Sustainable Development and Heritage Conservation in the Context of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) Approach: A Case Study of Macao Coloane
YU HAOCHEN A0283821A
Supervisor: Prof. Johannes Widodo
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Conservation
Department of Architecture National University of Singapore
April 2024
ABSTRACT
The sustainable development and heritage conservation of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) are significant issues in contemporary urbanization process. As a city with long history, Macao has rich cultural and natural resources and unique HUL. This study focuses on Macao Coloane, specifically examining the challenges faced in the sustainable development and heritage conservation of two significant sites: the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards and Stilt Houses. Some of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards currently are revitalized by Macao government, but in the meanwhile the craftsmanship of shipbuilding is disappearing and architecture is abandoned. Stilt houses are some dense but disconnected buildings in Coloane, inhabited by a group of local indigenous residents who once made a living by fishing and shipbuilding, but nowadays many of the buildings have structural problems and some of them even have collapsed. This research uses systematic literature review and cultural mapping as the methodology, which can help researchers understand the existing findings and gain an in-depth understanding of various characteristics of the study areas. This study will introduce the current challenges of the two cases and the researcher will provide the recommendations for their future development which is based on the model put forward by Halstar. These cases are representative and can provide useful guidance and reference for urban planning and policy formulation for Macao government. In the meantime, the study's recommendations and analyses can serve as a reference for similar challenges faced by other locations and fill the research gap of related fields.
Keywords: Historic Urban Landscape (HUL); Macao; Sustainable Development; Heritage Conservation; Lai Chi Vun Shipyard; Stilt Houses
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
One year of study has gone by so fast, as if I just stepped into the NUS campus yesterday. This year has been fulfilling and meaningful for me. I have learned a lot of new knowledge and skills, and I have also made new friends from various countries.
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Johannes Widodo. Thanks for inspiring me and thanks for your advice and guidance so that I can know the problems of my dissertation. I also want to express thanks to Professor Wong Yunn Chii, Ho Puay Peng and Nihil Joshi. Thanks for your lessons and knowledge taught me. Thanks to my family and friends for their support and help this year, for bringing me sunshine every time I was negative.
This year is the fifth year that I have touched "Heritage". "Heritage" is extraordinary for me. I hope that I can stick to this original intention and continue to contribute my own strength on the road of "Heritage" in the future.
My Journey of Heritage: To Be Continued……
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The Attributes of the HUL Approach
Figure 2: The Action Plan of HUL Approach
Figure 3: the Production of Literature Since the Establishment of the Concepts of
Figure 4: The Model that Illustrates the Relationship Between HUL, Sustainable
Figure 5: A Map Depicting the Designated Areas for Parking Fishing Vessels
Figure 6: The Location of Four Villages in Coloane
Figure 7: The Location of Four Villages in Coloane
Figure 8: There are no Shipyards in Lai Chi Vun Around 1957
Figure 9: The Craftsmanship of Shipbuilding
Figure 10: The Area of Shipyards and Buffer Zone as Immoveable Property in
Figure 11: The Design Concept of Shipyard X11-15
Figure 12: Mapping of Shipyard of Lai Chi Vun Village
Figure 13: The Old View of Coloane Village
Figure 14: The Eusideroxylon zwageri Wood (left) and Maintence of Stil Houses
Figure 16: The Plan of Reorganized Area
Figure 17: Proposed Revitalization of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Most Commonly Used Terms in the Publications with a Two-year
Interval Identified 15
Table 2: The Application of the HUL Approach Carried Out in Four Pilot Places 17
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research
In contemporary society, sustainable development and heritage conservation are one of the most significant issues of global focus (Labadi et al., 2021). The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11.4 refers to one of the targets under SDG 11 which is focused on through conserving and safeguarding heritage to create sustainable communities and cities and indicates the relationship between sustainability and heritage. In 2011, UNESCO implemented the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) recommendation, which pertains to a strategy concerning the conservation and management of urban heritage, and it aims to facilitate the harmonious relationship among the physical structures, cultural heritage, and intangible elements within a city or urban region (Ginzarly et al., 2019). It includes various heritage and their surrounding urban area is not only carries the memory of human history in addition, it showcases the distinctive intangible backgrounds of the local community (Sadowski, 2017). However, the stress of urbanization and economic growth threatens the HUL, such as infrastructure construction, urban expansion and land development etc. Erbey (2017) mentioned that the process of urbanization causes the change and reconstruction of urban space, which poses challenges for HUL. Some large-scale construction projects, the development of road and transport networks and growing population and economic activity have an impact on the integrity and uniqueness of HUL (Erbey, 2017). In the meantime, according to Schroeder et al. (2019), the pursuit of economic development also exposes heritage to the risks of commercial development and conflicts of interest. Thus, how to take effective measures to protect HUL has become an urgent problem.
Sustainable development and heritage conservation are seen as the key to solving this issue. Sustainable development prioritizes the balance of social, and it takes into account environmental and economic factors, aiming to address present requirements while ensuring the needs of future generations (Hajirasouli & Kumarasuriyar, 2016). Simultaneously, heritage conservation strives to safeguard the distinctiveness, traditional characteristics, and social importance of the HUL to ensure its transmission to future generations. So it can be indicated that there is a link and interdependence between sustainable development and heritage conservation.
As a city with rich history, Macao has diverse heritage. Specifically, Coloane Island of Macao has preserved a large number of historical buildings, traditional villages, religious sites and natural environments, these resources intertwined with HUL demonstrating the unique features of Macao. Especially, the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards and stilt houses are two critical examples for this research.
During 1950s, the development of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyard area was initiated, establishing it as the most extensive existing shipyard area in Macao and one of the largest well-preserved shipbuilding sites in South China (“Lai Chi Vun Shipyard”, 2023). The significance of this shipyard area primarily lies in its representation of shipbuilding techniques from the mid-to-late 20th century, the socio-cultural context and village layout shaped by the shipbuilding industry and the overall landscape setting, particularly its interaction with surrounding water and mountains. Stilt Houses in Coloane are dense but disconnected buildings, inhabited by a group of local indigenous residents who once made a living by fishing and shipbuilding. These buildings have a unique appearance and structure that reflects
Macao residents’ ability to adapt to climate change and the environment. Nowadays, many precious features of the stilt houses are still preserved, but with the development of urbanization, the number of stilt houses in Macao has gradually decreased. Some of them even have structural problems and have collapsed, putting them at risk of disappearing.
Coloane has experienced social-economic changes over the past few decades, transforming from a traditional fishing village into a tourism-dominated area (Zadori, 2015). There are also some other changes like infrastructure construction, land expansion etc. Also, the case shipyard of LaiChi Vun Village and Stilt Houses in Coloane are at the risk of loss and change in community structure, which makes studying them even more important
1.2 Research Questions
Based on the previous context of this research and the introduction of the two cases, this study aims to provide a comprehensive response to the main question:
What are the effective landscape conservation methods for the Shipyards of Lai Chi Vun Village and Stilt Houses in Macao Coloane?
To develop a deeper understanding of the main inquiry, the study will delve into the following sub-questions:
Sub-question 1: What are the existing conservation frameworks and policies applicable to these two areas?
Sub-question 2: What are the conservation challenges faced by the two areas?
1.3 Research Gap and Significance
With the growing focus on HUL in the field of heritage conservation, numerous studies have emerged to address this topic, such as the contribution of HUL approach to urban management; the role of HUL in sustainable development; the relationship of HUL and the evolution of cities and studying HUL from sociology and human geography etc. However, there are seldom studies combining sustainable development and heritage conservation. In the meanwhile, this research is conducted using the shipyards in Laci Chi Vun Village and stilt houses in Coloane as case studies, which adds particularity to the topic. These two places play an important role in Macao’s history and at the same time, they face challenges of future development. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of these two cases, specific evidence and advice for some challenges will be provided, which can contribute insights and references for future research about relevant fields.
The final findings and conclusion of this research will provide the guidance and special perspectives for related policymakers and various stakeholders play a crucial role in the implementation of sustainable development and heritage conservation practices for HUL. Additionally, the analysis of examples in Coloane also offers valuable insights for other places facing similar challenges. So, implementing the recommended strategies will help them preserve the authenticity of the character of HUL while ensuring the benefits of local community. The results of this study are expected to stimulate in-depth discussions and enhance comprehension in academic and practical fields, serving as a reference for future urban planning and management.
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) Approach
2.1.1 Introduction of HUL Approach
The approach of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) encompasses a comprehensive perspective that entails integrating historical layers within the present-day urban environment, connecting cultural and natural elements and merging intangible values with dynamic practices (Refer to Figure 1) (UNESCO, 2011). Throughout the 20th century, more than 30 documents and guidelines have been published by ICOMOS, UNESCO and the Council of Europe (CoE) with the objective of conserving and effectively managing cultural heritage. Initially focused on monuments, the scope of heritage conservation expanded in the 1960s and 1970s to include historic centers. By the beginning of C21, the notion of heritage expanded to encompass cultural landscapes and cities as vibrant and evolving forms of living heritage (Ginzarly et al. 2018). The expanded comprehension of cultural heritage recognizes the inclusion of associative values and diverse perspectives from various stakeholders. This shift has moved the emphasis away from tangible assets and expert opinions, towards a more comprehensive and contextual approach to urban heritage that incorporates the concept of landscape (Talor, 2015; Bandarin, 2015; Panjabi & Winter, 2009)
Figure 1: The Attributes of the HUL Approach
(Source: Erkan, 2018)
The HUL approach was emerged from and within several interconnected fields, including urban, rural, cultural as well as natural landscape management etc. Landscape holds significant importance in numerous academic and professional disciplines, serving as a fundamental concept that underpins their respective frameworks (Turner, 2006). The development of the HUL approach is intricately linked with the theoretical comprehension of landscape as a concept, as it unfolds within the field of cultural geography and urban studies. In this context, landscape encompasses both the ways in which human activities shape geographical spaces and the tangible, real physical locations themselves (Nassauer, 2012). The concept of landscape is dynamic and holistic. To comprehend and manage it effectively, an integrated and multidisciplinary approach is necessary, encompassing all its diverse components (Cortina, 2011; Bandarin & Van Oers, 2015). According to Erkan (2018), an essential feature of HUL is its ability to solve diverse city typologies, ranging from walled cities to contemporary urban cities, and varying urban scales, encompassing small settlements to bustling metropolis. Additionally, HUL serves as a unifying force, bringing together different networks of stakeholders. Based on the description of Erkan (2018), these objectives mentioned before can be
accomplished by implementing a circular action plan utilizing the four tools depicted in Figure 2. The nature of this approach enables places with varying requirements to initiate the use of the HUL approach at any given time.
Figure 2: The Action Plan of HUL Approach
(Source: Erkan, 2018)
2.1.2 The HUL Approach as a Tool for a Sustainable Future
The importance of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which centers on the development of urban areas, and SDG 13, which addresses climate change, lies in their emphasis on aligning development agendas with sustainability goals, along with the need for effective monitoring tools in urban settings. These goals also serve as a pivotal point for achieving coherence among diverse but interconnected strategic domains, explicitly recognizing the significance of preserving the sustainability of heritage. (Guzman, 2020).
As sustainability moves from being an abstract concept to a quantifiable state within dynamic systems (Mayer, 2008). Currently, significant efforts are dedicated to measuring progress in sustainable development by analyzing interdependencies
and their impacts (Collste et al., 2017). Assessments that investigate the causal connections between policies and goals at the urban or local level frequently depend on indices and indicators (Nilsson et al., 2018). Nevertheless, the fragmented nature of urban management practices across sectors and governance levels poses significant challenges when it comes to comprehensive monitoring and evaluating of progress (Da Cruz et al., 2019). And similarly, there is a lack of multidimensional systemic heritage practices and tools for assessing synergies across broader urban sectors (Fouseki & Nicolau, 2018; Zhang et al., 2015)
According to Luca et al. (2018, p.67), the notion of “regenerative heritage” and the perspective reflected in some research, as well as evidenced by studies on heritage sustainability, emphasize that heritage plays an important role in enhancing border urban sustainability. This encourages the integration of the HUL concept within the sustainability framework. At the beginning, the definition of HUL was established in 2005 with the introduction of the Vienna Memorandum. It was subsequently expanded upon the UNESCO Recommendation in 2011. According to this recommendation, the recognition, evaluation, preservation and administration of HUL should occur within a comprehensive framework of sustainable development. These efforts identify the potential contributions of landscapes to sustainability based on different aspects, such as tourism, economic development, the balance between urban growth and quality of life, promoting community wellbeing and exploring new models of urban environments (UNESCO, 2011)
The field of scientific research related to HUL is relatively nascent, and the number of research publications dedicated to this subject has experienced a significant rise in recent years. The literature review conducted by Ginzarly et al.
(2019) identified a shift in the focus of concerns within HUL field between 2016 and 2018, with an increased frequency of the term “sustainable” being referenced (See Figure 3 and Table 1).
Figure 3: the Production of Literature Since the Establishment of the Concepts of Cultural Landscapes and HUL
(Source: Ginzarly et al., 2019)
Table 1: Most Commonly Used Terms in the Publications with a Two-year Interval Identified
Notes: The number “1” means terms that appear in a single column in the table, while the number “2” indicates terms that appear in two columns and so on.
(Source: Ginzarly et al., 2019)
So, to sum up, the sustainability of HUL means finding a balance between conservation and meeting the needs of next generation and the goals is to ensure the long-term survival of landscape.
2.1.3 The Application of HUL Approach
An integrated framework is implemented by the HUL approach in managing historic urban areas, taking into account all aspects of the urban context such as social, cultural, economic and environmental factors. This strategy highlights considering the wider urban landscape that includes tangible and intangible elements while understanding different relationships with relevant stakeholders.
Several publications investigate the relevance of HUL in promoting sustainable development. For example, Zeayter and Mansour (2018) analyzed various conservation trends to evaluate their effectiveness with regards to integrity, authenticity, and sustainability. They concluded that HUL represents “the most comprehensive ideology” for conservation efforts. Dhingra et al. (2017) conduct research revealed how historic settlements' inherent sustainable features can deteriorate over time if not properly maintained. Wang and Gu (2020) indicate that HUL is crucial for advancing urban areas towards sustainability by taking a holistic approach regarding both environmental considerations while undertaking planning tasks related explicitly within this field.
According to the documents of UNESCO, the HUL has been successfully implemented in various cities worldwide (Refer to Table 2).
Table 2: The Application of the HUL Approach Carried Out in Four Pilot Places
(Source: Fawal, 2019)
While specific examples of HUL implementation vary, each city’s experience contributes to the collective knowledge and practices in heritage management and urban planning. The HUL approach continues to adapt as cities worldwide recognize its potential to create resilient, inclusive and sustainable urban environments.
2.2 Theoretical Model
Achieving sustainable development is a complex and subjective task that involves balancing various interconnected issues. As Pearce et al. (2012) state, sustainable development is interpretative and subjective. Therefore, when constructing a model for sustainability, the selection of how sustainability dimensions are represented and interconnected requires careful consideration.
Traditionally, most sustainability models have been based on the fundamental definition put forward by the Brundtland Commission, which emphasizes three factors (social, economic and environmental). However, in percent decades, cultural has emerged as a distinct fourth factor of sustainability (Cities & Governments, 2010). Increasingly, culture is recognized as a critical aspect
to be integrated into sustainability frameworks. By acknowledging culture as a pillar of sustainability, models can more comprehensively capture the multidimensional nature of sustainable development. This broader perspective enables a comprehensive comprehension of the interrelationships among the four different factors in achieving sustainable outcomes (Grazuleviciute-Vileniske et al., 2020).
The UN Policy Document for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention (2015) outlines the dimensions of sustainability, which includes environmental sustainability, inclusive social development, promotion of peace and security, and inclusive economic development (UNESCO, 2015). The Halstar approach which is put forward by the engineering company Halcrow introduces a perspective by integrating the aspect “time and scale” into the traditional model (Pearce et al., 2012; Azpeitia Santander et al., 2018). Recognizing the dynamic nature of urban environments, the incorporation of "time and scale" is significant. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts associated with urban development and HUL conservation (Azpeitia Santander et al., 2018).
Figure 4 depicts the sustainability model, which explains that five key elements interact to create sustainable outcomes spanning various scales and durations. The right-hand column of the diagram emphasizes how HUL embodies these interconnected factors, serving as a foundation for conserving urban heritage structures. An accompanying pie chart demonstrates how such buildings benefit society in multiple ways. Overall, this visual representation underscores the mutually reinforcing link between sustainability and conservation This has the
potential to produce extensive and beneficial impacts, spanning from immediate outcomes to long-term perspectives.
Figure 4: The Model that Illustrates the Relationship Between HUL, Sustainable Development and Heritage
(Source: Grazuleviciute-Vileniske et al., 2020)
In conclusion this framework demonstrates the interrelationship of HUL, sustainability and heritage and can be applied in formulating urban development policies. By adopting this framework, cultural heritage itself and the overall historical environment can become a catalyst and main force for sustainable urban development. This approach recognizes the important role that cultural heritage can play in guiding and influencing sustainable practices in urban development.
CHAPTER 3 – SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Systematic Literature Review
This study adopts the research method of systematic literature review, through collecting, sorting and summarizing existing literature, to provide a comprehensive and in-depth theoretical basis, and provide broad background knowledge and conceptual framework for research issues. This helps researchers gain insight into current research and development trends in specific fields.
In addition, systematic literature reviews can help researchers identify and fill research gaps. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing research, researchers can identify research gaps and unresolved questions in the field, thereby providing targeted research objectives and statements for their own research. A systematic literature review can identify and analyze the consistency and differences between different studies. By comparing different research results, methods, and theories, researchers can identify common trends, and discover contributions and controversies between different studies (Aromataris & Pearson, 2014). This helps researchers better understand different perspectives in the field and provides a suitable theoretical and methodological basis for research.
In this research, literature reviews about the background and situation of two case studies are generated, through this process, researcher understand the gap of the online documentation of the two cases and will provide the recommendations based on these reviews so that this will be more targeted.
3.2 Cultural Mapping
Cultural mapping is an investigative method and practical technique that seeks to reveal how communities are connected and shape specific places into significant spaces (Duxbury & Redaelli, 2020). Therefore, it provides a comprehensive view of the local community as it captures a wide range of cultural elements. By mapping these aspects, researchers will gain a comprehensive understanding of a community's information. At the same time, it helps to make visible intangible aspects of a community’s heritage that may not be easily recorded or recognized. It emphasizes the importance of local traditions, knowledge and practices that contribute to the uniqueness of a place.
Moreover, cultural mapping is a valuable tool for recognizing strengths and resources within a community. By promptly identifying resources, synergies between arts and cultural groups can be helpful in the planning as well as the execution stage (Network, 2010). This process helps communities use their assets efficiently. Cultural mapping is often an interdisciplinary research method that combines elements from anthropology, sociology, geography, and other disciplines (Duxbury et al., 2015). This interdisciplinary approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between cultures, people and places.
In terms of this study, all of the shipyards’ condition of Lai Chi Vun Village is provided by using cultural mapping method. It is straightforward to have a basic understanding of the connections of each shipyard and have a overview of the layout of the whole area.
4.1 History of Macao Shipbuilding Industry
After being granted permission to stay in Macao between 1553 and 1557, the Portuguese took Macao as a significant hub for international sea trade. For over two centuries, Macao flourished as an important trading port until Hong Kong was ceded to the British in 1842. This event led to a rapid deceleration of Macao's economy, as Hong Kong emerged as a prominent international trading port under British colonization. As a result, Macao had to undergo economic restructuring, with fishing resurfacing as a dominant economic activity. The loss of its privileged status as an international trading port necessitated a shift in Macao's economic structure.
From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Macao experienced a flourishing shipbuilding industry. Initially, the shipyards were predominantly situated in Macao's inner harbor. However, due to land development and reclamation near the inner harbor, the Macao Government mandated the relocation of all shipyards to Lai Chi Vun Village in Coloane (Lei, 2018). As a result, Lai Chi Vun Village has emerged as a unique industrial heritage landscape, conserving the complete traditional wooden shipbuilding techniques within the Pearl River Delta region. It stands as the last remaining location with a comprehensive industrial heritage in this field.
Macao's shipbuilding style is a fusion of Guangdong, Fujian, and Western techniques (Tang, 2023). Most shipbuilders in Macao originated from the Pearl River Delta region, resulting in the adoption of the Guangdong shipbuilding system.
This system, primarily used for fishing boats, featured a sharp bow and a stabilizing plank along the hull. During the Ming Dynasty, the Fujian-style boat technique was
introduced to Macao, characterized by larger official and cargo boats with a slightly flat and pointed bow. In the 1960s, Macao craftsmen travelled to Hong Kong to learn motorized fishing boat techniques, which led to the integration of Western mechanized technology (Tang, 2013). This incorporation of motorized technology transformed the original Guangdong-style boats. Macao's shipbuilding industry thus combines the skills of traditional Guangdong boats, the influence of Fujian-style boats, and Western motorized boats, making it a convergence point for various technological influences.
Following Macao's return to full Chinese sovereignty as a Special Administrative Region on December 20, 1999, the tourism and gaming industry has emerged as the dominant sector in Macao. In particular, the government put an end to the monopoly of the gaming industry in 2001, leading to significant economic advancements. Macao's strategic geographic location and political stability attracted numerous overseas casino operators, resulting in rapid growth across various economic sectors, including gaming, tourism, real estate, and labour costs. The cessation of the gaming industry's monopoly has played a vital role in the remarkable economic achievements observed in Macao.
Figure 5: A Map Depicting the Designated Areas for Parking Fishing Vessels
(Source: Huang & Zheng, 1994)
4.2 Background of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard
Due to the rampant piracy that posed a threat to the coastal towns and public security, there is limited documentation available about Coloane before 1662. In an effort to eradicate the piracy problem, the Chinese government cleared out residents from several islands suspected to be pirate strongholds. As a result, there is a scarcity of historical records regarding Coloane during this period. However, after the lifting of the settlement prohibition policy in 1669, people gradually returned to Coloane. Over time, four villages were established: Coloane Village, Lai Chi Vun Village, Hac Sa Village, and Ka Ho Village (See Figure 6) (Deng & Zheng, 1996). These villages primarily thrived on the fishing industry, shaping the local economy and way of life.
Figure 6: The Location of Four Villages in Coloane
(Source: Macau Cartography and Cadastre Bureau, n.d.)
Lai Chi Vun Village is situated on the western coastline of Coloane and can be traced from the point where Estrada de Seac Pai Van (Street of Seac Pai Van) intersects with Estrada do Campo (Street of Field) in the north, extending to Largo do Cais (Square of Coloane Harbour) in the south. The name "Lai Chi Vun Village" has historical connections to the abundance of lychee trees that once grew in the area and its bay, which has a distinctive bowl shape. The bay is characterized by deep waters and a rocky cape. Lai Chi Vun Village is positioned at the northern end of Coloane Village, where there is a shallow bay that serves as a suitable parking area for fishing vessels (Deng & Zheng, 1996).
Lai Chi Vun Village is a unique location with natural surroundings that make it ideal for the shipbuilding industry. As a result, various associated industries have developed in the area, leading to the formation of a community comprising shipyard owners, shipbuilding workers, other business operators and local residents. In essence, Lai Chi Vun Village encompasses not only industrial heritage and landscapes but also a close-knit industrial community with specialized skills (Lei, 2018).
Based on government records, Lai Chi Vun Village was officially established in 1853. Initially, the village primarily consisted of rice paddies and was engaged in duck and poultry rearing, with the villagers predominantly working as farmers. Due to its close proximity to Coloane Village and Hengqing in Zhuhai of Guangdong Province, where numerous fishing vessels were parked, it is widely believed that there must have been a shipyard in Coloane Village dedicated to repairing these fishing vessels. However, there is no official documentation available regarding the existence of such a shipyard (See Figure 7 and Figure 8).
Figure 7: The Location of Four Villages in Coloane
(Source: Macao Archives, n.d.)
Figure 8: There are no Shipyards in Lai Chi Vun Around 1957
(Source: Macao Archives, n.d.)
The majority of the shipyards currently present in Lai Chi Vun have been constructed on the site where ships were historically repaired, transforming into shipyards with tin roofs. During the mid-twentieth century, the establishment of shipyards in Lai Chi Vun commenced, with approximately three or four shipyards being constructed in the central section of the beach. As time progressed into the 1950s and 1960s, the number of operational shipyards in Lai Chi Vun increased to
around seven. Throughout the 1970s, the shipyards gradually transitioned to utilizing tin roofs (Tang, 2023).
With the relocation of shipyards from the Macao Peninsula and Taipa Island to Lai Chi Vun on Coloane Island, the shipyard complex that exists today was formally established in the early 1990s. Lai Chi Vun boasts several shipyards that hold a notable historical significance, including Shun Wing Shipyard, Sun Hoi Lei Shipyard, and Sun Tai Seng Shipyard, which originated as the original shipyards of Lai Chi Vun, dating back to the 1930s and 1940s.
4.3 Current Situation and Challenges of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard
4.3.1 The Significance of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard
The Lai Chi Vun Shipyard holds immense significance due to its rich cultural, historical, and architectural heritage. Its establishment in the 1950s marked a pivotal period in Macao's shipbuilding industry, which has been a vital component of the region's economy since the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. As a testament to the shipbuilding techniques and practices of the 20th century, the shipyard stands as a tangible representation of the craftsmanship and skills employed during that era (See Figure 9). The value of the shipyard is further enhanced by the integration of the shipyard into the natural landscape, where the man-made structures coexist with the surrounding waterfront and nearby hills. In addition to its architectural significance, the Lai Chi Wan Shipyard is of historical significance, reflectng the evolution of Macao's shipbuilding industry and the development of the region as a whole. It is a testament to the economic changes and social transformation of the shipbuilding industry.
Figure 9: The Craftsmanship of Shipbuilding
(Source: Ou, 2005, p. 75)
4.3.2 Revitalization Project of Lai Chi Vun Village
In 2021, the Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau of launched the "Lai Chi Vun Shipyard Revitalization Plan". The plan aims to transform the shipyard into a space for leisure and cultural activities with a focus on fishing village culture. The revitalization plan retains the original appearance of the fishing village and factory, while incorporating fashionable elements and a vibrant atmosphere to create a unique cultural landmark for the Coloane The revitalized Lai Chi Vun Shipyard now features thematic exhibitions, specialty markets, workshops, etc., providing a unique cultural and tourism experience. Visitors can take a tour here and immerse themselves in a fusion of fishing village culture, shipbuilding history and coastal scenery. The factory buildings extend along the coastline and blend harmoniously with the surrounding natural environment. Additionally, the shipyard hosts special events such as street performances and art exhibitions, aiming to attract highquality cultural and artistic events. By combining natural landscapes with cultural
elements, the project enriches the tourism experience in Macao and contributes to the overall development of the tourism economy.
The revitalization of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard also aims to safeguard traditional craftsmanship. In the past, the shipyard primarily focused on wooden boat construction. Becoming a shipbuilder was not an easy task, and becoming a master craftsman was even more challenging. Today, traditional shipbuilding techniques are at risk of being forgotten. However, there are still individuals who remain dedicated to preserving this traditional craft, meticulously following each intricate step to create wooden fishing boats. One such individual is Lin Weiqiu, the president of the Macao Shipbuilding Culture Research Association, who continues to promote and practice traditional shipbuilding skills.
In June 2022, the Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau announced the details of a pilot revitalization plan for the shipyard. The first phase of the revitalization plan focuses on the areas designated as X-11 to X-15. The X-11 area will be preserved and restored, including the existing shipyard structures and wooden machinery, to be used as an exhibition space. The X-13 and X-14 areas, which had wooden structures and were facing issues such as tilting and instability, will be rebuilt in their original form using steel structures. The goal is to maintain the original characteristics of the shipyard, such as the sloping roofs, height, and large-span truss structures. These areas will be transformed into creative markets, stalls, and dining spaces. The X-12 and X-15 areas are currently flat ground and will be maintained as open spaces. Wooden platforms will be installed to facilitate outdoor activities and events.
Figure 10: The Area of Shipyards and Buffer Zone as Immoveable Property in Macao
(Source: Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018)
Figure 11: The Design Concept of Shipyard X11-15
(Source: Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2021)
The revitalization project of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard not only showcases Macao's fishing village culture and traditional craftsmanship but also contributes to the diversification of the cultural and artistic ecosystem. By revitalizing this historical site, the project aims to create a vibrant cultural and creative space that attracts both local and international visitors, promoting Macao's unique cultural heritage and enriching the overall tourism experience in the region.
The mapping of shipyards in Lai Chi Vun Shipyard is shown in Figure 12, and specific information about each of them can be referred to in Appendix 1.
Figure 12: Mapping of Shipyard of Lai Chi Vun Village
(Source: Macao Cultural Affairs Bureau, 2018)
4.3.3 The Challenges of Lai Chi Vun Shipyard
According to Chen (2023), there are currently some exhibitions and workshops in the Lai Chi Vun Shipyard area. However, the monthly visitor count is approximately 8,000 people, and compared with other attractions in Macao, it can be said that there are relatively few tourists. This indicates that the current level of tourism or public interest in the area is relatively low.
Another one of the challenges in the future development of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyard could be the potential loss of shipbuilding craftsmanship. Due to the rise in advanced shipbuilding technology, there is a possibility of decreased demand for traditional shipbuilding. Modern construction methods such as prefabrication and automation are more effective and cost-efficient compared to old practices which rely heavily on skilled craftsmen with years of experience attained through apprenticeships. However, the proportion of aging craftsmen may not attract younger people who would learn from their expertise due to insufficient specific courses and training programs suitable enough for passing down this knowledge adequately. Without proper exposure initiatives or opportunities coupled with low motivation levels ranging among young individuals aspiring towards showing interest in learning about traditional shipbuilding techniques. Furthermore, like many other industries, shipbuilding is also undergoing a transition to modernization and technological advancement. This shift prioritizes efficiency, costeffectiveness and standardised processes, potentially marginalizing traditional processes.
Some other challenges may be natural disaster vulnerability. Depending on the geographical location, the shipyard may be susceptible to natural disasters such as typhoons, storms, or coastal erosion. These events can disrupt operations, damage infrastructure, and pose risks to the safety of workers and vessels. And the setting of the current revitalization causes visual disharmony to some extent. The obvious contrast between the revitalized and non-revitalized areas can create a visual disconnect and lack of continuity within the shipyard. This can make it challenging to achieve a cohesive and harmonious overall design.
CHAPTER 5 –
5.1 Background of Stilt Houses at Rua dos Navegantes
The name “ 船人街 ” means “Street of Boatman”, with its Portuguese name “Rua dos Navegantes”, was a gathering place for fishermen in the past. However, the fishing industry in Coloane Village did not start at Rua dos Navegantes but rather along the seaside of Avenida de Cinco de Outubro (十月初五马路). The fishermen before settled in the village houses around Rua do Caetano ( 计单奴街), and near the Rua do Caetano there were places known as “Shipyard Street“ (Rua do Estaleiro 船 铺街 ) and “Shipyard Square” (Largo do Estaleiro 船铺前地 ), where fishing boats used to anchor around the area of Avenida de Cinco de Outubro. Due to the concentration of fishing boats, shops catering to the needs of the boats and fishermen naturally emerged, including shipyards that provided repairs and maintenance services for the fishing boats.
(Source: The Memory of Macao, 2012)
Figure 13: The Old View of Coloane Village
Currently, near Largo Eduardo Marques (马忌士前地), there is an office of the “Typhoon Committee”, housed in a small Portuguese-style building. However, its history remains unknown to later generations. After the Portuguese government occupied Coloane, they established the Maritime Affairs Office ( 船政厅办公室 ) which is located near the Avenida de Cinco de Outubro so that can effectively manage the maritime affairs of Coloane Village. The Maritime Affairs Office at that time also took charge of the Harbor Police, later known as the Marine Police, to facilitate the governance and regulation of all maritime trade and vessel activities in the area. It was not until the 1960s that the Rua dos Navegantes area began to gradually develop. The bay on the northern side of Coloane Village is deeper, especially around the cape area, making it suitable for vessel berthing. As the use of larger vessels became more common, they could no longer dock in the shallow water of the souther bay. As a result. The focus of fishing industry development shifted from the Avenida de Cinco de Outubro to Rua dos Navegantes, and the Portuguese government established the current Coloane Pier at the cape location.
The most prominent feature of the Rua dos Navegantes area is the stilt houses, constructed with corrugated iron and wooden boards. If a stilt house gets damaged, it can be readily replaced due to the abundance of waste wood sourced from nearby shipyards and wood factories.
In the past, after the fishermen finished their fishing at sea, they would sail their fishing boats back to the deep waters of Coloane for anchoring. They would then use sampans to transport the fish-filled barrels to the pier. Workers would pull the fish barrels to the square in front of the pier, from where the catch would be sold to nearby fish stalls. The seafood was then sold to villages and both Macao Penisula
and Taipa, while some of it would be preserved for making salted fish. The sundrying process of salted fish would occur either on the roadside or within the courtyards of the stilt houses.
Due to the use of large vessels, fishermen shifted their operations to places like Hong Kong with deep-water harbors, or they engaged in direct trading in international waters. This had a significant impact on the fishing industry and the fishing port of Coloane. Additionally, with no one to carry on the industry, the once thriving fishing industry in Rua dos Navegantes gradually disappeared along with the departure of fishing boats. The silent pier now serves only as a transportation point for villagers heading to Hengqin, while the stilt houses have managed to withstand the ravages of waves and time but have deteriorated significantly.
Eusideroxylon zwageri ( 婆罗洲铁木 又名 坤甸木 ) (See Figure 14) is the original building materal used in the construction of stilt houses in Coloane Rua dos Navegantes. This type of wood is resistant to water absorption and possesses characteristics such as hardness, heaviness, high density, durability and decay resistance. Over time, it develops a lustrous dark color. Most of the wood used to build stilt houses is recycled from old ships and skillfully assembled by experienced stilt craftsman.
Figure 14: The Eusideroxylon zwageri Wood (left) and Maintence of Stil Houses (right)
(Source: Lin, 2022)
5.2 The Significance of Stile Houses
The conservation of stilt houses by the Macao government is insufficient. Although the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards adjacent to them have been classified as Macao Classified Immovable Properties, there is still limited research and documentation available online regarding stilt houses. However, in reality, stilt houses themselves possess significant heritage value. As part of Macao's historical architecture, Rua dos Navegantes carries the memory of past fishing and shipbuilding industries. These stilt houses witness to the development of Macao during the brutal war period and the invasion of powerful capital forces. Although Macao has experienced the process of globalization and urbanization, the style of Rua dos Navegantes has been relatively intact.
The value of stilt houses at Rua dos Navegantes lies in its representation of Macao’s unique historical and cultural background and traditional architectural forms. They show the way of life, architectural style and social organization of
fishermen in the past. The existence of these stilt houses is not only the conservation of the building itself, but also the conservation and inheritance of Macao's historical and cultural heritage. The stilt houses showcase unique architectural and engineering features. The construction of stilt houses demonstrates the wisdom and adaptability of the community under certain environmental conditions. They typically use sustainable design principles, utilizing natural ventilation, elevated platforms, and materials suited to the local climate. Stilt houses are usually built in harmony with the natural environment, taking into account ecological factors such as protecting wetlands, preventing flooding, and minimizing disturbance to the surrounding ecosystem. They demonstrate a sustainable approach to human settlement and coexistence with nature.
Stilt houses are precious cultural heritage resources, which have the important significance of conservation and inheritance. So, strengthening research, documentation and conservation measures for stilt houses is essential to ensure the conservation of this heritage. The Macao government should enhance the conservation efforts for stilt houses, promote research and cultural activities, raise public awareness and appreciation for these distinctive buildings.
5.3 The Challenges for Stile Houses at Rua dos Navegantes
One of the most significant challenges for stilt houses is stability and structural integrity as well as maintenance and conservation. Stilt houses typically have one to two floors, with balconies added above the stilt roof. The main stilt extends to the stilt front/ stilt rear/ stilt bottom. Most stilt houses follow a commercial-residential layout with a front shop and rear living area (See Figur 15).
Many stilt houses require periodic maintenance, especially during the summer when they are frequently exposed to typhoon attacks, then the maintenance frequency is higher due to these weather conditions. The majority of stilt houses have their exterior walls covered with zinc-iron sheets or single-layer colored steel plates, which facilitates quick and convenient maintenance operations. In the past, some stilt houses were reinforced by adding wooden columns and beams, which eventually led to a disorderly and complicated foundation structure, making future maintenance and foundation replacement more challenging. The wastewater disposal system of stilt houses is directly connected to the sea, causing certain damage to water quality and the environment. The overall threats to stilt houses can be summarized into three main factors: wind, waves, and seawater pollution.
(Source: Lin, 2022)
Figure 15: The Structure of Stilt House
Stilt houses have cultural and historical significance for communities.
However, changing lifestyles, urbanization and modernization can lead to less construction and conservation of stilt houses, which in turn poses challenges for maintaining cultural heritage and community identity. Stilt houses are typically built using locally available sustainable materials and using traditional building techniques passed down through generations. These houses indicate the harmonious coexistence of human settlements and the natural environment, demonstrating awareness to ecological considerations and resource conservation.
However, changes in lifestyle, the growth of cities, and the influence of modern architectural styles have led to a decrease in the construction of stilt houses. How to strike a balance between conserving heritage and meeting modern needs becomes a difficult task.
CHAPTER 6 – RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Existing Policies Regarding to Lai Chi Vun Shipyards and Stilt Houses
In 2016, the Macao government planned to reorganize the stilt houses cluster on the west side of Rua dos Navegantes in Coloane. The planned area covers nearly 5,000m² and involves a coastline of over 200 meters (See Figure 16). With appropriate spatial and street design, the project aims to preserve the Macao fishing village culture represented in the area through the restoration or reconstruction of the stilt houses and the addition of a seaside wooden boardwalk. This series of measures also aims to sustain and enhance the cultural atmosphere and commercial elements of the old town town area while addressing the sanitary issues caused by wind and rain in the region.
Figure 16: The Plan of Reorganized Area
Notes: Purple color (Old buildings: It needs to be reinforced or renovated to maintain the original style; basically maintain the original use or add cultural industry); Yellow color (Pier: Renovate and repair; revitalize and reuse); Red color (New buildings: The structure is dilapidated and should be dealt with first; built in the style of existing stilt houses; add cultural industries); Orange color (Added wood boardwalk: Optimize residents’ living space; enhance water experience); Green color (Plants: Utilize
existing space to optimize the green environment; gradually implement pedestrian zones in accordance with planning principles)
(Source: Macau Land, Public Works and Transport Bureau, 2016)
The plan will priorite the resettlement of existing residents and users in the original area and introduce a tenant scoring system. This system amins to attract creative industry tenants to establish their presence. Through government-led initiatives and cooperation with the private sector, the goal is to promote the revitalization of the old town area in Coloane while emphasizing conservation efforts.
The plan for stilt houses at Rua dos Navegantes made by the Macao government aims to strictly maintain the architectural style of the stilt houses while adding some cultural creative industries. The interior floor level of the reconstructed buildings and the horizontal level of the wooden boardwalks are set at an elevation of 3 meters above sea level to avoid problems caused by high tides (See Figure 16). The architectural forms are divided into stilt-style buildings and houses with sloping roofs. Specific requirements are imposed on the overall design, roofing, walls, signag and other protrusions. Furthermore, detailed specifications are provided for the terrace, roof covering, foundation structure, placement of air conditioning units, building color, wall materials, shutters, awnings and other elements.
In 2018, the Urban Planning Committee released a preliminary plan report for the revitalization of Rua dos Navegantes and Avenida de Cinco de Outubro in Coloane. The plan outlined two main tasks: first is water management, which aimed at improving flood prevention standards to a 200-year return period and stormwater drainage standards to a 50-year return period. Second is urban
planning aimed to transform the coastline into a distinctive waterfront space integrating green landscapes and leisure activities. The analysis revealed that the cause of water-related issues was mainly due to the road elevation along the embankment being mostly between 1.7-2,3 meters, which is lower than the design high-tide level for a 20-year return period. The situation worsens during heavy rain coinciding with astronomical high tides. Storm surges and astronomical tides were the primary factors, with the storm surge reaching 3.78 meters during Typhoon Hato. Two solutions were proposed: the construction of seawalls (along Rua dos Navegantes and Avenida de Cinco de Outubro) and the construction of tide gates at the southern and northern ends of the Cross Gate Channel.
6.2 Recommendations for Lai Chi Vun Village and Stilt Houses
Based on the background mentioned before, this research will give some recommendations for the future development of Lai Chi Vun Village and stilt houses, which will be based on the five dimensions of the theoretical model (See Figure 4). Also, the future development of these two sites should ensure that historic urban conservation is integrated into the process of socip-economic development, regional and urban planning. Conservation of individual heritage buildings should be considered within the broader context of managing surrounding environment to keep coherent integration.
Natural capital. The main components of natural capital include hydrology, topography, geomorphology and other natural features (UNESCO, 2005). When consider the sustainable development of natural capital, some activities such as conservation, adaptive reuse, restoration and management of heritage plays an important role in protecting biodiversity and current resources, minimizing the
embodied energy and preserving the undeveloped natural and agricultural area (UNESCO, 2015). Given the shipyard and stilt houses’ location near the waterfront, it is crucial to prioritize hydrology management to mitigate the risks of coastal erosion and potential flooding. Implement measures like shoreline stabilization, erosion control techniques, and proper drainage systems in and around the shipyard and stilt houses area. This will help maintain the structural integrity of the shipyard and stilt houses and protect it from natural disasters. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive topographic analysis of the shipyard and stilt houses and their surroundings to understand the landforms, elevation changes, and drainage patterns. This information can be crucial for planning and designing infrastructure and facilities in a way that minimizes disruption to the natural topography and ensures compatibility with the surrounding environment.
Human capital. Human capital involve the perceptions and visual relationships as identified in the document, which are closely related to human dimension in the model (UNESCO, 2005). To conserve and improve these features, it is important to practice sustainable heritage conservation and some aspects of human capital like utilization of local skills, creativity, entrepreneurship and capacity building can also be enhanced (UNESCO, 2015). Lai Chi Vun Shipyard and
Stilt Houses both have a challenge, which is that the craftsmanship related to shipbuilding and building stilt houses are at risk of being lost. There are very few young generations in the local area who know these skills. So, local community can cooperate with other parties to establish training programs and workshops that focus on traditional shipbuilding and the building of stilt houses techniques and craftsmanship, and engage local artisans, craftsmen, and experts to share their
knowledge and skills with the community. This will not only preserve the local skills but also provide opportunities for capacity building among the younger generation. Since some parts of the Lai Chi Vun Shipyard have been revitalized and akso Macao Governement has the plan to add some creative cultural industry to stilt houses. So local communities and other stakeholders can support the development of small businesses and entrepreneurship related to the shipyard and stilt houses. Encourage local entrepreneurs to establish shops, galleries, or workshops that promote and sell traditional crafts, artwork, and products inspired by the cultural heritage of the area.
Sociocultural capital. The dimensions include features such as social and cultural practices, identity, values, diversity and other intangible aspects (UNESCO, 2005). At the social level, putting into practice sustainable methods adapted to heritage buildings may support social cohesion, social resilience and social diversity. For example, culturally led regeneration initiatives may strengthen local culture and foster a sense of identity within the community by adapting old buildings and interacting with locals. In these efforts at conservation and regeneration, it is crucial to take into account the intangible aspects of HUL. Establishing platforms for cooperation with local residents and organizations will be beneficial for future development of the two sites. They are encouraged to participate in decision-making processes, cultural activities and site-related activities to support the conservation of social and cultural customs and to strengthen community relations. Educational signs, interactive exhibits or posters can be placed to provide background information on the history and culture of the shipyard and stilt houses. Some stories are included to draw attention to the special tangible and intangible aspects of the
sites. To enhance the visitor experience, local storytellers and experts can be invited to provide their stories and memories. The intangible features of the shipyards and stilt houses can be captured through documentary records and oral history projects that also keep the personal memories and experiences of the residents. At the same time, online digital platforms or archives can be created to record this important knowledge.
Manufactured capital. The incorporation of various elements such as open areas, land usage, infrastructure, and spatial arrangement, both contemporary and historical, is part of the aspect. This approach aims to facilitate innovation, optimize space utilization, and preserve the neighbourhood’s infrastructure. To ensure the Lai Chi Vun Shipyards and Stilt Houses maintain their structural integrity and historical authenticity, it is essential to perform regular maintenance, repairs, and inspections. Moreover, the local community can take advantage of the open spaces by designing well-designed public areas like parks or waterfront promenades. These areas can encourage social gatherings, recreational activities, and cultural events while incorporating features that symbolize the site's cultural significance.
Regarding land-use planning, the responsible department can develop a comprehensive plan that strikes a balance between conservation, adaptive reuse, and new development within the two sites. Additionally, the plan should identify specific zones or areas for different functions such as cultural exhibitions, workshops, artisan studios, and recreational spaces. Another important aspect is accessibility of the two sites, so pedestrian pathways, signage and wayfinding systems to guide visitors and residents can be improved so that can ensure the
layout that promotes a sense of exploration and discovery, allowing people to fully experience the sites’ heritage significance.
Financial capital. This aspect is associated with economic processes, which can be linked to economic development, economic diversity, tourism, economic resilience etc. Through implementing some practices, the HUL can attract economic investments, generate employment opportunities and contribute to the overall financial well-being of the community (UNESCO, 2005). Based on this description, these two sites can promote a diverse range of economic activities and encourage the establishment of various businesses, including cultural tourism services, local handicrafts, traditional arts, and food establishments. This diversity can attract a wider range of visitors, create employment opportunities, and contribute to a vibrant local economy. To attract more visitors, market and branding strategies can be developed to promote the shipyards and stilt houses as a unique cultural destination and highlight the distinct cultural experiences, craftsmanship and significance of the site so that can attract both domestic and international visitors.
Figure 17: Proposed Revitalization of Lai Chi Vun Shipyards
CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION
With the advancement of modernization, there is an increasing focus on Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL). Therefore, this study has examined sustainable development and heritage conservation in the context of Macao Coloane, based on the background of HUL. The Lai Chi Vun Shipyard and Stilt Houses were selected as case studies. This research is highly valuable as it addresses a research gap identified through a comprehensive literature review, filling a void in related fields and providing insights for cities facing similar situations.
The study has specifically analyzed the existing challenges in both cases, highlighting the risk of potential loss of craftsmanship and architectural heritage. By employing the Halstar approach and utilizing relevant theoretical models, the research has provided recommendations from five perspectives for researchers and stakeholders involved. The study employed cultural mapping and systematic review as research methods, establishing a solid foundation with extensive literature and visual presentations.
However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study, such as the constraints of research methods, as well as limitations in terms of time and geographical scope. Future research can address these limitations by incorporating qualitative research methods, engaging with local residents, and gaining a deeper understanding of related issues through interviews. Additionally, expanding the geographical scope beyond Coloane to encompass the entire HUL of Macao would provide further insights into the existing challenges.
The analysis of this study holds relevance for various stakeholders, offering valuable references for decision-making processes. It is hoped that further analysis of HUL, in the context of rapid development, will raise public awareness about heritage preservation, protecting both tangible and intangible aspects of cultural heritage.
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APPENDIX
Appendix 1: The documentation of all shipyards in Lai Chi Vun Village
