HISTOIRE(S) DU THÉÂTRE II FAUSTIN LINYEKULA
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HISTOIRE(S) DU THÉÂTRE II FAUSTIN LINYEKULA Picture on the cover: © Agathe Poupeney
� FR, Lingala � dutch, en
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Belgian premiere: 05.03.2020 Duration of the performance: 90 min
Please turn off your mobile phone during the performance. It is not allowed to make audiovisual recordings.
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This publication was printed on recycled paper.
This production was realised with the support of the Belgian Tax Shelter.
HISTOIRE(S) DU THÉÂTRE II
What did you think of the show? #HDTII #NTGENT #FAUSTIN LINYEKULA
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1974. Zaire. In the boxing match of the century, Muhammad Ali takes on George Foreman. Mobutu Sese Seko founds the Zaire National Ballet. After their independence, African countries look for their own identity. What could have become a formidable laboratory, is soon abused as a propaganda tool and becomes a source of fierce political rivalry on the continent. At NTGent’s request, the world-famous Congolese choreographer and director Faustin Linyekula creates a performance in which he reflects on key moments in the history of theatre. Together with Maman Wawina, Maman Ndjoku and with Papa Ikondongo, three members of the National Ballet since 1974, and actors Papy Maurice Mbwiti and Oscar Van Rompay, he investigates what the young Congolese nation could have become. The performance is part of a series which was kicked off by Milo Rau with the acclaimed performance La Reprise. Histoire(s) du Théâtre is a long-term performative investigation into the oldest art form of human kind. ●
DIRECTION & CHOREOGRAPHY Faustin Linyekula
CAST
Papy Maurice Mbwiti Ikondongo Mukoko Wawina Lifeteke Marie-Jeanne Ndjoku Masula Oscar Van Rompay
ASSISTANCE DIRECTION Papy Maurice Mbwiti
COSTUME DESIGN Ignace Yenga
SET & LIGHT DESIGN Faustin Linyekula
PRODUCTION MANAGER Virginie Dupray Greet Prové
STAGE MANAGER Frederik Vanslembrouck
TECHNICIANS
Ramon Blancquaert Geert De Rodder
TOUR MANAGER Greet Prové
PRODUCTION
NTGent & Studios Kabako
IN COLLABORATION WITH
INTERN SET DESIGN Castélie Yalombo
le Ballet National de la Compagnie Théâtre National Congolais (Kinshasa) Isaano Positive Production (Kigali)
OUTSIDE EYE
WITH THE SUPPORT OF
Stefan Bläske
The Belgian Tax Shelter
ENGLISH
A CONVERSATION WITH FAUSTIN LINYEKULA Interview by Marc Blanchet for the 73rd edition of Festival d’Avignon. Marc Blanchet
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This performance is part of a series, named Histoire(s) du Théâtre. With this initiative, Milo Rau wants to give artists space to think about key moments in the history of theatre. How did you start creating this second part in the series? Faustin Linyekula
HISTOIRE(S) DU THÉÂTRE II
I first met Milo Rau to talk about his show The Congo Tribunal. We met again a few months later when he was named director of NTGent. He had made La Reprise and told me he wanted to turn Histoire(s) du Théâtre into a series open to other directors and choreographers, who could use it to explore their relationship to the stage. The concept of history, and the sharing of stories, is central to my work. I’m interested in adapting stories for the stage that touch me personally. They are de facto theatre stories. As soon as Milo asked me to create the second performance in his series, my oldest memories of theatre came back to me: the National Ballet of Zaire, founded in 1974, which I never saw for real as a child but later discovered while watching Télé Zaïre, in black and white, under Mobutu’s dictatorial regime.
Marc Blanchet
What made the African national ballets unique? Faustin Linyekula
At the time when African states were becoming independent, Sékou Touré, President of Guinea-Conakry, was the first to establish a national ballet. It was part of a specific reflection: how to give a ‘sense of a nation’ to a fledgling state? For those African States, based on colonial borders invented during the Berlin conference at the end of the 19th century, Sékou Touré had an impressive answer: he wanted to create a space in which different ethnic groups could come together as a single nation through their dances and music. What’s interesting, for a State trying to find its place in history, is the choice of the term ‘ballet’ itself a symbol of colonialism. This model was then adapted by many young independent States in Sub-Saharan Africa. Within those countries, the ballets served as spaces of mass education. Outside of their borders, they were diplomatic tools. Whenever you had a summit of African States, each President showed up with his ballet. It was about who had the prettiest dancers. It was, in short, a way to assert their power. Marc Blanchet
How did this ballet function in the Congo, formerly Zaire, under a dictatorial regime? Faustin Linyekula
Mobutu formed the National Ballet in 1974, the year I was born. After establishing his power through violence, he tried to gain prestige by founding this ballet and by organising the boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, a global spectacle. When I discovered a filmed version of the ballet on television, I was still a kid. There was only one channel, and we’d wait all afternoon for those masks, drums, and dancers whose make-up and costumes terrified and fascinated us. There were so many reruns that after a while we knew all the songs and dances by heart.
© Oscar Van Rompay
ENGLISH
BECAUSE THERE WERE SO MANY RERUNS, WE KNEW ALL THE SONGS AND DANCES BY HEART. With Histoire(s) du Théâtre II, I wanted to go back to that time, to give a name to those creatures, a face to those masks, to all those people who made me dream. Were those people I used to see on TV still alive? Are they still part of the National Ballet? In Kinshasa, I soon met three performers and invited them to appear in the show. Two of them have been part of the ballet since 1974 and appeared in L’Épopée de Lianja (The Lianja Epic), the most overtly political creation of the Ballet. The third joined the show in 1975. Lianja is a founding myth of the peoples of Northeast Congo. Mobutu used that story to talk about the birth of all the peoples of Zaire and painted himself as Lianja, father of the nation. Marc Blanchet
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How do those dancers now feel about this propaganda piece? And how did you direct them? Faustin Linyekula
HISTOIRE(S) DU THÉÂTRE II
They talk about that period with stars in their eyes. They enjoyed financial and material comfort on a level so far unheard of in the Congo. As for the direction, I tried to rely on fragments of their stories, by focusing on how each of them came to join the National Ballet. Marie-Jeanne Ndjoku played Lianja’s sister in the original creation, and was only onstage for a few minutes. It was the role of her life. Everything is cast in a new light when you learn that the National Ballet has only originated four creations since 1974, and that the last one was in 1984. After L’Épopée de Lianja, the other three creations were moral stories about good, evil, tradition… Village stories. In 1984, the Democratic Republic of Congo entered a period of crisis. The government decided to ‘clean up the civil service’ and the National Ballet went from eighty artists to about thirty.
Marc Blanchet
You’re putting their careers as dancers side by side with other stories… Faustin Linyekula
The first one, which is a true story, is that of Congolese actor Papy Maurice Mbwiti. His father took a competitive exam to be part of the translation team for the President, in direct contact with Mobutu. After the fall of the regime, he found himself incapable of paying for his son’s tuition. In a monologue that’s key to the show, Papy tells the story of this fallen father: ‘I grew up in a country where I felt like I was the strongest. Until the day I understood how fragile I truly was…’ Oscar Van Rompay, a Belgian actor, explores an entirely different question, a hypothetical one: what would have happened if, upon independence, some Belgians had decided to become Congolese? Kenya gave Brits the opportunity to become Kenyans. If, in 1974, Mobutu had invited Flemish people into the National Ballet to strengthen his regime, what would it have looked like? The gap between Europe and the Congo, between Belgium and the Congo, has grown so much. T oday, 25% of secondary school students in Belgium don’t know that the Congo was once a Belgian colony… Marc Blanchet
Your dramatic work focuses mostly on the meeting of bodies onstage, through dance, singing, or dramatic performance… Faustin Linyekula
You have to bring bodies into a play. The stories I’m interested in aren’t stories of exile. After several years between Kenya and Europe, I decided in 2001 to come back to live in my country, first in Kinshasa, then in 2006 in Kisangani. I wanted to talk in the Congo about the Congo together with Studios Kabako, which I founded. It’s a physical and mental territory that’s unstable and elusive. To approach it, I need to cast many nets… as if I were going fishing for the Congo. I don’t know the size of the fish, so I need nets of different sizes. Some of them have the size of dance, others the size of music, songs, or words. The idea
© Thierry D’Hondt
© Thierry D’Hondt
ENGLISH
is to connect those bodies to different tools. To try to catch this elusive animal, always trying to bring those beings together within a single body, before we can even think about narrative, to open a space.
IT’S POSSIBLE TO DREAM OF A DIFFERENT WORLD, TO BUILD A COMMUNITY AROUND YOU, AND WITH SMALL GESTURES, KEEP THAT COMMUNITY TOGETHER.
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It’s in that space that a narrator can rather appear, a story teller, sometimes inside the story, sometimes outside of it. He can talk about it in an almost objective and factual way, then go back to being part of the story, to being a character—as is the case in many examples of oral tradition. This way of doing things can only be interesting if the performance ends with the necessity of coming back to oneself. Artists and audience have just gone through a lot of different events: it’s essential now to find one’s position on the story that’s just been told. The stage allows you to bring people face to face on a project, then to share that gesture with the audience, to widen the circle. The stage is a space and an attempt to create a community. It’s a long-term undertaking. For this Histoire(s) du Théâtre II I soon wondered how to continue on that path. To build a show is to talk about history, to go into more fragile spaces, shine a light on them to give us a little strength, to help us stay upright. It’s an act of resistance. It’s possible to dream of a different world, to build a community around you, and with small gestures keep that community together. ●
Š Michiel Devijver
© Thierry D’Hondt
© Agathe Poupeney
