline_genetic_modification 90 https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 91 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19793305 86

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developed for couples whose potential offspring are at risk of severe hereditary disorders, structural chromosome abnormalities or mitochondrial disorders. It is recognized as an important alternative to pre-natal diagnosis. However, diagnosis from a single cell remains a technically challenging procedure, and the risk of misdiagnosis cannot be eliminated. ● Bioethics:92 the study of what is right and wrong in new discoveries and techniques in biology, such as genetic engineering and the transplantation of organs. ● Eugenics:93The science of improving a population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

3. Key Actors ● WHO Global Health Ethics Unit:94 provides a focal point for the examination of ethical issues raised by activities throughout the Organization. The unit also supports Member States in addressing ethical issues that arise in their own countries. This includes a range of global bioethics topics; from public health surveillance to developments in genomics, and from research with human beings to fair access to health services. ● UN Inter-Agency Committee on Bioethics (UNIACB):95 was established in March 2003.By providing a forum for exchange of information in the field of bioethics and related issues, with special attention to human rights, UNIACB intends to promote coordination and cooperation in the activities carried out by its members. ● The European Group on Ethics:96 in Science and New Technologies (EGE) is an independent, multi-disciplinary body appointed by the President of the European Commission which advises on all aspects of Commission policies where ethical, societal and fundamental rights issues intersect with the development of science and new technologies. ● Committee DH-BIO:97 On 1 January 2012, following the reorganisation of intergovernmental bodies at the Council of Europe, the Committee on Bioethics 92

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bioethics https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/eugenics 94 http://www.who.int/ethics/en/ 95 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/bioethics/un-inter-agencycommittee-on-bioethics/ 96 https://ec.europa.eu/research/ege/index.cfm 97 https://www.coe.int/en/web/bioethics/dh-bio 93

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(DH-BIO) has taken over the responsibilities of the Steering Committee on Bioethics (CDBI) for the tasks assigned by the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine as well as for the intergovernmental work on the protection of human rights in the field of biomedicine. â—? National research approval granting Agencies: Apart from the European or International Bioethics and Research bodies, Member States may also have national institutions or government structures granting approval or licensing agencies such as the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in the United Kingdom.

4. Key Conflicts Gene editing is the latest technological advance to raise bioethical issues. Due to its recent development, genome modification techniques have not yet been explored to their full potential. As so, by attempting to correct a certain disease-causing mutation and thus enabling a healthy baby to be born there is also the risk of off-target effects occurring. For example, the latest experiment in the US proved to have a success rate of 72% of the zygotes being properly and successfully corrected and passing the correct form of the gene to all cells after multiple divisions. However, previous experiments conducted in China during 2015 using a different gene engineering technique had a significant percentage of cells showing mosaicism after multiple divisions, meaning that some of the cells deriving from the edited embryo had been corrected but other still carried the defective gene.98 Moreover, gene editing tools have shown great potential in correcting defective genes but have yet to be tested in order for them to modify solely the target gene and not other sites of the genome as well, causing unforeseen genetic disorders.

So far, the researches that have been conducted on human embryos have been approved to do so with the sole scope of correcting mutations that cause severe hereditary diseases and/or disabilities such as familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and under the condition that no other reasonable alternative exists for those diseases. However there is no distinct definition of what can be considered as reasonable alternative for those conditions. Are current treatments, insufficient as they may be, preferable to not having the disease in the first place?

Controlling certain genes to prevent diseases also leads the way to altering other physical features as well. That raises the questions of the so-called designer babies , in other words, humans that will have exactly the characteristics their parents want them to have.

98

http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/health/crispr-human-embryos-gene-editing-study/index.html

40

In that spirit, some traits that are considered more desirable will prevail in the human population whereas others will disappear. Are we heading towards a new era of consumer eugenics or can this efficiently be prevented and limited by specific regulations?

Be that as it may, the techniques that have been developed so far, are applicable only the cases where there is a healthy egg and the mutation is carried by the sperm. There is yet to be discovered how to correct the mutations in the embryo when those are passed on to by both parents. Even more so, hereditary diseases occur from many different types of mutations, chromosomal abnormalities and mtDNA defections that have different causing and repairing mechanisms. Are the procedures that have been developed effective for all cases or more specific tests need to be developed before put into use?

Another social issue that derives from gene modification is that by promoting certain physical traits over others, there is the possibility of enhancing already existing discriminations rather than diminishing them. In vitro techniques and gene testing are already costly and by inducing even more complex procedures, the cost is expected to rise. That creates a clear division between those who can afford enhancements and those who cannot.

However technologically advances may have embraced by society, altering the genome of a human embryo is a way of humans interfering with nature. Besides, choosing certain human characteristics over others despite the social inequalities that it promotes, it is also an altering of the natural process of human evolution.

Gene engineering raises a lot of ethical dilemmas and there is a variety of differing opinions on the possibilities such techniques may have in the future as such are the differences in the legal framework surrounding those issues. In many Member States such as Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Sweden and the Czech Republic any kind of research on human embryos is strictly prohibited. 99 Others ban research on human embryos by guidelines that advise against it rather than strict laws while others have ambiguous if any legislation. Should there be a common legal framework on human embryo research throughout all Member States or should each country retain its right to adopt the most suitable to them approach?

99

http://www.businessinsider.com/what-countries-allow-researchers-to-edit-human-embryos-2015-10

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5. Measures in Place ● Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1997):100is an international instrument aiming to prohibit the misuse of innovations in biomedicine and to protect human dignity.

The Convention was opened on 4 April 1997 in Oviedo, Spain and is thus otherwise known as the Oviedo Convention. The International treaty is a manifestation of the effort on the part of the Council of Europe to keep pace with developments in the field of biomedicine; it is notably the first multilateral binding instrument entirely devoted to biolaw. It Entered into force on 1 December 1999. ● Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, concerning Biomedical Research (1997):101This Protocol is intended to build on the principles embodied in the Convention, with a view to protecting human rights and dignity in the specific field of biomedical research. Its purpose is to define and safeguard fundamental rights in biomedical research, in particular of those participating in research. ● International Declaration of Human Genetic Data (2003):102 was adopted unanimously and by acclamation at UNESCO's 32nd General Conference on 16 October 2003. This Declaration and the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights are the only international points of reference in the field of bioethics. ● Report of the IBC on Updating Its Reflection on the Human Genome and Human Rights:103 is a non legally-binding text of a guideline nature on use of human genome with respect to human rights. ● National Legislation Frameworks and/or guidelines: although all signature parties have to abide by the articles mentioned in the Orviedo Convention each Member State has the freedom to customize its national legislation accordingly.

100

https://rm.coe.int/168007cf98 https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/090000168008371a 102 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001361/136112e.pdf 103 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002332/233258E.pdf 101

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6. Questions a) How can gene alteration prevent embryos from showing hereditary disease? b) Why is it so controversial to conduct research on human embryos? c) In what way would designer babies provoke social inequalities? d) Should genetic engineering be permitted on human embryos, and if so, under what circumstances? e) How would society deal with the social inequalities that would arise from germline genetic modifications? f) How strict/lenient should the legal framework be regarding research and/or gene alteration on human embryos? g) Should all Member States adopt a common policy or show respect to their respective opinions?

6. Links 

Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever CRISPR: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY



British researchers get green light to genetically modify human embryos:

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/feb/01/human-embryo-geneticmodify-regulator-green-light-research 

Embryonic stem cell research: an ethical dilemma: http://www.eurostemcell.org/embryonic-stem-cell-research-ethical-dilemma



Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine: https://rm.coe.int/168007cf98

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Committee on Industry, Research & Energy - ITRE Controlling the Clouds: With the advance of cloud computing services outpacing the increase of data processing capabilities, how should the EU accommodate the growth in the ICT field while increasing the level of public and private data protection?

by Nikos-Pavlos Kotzias (GR)

1. Introduction When Alan Turing designed the first computer on the brink of WW2, he could not have imagined the extent to which his invention would dominate the world some decades later.

Today, we often tend to forget how long we have come, making the world increasingly digital and computable, a progress which can only be described by an inexorable need for data. Data104 dominate the computing marker more than any other service or product. Yet, as with any other commodity, data also follow the rules of supply and demand. The demand for data processing has long surmounted its availability, driving IT service providers to find alternative contrivances in order to meet the demand.

To this end, Cloud Computing Services (CCS)105 have stormed in to assist as they are often more cost and resource-effective than alternative methods. The Cloud can offer a variety of services with relatively easy access, stipulating immense growth for providers and clients alike, generating billions in profit [1]. Nonetheless, many believe that cloud computing services have reached their limit, while others are doubtful of their future. In any case, cloud computing services have been created and further developed in a legislative vacuum, where few provisions exist. Not only does this situation make us wonder about their future commercial exploitation, but it also leads to some serious reservations about data protection.

The European Union cannot stay behind in light of these events, hoping to incite further growth in a field that has much to offer while establishing a broader framework under which Cloud and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services should operate.

104

Data: information output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be meaningful/information in numerical form that can be digitally transmitted or processed. Source: Merriam Webster 105 Cloud Computing: The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. Source: Oxford Dictionary

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2. Key Actors European Commission: The European Commission and particularly the Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG-CONNECT) [2] have been at the forefront of regulating cloud computing systems through the European Cloud Initiative as part of its strategy towards a Digital Single Market106. The Commission aims to strengthen cloud computing through a series of legislations in order to further support European economies in their transition, while also taking particular interest in the data protection aspect.

European Parliament: The European Parliament has been active [3] in the field of regulating the future of cloud computing in Europe. In particular, it has pushed for greater data protection, more focus in developing cloud services for research purposes and especially free and open data sharing across Europe [4].

Cloud Service Providers (CSPs): Many private companies across the European continent are active in providing cloud services for various uses; from hosting services, to management systems and data storage, the cloud market could amount for up to 449 billion EUR and almost 1.6 million jobs by 2020.

European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS): The EDPS is an independent EU institution [5] focused on safeguarding data protection across Europe. It works through cooperating with European and Member-State authorities to monitor the implementation of new technologies, intervene when violations are observed and create a data protection framework across the EU. Its main aim is to create a common data protection policy across Europe.

3. Key Conflicts Digital Single Market (DSM): For cloud computing services to be fully integrated into the DSM further legal and practical provisions are needed [6]. Better internet connectivity, support for SMEs, digitalising the industry, trainings on how to use the cloud services are but a few. Most importantly, the main goal is to ensure that each and every citizen will have access to the services with the lowest cost possible and particularly the free flow of data [7]. The completion of the DSM could potentially generate billions in profit and help with the full integration of the Single Market as today more and more goods and services are traded online. However, it is important to keep in mind that aside from the 106

Digital Single Market (DSM): the free movement of persons, services and capital is ensured and where the individuals and businesses can seamlessly access and exercise online activities under conditions of fair competition, and a high level of consumer and personal data protection, irrespective of their nationality or place of residence. Source: European Commission

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logistical challenges that the integration of cloud computing services into the economy poses, there are severe reservations in regards to why the Single Market should not be digitised any further.

Economic Impact: The economic impact that CCS have had in both the ICT field and the European economies as a whole are unimaginable [8]. Creating thousands of jobs and billions in profit in the span of a few years, it seems as if the growth is unstoppable [9].

Meanwhile, CSPs are sceptical of the future [10]. New advancements in quantum computing107, machine learning108 and a steady progress towards the Internet of Things 109 will soon make cloud computing obsolete or at least limit its use. At this front, it is important to ensure a smooth transition into the newest technologies, whilst bringing out the full potential of the already existing cloud networks.

Cloud Computing Availability: The very meaning and form of cloud computing services means that they are subject to rarity. As more and more people turn to the cloud , the physical and digital capabilities of the cloud computing infrastructure are put under significant amounts of strain. Their development and provision is neither cheap nor easy, pushing prices up and computing power down. That stress could potentially mean that the Cloud could become increasingly slower and inefficient, unable to cope with the amount of data that needs to be stored and processed at any given time.

Allocation of Resources: Given the aforementioned lack of computing power, yet the increasing need for cloud services many believe that the proper allocation of cloud services should be clearly defined. The European Parliament for example, has pushed for further funding of cloud services for research and public safety. However, many others, including providers themselves, believe this is against the values of the single market [11], as it hinders their competitiveness and forces them to turn to a field of limited commercial development.

Data Protection: The rapid growth of cloud computing services was strongly linked with an increased interest for data protection laws across Europe. Whereas a clear legal framework for data protection does indeed exist, the dilemma lies more on whether cloud services are better than alternative methods [12]. While many believe that they are more transparent, yet better secured through various encryption110 methods, others argue 107

Quantum Computer: A computer that makes use of the quantum states of electrons or other particles to store and process information as quantum bits. Source: Dictionary.com 108 Machine learning: An application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Source: ExpertSystem 109 Internet of Things (IoT): A network of internet-connected objects able to collect and exchange data using embedded sensors. Source: Business Insider 110 Encryption: The conversion of electronic data into another form, called ciphertext, which cannot be easily understood by anyone except authorized parties. Source: TechTarget

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that having someone else in control of your personal data is problematic in itself. In any case, given the legal framework already existent, future discussions are to be focused on ensuring that it is fully implemented.

4. Measures in place European Cloud Initiative: A 6,7 billion EUR programme [13] launched by the European Commission which aims to bring out the full potential of cloud computing through creating proper infrastructure to store and manage data, investing in High Performance Computers (HPCs) and increasing high-speed connectivity. The project is based on datadriven innovation, hoping to enhance R&D across Europe, supporting the Digital Single Market in the process.

European Open Science Cloud: Part of the aforementioned initiative is also the European Open Science Cloud [14] that focuses exclusively on creating the necessary environment for research across Europe. The programme aims to transform science through ICT, investing in European networks, databases and supercomputers in order to unlock the full potential of the Big Data111 needed in order to make the EU the leading force in research worldwide. It also aspires to engage all of society in a collective effort to promote research and address many pressing issues on a European level.

General Data Protection Regulation: Adopted in May 2016 [15] [16] and applying from May 2018 on, the EU took the initiative to update and amend its already existing - and perhaps already progressive - data protection laws. The newly adopted regulation makes data protection laws stricter, yet allows for better monitoring of their circulation and usage across the EU and beyond, especially for commercial purposes. Essentially, private data have been elevated to a priority and their withdrawal, protection and regulation will be henceforth strictly defined by law, especially when for use outside the EU.

5. Questions a) What strategy should the EU adopt towards cloud computing, whilst inciting further growth in the ICT sector? b) What are the opportunities and challenges these new capabilities have brought to the European Market?

111

Big Data: data of a very large size, typically to the extent that its manipulation and management present significant logistical challenges. Source: Oxford English Dictionary

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c) How should the EU cope with the ever-increasing need for data processing? d) How should data processing resources be distributed across the EU? e) Is cloud computing a danger to data protection and, if yes, how should the EU intervene to protect the rights of its citizens?

6. Links 

What is Cloud Computing, IBM: https://ibm.co/2n3ZzsO



European Cloud Strategy, European Commission: http://bit.ly/1YCu0yr



Cloud Computing Explained: http://bit.ly/13q13j3



TEDxTalk: Thinking Forward About Cloud Computing, John Easton: http://bit.ly/1WUhPAe



Quantum Computers Explained Limits of Human Technology: http://bit.ly/1QxDN6Z



Data Protection Explained: http://bit.ly/2gWeSC6

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Committee on Legal Affairs - JURI In light of the growing relevance of data encryption in the field of counter-terrorism, how should the EU balance the rights to privacy and data protection of its citizens with the necessity of keeping them safe?

by Elena Marro (IT) & Elisavet Sidiropoulou (GR)

1. Introduction Over the course of recent years, several terrorist attacks have been taking place all over Europe posing a threat to our security, to the values of our democratic societies and to the rights and freedoms of European citizens. While terrorism remains on a sharp upward trajectory and permeates the borderless online world, Europe is called to weigh the proper balance between security and privacy.

Despite attitudes to data protection in the West varying markedly between countries, the amount of victims112 caused by the recent terrorist strikes caused a further european shift towards security113. Taking into consideration the role of the internet in this digital era, cyber terrorism represents a weapon used to recruit new fighters, spread their ideals through online propaganda, breach civilian rights and co-ordinate their attacks on an international level without being caught114.

Beyond different national policies regarding big data collection, a related problem is encryption, the process of encoding electronic data into a form that can be accessed and understood only by authorised parties115. The purpose of encryption is to ensure the confidentiality of digital data and protect it in its transit across different networks 116.

However, its widespread use has been at the core of discussions due to the encoded data being unaccessible to authorities. Moreover, inefficient and insufficient links among the different databases concerning sharing of personal data result into information gaps and slow co-operation between Member States appointed authorities and the EU117.

Finally, in an increasingly interconnected world, where the threats to our safety are also globalised, cross-border interventions and international collaboration seem to be necessary. Since we are entering a time in which more information is being turned into 112

Europol (2017): EU TE-SAT Report (http://bit.ly/2sEqL3A) The Economist (2015): The terrorist in the data (http://econ.st/2znrJoB) 114 Infosec Institute (2016): The role of technology in modern terrorism (http://bit.ly/2zoKCay) 115 Digital Guardian (2017): What is data encryption? (http://bit.ly/2nklZCv) 116 TechTarget: Encryption (http://bit.ly/1tepSYU) 117 Europe s World : The challenges of EU counter-terrorism cooperation (http://bit.ly/2z6aRPY) 113

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data so that it can be used in ways that were not possible before, is it possible to talk about a post-privacy future and what are the consequences of the emerging context?

2. Key Actors ● European Union Agency for Network and Information Security118: Actively contributes to a high level of network and information security (NIS) within the Union by working closely together with Members States and private sector to deliver advice and solutions. ● European Counter Terrorism Centre (ECTC)119: Europol operations centre and hub of expertise aimed at providing operational and strategic support as well as coordination in the fight against terrorism. ● Member States: Operational work is performed by EU States' law enforcement and intelligence authorities. States main objective is to grant protection to its citizens within their territory. As far as civil protection is concerned, EU has competence only to support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the Member States. ● European Union: The EU coordinates the cooperation between Member States due to the cross-border nature of cyber terrorism, terrorist recruitment and later investigation. Moreover, as the issue falls within the area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ)120, there is a shared competence121. In shared competences, the legislation passed at EU level, if existent, has priority. However, in the event of lack of legislation by the EU, the Member States have the liberty to legislate on a national level. ● European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol)122: EU s law enforcement agency aimed at supporting EU Member States in preventing and combating all forms of serious international organised crime and terrorism. ● Civil society: main target of the mass casualties designed to induce a high state of well-publicised terror.

118

European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (http://bit.ly/1K9GnwW) Europol - European Counter Terrorism Centre (ECTC) (http://bit.ly/2sC7YCz) 120 European Parliament (2017): An area of freedom, security and justice (http://bit.ly/2z9KKKz) 121 EUR-lex (2016): Division of competences within the European Union (http://bit.ly/2iWr06M) 122 Europol (http://bit.ly/2lzgl2S) 119

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3. Key Conflicts 

Encryption vs no encryption

For the EU, security and respect for fundamental rights are not conflicting aims, but consistent and complementary policy objectives123. Encryption is one of the most important technological advances that reflects the safeguarding of both online security and privacy. Nevertheless, several Member States have been noting that encryption limits law enforcement authorities’ access to encoded data, making them incapable of processing necessary information124. Meanwhile, terrorists are using end-to-end encryption to their advantage, shielding their communications and keeping them private and undetectable. On the opposing side, granting governmental access to encrypted communications could undermine the users’ privacy, as well as compromise their security. Access to and disclosure of sensitive data to authorities might be of vital importance in terms of counter-terrorism measures, yet some consider such actions harmful to the law-abiding citizens, whose private information might also come across criminal investigations.125 

Weakening encryption vs risks

Weakening encryption has been one of the proposed methods as far as making encrypted data accessible to concerned authorities. Essentially, several EU leaders have spoken in favour of backdoors and workarounds in encryption softwares that could be exploited in order to aid law enforcement in bypassing them. However, technology and software experts argue that any form of weakness could, even unintentionally, introduce multiple vulnerabilities. Once a flaw is created, it can be exploited by anyone, not just authorities or intelligence services. Consecutively, although law enforcement aims are legitimate, cyber-criminals and terrorists could easily exploit the said vulnerabilities, leading us to leaks, theft and disclosure of sensitive data.126 

Privacy vs big data collection

Big data collection and scrutiny could provide national governments with important information about private communications and individual lives useful to track terrorist actions and prevent potential attacks. Nonetheless, opponents to this point of view argue that even the most carefully monitored institution or subject should not be allowed to collect vast amounts of information. According to their point of view, governments and intelligence services capability of collecting, storing and analysing personal information 123

European Commission (2015): The European Agenda on Security (http://bit.ly/2wLjONv) EDRi : EU s plans on encryption http://bit.ly/2xvGGjN) 125 Politico (2016): How Europe can get encryption right (http://politi.co/2yX4CQU) 126 EDRi (201 : EU s plans on encryption http://bit.ly/2xvGGjN) 124

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represents a threat to citizens’ privacy.127 On the opposing side, big data consists of vast volumes of information. The information could be much or little, yet the way it is used is what makes it favourable or harmful. Experts, thus, argue that big data collection is not necessarily negative if used for good and not for ill.128 

Information sharing vs individual national efforts

Many voices in the European Commission have been claiming that Member States should work closely together on security matters and acknowledge internal security as part of a general security system to which all governments cooperate in order to form the defence of the Union as a whole129. However, despite the calls for greater cooperation in terms of information sharing, the national interests of individual Member States seem to limit the possibility of integration within the bloc on security issues130. Although sharing of intelligence seems to be fundamental to efficiently tackle terrorism, national governments fail to cooperate and trust in one another enough to pass on sensitive information and disclose data131. Furthermore, the basic principles of intelligence agencies revolve around the idea that the service that first obtains the intelligence has claimed the right to control its usage. Intelligence is, thus, considered powerful, especially due to the fact that it involves both military and political information, marking information sharing as an area in which one does not easily confide in another132.

4. Measures in place ● Data Protection Reform (DPR): Ensures that personal data processing across the EU complies with the principles of legality and necessity with appropriate safeguards for individuals. It will in particular ensure that the personal data of victims, witnesses, and suspects of crime are duly protected.133 

European Agenda on Security: It mobilises a number of EU instruments to support actions through training, funding, research and innovation. Moreover, the Agenda sets out a number of targeted actions to be taken at EU level, to step up the fight against terrorism, organised crime and cybercrime.134

127

Nick Clegg: Security and privacy in the internet age (http://bit.ly/2huAi6m) Life Hacker (2014): What is big data and who is collecting it? (http://bit.ly/2z6DHjt) 129 European Commission (2016): Enhancing security in a world of mobility (http://bit.ly/2z6lAfT) 130 Stratfor (2016): The European Union Is Not A Security Union (http://bit.ly/2zb9m57) 131 Politico : Europe s intelligence black hole http://politi.co/1O5qwOv) 132 Foreign Policy (2016): Europe, stop trying to make intelligence sharing happen (http://atfp.co/2zd3NTZ) 133 European Commission: Reform of the EU Data Protection Rules (http://bit.ly/1IjvPgK) 134 European Commission: European Agenda on Security (http://bit.ly/2kHPCQ9) 128

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

Schengen Information System II (SIS II): Large-scale information system containing alerts on persons and objects that is used by border guards and by police, customs, visa and judicial authorities throughout the Schengen Area.

● Anti-terrorism package135: Package of operational and practical anti-terrorism measures presented by the European Commission which will help Member States tackling terrorism and organised crime and the means that support them while strengthening our defences and building resilience against those threats. ● EU Counter Terrorism Strategy136: Adopted by the Council in 2005 it is aimed at fighting terrorism globally and making Europe safer by focusing on four pillars (prevent, protect, pursue, respond).

5. Questions a) Is the traditional concept of privacy applicable to the 21st Century level of technology and development? b) Is it possible to maximise safety without infringing on privacy? c) What measures would ensure the effectiveness and overall society s satisfaction with their privacy and security? d) Do recent terrorist attacks provide proof of the ineffectiveness in EU policy on security and freedom? e) How can the EU coordinate the different national policies of Member States in order to facilitate information sharing? f) How can Member States utilise encryption to their advantage and overcome the problems it has been posing without risking our security?

6. Links 

The Guardian: Fight against terror 'spells end of privacy': http://bit.ly/2iUBIL2

135

European Commission: Eleventh progress report towards an effective and genuine Security Union (http://bit.ly/2h9O01v) 136 EUR-Lex: Counter-terrorism strategy (http://bit.ly/2z17uMK)

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

European Commission s anti-terrorism package: http://bit.ly/2grVKeO



Combatting Terrorism: Prepare for a marathon, not a sprint: http://bit.ly/2zea1Tq



European Commission: Crisis and terrorism: http://bit.ly/2iTRlCu



Council of the European Union: Fight against terrorism: implementation of shortterm actions: http://bit.ly/2xNfi0T



Panorama of the combat against terrorism (video): http://bit.ly/2yodmQO



DG Migration and Home Affairs: Terrorism (video): http://bit.ly/2zZUSCr



How terrorists use encryption: http://bit.ly/2iU4DyU

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Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice & Home Affairs - LIBE Media privacy invasion, fake news, corporate interests and lobbyists manipulating headlines have been a growing concern in the EU. How should European countries ensure the media is able to fulfil its regulatory purpose on both private and public enterprises, informing people in an accurate and professional manner?

by Gregor Bauer (CZ)

1. Introduction The media has always been used as tool to manipulate public opinion. Whether in order to advance a political agenda or represent other interests media outlets have remained an indispensable tool. This has become an increasingly pressing subject of debate in recent years. Particularly due to the increasing influence fake news have on public opinion, high profile individuals and events.

Fake news has been equated to information warfare, which has become increasingly relevant during the dawn of the digital age. The world has been become smaller with technology while the amount of online platforms of misleading or false content have been steadily increasing. This has lead to hoaxes, conspiracy theories, fabricated reports, clickbait headlines, and even satire to not only be shared instantly, but also meticulously and speedily spread through social media to distort a user s perception of reality. The impact of fake news can thus by extension be felt in the real non-digital world, and has been identified as a major global risk, whether for manipulating stock prices, influencing elections, or even threatening the stability of whole countries.

Since it has become such a pervasive global problem, governments and organisations have been undertaking initiatives to tackle the impacts of fake news and try to ensure that the media retains its place of informing citizens clearly and accurately. However, the debate is still ongoing.

Below are some further insights into the issues surrounding media manipulation, please take a good critical look at the attached links and think about how fake news has affected you, or rather why it has not, to tackle this issue with a fresh and informed approach!

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2. Key Actors 

Social media sites: Used as tools for cyber campaigns, their posts as vessels of misdirection, social networks are at the centre of the issue of media transparency.

It is essential to understand how social media is used and abused for manipulative purposes, but also how they counter this abuse, what role they could, should, or already are playing in the battle against fake news. Under c. you can find an example of social media sites cooperating with other organisations as well. a. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-security-facebook/facebookcracks-down-on-30000-fake-accounts-in-france-idUSKBN17F25G b. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39707642 c. https://firstdraftnews.com/crosscheck-launches/



EU Member States: Elections in several European countries have allegedly been impacted by fake news. Understanding their handling of disinformation, how the countries have or have not responded to the influence of fake news, will be very important in this debate. d. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidschrieberg1/2017/01/09/fake-newsthreatens-critical-european-elections/#7883716e3684 e. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-fake-newssocial-networks-fine-facebook-50-million-euros-illegal-content-hatespeech-angela-a7668731.html f. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/dec/02/fake-news-facebookus-election-around-the-world (also includes examples from other parts of the world) g. http://money.cnn.com/2016/12/05/media/fake-news-italy-referendum/

3. Key Conflicts 

Social bots: Automated social bots that post links to articles, retweet other accounts on twitter, or perform more sophisticated autonomous tasks, such as following and communicating with other users, are seen by some analysts as a major force behind the prevalence of fake news. a.

The spread of fake news https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.07592.pdf

by

social

bots

-

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

Financial motive: In the non-digital world, what fuels the spread of fake news is also its lucrative potential. The most obvious and indeed common method is advertising, which generates revenue for those directing online traffic, but there are also allegations focused on the influence social media posts can have on stock prices, even those can therefore be subject to manipulation. a. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andyswan/2017/05/21/secrets-of-smartinvestors-profiting-from-market-moving-tweets/#28bfe6431ee9 b. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/uniteds-stock-is-set-to-fall-5-andwipe-1-billion-off-the-airlines-market-cap-2017-04-11

● Political impact: The most obvious and present issue of the abuse of media is its impact on politics, whether influencing the standing of an individual, a party or government, or subsequent impact on democratic processes. The motives might be clear, but it is imperative to analyse the way social media is used for political purposes, and how distortion of facts and opinions can be identified and countered. a. http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cyberpropaganda-influenced-politics-2016/ b. (take a look at some of the links under EU Member States )

4. Measures in place 

The Disinformation Review: Through reports from an extensive network of journalists, civil society organisations, academics, and public authorities in over 30 countries, the Disinformation Review demonstrates how pro-Kremlin disinformation finds its way into the news and how it spreads distorted or false messages. a. https://euvsdisinfo.eu/ b. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquartershomepage/32408/dont-be-deceived-eu-acts-against-fake-news-anddisinformation_en

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● Social Networks’ battle tactics: There are several ways in which social networks themselves have tried curbing the spread of fake news and minimising the impact of misinformation. a. A helpful outline of Facebook s methods and projects in development and already in use - https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/04/working-to-stopmisinformation-and-false-news/ b. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/05/17/facebook-finetuning-its-filters-clickbait-and-fake-news/101784448/ c. An example of cooperation with other https://firstdraftnews.com/crosscheck-launches/

organisations

-

d. A comparison to Chinese social media http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2055179/howchinas-highly-censored-wechat-and-weibo-fight-fake ● National countermeasures: It is interesting to review the response of EU Member States other countries to fake news when looking different approaches to solving the issue. a. Germany - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germanyfake-news-social-networks-fine-facebook-50-million-euros-illegal-contenthate-speech-angela-a7668731.html b. Czech Republic - http://www.mvcr.cz/cthh/clanek/centre-againstterrorism-and-hybrid-threats.aspx

5. Questions a) What core reasons for the pervasiveness of fake news can you identify? b) How can the financial motives for engaging fake news be curbed? c) Examining the successes and failures of prior attempts, how would you counter disinformation?

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6. Links 

For interesting examples of existing and developing countermeasures by different actors and some relevant opinions on possible new approaches, take a look at this article:

https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2017/mar/15/fighting-fakenews-societies-technology-search-truth 

For a comprehensive study of fake news, including the motivations behind it (pages 52-56) and some examples of countermeasures (pages 65-67), I highly recommend going through this paper:

https://www.a51.nl/sites/default/files/pdf/wp-fake-news-machine-howpropagandists-abuse-the-internet.pdf

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Committee on Regional Development - REGI Bearing in mind the recent events in Spain what approach should the EU take in assisting the resolution of this conflict?

by Martynas Duknauskas (LT) & Nikos Alexiadis (GR)

1. Introduction The results of the independence referendum has led to the unilateral declaration of independence of Catalonia on October 27th, 2017. This emerged as an issue of high importance for the European Agenda.The separation is afraid to cause instability in the Spanish economy and as a consequence,in the eurozone.Moreover,it may lead to empowerment of secessionist movements in other Member States.Hence,the situation at hand is very delicate to the European Union(EU).

In compliance with people's right to self-determination, undoubtedly all European citizens have the right to democratically decide their future. Accordingly,the people of Catalonia have shown clear intent to do so without approval from the central government of Spain.In case the European Commission supports the independence of Catalonia, this will not only lead to a crisis in relations with Spain,but also will serve as precedent for the Commission's involvement in an independence movement.This would encourage other secession movements to follow the example set by Catalonia and cause political instability in the continent.In a situation where the concepts of state sovereignty and self determination,continental stability and mutual trust is at stake,no reaction is not an option and the issues that are being faced by the EU need to be addressed.

2. Key Actors European Commission can interfere and act as a facilitator and negotiator between the two sides. President Juncker underlined the importance of neutrality for the preservation of stability and the avoidance of more chaos.137 Spanish Government has a strong will to keep Catalonia attached to the central government. Despite the political tension it might create in the society, the government has threatened the Catalan authorities with triggering the Article 155 of the spanish

137

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/13/eu-intervention-in-catalonia-would-cause-chaosjuncker-says

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constitution which, when in place, allows the central government to suspend some of a region s autonomy under special conditions.

Catalan authorities: In accordance with the Spanish constitution, regions and nationalities are entitled to the right of self-governance. Catalonia is one of the few Spanish regions that have taken advantage of this right. Before the eventual suspension of Catalan autonomy, which followed the unilateral declaration of independence, Catalonia enjoyed the rights to provide public services, collect taxes and maintain their own police force. In addition, Catalonia had a right to have its own regional parliament. On the 27th of October the resolution approved by the lawmakers in the parliament in Barcelona set a motion for a new republic state independent from Spain.

People living in Catalonia: Despite the current tension in the Catalan capital with rallies and people demanding their independence, it's not clear whether the majority of people living in the region want independence.. The independence referendum held by the Catalan authorities resulted in only 43% turnout138. Although a large majority of Catalans are in favour of an independence referendum, according to opinion polls only 41% are in favour of full independence139.

Other separatist regions in Europe: Spain is far from being the only country in Europe dealing with secessionist movements. Countries like Belgium, Italy and the United Kingdom also have regions, which for historical, cultural or economic reasons have expressed their desire for more autonomy or even full independence. Some political leaders of these regions have given their support for Catalonia140, raising fears that the Catalonian example might encourage more European regions to split from their countries.

Media: The political crisis in Catalonia has so far been marked by significantly different views presented by major Spanish and Catalan media outlets. While in Catalonia the struggle for independence is portrayed as a righteous act of self-determination, Madrid based media is covering the events from a rather negative perspective. The events have also become an object of serious contention in social media, as there have been reports of fake images being circulated to illustrate the crackdown of Spanish police during the independence referendum141.

138

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415 140 http://www.france24.com/en/20171029-catalonia-influence-other-european-independence-separatistmovements-basque-lombardy-scotla 141 https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/06/inenglish/1507278297_702753.html 139

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3. Key Conflicts 

In times where the European motto united in diversity tends to become divided by diversity Catalonian independence plays a significant important role to the encouragement of other secession movements in European states to claim their independence and become autonomous. Catalonia, as well as Wallonia, Scotland, Brittany, Corsica, Flanders and Lombardy are only a few regions in Europe that have expressed some sort of political will to secede from their parent countries 142.

Thus the failure by the European Union to successfully address the current crisis in Spain could potentially cause a series of new regional disagreements

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Despite the Article 4 of the European legislation which states that the Union shall respect the equality of Member States as well as their national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive or regional and local self government EU law does not protect the existing national identities of current member states due to its duty to maintain law and order and the national security of each Member State143.Thus for the European legal Framework the integrity of a State is dominant regardless the right for self determination of the different national and cultural communities.

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Regarding the Catalan independence EU so far has shown support to the central government in Madrid. Although maintaining neutrality for national sovereignty reasons, the EU encourages a political dialogue aimed towards a peaceful solution between Madrid and Barcelona. In an attempt to value the Catalan s right for selfdetermination and avoid the secession of a wealthy region from a state that is part of the Eurozone and the EU.

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It s unclear how big the appetite for independence is for a population of 7.5 million citizens and how much they want a break from the central government or more economical autonomy and freedom as a region.144

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Whilst the relationship between Catalans and the rest of Spain has always been tense due to Catalans' desire for independence, the Spanish economic crisis has damaged the relationship even further. Many in the region believe that the wealthy

142

https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2017/oct/27/beyond-catalonia-pro-independencemovements-in-europe-map 143 http://www.lisbon-treaty.org/wcm/the-lisbon-treaty/treaty-on-european-union-and-comments/title-1common-provisions/5-article-4.html 144 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415

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Catalonia region is giving too much to the rest of Spain . 145 The secesion will cause a serious problems for the Spanish economy146and consequently to the Eurozone147

4. Measures in place European Commission: Highly alarmed by the instability in the Spanish region European Commission condemned the Catalan referendum as illegal and underlined the occasion of a referendum organised in line with the Spanish Constitution would mean that the territory would find itself outside of the European Union,mentioning also the importance of unity.148 Spanish Government: Madrid has pointed out that the referendum is illegal and after the Catalan parliament's vote on Friday, Mariano Rajoy the Prime Minister of Spain, dissolved the Catalan Parliament and called for new election on 21st of December although Spain's Senate approved the imposition of direct rule over Catalonia, under Article 155 of Spain's constitution.

Member States: Hours after Catalonia declared its independence representatives of Member States discouraged the recognition of the Catalan State. French,German and even UK support the Spanish Parliament and stand in favor of a united Spain.

Catalan Parliament: Right after Mariano Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament, Carles Puigdemont the Catalan President warned the parliament in Barcelona that there would be a response to this attack.

Article 155: Upon the unilateral declaration of independence by the Catalan parliament, the Spanish parliament has voted to invoke Article 155 of the Spanish constitution.This article known as a nuclear button is an extreme measure in the Spanish constitution allowing the Spanish government to take over the running of a large autonomous community if it doesn't fulfill its obligations to the Spanish State. The invoked article means that Catalonia is no longer an autonomous region and direct control from the government is imposed. As a result, the Madrid government gains the right to dissolve the Catalan parliament, assume control of Catalonia s civil service, police, finances and public media.

145

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/does-catalonia-want-independence-spain/ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/21/heres-how-bad-economically-a-spain-catalonia-split-could-reallybe.html 147 http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/872300/Catalonia-independence-eurozone-markets-EU-projects 148 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-3626_en.htm 146

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Scheduled regional elections: After dissolving the Catalan parliament Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has called for new regional elections in Catalonia to be held on December 21st. According to the Spanish PM, the elections will serves as a restoration of self-government that has been eliminated by the decisions of the Catalan government. As of October 31st, Catalan president Carles Puigdemont has agreed to respect the results of December s snap regional elections149.

5. Questions a) What sacrifices should be expected from both sides in order to reach a compromise, and what would a compromise look like? b) What effect would the Catalan independence have on the rest of Spain? c) Bearing in mind that the EU itself is to a large extent predicated on the peoples rights to self determination, how can the EU handle this situation while minimising damage to the Catalonia, Spain and the EU?

6. Links 

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41551466

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http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independencespain-catalan-leaders-charged-rebellion-sedition-missuse-public-funds-carlesa8027136.html

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http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41854248

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http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41877858

149

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/31/catalonia-ex-president-puigdemont-belgium-asylumindependence

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