QUINTESSENTIAL ARCHITECTURE

BY NUR AMYLIA | IZYAN SYAHIRAH | KHAIRANI IZLIYN

A A R 3 1 3 6 H I S T O R Y A N D T H E O R Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E 3, 2 02 0/ 2 02 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A l l p r a i s e s i s d u e t o A l l a h S W T t h a t h a s b e s t o w e d u p on h u m an b e i n g t h e c ro w n o f c r e a t i o n a n d h i s e n d o w e d h im w it h k n o w l e d g e a n d w i s d o m t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e las t P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d S A W w h o b r o u g h t f o r u s r e v e l a t i o n as w e ll as u n li m i t e d k n o w l e d g e a n d c i v i l i z a t i o n . P e a c e a n d B l e s s in g s b e u p o n H i s F i n al M e s s e n g e r, h i s p u r e f a m i l y , h i s n o b l e c o m p a n io n s a n d a l l t h o s e w h o f o llo w t h e m w i t h r i g h t e o u s n e s s u n t i l t h e D a y o f J u d g e m e n t a n d m a y Allah e xalt t h e m e n t i o n o f H i s P r o p h e t a n d r e n d e r h i m a n d h is h o u s e h o l d s a f e a n d se c u re f ro m all d e ro g at o ry things.

O u r g r a t i t u d e e x t e n d s t o o u r r e p e c t iv e l e c t u r e r , A s s t P ro f D r A i d a K e s u m a B i n t i A z m i n w h o s e a d v i s e i n h a n d y a l o n g w it h k in d d ir e c t i o n an d i n v alu ab le g u i d an c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e H i s t o r y a n d T h e o r y o f A r c h it e c t u r e 3 , Th e Q u i n t e s s e n t i al A r c h i t e c t u r e M a g a z i n e a s s ig n m e n t .

T h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d a n d a n a l y z e d f o r t h is s t u dy h av e b e e n g i v e n f u lly d o c u m e n t e d r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e w o r k o f o t h e r s , a l o n g w i t h t h e c o n t ri b u t i o n s o f all g r o u p m e m b e r s i n t h e p h a s e o f c o m p l e t in g t h e r e s e arc h . A n y o m i s s i o n i n t h i s b r i e f a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t d o e s n o t m e a n l a c k o f g r a t it u d e .

AAR 3136 HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3, 2020/2021

AUTHORS

NUR AMYLIA BINTI ROSLAIMI

NUR IZYAN SYAHIRAH ISNANI

KHAIRANI IZLIYN BINTI MOHD SHAH

1815670

1722648

1818446

SECTION 1

SECTION 1

SECTION 1

01

PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE

02

BUT THAP PAGODA

03

THE FORBIDDEN CITY

INTRODUCTION

H i s t o r y a n d T h e o r y o f A r c h it e c t u r e is o n e o f t h e co re s u b je c t s i n In t e rn at i o n al I s l a m i c U n i v e r s i t y M a l a y s ia ' s B a c h e l o r o f S c ie n c e in A rc h i t e c t u ral S t u d i e s (LA M P a r t 1 ) c u r r i c u l u m . T h i s c u r r ic u l u m e x p o s e s s t u d e n t s t o t h e i n f lu e n c e s o f c o n d i t i o n s ( g e o g r a p h y , g e o l o g y , r e l ig io n s , s o c ia l a n d c u lt u re ) u n d e r w h i c h t h e b u i l d i n g s , m o n u m e n t s a n d b u il t e n v ir o n m e n t w e re c re at e d . Th e p ro g ram h i g h l i g h t s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s in u n d e r s t a n d in g t h e re lat i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e h i s t o r y o f a p l a c e , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f b o t h W e s t e r n A r c h i t e c t u re an d t h e s p re ad o f I s l a m , a n d t h e s o - c a l l e d “ I s l a m ic A r c h it e c t u r e in t h e s e re g i o n s . F u rt h e rm o re , t h i s s u b j e c t p r o v i d e s s t u d e n t s w it h e x a m p l e s o f t h e c o m m o n A s i an c u lt u re an d v alu e s a n d h o w i t s e s s e n c e w e r e i n c u l c a t e d in t h e b u il t e n v i ro n m e n t an d m o n u m e n t s .

T h e b u i l d i n g s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e r e s e a r c h m u s t h a v e p re v i o u s ly b e e n af f i li at e d as h e r i t a g e b u i l d i n g s a n d b e w it h in C o m m o n E r a ( C E ), S o u t h e as t A s i a. Th i s s t u d y f o c u s e s o n t h e s t u d y i n g o f t h e s e l e c t e d b u il d in g ’ s p h y s i c al s t ru c t u re an d i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o i t s p a s t , s u r r o u n d in g c o n t e x t , a n d t h e arc h i t e c t u ral e le m e n t s .

CAMBODIA'S ARCHITECTURE

PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE

By Nur Amylia binti Roslaimi

ANCIENT INGENUITY The intelligent architecture solutions of Preah Vihear Temple during the time of Khmer Empire and its building construction, material used and technology advancement during this period. (source: https://www.kathmanduandbeyond.com/preah-vihear-cambodia-contentiousangkorian-ruins/)

TABLE OF CONTENT HISTORY & BACKGROUND...

04

STRUCTURE.......................

06

CONSTRUCTION METHOD....

09

ELEMENTS.........................

12

CONSTRUCTION STAGES......

13

SUMMARY.........................

14

(source: https://www.insideasiatours.com/blog/2016/02/03/4229/)

Located on Dângrêk Mountains

Khmer Empire

Located in the northern province of Preah Vihear, Preah Vihear Temple sits majestically on the edge of a plateau of Dângrêk Mountains under the

The temple was built by a succession of seven Khmer monarchs during Khmer Empire, beginning with Yasovarman I (reign 889–910) and

authority of the Kingdom of Cambodia near the Thai border. Out of all

ending with Suryavarman II (reign 1112–1152) to recreate the renowned

Angkorian monuments, this temple is the most dramatically situated with its breathtaking views of lowland

aspiration of the nearby temples at Angkor. Khmer Empire lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE was a powerful

Cambodia 550m below. The temple has existed on the site since the 9th century when the hermitage was

state in SouthEast Asia. Khmer empire comprises Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam as of what today

founded.

Location of Preah Vihear Temple on map (source: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/camb odia-political-map.htm)

Hinduism

is. This temple also acts as a place of pilgrimage and worship for the Cambodians for millennia.

It was designed to represent Mount Meru like other temple-mountains from this period and is devoted to Shiva, the Hindu deity in the form of Shri Shikarashvara or Lord of the Summit.

In Hindu beliefs, Mount Meru is a golden mountain that stands within the heart of the cosmos and is the axis of the universe. It is the home of gods, and its foothills are the Himalayas. In a Hindu temple, Meru is represented by the existence of the roof tower crowning the shrine.

04

HISTORY & BACKGROUND

Preah Vihear Temple (source: https://www.traveltoasiaandback.com/blog/prasatpreah-vihear)

Visitors at Preah Vihear Temple (source: https://www.hinduhumanrights.info/japanesetourists-flock-to-hindu-temple-at-center-ofcambodia-thailand-dispute/)

UNESCO World Heritage Site This site is specially well preserved because of its remote location. Until now, Preah Vihear Temple has been one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site for 12 years since 2008. In November 1972, the World Heritage Convention was launched by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. World Heritage status perpetrates the home nation to preserve the designated location. It is a stamp of approval that brings a commitment to save the irreplaceable.

Ownership issue An issue had erupted involving the site’s ownership between the two countries, Cambodia and Thailand, as Dângrêk Mountains have borders belonging to both countries. This disagreement had even ended up in the International Court of Justice. It is known as the home of international law and arbitration that was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations. The ICJ is the only international court with its rulings and opinions serving as major sources of international law that resolve Disagreement of borders line between two countries (source: https://boundarystudies.wordpress.com/)

general disputes between countries. The matter of dispute was finally settled in 1962 when the international court decided that the temple belonged to Cambodia.

The temple belonged to Cambodia in 1962 (source: https://cambodianess.com/article/hun-sen-praisesthe-hague-on-58th-anniversary-of-preah-viheartemple-case-judgement) Temple Preah Vihear located in remote location (source: https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/715)

H I S T O R Y & B A C K G R O U N D 05

Central sanctuary Can be found

in

most

Angkorian temples as it is the home of Shiva, the temple’s primary deity. The temple is not considered as a worshipping place for large population but a home for the deity and only large enough to hold statue or linga. Its importance is conveyed by its centrally-located in the temple and its greater wall decoration.

Enclosure The spaces between the central sanctuary surrounded with concentric series of walls and also spaces within the most inside wall and the shrine represent the mythical home of the gods, the mountainous areas around Mount Meru. The enclosures of walls are lined by galleries while gopuras are located at the cardinal points by way of passage through the walls.

06

STRUCTURE

Central Sanctuary (source: https://www.traveltoasiaandback.com/blog/prasat-preah-vihear)

Gallery The form of the gallery during the 10th century had evolved due to its hallways that were getting longer which had earlier been used to surround the central sanctuary of the temple. Then, additional half galleries on one side were integrated in the first half of the 12th century in the period of Angkor Wat to strengthen the structure of the temple.

Western gallery (source: https://youtu.be/uX9XtvESIMs)

Gopura An entrance

gateway

is

constructed at each of the four cardinal points with enclosures surrounding a temple. Along the axis of the enclosure are the cross-shaped gopuras that can be seen from the aerial view. The gopura of Preah Vihear Temple has a tower at the center of the cross that is the same as most Angkorian gopuras. Guardian figures (dvarapalas) can be found

Gopura II (source: https://www.storiesbysoumya.com/temple-preahvihear-cambodia/)

Gopura IV (source: https://www.storiesbysoumya.com/temp le-preah-vihear-cambodia/)

placed and engraved on both sides of the door including decorated lintels and pediments.

Some of the monuments had been ruined by the war between Cambodia and Thailand.

Gopura III (source:

Gopura V (source:

https://www.storiesbysoumya.com/temple-preah-

https://www.storiesbysoumya.com/temp

vihear-cambodia/)

le-preah-vihear-cambodia/)

Gopura I (source: https://sailingstonetravel.com/visitingpreah-vihear/ )

Preah Vihear side elevation of Goputras location (source: https://chasing-wonders.com/preah-vihear/)

S T R U C T U R E 07

Library Is one of the typical features of Khmer temple architecture but its intention remains mysterious. Rather than strictly functioning as repositories of manuscripts, the library apparently functioned broadly as religious shrines. Library is a standalone building with openings to the west that are constructed in pairs and positioned on both sides of the entryway to an enclosure.

Sra Song: large reservoir (source: https://sailingstonetravel.com/visiting-preahvihear/)

Eastern library (source: http://khmernz.blogspot.com/2010/ 08/preah-vihear-is-belong-tokingdom-of.html)

Reservoirs Reservoirs including srahs and barays have an unclear significance whether for spiritual, farming and gardening, or both.

Generally, srahs were created by excavation while barays were created by embankments.

Temple Mountain The primary measure for the formation of public temples is to architecturally represent Mount

Meru,

the

Hinduism

gods'

home

inspired from Indian temple architecture.

Series of mountains surrounding Mount Meru symbolizes the enclosures while the

The space planning that imitate Mount Meru, the home of the gods (source: https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI)

08

STRUCTURE

moat symbolizes the ocean. The raised shrine at the heart of the temple symbolizes the gods’ home.

Geopolymer technology This type of technology may be used during this period based on the evidence found in the temple.

Stairs construction of Temple Preah Vihear makes the engineers wonder how it was built.

It can be seen that the stairs seem like it was created using only one whole sandstone rock and then being shaped accordingly. This is because no joints can be identified at its edges as it seems endless.

It is assumed that the blocks are created using geopolymer technology where various types of stone, gravel, sand and others are put together to make it into huge blocks with various shapes.

Rock cutting The sandstone blocks are assumed was created by using cutting method as the blocks produces a fine, beautiful straight cut that seems impossible with just using chisels and hammers, not mention a curved shape.

It is proved by the blocks

to of

Temple Preah Vihear that have irregular shapes with many edges.

It has been assumed that the ancient people during this period may be using some kind of herbs or

Sandstone blocks with many irregular edges (source: https://youtu.be/zGBohb_2xx0)

acid agent to soften the rocks and mould it to get the desired shape and hardening it back.

Stairs made of one whole rock (source: https://youtu.be/zGBohb_2xx0)

Smooth curved shape of sandstone blocks (source: https://youtu.be/uX9XtvESIMs)

Four big sandstone blocks forming a door (source: https://youtu.be/zGBohb_2xx0)

C O N S T R U C T I O N M E T H O D 09

T-shaped cut for metal clamping (source: https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI)

Ancient metal clamping technology An evidence of the ancient people during this period applied the metal clamping technology or also known as key-stone cut, where they put two blocks side by side with T-shaped cut and then molten metal is poured into them. This will make them become inseparable as metal solidifies and becomes clamp.

Wood dowel joints nowadays (source: https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI)

10 C O N S T R U C T I O N M E T H O D

Inter-locking system Inter-locking system of Temple Preah Vihear using dowel as fastener for the sandstone blocks. This system allows the blocks to be dismantled easily. The blocks do not need to be taken out one by one starting from the top with the help of a dowel. Once the dowel is taken out, all the blocks will be loosen by itself.

Wood dowel joints in the present time have the same function as the ancient dowel.

Jigsaw puzzle block arrangement The sandstone blocks were arranged in a style that looks like a jigsaw puzzle arrangement, with various sizes of rectangular shape of sandstone blocks, this makes the blocks fit in each other perfectly.

This arrangement makes the wall construction more stronger as the blocks will not be easily separated.

Dowel joints as in the circles and jigsaw puzzle arrangement of the blocks (source: https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI)

Rotating Mechanism Columns of the window of Temple Preah Vihear have a unique shape that is quite difficult to be created during the ancient times. According to archeologists, it is said that these columns were created only using chisels and hammers.

However, according to engineers, this method was impossible as the columns were likely created using a rotating mechanism.

The columns also were produced from one whole stone that is graved using a rotating mechanism and it was not being separately carved and joined.

Holes on the sandstone blocks as acoustic wall (source: https://youtu.be/t9jDovSaVwk)

Sound technology Shallow circular holes on the sandstone blocks can be seen from the inside of a chamber in Preah Vihear Temple. There are quite a number of holes in here and it has been proved that this chamber produces a greater amount of vibration compared to other parts of the temple. This shows that the holes created on the sandstone blocks are to make the sound become amplified because of the uneven surface.

Surface shape and texture determines suppression, resilience, echo and amplification of a space, including material used. This also creates a soundproof effect for the chamber as the chamber functions as a place to chant mantras.

Acoustic panel nowadays (source: https://recordingstudio101.com/how-to-soundproofa-room-for-home-recording-a-beginners-guide/)

Concert hall acoustic that has quite similar key-hole shape style in present days (source: Window column of the temple (source: https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI)

Key-hole shape hallway with holes on blocks wall (source: https://youtu.be/uX9XtvESIMs)

https://youtu.be/uX9XtvESIMs)

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

11

Sandstones Preah Vihear Temple was built from a type of siliceous sandstone blocks which is quartz arenite from the early Cretaceous age originated from the area of Khorat Plateau to Kulen Mountain regions. This type of sandstone has medium to coarse grains and is yellowish-brown in color. This sandstone is clearly different from Angkor monuments’ sandstone, feldspathic arenite that has gray to yellowish-brown color.

Quartz arenite has a composition of quartz minerals greater than 90% and contains less than 15% clay matrix cementing the siliceous grains together. It is a very hard sedimentary stone with a hardness scale of 6 to 7. It has a density between 2.00 and 2.60 grams per centimeter because it lacks porosity by virtue of the clay matrix that fills the pores during formation.

Pediment end styles There are three styles of pediment ends found in Preah Vihear Temple. One of them is the style ends in scrolls from one block that also can be identified in the temple buildings of the Angkor period from the end of the 9th century to the mid-10th century such as Koh Ker, Banteay Srei and Preah Ko. Another style ends is the five-headed nagas that can be found from mid-10th century to the early 13th century of the middle to late Angkor period starting Banteay Srei style period until Bayon style period.

The pediments ending in scrolls formed out of two blocks are nowhere to be seen in relatively older monuments like Preah Ko, Koh Ker and Banteay Srei.

A

pediment

scrolls

ending

made

from

in one

block [Gopura III]

A

pediment

scrolls blocks

from

[Western

pediment

scrolls

ending

made

in two

ELEMENTS

in two

L-shaped

A mortise of a pediment ending

in

scrolls

made

from two blocks [Western

Gallery]

L-shaped Gallery]

A stone block with a tenon

A pediment ending in five-

that fell from a pediment

headed nagas [Gallery

ending in scrolls made from two

blocks

[Western

shaped Gallery]

L-

Pediment ends (source:

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/article s/10.1186/s40494-017-0155-0)

12

from

blocks [Gopura II]

ending

made

A

Third Stage In the third stage, from the beginning of 11th century until the middle of 11th century, the late Khleang style period was used. The only building that was not constructed during the second and third stages was Western L-shaped Gallery, which has pediments end in scrolls formed of two blocks.

Western palace of first stage (source: https://www.gettyimages.ie/photos/prasat-preah-vihear)

First Stage The first construction stage started from the late 9th century to the early 10th century with the application of Bakheng style period construction that covers the early construction

Western L-shaped gallery of third stage (source: https://youtu.be/uX9XtvESIMs)

of Western Annex Hall’s palace, its upper structure of the central part as well as its platform. The first stage sandstone blocks are categorized by low amount of magnetic susceptibilities, blocks with small size, and the high level of vertical bedding planes that formed the Preah Vihear monument’s earliest structure. The features and traits of Western Annex Hall’s stone block are totally distinct as compared to the other buildings of Preah Vihear

Eastern L-shaped library of fourth stage (source: https://psamathe.net/preah-viheartemples/)

Fourth Stage Fourth stage took place starting from the middle of 11th century until the late 11th century and used the end of the Khleang style period to the Baphuon style period construction. At this stage, the pediment ends from scrolls converted into five-headed nagas.

Fifth Stage Construction of the fifth stage happened from the middle of 11th century until the late 12th century using the Baphuon style period to the Angkor Wat style period. The temple has fiveheaded nagas pediments and large sandstone blocks.

Temple.

Second Stage The second stage construction took place in the early 11th century with the application of the middle Khleang style period.

Gopura IV of fifth stage (source: https://everythingWestern U-shaped extension of second stage (source: https://sailingstonetravel.com/visitin g-preah-vihear/)

everywhere.com/temple-of-preah-vihear-worldheritage-site/)

CONSTRUCTION STAGES

13

Site plan of Temple Preah Vihear (source: https://books.openedition.org/gup/306)

Drawing of Gopura III, showing the building in an idealized and pristine condition (source: https://books.openedition.org/gup/306)

Drawing of how the ruins should be restored and the setting refurbished in order to revive the idealized monumental past (source: https://books.openedition.org/gup/306)

Illustration of war between Cambodia and Thailand (source: http://kimedia.blogspot.com/2008/08/sacravaspolitical-cartoon-preah-vihear.html)

Preah Vihear Temple was constructed with siliceous sandstone blocks.

The sandstone blocks' dimensions of the temple increased significantly over the same period of time. The temple was built over a range of years starting from late 9th century to the late 12th century with the application of styles ranging f r o m t h e B a k h e n g s t y l e p e r i o d u n t i l Preah Vihear Temple's monuments with the Angkor Wat style period. construction stages (source:

14

SUMMARY

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen .com/articles/10.1186/s40494-017-0155-0)

Styles adapted to the Temple Preah Vihear (source: https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/ s40494-017-0155-0)

‫۞ َو َل َق د َك َّر م ن ا َب ن ي آ َد َم َو َح َم ل ن ا ُه م ِف ي ا ل َب ِّر َو ا ل َب ح ِر َو َر َز ق ن ا ُه م ِم َن ا ل َّط ِّي ب ا ِت‬ ‫َك ث ي ٍر ِم َّم ن َخ َل ق ن ا َت ف ض ي اًل‬ ‫َف‬ ‫َو َّض ل ن ا ُه م َع ٰىل‬ And We have certainly honored the children of Adam and carried them on the land and sea and provided for them of the good things and preferred them over much of what We have created, with [definite] preference.

Surat Al-'Isra' [17:70] (source: https://www.abuaminaelias.com/islam-against-racism-bigotry/)

(source: https://www.thousandwonders.net/Preah+Vihear+Temple)

BUT THAP PAGODA B A C

N I N H ,

V I E T N A M

BY NUR IZYAN SYAHIRAH source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAt_Th%C3%A1p_Temple

VERNACULARITY & IDENTITY BRIEF Discover the sacred beauty of vernacular buildings which reflects the unique identity of Vietnam, historically and architecturally.

source: https://www.holidify.com/places/hanoi/pagoda-but-thap-sightseeing-121968.html

TABLE OF CONTENT HISTORY & BACKGROUND...

ARCHITECTURE.................

19 21

ANALYSIS & ARCHITECTURE

22

SUMMARY.......................

24

source:http://english.bvhttdl.gov.vn/articledetail.aspx?articleid=25522&sitepageid=417

Background But Thap Pagoda is among the most wellknown pagodas within North Vietnam. The other name for this pagoda is Nhan Thap Temple. This impressive pagoda was built during the rule of King Tran Thanh Tong.

However, it failed during the load testing and was rebuilt in the 17th century after the visitation of Zhen master and Abbot Chuyet Chuyet.

In Vietnam, Buddhism is considered the largest religion which the community believes in. Religion has become the biggest influence on the community over here and it can be seen based on its poetry and writings, song and melody, as well as its building style and design. Hence the pagoda is a widely known symbol for the presence of Buddha in the whole Vietnam province.

History Before reaching the old gate of But Thap Pagoda, people will encounter the giant Banyan trees. The place also is surrounded by countless areca nut palms that provide shades from the heat effect during the summer season. But Thap Pagoda was built in the Tran Dynasty in the 13th century.

source: https://www.bestpricetravel.com/travel-guide/but-thap-pagoda.html

HISTORY & BACKGROUND

19

History Although this building looks kind of old, it is still considered a wellknown landmark in Hanoi because they still preserve this ancient treasure. This place will always be crowded by Buddhism as they want to pay homage to their Lord, Buddha. The pagoda appreciates knowledge and wisdom more than wealth, hence the tranquility can be seen not only by magnificent design but also by the occupant community attitude.

20

HISTORY & BACKGROUND

source: https://www.deviantart.com/print/view/148800846/?purchase=print

source:https://www.deviantart.com/print/view/148800846/?purchase=print

source: https://www.globaldmc-vn.com/products/but-thap-pagoda

source: https://vietnamtravel.com/but-thap-pagoda/

Architecture This building is well-known for its iconic architecture because it combines two cultures which are Vietnam and Chinese. But Thap Pagoda consists of 50 Buddha statues on the inside and the pagoda is carved-beautifully on the outside that even the small things were designed gracefully with the ancient vernacular theme. For example the three traditional gates and the bell tower. The pagoda is surrounded by greenery and softscape that can create a tranquil ambiance.

The building consists of 10 edifices including two wide corridors and the total area is 16,000 square meters. The ancient wooden doors and pillars have a beautiful flower carved pattern which is believed to be Noi Cong Ngoai Quoc style of architecture. The pagoda has an authentic touch because it’s using ethnic and traditional material.

They use materials like timber and wood to reflect the real prosperity of Vietnam.

ARCHITECTURE

21

Spatial Planning The pagoda consists of seven series of buildings whose orientation is based on the north-south axis and a wall gallery that surrounds five of the buildings. The gatehouse and a bell tower located at the south exceed the perimeter of the gallery while the temple’s stupa which functions as an altar are located at the east. The buildings which reside within the enclosed boundary are the most important one.

Most of the architectural elements are found older such as the tower prayer house which is located at the center of the pavilion. It is like it appeared in the 13th century although the process of rebuilding was made in the 17th century.

Two towers made of white rock influenced the pagoda to look higher, more magnificent, and peaceful. These towers are namely Ton Duc Tower and Bao Nghiem Tower that are respectively 10m and 13m tall.

source:https://www.deviantart.com/kite-nguyen/art/But-Thap-Pagoda-3-148801037

22 A N A L Y S I S & A R C H I T E C T U R E

source:https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1365/vietnam/bac-ninh-province/but-thap-or-ninh-phuc-temple

source:https://www.deviantart.com/kite-nguyen/art/But-Thap-Pagoda-148800559

Ornament and decorations The architectural sculpture in But Thap Pagoda portrays the proficiency of Vietnam artisans. It was first constructed under the Tran Dynasty in the 13th century but was renovated by the Ly Dynasty four centuries ahead. The pagoda was named after the pinnacle which is the But Thap or Bao Nghiem tower. This is because the tower is considered the most outstanding piece of the pagoda. Because of the age of this pagoda, it has become the main attraction historically and religious site for the Buddha’s believers.

Although this building suffered from centuries and decades of war deconstruction,

it still remains strong with the maintenance of the community over there. Furthermore, today the pagoda is still well-known for the beautiful sacred buildings which were surrounded by greenery and wild grass hence looking somewhat abandoned when looking at it for the first time. Nonetheless, this place is still being used by the people greatly.

In the interior, there are lots of antique articles and sculptures including the 17th-century wood-cut masterpieces.

The immaculate design of the old unique fashioned figures along the facade has excited the people that visit this place.

(source: https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/carved-stone-dragon-but-thap-pagodanear-hanoi-vietnam/UIG-4044_14_080306_vn_35t0196

(source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bird,_But_Thap_pagoda,_Bac_Ninh_province,_1647_AD,_stone__Vietnam_National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC04952.JPG

A N A L Y S I S & A R C H I T E C T U R E 23

History & structure But Thap pagoda was inspired by the combination of Vietnam and Chinese architectural styles which are called Noi Cong Ngoai Quoc.

This building integrates 10 structures spreading more than 100m which cover the three entrance doors straight to the bell tower right and back house.

(source: https://en.vietnamplus.vn/but-thap-pagoda-in-bac-ninh-province/165991.vnp

Ornaments There are countless patterns of wood and stone carving inside the But Thap Pagoda which reflects the expertise of the Vietnamese artisans.

Most of the statues indicate the interesting creatures which are believed to be like guardians of the pagoda. The most outstanding statue is called the Bodhisattva Kuan-yin statue. Its characteristics are having 3.7m height, 11 heads, and hundreds of eyed-hand. This statue speaks of the perfection of Buddha's representation.

Architecture Another famous feature is the Bao Nghiem tower (But Thap). It consists of an eight-side pinnacle, which represents a huge brush-pen pointing upward 13m tall.

(source: https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g293924-d4945615-ReviewsPagoda_But_Thap-Hanoi.html

24

SUMMARY

‫َيا َأُّيَه ا الَّن اُس ِإَّنا َخَلْق َن اُكْم ِم ْن َذ َكٍر َو ُأْنَث ٰى َو َجَع ْل َن اُكْم ُش ُع وًبا‬ ‫َو َق َب اِئَل ِلَت َع اَر ُف وا ۚ ِإَّن َأْكَرَم ُكْم ِع ْن َد ِهَّللا َأْتَق اُكْم ۚ ِإَّن َهَّللا َع ِليٌم‬ ‫َخِب يٌر‬ "O mankind, indeed we have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most nobles of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed Allah is knowing and Acquainted" [49:13]

(source: https://www.deviantart.com/print/view/148800846/?purchase=print

MAJES T I C S Y M B O L I S M

THE FORBIDDEN CITY, BEIJING, CHINA

BY KHAIRANI IZLIYN

(s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / w w w . b e c k i r o b i n s . c o m )

MAJESTIC SYMBOLISM The iconic symbol in the heart of Beijing, China influenced by Cosmological and Confucian thought. Design studies which bring their own meaning and symbolism in it's details.

(s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / p i x y . o r g / s r c / 4 7 2 / 4 7 2 7 1 0 4 . j p g )

(s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / 5 0 0 p x . c o m )

TABLE OF CONTENT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND...............

29

CONFUCIAN THOUGHT AND COSMOLOGICAL INFLUENCES..................

30

CULTURAL INFLUENCES..................

31

SYMBOLISM..................

32

SUMMARY....................

35

Historical Background.

The Forbidden City, the vast and impressive centre of Chinese Imperial power for almost 500 years. Located at the heart of Beijing, the building stands out differently among the other contemporary structures.

The Forbidden city which is also known for the World Heritage Site be the one of the majestic architecture that sits under the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

This is undeniable as it is the largest intact wooden castle structure found anywhere on earth and has served as an open museum of Chinese history for almost a century. This majestic place is China’s most breath-taking attraction as it is situated along with the Great Wall that enhances it to be a destination that must go for any visitor to the Chinese capital. Nowadays, this majestic place is called the Palace Museum.

(source: https://www.flickr.com) The word majestic brings the meaning of beauty, powerful, or causing great admiration and respect. Majestic things are simply far superior to everyday stuff. It comes from the Latin word “majestatem”, which means greatness, dignity, honour, or excellence. It is also referring to the great creatures and places of the natural world.

(source: https://www.istockphoto.com)

H I S T O R I C A L B A C K G R O U N D 29

As recorded in the history of ancient China, The Forbidden City as well known as 'zǐjinchéng' was a Chinese Imperial Palace of 24 emperors starting from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). It is also named as Imperial Palace (Gùgōng).

As mentioned by ancient Chinese astrology, the word 'Zi' that is generally translated as ‘purple’ refers to the North Star (Ziwei Star) that is interpreted as the home of the Celestial Emperor.

Besides, the word 'Jin' meaning 'forbidden' signified the domination of the Emperor while 'Cheng' which brings the meaning of ‘city within walls’. Just looking at the name clearly noted that the place is not permitted for the common people to enter freely. The palace is known as 'Gùgōng' meaning the former palace for Emperors. Over the years, the Forbidden city now became one of the most unique historical places in China that serves as a Palace Museum for the public and also became the focus of historians.

Confucian

Thought

and

Cosmological Influences.

The buildings in Forbidden City were mainly built and designed in accordance with the Book of Changes that consists of China's oldest text telling about divination and cosmology. The Chinese culture itself is also influencing the establishment of the city.

These philosophies were evolved in China’s pre-imperial Zhou era (1045–221 BC). In addition, the layout of this majestic place was influenced by the Confucian thought which established stability and represents harmony between two things; man and earth.

The south-north axis was believed in accordance with Confucian thought to lead visitors towards Heaven. This is because the emperors owned the supreme power from Heaven which allowed them to govern the whole nation. The Imperial Palace is situated in the center of the capital on its south north axis to convey the power of central place in the nation.

Hence, the buildings that have been dominant had to be placed on the southnorth that was believed to be the 'axis of power'.

30 C O N F U C I A N T H O U G H T A N D C O S M O L O G I C A L I N F L U E N C E S

(s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g )

Cultural Influences Moreover, the establishment of Forbidden City was influenced by the culture.It was designed with a symmetrical layout according to the principles of “Feng Shui” which is a key feature of the Forbidden City.

According to the principles of Feng Shui, each building or space in the city has a complementary component and each side of the north-south axis complements each other. The Forbidden city also symbolizes the unity between man and nature as it is one of the most important customs in Chinese tradition and philosophy. All the buildings that act as dominant were

11

Crown Prince, the Emperor's birthday, official business and imperial marriage ceremonies. Meanwhile, the northern Inner Court (Back Palace) served as a dwelling for the Emperor and his family which was used for day-to-today affairs of state.

Layout: 1. M e r i d i a n G a t e 2. W a t c h t o w e r

8 7

3. G a t e o f S u p r e m e Harmony 4. H a l l o f S u p r e m e Harmony 5. H a l l o f M e d i u m

6 5 4

harmony which is also reflected by The Palace of Heavenly Purity. In accordance

part was generally functioned for ceremonial purposes such as the enthronement of the

City

9

constructed symmetrically along the central axis in order to maintain balance and

with the symmetrical layout, the Forbidden City is split into two parts which are the southern Outer Court (Front Court). This

Forbidden

10

3

2 1

(s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / g r e a t w a l l . c o . i d )

Harmony 6. H a l l o f P r o t e c t i v e Harmony 7. P a l a c e of Heavenly Purity 8. H a l l o f U n i o n a n d Peace 9. H a l l o f

Earthly

Peace 1 0. I m p e r i a l G a r d e n 1 1. G a t e o f D i v i n e Prowess

CULTURAL INFLUENCES

31

Within the outer court, there are three

to live. The construction of those

palaces situated on the central axis from south to north. They are The Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Medium Harmony, and the Hall of

buildings followed by the Imperial Garden that was located to the north of Forbidden City. In addition, other palaces are also built in parallel with the central axis.

A huge gate stands on each of the four sides of Forbidden City. Meridian Gate (Wu Men) which is situated in the south while on the north side is the Divine Might Gate (Shenwu men) which provides entrance for the visitors. Apart from that, the south

Protective Harmony. All those three palaces were believed to have their own meanings behind the existence which symbolized the solemn, majestic and magnificent, and supremacy of the emperor. Besides, on the central axis of the inner court, there are Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Peace, and the Hall of Earthly Peace that was built as the dwelling place for the imperial family

area of Forbidden City called Tiananmen also serves as the main entrance.

(source: https://freedesignfile.com)

Symbolism The Forbidden City has become one of the magnificent histories of the world equivalent to its own symbolism in each detail of features created. Immersing in its majesty of architecture, a row of lion statues can be seen guarding the Gate of Supreme Harmony as it symbolizes the protection for the Outer Court.

There is a huge palace courtyard that can be seen once entering from the Meridian Gate (Wu men). 'Stream of golden water' and five bridges contained in the Palace Courtyard. The five bridges symbolize

(source: https://www.bulgarihotels.com)

32

SYMBOLISM

power and interpreted decoration.

masculinity that are through the torch's

Comprehending the history of Forbidden City, the Imperial Palace follows strict hierarchy ranks. In ancient China, the one that held the supreme status was the emperor. Thus, the heart of the capital is where the imperial city is placed. Looking at the layout of this historical city, the rank of supremacy can be interpreted from the height of palaces. The Hall of Supreme Harmony has the highest statue as it is the one for the emperors to hold ceremonies. The proportion of this huge palace can be equated with

among others with a 12-floor building height.

five and Moreover,

statues all around and also can function as a draining system, enhancing the

half the

basketball courts.

Hall of Supreme

Harmony has been the highest palace

As well as the height of each building in the Forbidden city, the features that are also taken into account are the decorations of the terraces which also strictly follow the hierarchy system.

Hence, The Hall of the Supreme Harmony exhibits its superior status of the palace with three layers of terraces which measures 8 meters (26 feet) height. Apart from that, the terraces are decorated with the stone lion's head

uniqueness of this city.

(source: https://www.ecns.cn) The types of roof design existed in the Forbidden City also influenced by the rank. The bigger the roof, the higher rank the palace has. There are more than ten types of roof and the three main palaces in the outer court also have their own type of roof. The roof types mainly include hipped-gable roof, single-eave hip roof and pyramidal-hipped roof. Nevertheless, the roofs have general features that are generally big, have smooth lines, have distinct eaves and exquisite animal statues. The different types of roof actually have an important function other than providing shelter which is to show its rank. Most of the roofs are yellow.

Meanwhile, the green roofs are only for the imperial children’s dwelling.

(source: https://www.amazon.ae)

SYMBOLISM

33

The Forbidden city is also decorated with mythical animals and auspicious statues such as dragon, phoenix, lion, elephant.

Each of them brings their own symbolism. For instance, the dragon statue symbolizes auspiciousness. The phoenix statue symbolizes the empress, the lion statue is a symbol of bravery and majesty and the sea horse statue symbolizes the royal's state lines.

(source: https://www.flickr.com)

(source: https://www.pinterest.com)

Although it has been through a thousand years, the Forbidden City is still developing. It has undergone a

The main colors of Forbidden City architecture are generally yellow and red.

According to Chinese culture, yellow

transformation of minor palace buildings and hallways into exhibition galleries for the exquisite

means respect and it is used on roofs of most palaces. In line with that, the building with yellow roof was only used

artwork of the imperial collections.

by the imperial families in ancient China.

While the red stands for the emperor's (source: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com) hope of national stability which is mostly painted to the walls and windows.

serves as a cultivation centre for the public to understand, embrace and appreciate the history and beauty of this majestic ancient Chinese culture.

34

SYMBOLISM

Furthermore, Forbidden City is a time capsule for China's past and

HISTORY

SYMBOLISM

Located in the heart of Beijing, Largest intact wooden castle structure.

Known as 'zijincheng' (forbidden city) and (gugong), palace of emperors.

Starting from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.

'Stream of golden water' and five bridges decorated with carved BEIJING torches that symbolized the power and masculinity.

The roof types and size also shows its S U M MARY rank. The bigger the roof, the higher MAJES T I C S Y M B O L I S M rank the palace has.

F O R BID D E N C I T Y , C H I N A

INFLUENCE

The main colours are red and yellow.

Red : the emperors hope of national

Confucian and cosmological: establish stability and

stability. Yellow: respect.

represents harmony between man and earth.

Emperors held supreme

The mythical animals and auspicious pattern has own symbolism such as dragon

power from Heaven.

Cultural influences: Principles of Feng Shui is a key feature of forbidden city.

Symmetrical each building space

or

(auspiciousness), (empress), lion Constructed on the central axis from south to north: meaning of solemn, magnificent, and majestic and also to symbolize the supremacy of the emperor.

phoenix (bravery and

majesty), and sea horse (royal's statelines).

having

complimentary components, each side of north-south axis compliments each other.

The height of the building and the decorations of terrace following the hierarchy ranks. The Hall of Supreme Harmony has be the grandest terrace and high.

SUMMARY

35

‫َأ‬ ‫َأ‬ . ‫َب ِه ي ٍۢج‬ ‫َم َد ْد َن ٰـ َه ا َو ْل َق ْي َن ا ِف ي َه ا َر َٰو ِس َى َو ۢن َب ْت َن ا ِف ي َه ا ِم ن ُك ِّل َز ْو‬ ‫ٍۭج‬ ‫َت ْب ِص َر ًۭة َو ِذ ْك َر ٰى ِل ُك ِّل َع ْب ٍۢد ُّم ِن ي ٍۢب‬

‫َو ٱ َأْل ْر َض‬

As for the earth, We spread it out and placed upon it firm mountains, and produced in it every type of pleasant plant. (all as) an insight and a reminder to every servant who turns (to Allah) Surah Qaf verses 7-8

(source: https://www.topchinatravel.com)

CONCLUSION T h e g r e a t n e s s o f a n c i e n t a r c h it e c t u r e c r e a t e s a t im e l e s s h i s t o ry t o b e r e m e m b e r e d . I t i s f i l l e d w i t h s a c r e d , u n iq u e n e s s o f c u lt u re , an d t h e s t o ry b e h i n d t h e p l a c e i t s e l f . P r e a h V i h e a r T e m p l e , B u t T h a p P a g od a, an d Th e F o rb i d d e n C i t y ; A l l o f t h e s e m a j e s t i c a n c i e n t b u il d in g s f r o m t h r e e d if f e re n t c o u n t ri e s i n S o u t h e as t A s i a l e a v e a g r e a t h i s t o r y f o r t h e w o r l d w it h it s o w n u n i q u e n e s s . Th e e n l i g h t e n m e n t o f t h e i r h i st o r y a n d a r c h it e c t u r e h a s b e e n re v e ale d i n o rd e r t o s p r e a d k n o w l e d g e a n d c u l t iv a t e t h e a p p r e c ia t io n f o r t h o s e p lac e s . "A g e n e rat i o n w h i c h i g n o r e s h i s t o r y h a s n o p a s t a n d n o f u t u r e " q u ot e d b y R o b e rt H e i n le i n . A s a h u m a n b e i n g , i t i s o u r r e s p o n s ib il it y t o l e a r n a n d e x p lo re t h e i d e n t i t y an d c u lt u re o f a p l a c e t o i m p r o v e o u r se l v e s w it h k n o w l e d g e a s a l s o d e m an d e d i n Is lam . A ll i n a l l , t h e a n c i e n t i n g e n u i t y , v e r n a c u l a r it y a n d id e n t it y , an d m aje s t i c s y m b o li s m o f these buildings creates a Quintessential Architecture of all time.

"W h o e v e r t a k e s a p a t h i n s e a r c h o f k n o w l e d g e , A l l a h w i ll c au s e h i m t o w alk i n o n e o f t h e p a t h s t o P a r a d i s e . I n d e e d t h e a n g e l s w il l l o w e r t h e i r w i n g s i n g re at p le as u re with the one who seeks knowledge" (Sunan Abi Dawud)

1. K h m e r a r c h i t e c t u r e . ( 2 0 1 9 , A p r i l 2 8 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . h i s o u r . c o m / k h m e r - a r c h i t e c t u r e - 3 1 1 4 6 / 2. C e n t r e , U . ( n . d . ) . T e m p l e o f P r e a h V i h e a r . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w h c . u n e s c o . o r g / e n / l i s t / 1 2 2 4 / 3. N h e a n , M . ( 2 0 1 7 , N o v e m b e r 1 7 ) . P r e a h V i h e a r t e m p l e : A c e n t u r i e s - o l d m a s t e r p i e c e o f a r c h i t e c t u r e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.phnompenhpost.com/supplements/preah-vihear-temple-centuries-old-masterpiece-architecture 4. C a m b o d i a c e l e b r a t e s 1 2 y e a r s o f P r e a h V i h e a r T e m p l e a s a U N E S C O W o r l d H e r i t a g e S i t e . ( 2 0 2 0 , J u l y 0 6 ) . R e t r i e v e d from https://en.unesco.org/news/cambodia-celebrates-12-years-preah-vihear-temple-unesco-world-heritage-site 5. W h a t I s U N E S C O W o r l d H e r i t a g e ? ( 2 0 1 8 , M a y 1 1 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/about/ 6. M o u n t M e r u . ( n . d . ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . b r i t a n n i c a . c o m / t o p i c / M o u n t - M e r u - m y t h o l o g y 7. E . U c h i d a , K . , B a r t h , A . , B e r g a i g n e , A . , E . U c h i d a , O . , E . U c h i d a , O . , N . I m a i , S . , . . . E . U c h i d a , C . ( 1 9 7 0 , J a n u a r y 01). Determining the construction sequence of the Preah Vihear monument in Cambodia from its sandstone block characteristics. Retrieved from https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-017-0155-0 8. N a v a r r o . ( 2 0 1 6 , O c t o b e r 3 1 ) . W h a t t o s e e i n C a m b o d i a - N A V A R R A D A S . R e t r i e v e d f r o m http://navarradas.com/en/what-to-see-in-cambodia/ 9. P h e n o m e n a l p l a c e c o m . ( 2 0 1 9 , D e c e m b e r 0 8 ) . M i n d B l o w i n g A n c i e n t T e c h n o l o g y - P r e a h V i h e a r T e m p l e , C a m b o d i a .

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGBohb_2xx0 1 0. A n c i e n t S T O N E K E Y T e c h n o l o g y d i s c o v e r e d ? 1 0 0 0 Y e a r O l d M y s t e r y o f R o c k C u t t i n g . ( 2 0 2 0 , F e b r u a r y 2 4 ) .

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lv7NowRxmBI 1 1. S e c r e t S c i e n c e H i d d e n b e h i n d A n c i e n t H o l e s ? M y s t e r y o f P r e a h V i h e a r T e m p l e , C a m b o d i a . ( 2 0 2 0 , F e b r u a r y 2 7 ) .

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/t9jDovSaVwk 1 2. B a f f l i n g N E W A n c i e n t T e c h n o l o g y D i s c o v e r e d ? 1 0 0 0 Y e a r O l d S e c r e t T e c h n o l o g y B e h i n d H i n d u T e m p l e s . ( 2 0 2 0 , March 07). Retrieved from https://youtu.be/-9XcDAB3dw4 1 3. N A G A - T h e R e p t i l i a n S e c r e t o f S o u n d & F r e q u e n c y - A n c i e n t T e c h n o l o g y i n C a m b o d i a ? ( 2 0 2 0 , M a r c h 0 4 ) .

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/bl63gyEuWh8

REFERENCES

14. But Thap Pagoda. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=Nhan+Thap+Temple 15. But Thap pagoda. (2018, July 11). Retrieved from https://daytourshanoi.com/guide/but-thap-pagoda/ 16. Orientalarchitecture.com. (2019, June 14). But Thap or Ninh Phuc Pagoda, Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam. Retrieved from https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1365/vietnam/bac-ninh-province/but-thap-or-ninh-phuc-temple 17. Pagoda But Thap. (2015, May 26). Retrieved from https://www.holidify.com/places/hanoi/pagoda-but-thapsightseeing-121968.html 18. Szilvia. (2014, August 18). Retrieved January 05, 2021, from https://architectureofbuddhism.com/books/pagodasvietnam/ 19. VC, K. (2020, September 07). But Thap Pagoda Bac Ninh Vietnam, Things, Places, What to See, Visit. Retrieved from https://vietnamcycling.com/thap-pagoda-bac-ninh/ 20. Cindy. (2021, January 4) The Architecture of the Forbidden City, Beijing Palace Museum. Retrieved from https://www.chinahighlights.com/beijing/forbiddencity/architecture.htm#:~:text=Cosmological%20and%20Confucian%2 0Influences,(1045%E2%80%93221%20BC).

21. (1998-2021) Forbidden City Architecture. Retrieved from https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/beijing/forbidden-city/architecture-character.htm 22. Ying. C. P. (2021) The Forbidden City. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-arthistory/south-east-se-asia/china-art/a/forbidden-city 23. (2019) The Forbidden City. Retrieved from https://www.chinaculturetour.com/beijing/the-forbidden-city.htm 24. Jie Gou. (2016). Symbolism in the Forbidden City: The Magnificent Design, Distinct Colors, and Lucky Numbers of China’s Imperial Palace Retrieved from https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/symbolism-in-theforbidden-city-the-magnificent-design-distinct-colors-and-lucky-numbers-of-chinas-imperial-palace/

REFERENCES

"We travel, some of us forever, to seek other states, other lives, other souls."

ANAIS NIN

Copyright C 2020/2021 All right reserved. This book is for educational purpose only. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the authors.

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Preah Vihear Temple

But Thap Pagoda

Forbidden City