Understanding Singapore’s Heritage Space
from a Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Case Study of Palmer Road Area
LUO LIUJIAHE
A0283889B
Dissertation submitted to Department of Architecture in
Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTER of ARTS IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION at the DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
Supervisor: Prof. Wong Yunn Chii
April 2024
Abstract
Under the threatening envelopment of globalisation, the increasing realisation of cultural and national identity Although Singapore has developed its own identity as a city-state with a multicultural society and diverse heritages, there is little discussion on the patterns of cultural convergence and segregation inside individual heritage sites and among them of different cultures. The lack of emphasis on crosscultural features of the state and its heritage may result in a neglect of the obscure cultural significance of heritages and a negative impact on the maintenance and conservation practice of heritage.
Focusing on the case study of the Palmer Road Area in Tanjong Pagar District, this research seeks to examine the cross-cultural identity of Singapore heritage and try to analyze the contemporary conservation principles by reviewing its history, starting from the colonial period in the 19th century, in practices and journals, documents and other relevant international and national publications on this topic. It aims to deepen the understanding of the cross-cultural identity embedded in the heritage and its urban fabrics within the Palmer Road Area It explores the potential to integrate a cross-cultural perspective into heritage conservation and management. The findings are expected to provide insights that could improve the effectiveness of heritage conservation practices in culturally diverse urban settings, ensuring that heritage conservation not only preserves physical structures but also the rich cultural narratives they embody.
Keywords: Cross-cultural Identity, Heritage Conservation, Palmer Road Area
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Wong Yunn Chii, your guidance and encouragement support and guide my way through the process of my research, greatly enriching my understanding and way of thinking Thank you for always being patient and rigorous in class repeatedly opens a new inquiry for me to reflect and explore.
Special thanks go to Dr Imran bin Tajudeen, whose expertise in the field of urban history and built cultural heritage in Singapore and maritime Southeast Asia. Thank you for guiding my way in studying the critical heritage approaches and guiding me to visit the heritage sites around the Palmer Road Area greatly inspires my thinking and interest in exploring further about this area.
I am equally grateful to professors Ho Puay Peng and Professor Johannes Widodo, for their valuable insights and feedback helping to refine my research.
I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my MAArC colleagues, my beloved parents who always be my harbour, and my friends Ren Leyi and Ke Jia, for encouraging me during my research. Without your support, I wouldn’t have made it this far.
You own my deepest thanks.
List of Figures
Figure 1 Research Framework and Stages, drawn by the author
Figure 2 Chorographic Description of the Straits of Sincapura and Sabbam 1604
Figure 4 Cultural Mapping of Socio-Cultural Diversity in Houses of Worship, source from NAS, annotations by Imran bin Tajudeen ..............................................
Figure 4 A General Plan of the Town and Environs of Singapore 1857, by S, Narayanen, source from: National Archives of Singapore (NAS) ...........................
Figure 5 Plan Of The Town Of Singapore 1843, by J. T. Thomson, source from:
Figure 6 Plan Of Singapore Town And Adjoining Districts from Actual Survey
Other Heritage Site around Palmer Road Area, Drawn by the author.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background: Changing Cultural Identity of Singapore through different historical stages
The city-state's cultural identity has developed and evolved from a British colonial time. outpost to a modern global hub characterized by its multicultural urban landscape. This transformation has been influenced by various policies, spatial practices, and societal changes, reflecting a complex interplay of globalization, multicultural policy, and local cultural dynamics.
During the colonial era, Singapore was a pivotal maritime hub, attracting a diverse population drawn by trade opportunities. This period laid the foundational ethnic mosaic, which became deeply embedded in Singapore's cultural identity. British colonial policies, such as racial categorization and segregated urban planning, institutionalized racial distinctions, creating enduring impacts on the social fabric of the nation (Robbie B. H. Goh, 2005).
Post-independence, Singapore's government aggressively pursued nationbuilding, emphasizing racial harmony and national cohesion through carefully crafted multicultural policies. However, as Goh (2005) discusses, these policies often simplified complex racial identities into manageable categories, which, while promoting a semblance of unity, inadvertently perpetuated a "racialized" social consciousness. This era also saw the development of iconic cultural districts such as Little India and the Malay Village, showcasing ethnic heritage while also serving as tourist attractions, thus promoting the process of cultural consumption.
Globalization introduced new dynamics into Singapore's cultural identity. As Lin (2023) notes, architectural and urban planning began to reflect a 'Rojak' style, means mixed in Malay, symbolizing Singapore’s global aspirations intertwined with its multicultural ethos. Yet, these developments also highlighted the tensions between maintaining a unique Singaporean identity and adapting to global cultural flows. The dual city model, critiqued by Goh (2005), points to the growing socioeconomic disparities that challenge the narrative of a harmonious multicultural societyThe balancing act involves reinforcing national identity while remaining open to global influences, a dynamic that has reshaped public spaces and cultural policies.
In contemporary times, modern Singapore's cultural identity is now a complex layering of historical legacies, economic imperatives, and global interactions that continuously redefine the urban and social landscape (Robbie B. H. Goh, 2005) Globalization has further complicated the cultural identity of Singapore. The influx of global cultures and the city-state's active engagement in international commerce and diplomacy have introduced new layers to its cultural identity, challenging the traditional boundaries. The interactions between global and local influences have fostered a dynamic cultural identity that is continuously evolving, reflecting both historical legacies and modern realities (Takamura, 2022). As a result, Singapore has been addressing the dual challenges to maintain its multicultural heritage and integrate a growing foreign resident population.
This historical overview explores the evolution of Singapore's cultural identity through colonial, postcolonial, and global times. It helps to form the foundation of
understanding the broader implications of cultural interactions within heritage spaces like the Palmer Road Area. In this way, the need for conservation approaches concerned on Singapore’s cross-cultural identity that embrace both the historical legacies and the evolving global influences can be revealed.
1.2 Research Scope
This research in the Palmer Road area focuse on revealing the interaction and integration of multiple cultural influences within a single heritage site, and between heritage sites and urban contexts. It aims to explore the complex dynamics between cultural identity and architectural conservation practices in a historically and culturally rich urban environment. Key aspects of interest include (a) historical analyses that trace the development of the Palmer Road area from its early days as a strategic sea point to its current status as part of Singapore's Central Business District; (b) Contemporary conservation, assessing current conservation strategies and their effectiveness in preserving the architectural and cultural integrity of the area; (c) Cross-cultural dynamics, which delves into the interactions between different cultural groups in the Palmer Road area and how these interactions are reflected in architectural styles, conservation practices and everyday social practices.
1.3 Purposes and Objectives of the Study
1.2.1 To Define the Cross-Cultural Identity of the Palmer Road Area
The historic area around Palmer Road has undergone several times of redevelopments and evolved from a seaside settlement to the central business district with treasured relics. Thus, it is significant to understand and document the
evolution of the Palmer Road area’s architectural identity through the lens of its diverse cultural influences.
The recognition will be assessed from three aspects, urban, architectural and relevant stakeholders. On the urban scale, by analysing and tracing the historical transformation of the Palmer Road area through reviewing the historical maps, the research will focus on its origins and the cultural convergence over the decades; As for the architectural scale, the analysis of the architectural styles and elements and the conservation details illustrate the cultural and architectural significance of the heritage sites within this area; For relevant groups of people, it helps to assess past and current efforts in conserving the multicultural architectural heritage by different decision-makers and reveal the contributions from different ethnic groups to the area
1.2.2 To Investigate Challenges and Chances of Conservation of Architectural Heritages
The research aims to identify and analyse the challenges and opportunities in conserving the architectural heritages of the Palmer Road area in terms of crosscultural features. For one thing, it explores the challenges facing the balance between conservation and modernisation, the tension between the heritage sites and structures as palimpsests with multiple levels of sedimented history and the topdown management of diversity and identity of the district by state discourse. For another, it will discuss the opportunities that can be provided by the uncovered cross-cultural identity of the heritage sites and the awareness of cross-cultural
interactions and cultural and ethnic diversity of the local communities involved that seems obscure to outsiders. The re-understanding of the significance of the sites within the historic area may give new possibilities in the process of preservation, bringing more community engagement and policy adjustment from the authorities, thus enhancing conservation practices.
1.2.3
To Evaluate the Impact of Cross-Cultural Interactions on Future Conservation Strategies in the Palmer Road Area
The research also seeks to understand how cross-cultural interactions within the Palmer Road area can influence future architectural conservation strategies and explore how different cultural values and historical perceptions affect the priorities and approaches to conservation Based on analysis, the cross-cultural theories will be adapted proportionally into the framework of existing conservation policies. The outcomes of the research are expected to offer valuable and practical recommendations for policymakers and conservationists to develop more effective and culturally sensitive conservation strategies that enhance the architectural integrity and cultural vibrancy of the Palmer Road area and other areas and places with cross-cultural features.
Thus, the main purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Palmer Road area by exploring the complexity of its cultural identity, identifying the challenges in conservation, and providing insights on the impacts of future conservation strategies.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
By conducting a literature review of scholarly publications, the author tried to illustrate (1) the development trajectory of the historic Palmer Road Area and its specific heritage sites; (2) the Current development of the conservation guideline on the cultural aspect (3) identify the research gap of limited discussion on heritage conservation under the cross-cultural perspective in Singapore.
Historic Palmer Road Area and Its Cultural Significance
2.1.1
Historic Evolution of the Historic Palmer Road Area
Palmer Road and its surrounding area have long been pivotal in the architectural and cultural landscape of Singapore. From its early days, this area has been marked by significant colonial influence and the establishment of diverse ethnic communities.
For the colonial urban planning function, the establishment of Palmer Road and its environs during the colonial era was significantly influenced by British colonial policies. Streets are often named after important colonial figures and members of the royal family in order to embed colonial authority in the urban landscape. For example, 'Robinson Road' was named in honour of the colonial administrator, reflecting British imperial ambitions(Harfield, 1976). Naming streets after British figures was a broader strategy to reinforce control and order in colonial cities through a vocabulary that reflected European dominance and structured urban governance.
The historical significance of the Palmer Road area of Singapore is closely linked to its military development, particularly in the nineteenth century. Harfield's detailed account highlights the initial establishment of military defences under Sir Stamford Raffles' treaty of 1819, including the construction of basic earth and sand forts to protect the early settlements (Harfield, 1976). This military focus evolved with the construction of Fort Fullerton and the broader defence strategy of establishing multiple forts on the island by the mid-19th century, demonstrating the strategic importance of the area.
The historical narrative provided by Harfield shows that these military developments were not just about defense but also about affirming colonial power and shaping the urban landscape. The shift from simple military posts to complex forts like Fort Falconing encapsulates the broader changes in Singapore's geopolitical stance and urban development. The military enhancement of Palmer Road and its environs significantly influenced Singapore's historical trajectory and cultural identity, embedding the legacy of colonial military strategy into the fabric of the city and its culture
As for cross-cultural influences, the Palmer Road area has been a focal point for various ethnic communities. For example, Fook Tet Soo Temple, a Hakka temple, has served as a community centre for Chinese residents since the early 19th century. Besides, the road name of Parsi Road, the only reminder of the existence of the Parsi community, as well as Habib Nuh Mausoleum, the oldest mausoleum in Singapore established in 1903, underscores the ethnic diversity and the enduring legacy of migrations. These sites have not only provided spiritual services but also became social and cultural anchors that facilitated community cohesion and cultural festivities.
In terms of socio-economic development, activities in the Palmer Road area were vibrant and diverse. This area has been a bustling center of center of socioeconomic acvicities, which is likely to be benefited from its strategic location that near key trading routes and the port in the 18th century. The area thrived as several commercial activity center, with markets and trading posts that catered to the
diverse needs of its multiethnic population. The various religious heritage sites offer spaces, such as the Hakka temple and the conference hall of the Haji Muhammad Saleh Mosque, where different ethnic groups can hold community and business gatherings.
As for conservation efforts, the Palmer Road District has focused on preserving its rich historical and cultural heritage amidst the pressures of urban development. These endeavours have been crucial in maintaining the historical integrity of the area while integrating it into Singapore's modern cityscape. Conservation practices are therefore guided by international standards and local guidelines that aim to balance historic preservation with modern needs, ensuring that the architectural and cultural heritage is not only preserved but celebrated as part of Singapore's national identity.
This overview of the Palmer Road area outlines its historical development and highlights the complex blend of historical influences, multicultural dynamics and contemporary conservation. It is proposed that the area serves as living evidence of Singapore's rich history and cultural heritage, connecting its past with its present..
2.2 Current Palmer Road Area and Cross-Cultural Interaction
2.2.1 Review of Heritage Conservation Strategies and Practice in the Palmer Road Area
Yuen and Chor’s studies (1998) study of the integrated redevelopment of Singapore's pedestrianised streets and Rivers (2003) insights into Singapore's keramat emphasise the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage and
adapting to the needs of a modern city.
Yuen and Chor highlight the transformation of Palmer Road and similar areas into pedestrian-friendly neighbourhoods as part of a wider urban conservation strategy. Such redevelopment improves the environmental quality and safety of these areas and promotes more livable urban spaces. However, as Rivers points out, the commercialisation of these spaces, while promoting economic activity, has the potential to diminish the spiritual and cultural integrity of important sites such as the Klamath. Commercial considerations may overshadow the traditional and spiritual importance of these sites, potentially turning them into mere tourist attractions rather than preserving their inherent cultural values.
Additionally, Rivers notes that while sites like the Klamath near Palmer Road are physically protected, the traditional practices and community involvement that characterise these cultural sites are often compromised. Such changes can lead to the sanitisation of cultural identities, where deeper meanings and community connections are weakened in favour of more generic, commercialised cultural presentations.
Overall, redevelopment strategies in areas such as Palmer Road aim to improve urban quality and economic viability, but face challenges in maintaining the authenticity and depth of cultural and spiritual heritage. These efforts reflect the broader tension between economic development and cultural preservation in urban redevelopment.
2.2.2 Review of Chinatown Redevelopment Guidelines
The Chinatown proposal and the Tanjong Pagar scheme significantly influenced the redevelopment of the Palmer Road area, particularly in terms of the area's heritage sites and cultural identity. As part of the Urban Redevelopment Authority's 1986 Conservation Plan, these initiatives signalled a shift from the previous practice of mass demolition urban regeneration to a more nuanced approach that integrated heritage conservation into urban planning(Lim, 2019). This strategy emphasises the importance of preserving architectural and cultural heritage, thereby enhancing the historical continuity and identity of areas such as Palmer Road.
On the one hand, conservation efforts under these plans have not only preserved the unique historic character of the neighbourhood, but also stimulated economic recovery through tourism, demonstrating the potential contribution of heritage conservation to sustainable economic development. On the other hand, however, these initiatives have also posed challenges. Increased property values as a result of redevelopment have raised concerns about gentrification (Lim, 2019). This may evict longstanding communities, alter the social fabric, and reduce the accessibility of these culturally rich areas to a wider range of people. In addition, the focus on enhancing the attractiveness of these locations for tourists sometimes leads to commercialisation, which can undermine the authenticity of the cultural heritage that these efforts seek to preserve.
Overall, the Chinatown proposal and the Tanjong Pagar scheme have played a
key role in shifting the focus to more conservation-centred urban development. While they have brought significant benefits in terms of preserving cultural identity and promoting economic activity through tourism, challenges such as aristocratic and commercialisation have also emerged. These dual outcomes demonstrate the complex balance between development and preservation in maintaining the cultural integrity of historic areas like the Palmer Road district.
2.2.3 Theories and Strategies of Cross-Cultural Studies on Architecture
According to Bill Hillier's book (1996), "intellectual choice and decision exercised in a field of knowledge of possibility that goes beyond culture into principle" is the process from which architecture emerges. Therefore, when we see the effective execution of a methodical, "abstract and comparative manipulation of form within the general realm of architectural possibility," a building qualifies as architecture. Additionally, this definition creates a dichotomy between "passive building systems," which replicate a cultural template of vernacular design, and "active building systems," which constitute "architecture" in the Euro-American sense. By introducing the concepts of genotype and phenotype, he suggested the inherent spatial structure (genotype) influences and shapes the way people perceive and use space (phenotype), which emphasizes the creative agency of the individual as a proponent of architectural change.
Based on Hillier’s theories, Memmott and Davidson further explained that an architect, a member of a cultural group enculturated within a given social value system, has encoded social-cultural meanings into his architectural design that are
decoded and recognized by the users. However, Memmott and Davidson also argued that Hillier’s dichotomy ignored the possible creativity of vernacular design and downplayed most so-called vernacular architecture as “building”. In the analysis on the cross-cultural identity of Singapore’s heritage and its impact on conservation, this limitation of the dichotomy should not be absorbed and appropriated. The creative variations in vernacular architecture, or host country traditions, apart from space permutations beyond the traditional cultural context, such as creative manipulating materials and construction techniques from multi-cultural origins, should also be included in the definition of creative production of genuine “architecture”. The acknowledgement of creativity and dynamics of architectural traditions also shows that the conception of Singapore’s heritage is enriched by the emerging cross-cultural interpretation of Singapore's architectural heritage in a way.
In A. Rapoport’s analysis of meaning and its influence on human environments(1990), he proposed a threefold classification of meanings: "Highlevel" meanings have to do with worldviews, philosophical systems, cosmologies, cultural schemata, and the sacred; “Middle-level" meanings convey identity, prestige, riches, and authority; in other words, they highlight the implicit rather than the overt features of actions, attitudes, and environments; at last, "low-level" instrumental and everyday meanings include mnemonic cues that identify users for whom certain settings are meant as well as the corresponding expected behaviours of such social contexts, enabling co-action. Architects from different cultural backgrounds encode meanings into their designs and surrounding landscapes. The degree to which those
meanings are socially accepted and authorized will determine whether users regularly decipher them and give them widespread social currency. It was concluded by Memmott and Davidson that these three types of meaning correspond to three aspects, namely ideological, social, and behavioural.
This can be a guidance to examine and identify the meanings that architects incorporated to the heritage sites in the Palmer Road Area, it then considers the cross-cultural interpretation in terms of subjective experience.
For the analysis of design strategies in terms of the cross-cultural study of architecture, W Bonenberg (2016) proposed the concept of Cultural Requirements Engineering, which formulates the cultural requirements as a design approach for the architects to meet in the decision-making process This offers a reference for the research to analyse the architects' concerns and strategies to build specific patterns of culture, as well as to establish a specific design standard and cultural system stressing the detailed aspects of cultural requirements based on contemporary Jiangnan architectural practice within the Palmer Road Area.
By reviewing the broadened definition of cross-cultural theories and strategies in environmental design, the research seeks a theoretical framework applicable across diverse cultural landscapes, fostering understanding amid globalization's challenges. This comprehensive exploration lays the foundation for cross-cultural architectural studies, acknowledging the intricate interweaving of culture, tradition, and the built environment. While the provided articles focus on a broader cross-cultural examination of architecture, a contemporary and cross-
cultural interpretation of heritage sites in the Palmer Road Area could draw parallels.
2.2.4 The Introduction of “cross-cultural” into the conservation framework
Globally, the conversation around cultural heritage conservation is shifting towards more inclusive and culturally sensitive methodologies that respect and highlight local histories and values while employing modern scientific techniques. This trend is mirrored in Singapore's conservation practices, which strive to protect cultural identity against the pressures of urbanization and commercialization.
Salvatore Lorusso (2014)discusses the importance of integrating art and science in cultural heritage conservation. He emphasises that the interplay between these two fields promotes a more holistic approach to heritage conservation in which scientific methods are used not only for conservation but also for understanding the cultural context and significance of cultural heritage (Lorusso, 2014) Understanding and being aware of this interplay is crucial in cross-cultural environments, as different values and historical perspectives require a balanced application of technical expertise and cultural sensitivity.
Furthermore, Lorusso emphasises the role of internationalisation in heritage conservation. He argued that global co-operation and exchange of knowledge help to enhance conservation practices. This international character enriches local conservation efforts by introducing diverse approaches and perspectives, especially where multiple cultures meet (Lorusso, 2014). In other words, Singapore with its cross-cultural identity may benefit more from corresponding conservation approaches and multi-perspective strategies.
In the Singaporean context, conservation guidelines implemented by the National Heritage Board (NHB) address situations of multicultural composition. These guidelines advocate conservation practices that preserve not only the physical aspects of heritage sites, but also their cultural narratives, thus ensuring that the conservation process honours and promotes the multicultural identities that exist in the country (Li & Tang, 2024). As discussed in the works of Tajudeen (2019), historical significance and evolving conservation practices reflect a growing awareness of the framework needed to not only preserve physical structures but also to maintain the intangible cultural values embodied in those structures. By incorporating these specific strategies and guidelines, the heritage conservation framework in Singapore and globally acknowledges the intricate link between cultural identity and heritage sites. In this way, the structural integrity of heritage sites can be preserved; at the same time, historical and cultural essence, which is vital for the authenticity of the cultural narrative, can be maintained as well
2.3 Chapter summary and research gap
Recently, the global study of heritage conservation on a cross-cultural perspective has aroused wide concern. Various research areas have emerged, including the complexity of defining authenticity in a transcultural context, conservation approaches, and the impact of cultural perspectives on conservation practices. Meanwhile, Singapore is generally acknowledged as a state with a multicultural society. However, seldom research certifies the cross-cultural identity of architectural heritage and its impact on heritage conservation under the
Singapore context. This is particularly surprising given that Singapore boasts a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the form of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, a recognized cultural landscape. This study aims to bridge this research gap by exploring and identifying the uniqueness and complexity of Singapore's crosscultural heritage and the potential of cross-cultural studies on conservation management.
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.1.1 Planning of the Research
The planning and design of the research on the cross-cultural perspective of architectural conservation of the historic Palmer Road area adopts a comprehensive methodological framework that is mainly composed of qualitative research methods focusing on the case study of the Palmer Road Area, Tanjong Pagar District. The series of methods ensure a holistic understanding of the architectural and cultural dynamics of the area while allowing for both the tangible and intangible aspects of heritage sites
At the first stage of the study, an extensive desk review on the understanding of Singapore's cultural identity, the conception of Singapore's heritage and the crosscultural study in architecture will be carried out. The study will start with archival research of existing national archives and secondary data from academic materials, which will help to build up the groundwork for understanding the significance in the historic preservation field.
Furthermore, the research explores cross-cultural relevance to historic the Palmer Road area and its current related conservation guidelines and practice, along with the cross-cultural identity’s impact, challenges, potential and previous findings.
Afterwards, qualitative field observations will be conducted several times before and after collecting secondary data, for a comprehensive understanding of the site and systematic analysis of its significance.
In summary, the systematic and holistic investigation of the historic Palmer Road Area shapes the research design. The selection of case, along with strategic data collection and analysis methods, supports an in-depth exploration of the interplay between cross-cultural identity and conservation. By adopting qualitative methodologies, this research intends to provide valuable insights into the more comprehensive conservation and develop effective response strategies for managing the cross-cultural impacts on the area.
3.1.2 Choice of Case Study
The Palmer Road Area were selected based on several reasons and criteria. First, this area has a deep historical significance. Its origin, Tanjong Malang can be dated back to the 17th century before Singapore’s colonial periods. Its historic relics are precious palimpsests as prodigious recorders of the passage of history.
Secondly, it is featured as its diverse ethnic communities with different beliefs, which are also reflected in the blend of architectural styles on unique heritage sites. While the dominant narrative tends to characterize it under the identity of “Chinatown” as part of the redevelopment planning, it maintains its cross-cultural
identity and cultural interaction within the places as palimpsests silently and waiting to be discovered.
Similar to many historic areas in Singapore, the Palmer Road area is under pressure from urban redevelopment, which threatens the maintenance and continuity of heritage. However, this area has also been the focus of various preservation efforts over the years, serving as a practical case study for examining the challenges and successes of architectural conservation. This situation provides an on-site case study for examining the balance between development and conservation, a key issue facing many historic urban areas around the world. A study of this area can provide insights into the effectiveness of current conservation practices and make recommendations for improvements to better protect the heritage of this area and its surroundings.
Overall, the Palmer Road area stands out as an ideal case study for a crosscultural perspective on architectural conservation. Not only does it provide a dynamic context in which to examine cross-cultural interactions and their impact on urban space, but it also adds layers of depth to its urban narrative, while ongoing conservation efforts provide real-world insight into the complexities of preserving such heritage in a rapidly growing city.
3.2 Data Collection Methods
3.2.1 Secondary Data Collection (Documentary Research)
To supplement primary data with existing information to provide a broader
context and support findings from field observation, the secondary data collection is a crucial data collection method. Sources will include academic journals and books concerned about the Palmer Road Area, newspapers and magazines that report on the area and its conservation, government and authority documentations that provide data on urban planning, conservation policies of the area.
3.2.2
Archival Research
An analysis of the archives and publications of the Palmer Road area and Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque Complex collected in the National Library Board, was conducted. The archives include government documents, archives of guide to the sources of history in Singapore, journals published by the committee of Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque Complex and others.
3.2.3
Historical Maps Research
Request the digital copies of historical maps from National Archives of Singapore, and compare maps from varios periods to trace urban development changes in land use, physical landscape and the speculated activities within this area. The historical map research helps to provide a visual data of historical changes, supporting the research with concrete evidence of how the area's physical and functional attributes have evolved.
3.2.4
Field Observations
To gather current data on the physical environment and the usage of space in the Palmer Road area, especially the Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad
Salleh Mosque Complex as an example within this area, the field observations organized by Dr Imran bin Tajudeen and the provide up-to-date empirical data that reflects the current state and utilization of the area, complementing historical data and theoretical insights.
3.2.5
Lectures and Seminars
From the lectures and seminars given by Dr Imran bin Tajudeen, as well as the lectures given by Ho Weng Hin from Studio Lapis, abundant knowledge and evidence of the relation between the frameworks and principles on cultural and built heritage, historical evolution of urban development and the conservation strategies and practice are enriched and integrated into the qualitative analysis.
3.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation
3.3.1
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis will involve systematically searching and arranging the text, audio, or visual data collected to increase understanding and develop empirical knowledge. The analysis will be conducted using thematic coding, a process where data is segmented into similar groups to identify patterns and themes. This method will enable a deep, detailed, and rich exploration of the data.
3.3.2
Cultural Mapping
Cultural mapping will be utilized as a tool to explore and document the living experiences of the community involved in the study. This approach helps in visualizing geographical and social spaces and the relationships between them.
3.3.3
Integration and Synthesis of Findings
This stage will involve synthesizing data from qualitative analysis and cultural mapping to form a cohesive understanding of the research problem. This process will help in identifying overarching insights and drawing meaningful conclusions that reflect both the empirical data and theoretical frameworks.
Chapter 4 The Evolution of the Whole Palmer Road Area and Its Historical Layers
4.1 Marine Heritage and Port Economy
The Palmer Road Area used to be a part of the Tanjong Malang, next to the historical Tanjong Pagar in the pre-colonial time. Tanjong Malang means “Black Rock Point” in Malay, historically noted for its strategic location, played a significant role in regional maritime routes. In the further south of Tanjong Malang located the Tanjong Pagar, which refers to the “Cape of Stakes” or “kelong” in Malay, the tools for fishing purposes The two places formed a significant part of the shoreline, marked by stakes stretched between the two points by local fishermen, indicating its use in local fishing practices(Widodo, 2005) As pivotal points along Singapore's coastline, they served as crucial nodes in maritime routes and trade activities, particularly before and after the colonial era. The peninsula of Tanjong Malang and Tanjong Pagar was referenced in the 1604 historical map of Singapore by Manoel Godinho de Eredia, one of the earliest maps to depict the coastal areas of pre-colonial Singapore with recognizable place names, as shown in the Figure2 below.
Figure 2 Chorographic Description of the Straits of Sincapura and Sabbam 1604 A.D.,
Originally drawn by Manoel Godinho de Eredia Annotation by the author
The Kampung Sambau, also known as Malay Town, was part of the broader Palmer Road environment. It originated as a fishing village predominantly occupied by Malay fishermen from nearby islands and Melaka (I. B. Tajudeen, 2012)
Historically, the area described as Malay Town or Kampung Sambau extended to what is now Anson Road, Trafalgar Street, and part of South Quay. This geographical positioning near key urban developments and maritime routes further underscores the strategic importance of the area in the broader context of Singapore's urban and economic development. Encompassing the Muslim landmark, Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Masjid Haji Muhammad Salleh mosque, as well as the old Hakka temple Fook Tet Soo, showcases the multicultural nature of the community. This multi-culturalism was not only evident in the ethnic diversity of its inhabitants but also in their religious and cultural expressions, which contributed to the diverse cultural origins of the area. The location of Malay town is shown as figure3&4 below.
During the colonial and post-colonial periods, the strategic location of the Tanjong Pagar Historic District facilitated the transport of agricultural products to the wharf for export. This proximity reduced transport costs and time and increased the profitability of local products in the international market. In addition, the port attracted traders and labourers, which increased the demand for local agricultural products and further stimulated the economy of the area. The export of these goods helped establish Singapore as an important trading centre in Southeast Asia, contributing to its rapid growth and economic diversification in the 19th century. Historical proximity and integration with the port enhanced the global connections of the Palmer Road Historic District, exposing the local population to a variety of cultural influences from traders and seafarers from around the world. This exposure influenced local customs, food habits, and even language, contributing to a cosmopolitan cultural identity beyond this island
4 Cultural Mapping of Socio-Cultural Diversity in Houses of Worship, source from NAS, annotations
4.2 Military Infrastructure Development
The history of the Palmer Road area is closely related to its colonial past and the development of Singapore's military infrastructure, which was greatly shaped by the construction of Fort Palmer on Mount Palmer from 1857 to 1864. The fort was strategically built to watch over the eastern entrance to what is now known as Keppel Harbour. Same as the Mount Palmer and the Palmer Road, the Fort was named after John Palme, a respected member of the Indian merchant community, the fort was a strategic military installation aimed at safeguarding the harbour's entrance. Initially armed with five 56-pounder guns, the fort's armament was later updated to 7-inch Rifled Muzzleloading guns; by the 1890s, it was then upgraded to house 10-inch breech-loading guns, considered adequate for the defence of Keppel Harbour at that time (Harfield, 1976). These kinds of fortifications played a critical role in the defence strategy of the colony in the 19th century and was upgraded
continually throughout the century to cope with evolving military technologies and threats.
The establishment of Fort Palmer on Mount Palmer was not merely a military decision but also one that carried significant social implications for the Palmer Road area. The fort, constructed to protect the burgeoning port of Singapore, became a symbol of colonial military might and strategic importance. However, its presence led to controversies related to land use and the displacement of local communities. The fort's commanding position over Keppel Harbour also signified colonial dominance and the control of key maritime routes, which was a contentious issue among the local and regional powers of the time. The fort’s significance extended beyond military purposes, affecting the socio-economic structure of the surrounding area by shaping trade routes and urban development patterns.
The development of military defences such as Fort Palmer was not only a response to the need for security, but also shaped the cultural and urban development of Singapore.The Singapore Town Plan of 1843 (Figure 5) shows the
distribution of military defences along the old coastline, including Prince's Battery No. 1, Fort Fullerton No. 2, Fort No. 3, Fort No. 4, Fort No. 6 and others. With the shift in the military centre of gravity and the reclamation of the area, Fort Palmer was demolished in 1905 and part of Palmer's Hill was used for the second Telok Yai reclamation (Harfield, 1976). The demolition of Fort Palmer marked a significant shift in the development of the area, transitioning from a military-centred enclave to a civilian urban space. This change paved the way for municipal development projects that dramatically altered the landscape and uses of the area. The reclamation project not only provided more land for commercial and residential development but also facilitated the integration of the Palmer Road area into the wider urban fabric of Singapore. The removal of military installations has led to a more open and inclusive approach to development, which has contributed to the area's cultural integration and economic growth, influencing the way the area's history and heritage is perceived and valued today.
4.3 Agricultural and Industrial Production
In the 19th century, the Palmer Road Area and the surrounding areas in Tanjong Pagar District were involved in various agricultural activities. It was noted for its cultivation of gambier, a plant used extensively in the tanning of leather and as a dyeing agent. The gambier plantations were often run by Chinese immigrants, who leveraged their knowledge of the crop from similar agricultural practices in their homeland (Harfield, 1976). This resulted in a notable contribution to Singapore's early economy, as gambier became one of the colony's chief exports. Furthermore, pepper, another significant crop, was grown alongside gambier, using the same fields in a rotating system which maximized the use of land and supported sustainable agricultural practices.
Beyond agriculture, the area also encouraged the development of other
commercial activities, such as the production of lime. It was a critical industry for building and construction. The lime kilns in Tanjong Pagar utilized coral from the nearby seabed to burn quicklime(Harfield, 1976). This activity was closely associated with the brick-making industry that utilized the local clay resources. as both were essential components of the construction sector. This industry supported the construction boom in Singapore during the colonial period and was closely linked to the agricultural workforce, which often divided their time between crop cultivation and brick-making. The synergy between agricultural and industrial activities created a vibrant local economy that provided jobs and supported the colony's infrastructure development.
The agricultural and industrial production around Palmer Road and Mount Palmer not only provided economic sustenance but also shaped the social structure of the area. The success of gambier and pepper plantations, along with lime and brick production, attracted a diverse workforce. This included Chinese immigrants who managed and worked on the plantations, as well as other ethnic groups involved in ancillary industries. The economic opportunities created by these industries led to a melting pot of cultures, fostering a unique multicultural community. The daily interactions among different ethnic groups, driven by shared economic interests and communal living spaces, contributed to a vibrant, hybrid cultural identity unique to the area.
Chapter 5 Individual Heritage Sites as Urban Palimpsests: Habib Nuh
Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque Complex as Example
5.1 Contemporary Situation and Conservation Strategies
The Habib Nuh Mausoleum, located within the Palmer Road area of Singapore, provides a distinctive example of how heritage sites serve as cross-cultural spaces, integrating the historical narratives of different communities in a singular place. Situated at the top of the hill of previous Mount Palmer in the rapidly developing commercial district, with the Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque at the foot of the hill, it has been part of a larger complex that holds religious and community activities, as well as a site that reflects the cross-cultural fabric of Singapore.
Habib Nuh, whose full name was Sayyid Noh bin Sayyid Mohamad bin Sayyid Ahmad Al-Habshi, was revered as a saint within the Muslim community The Mausoleum, also known as keremat in Malay, houses his tomb and has become a pilgrimage site not only for the local Muslim community but also for visitors from various ethnic and religious backgrounds, including Chinese and Indian Singaporeans.
The Habib Nuh Mausoleum was identified as one of the heritage sites in postSingapore in 1954 by the Committee for the Preservation of Historic Sites and Antiquities, and four years later identified by the Singapore Improvement Trust (Lim, 2019). However, after 2013, the Preservation of Sites and Monuments was established as the national authority that advises on the conservation of nationally significant monuments and sites. Despite its cultural and historical significance, the Habib Nuh Mausoleum and the adjacent mosque complex have not been granted protection as a National Monument until now. This oversight could be due to a
variety of factors, one of which is likely to be the authenticity of the architectural features, including the architectural design, the materials and the construction techniques. In the following sections, the research will provide the findings in field observation organized by
5.1.1 Restorations and Repairs
By conducting several times of site visit, the visual data of photographies and notes that document the history of restorations and repairs, including the construction details, have been collected on site at the Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque Complex. It has been coded and listed in the Figure 8 and Figure 9.
5.1.2 Administration
This early stewardship emphasised the personal connection and commitment shown by his family to preserve his legacy. In 1936, responsibility for the keremat was transferred to the Muslim and Hindu Board of Offerings, reflecting a broader institutionalised approach to the management of religious sites. This shift marked a shift from family and community-based management to more formalised governance, ensuring that the keremat was maintained as part of Singapore's religious heritage.In 1968, the custodianship of the kramat was transferred to the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS). This move was in line with the establishment of MUIS as the primary governing body for Islamic affairs in Singapore, and was aimed at centralising and streamlining the management of Islamic sites and endowments. This governance structure has been maintained to this day, ensuring that the Kramat is well cared for in accordance with regulatory standards and preserving its significance for generations to come. Additionally, in terms of finances, the complex participates in Project Infaq, an initiative commonly associated with the collection and distribution of charitable donations within the Muslim community
(Project Infaq - Masjid Hj Muhd Salleh @ Maqam Habib Noh, 2022). This contributes to the maintenance and restoration projects of the complex and supports fundraising for various religious and social welfare activities. In general, the management of the complex is based on a top-down approach.
5.2 Other Heritage Sites in the Palmer Road Area
The Palmer Road area is a cultural vessel containing of rich heritage sites and historic places, each reflecting a unique aspect of the city-state's diverse cultural history. Apart from the Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque, this area is also home to several other significant heritage sites.
5.2.1 Fook Tet Soo Hakka Temple:
Fook Tet Soo Temple is one of the oldest Hakka temples in Singapore Dedicated to Tua Pek Kong, the Taoist god of prosperity, it has a common worship in Southeast Asia. The temple serves as a cultural focal point for the Hakka community, hosting various Chinese festivals and rituals.
5.2.2 The Remnants of Mount Palmer:
Mount Palmer was historically significant as a navigation point and later became associated with various myths and local folklore. Although much of the hill has been altered or reduced due to urban development, parts of it still offer glimpses into its historical significance as a landmark.
5.2.3 Palmer House:
This historic building is a testament to colonial architecture and once served as a key administrative or residential building during British rule. Palmer House
carries with it stories of the colonial era, contributing to the narrative of Singapore's transformation from a British trading post to a modern city.
5.2.4 Seng Wong Beo Temple:
Located near the lower delta road, this temple is dedicated to the City God, Seng Wong, who is believed to oversee the well-being of the urban population. The temple plays a crucial role in Chinese folk religion, providing spiritual services and festivals that engage the local community.
5.2.5 Parsi Road:
This area was historically associated with the Parsi community, who were among the early settlers in Singapore. Parsi Road is indicative of the multicultural layers of Singapore, where minority communities like the Parsis have played significant roles in the city's development.
5.2.6 Palmer Road:
The name of the road itself is a heritage site, lined with historic buildings and sites, encapsulating the evolution of the area from a coastal hill to a bustling part of modern Singapore. The road serves as a historical artery, linking various cultural and religious sites in the area.
Figure 10 Other Heritage Site around Palmer Road Area, Drawn by the author. Images Source from: 1. Chinatownology; 2.National Library Board; ROOTS.sg 3.Lam Chun See, 2008; 4.GuocoTower.com 5.GoogleMaps; 6. WordPress.com
Chapter 6
Cross-cultural Interrelation
6.1 Within Individual Heritage: Interaction and Connections Singapore's heritage spaces often serve as canvases depicting the rich tapestry of the nation's diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. A prime example of this multicultural integration can be observed in the Palmer Road area, which embodies a unique convergence of Malay and Chinese cultural practices. This area, notably marked by the presence of keramat and its utilization by non-Malay communities, particularly the Chinese, provides a compelling case study of cross-cultural interaction within a singular heritage space.
Keramats, traditionally Malay sacred sites, as traditional Malay sacred sites, have religious and historical significance in the Malay community as they are
considered to be the resting places of highly revered individuals - usually saints or wali - who are known for their piety and supernatural powers. Despite their Islamic origins, these sites have attracted the respect of other ethnic groups, especially the Chinese who participate in the rituals and pray at these sites (Cheu, 2021). This phenomenon exemplifies a unique form of cultural fusion in which the sacredness of Malay Kramat transcends its Islamic roots and incorporates elements of Chinese spirituality.
The Palmer Road area, home to the Keramat Habib Nuh, serves as an excellent illustration of this cross-cultural reverence. Habib Nuh is celebrated not only by the local Malay Muslims but also by Singaporeans of Chinese descent. Historical records indicate that Chinese individuals have been visiting this keramat, engaging in their ritualistic practices which include offerings and prayers, thus indicating a shared spiritual appreciation across cultural boundaries (Gibson, 2022). Such interactions highlight how cultural spaces can foster a shared sense of community among diverse groups, despite differing religious doctrines.
In addition, the history of the area further enhances its cultural importance. Initially a predominantly Malay fishing village, it has since witnessed the integration of the Chinese through various social and economic interactions(Gibson, 2022; I. B. Tajudeen, 2012). This integration of cultural practices can be seen in the coexistence of Tabukong Temple and Kramat within the same area, symbolising the mutual respect and spiritual identity between the two communities.
This cross-utilization of heritage spaces also challenges the notion of exclusive
cultural territories within multiethnic urban settings like Singapore. The shared use of the keramat at Palmer Road not only illustrates the physical integration of spaces but also the metaphysical interactions that occur through the exchange of spiritual beliefs and practices. Studies have shown that (Mandal, 2012) such spaces can act as bridges, reducing communal barriers and fostering a deeper understanding and tolerance among different ethnic groups.
Furthermore, the narrative of Palmer Road is enriched through its colonial history and transformation into a modern urban space. The survival of historical sites such as the Klamath in the midst of such rapid urban development is a testament to Singapore's commitment to preserving its multicultural heritage. This commitment is evident in the efforts to maintain the Klamath as a heritage site that is recognised for its historical and cultural value rather than its mere religious significance.
The phenomenon observed at Palmer Road is reflective of a larger trend across Singapore, where heritage sites often become focal points for cross-cultural interaction. These sites offer more than just a glimpse into the past; they provide living spaces for cultural exchange and interaction. This dynamic interaction within heritage spaces like Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque Complex underscores the complex nature of cultural identity in Singapore, where heritage is not just preserved but also continuously redefined through the interactions of its diverse populace.
As such, the Palmer Road area embodies Singapore's heritage space not only
as a relic of history, but also as an active place for cultural consultation and integration. This cross-cultural use of space highlights the fluidity of cultural boundaries and the potential of heritage sites to promote community harmony and understanding. As Singapore continues to explore its multicultural identity, the story of Palmer Road becomes a compelling chapter in its broader narrative of cultural integration and shared heritage.
6.2 Between Heritages and Urban Fabrics in Palmer Road Area: Missing
Narrative Elements
The Palmer Road area, situated within the wider area of Singapore's Chinatown, demonstrates the complex interplay between its rich historical heritage and the forces of modern urban redevelopment. While the state discourse on urban planning and redevelopment often emphasizes efficiency, modernization, and economic utility, it inadvertently risks overshadowing or even omitting the nuanced narratives of smaller, culturally significant heritage sites. This section discusses the impact of the Chinatown Redevelopment Guidelines and the resulting imbalance between urban development and the preservation of heritage sites, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective.
The Chinatown Redevelopment Guidelines were designed to revitalize the area, making it more commercially viable and aesthetically pleasing while attempting to retain its historical essence. However, the emphasis on commercial viability often prioritizes more prominent and profitable heritage markers over smaller, less economically significant sites (National Heritage Board, 2021). In the
case of Palmer Road, the redevelopment initiatives have focused largely on broadening the appeal of Chinatown to both tourists and investors, often at the expense of less visible but equally significant cultural heritages such as the keramat and other Muslim spiritual sites.
This focus results in a dominant narrative that prioritizes certain cultural elements over others, leading to a form of cultural homogenization where the diversity of the area’s historical layers is underrepresented. For instance, while the architectural and commercial aspects of Chinatown are meticulously preserved and showcased, the spiritual and communal significances of keramat, as integral parts of the area's heritage, receive less attention and may not be adequately integrated into the narrative promoted by urban redevelopment plans (Gibson, 2022)
Moreover, the redevelopment efforts, while aiming to preserve a sanitized version of cultural heritage, often do not fully engage with the cross-cultural exchanges that have historically characterized areas like Palmer Road. These exchanges are vital for understanding the full scope of Singapore's cultural heritage but are often neglected in favour of a more streamlined, marketable historical narrative (Mandal, 2012).
The imbalance between urban redevelopment and the maintenance of heritage sites in the Palmer Road area is further exacerbated by the economic imperatives driving redevelopment projects. These projects tend to favour the creation of spaces that attract high foot traffic and generate revenue, such as retail outlets and restaurants, over the preservation of spaces that serve more as cultural
and spiritual touchstones for specific ethnic communities (Sevea, 2018). This economic focus can lead to a "missing narrative" where the historical and cultural complexities of multi-ethnic interactions and their contributions to Singapore’s cultural heritage are overshadowed or lost.
In conclusion, the redevelopment of the Palmer Road area within the framework of the Chinatown Redevelopment Guidelines illustrates a critical tension between urban modernisation and heritage preservation. While redevelopment has brought economic revitalization and infrastructural improvements, it also poses significant challenges to the preservation of nuanced, cross-cultural heritages. Addressing these challenges requires a more inclusive approach to urban planning that recognizes and integrates the diverse cultural narratives that enrich and define Singapore’s urban landscape.
Chapter 7 Discussion: Implications of Critical Conservation on the Future of Palmer Road Area
7.1 Challenges and Potential of the Administration and Conservation
The Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque stand as beacons amidst the rapidly evolving urban landscape of Singapore. As these historic sites navigate the complexities of modernization and cultural continuity, they encounter a series of contemporary challenges that are reflective of broader themes in heritage conservation and community identity.
7.1.1 Urban Development Pressures and Maintaining Cultural Relevance
The relentless pace of urban development presents a significant challenge to the preservation of heritage sites like the Mausoleum and Mosque. The drive towards modernization often puts these historic sites at risk, as city planners prioritize new developments over the conservation of cultural heritage. When the Prince Edward Circle Line MRT station was being built in the late 2010s, the location experienced additional disturbance. The shrine was submerged in a vast construction zone once work started in 2018, and is still ongoing as of 2024. It has been raised that the critical need for careful consideration of heritage conservation in urban planning (Widodo, 2005). This aligns with Avrami's (Avrami, 2020) emphasis on sustainability and the importance of preserving cultural sites for future generations, suggesting that heritage conservation must be integrated into broader urban development strategies. The need for heritage conservation should be
stressed to empower future generations as agents of change rather than mere stewards of the past. This argument underlines the importance of adopting a forward-looking approach in managing the heritage of the Mausoleum and Mosque, ensuring that they remain relevant and adaptable to the needs of future generations amid contemporary urban challenges.
Moreover, maintaining the cultural and religious relevance of these sites, particularly for younger generations, is increasingly challenging. As the fabric of society changes, there is a need for these sites to remain relevant and accessible to all segments of the population. This involves not only the physical preservation of the sites but also efforts to engage the community and educate them about their historical and cultural significance. The potential of the critique conservation of the site can be not only a community activity venue to serve as a community activity centre, and provide a venue for local gatherings, cultural festivals, and civic engagement events, but also a historical-cultural education centre with the conservation exhibition corner, preserving its identity as an Islamic cultural monument and serve as a vibrant platform for research, dialogue, and mutual respect among cultures. The work of Deacon and Smeets (2013) on community involvement in heritage management underscores the importance of active engagement with the community to ensure the continued relevance of heritage sites.
7.1.2
Navigating Religious and Cultural Identities
The challenge lies in navigating these identities in a way that respects the diversity within the Muslim community while also fostering a shared sense of
heritage and belonging. This is particularly relevant in the context of globalization and the influx of new cultural influences, which can sometimes lead to tensions or a dilution of traditional practices. In a rapidly changing urban context, these sites offer a sense of continuity and connection to the past. As highlighted by P. J. Rivers(Rivers, 2003), the concept of keramat and its role in popular belief and piety reflects the complex interplay between religious, cultural, and historical identities in Singapore. Cheu's study on the Malay keramat and Chinese worshippers (1998) illustrates the dynamic and evolving nature of religious and cultural identities in Singapore, highlighting the potential for intercultural exchange and mutual respect.
As the Habib Nuh Mausoleum and Haji Muhammad Salleh Mosque navigate these contemporary challenges, they stand as testaments to Singapore's rich cultural heritage and its ongoing struggle to balance tradition and modernity. The efforts to preserve these sites amidst urban development pressures and to maintain their relevance for future generations underscore the critical role of heritage conservation in fostering a cohesive and inclusive society.
6.3 Applying Cross-Cultural Perspective in Conservation and Management
The implications of applying a cross-cultural perspective in the conservation and management of heritage sites are profound and crucial for saving the fading urban palimpsests in the Palmer Road area and other similar redeveloping historic areas. This section aims to explore how the theories articulated by Bill Hillier, Memmott and Davidson, A. Rapoport, and W. Bonenberg can be introduced into conservation and enhance the approaches to conserving and managing such
heritage sites.
Primarily, the dynamics of the cultural boundary between the traditions of the host country and immigrant culture should be emphasised and acknowledged, similar to Hillier’s distinction between "passive" and "active" building systems highlights the dynamics between vernacular and formal architectural practices. In the context of Singapore, where diverse architectural influences converge, it’s critical to recognize the creative potential within converged designs often overlooked by Eurocentric architectural standards. This broader appreciation can guide conservation efforts to respect and preserve these unique hybrid structures rather than prioritizing more recognized forms of architecture.
Secondly, Rapoport’s classification of meanings, namely high-level related to cosmologies and cultural schemat, middle-level related to communicating identity, status, wealth, and power, and low-level referring to everyday and instrumental meaning(1980), provides a framework for analyzing how architectural meanings are encoded and decoded within different cultural contexts. In managing heritage sites based on the cross-cultural perspective, understanding these layers of meaning can enhance how these spaces are presented and interpreted to the outsiders and the public. Particular for Palmer Road’s heritage sites, exploring and classificating these meanings can help in crafting narratives that resonate with both locals and audiences from different cultural backgrounds as stakeholders and consumers, as well as other participants in the process of heritage conservation such as authorities and decision-makers, to ensure that the interpretation panels and guided tours
encapsulate the rich, layered significance of the sites. This approach not only educates visitors but also deepens their appreciation of the site's cultural and historical complexity and strengthens the cultural and national identity of the state.
Furthermore, it is suggested by Bonenberg that the need for architects and planners to integrate cultural sensitivities into their design and conservation practices plays a significant role according to his concept of Cultural Requirements Engineering (2016). In the conservation policy-making and practice process, the approach can be instrumental in the Palmer Road area by ensuring that new developments or conservation efforts are sympathetic to the hidden cultural narratives and architectural aesthetics. By engaging with local communities to understand their cultural requirements, conservation efforts can be more targeted and meaningful. In this way, the interventions are more likely to be respectful and reflective of the community’s identity and cultural complexity
Lastly, building on the discussed conservation framework, there is an urgency for a robust theoretical framework that can guide the cross-cultural conservation and management of heritage sites. This framework should address the complexities of global and local cultural influences. Not only preserve architectural integrity, but also accommodate contemporary needs and recognizing the dynamic nature of culture.
Chapter 8 Conclusion
8.1 Recap of the Research Findings and Reflections
This dissertation, focused on understanding Singapore's heritage space from
a cross-cultural perspective using Palmer Road Area as a case study, has unveiled several key insights into the dynamic interplay of cultural convergence and heritage conservation in an urban setting.
8.2 Limitations of the Study and Potential Future Improvements
The research on uncovering the cross-cultural identity of Singapore’s heritage in the Palmer Road Area with its implications for heritage conservation is particularly concerned with the intricate interactions between community and community, and between heritage sites and the surrounding urban fabric in the changing context of the Palmer Road area. However, it has been noticed that several limitations need to be acknowledged and clarified. With the awareness of inherent constraints, the research can be further developed in the future.
Firstly, since the study mainly focuses the cross-cultural identity of Singapore’s heritage, and the interplay between diverse cultural elements embodied on the communities and the heritage sites themselves, as well as the complex urban fabrics, the research primarily relies on historical data, contemporary articles, and a series of academic sources that document the heritage and several times of site visiting in the Palmer Road area. While these sources provide valuable insights, they may not directly reveal the communities, as the subject of cultural communication, their current sentiments and opinions toward heritage conservation. The absence of extensive ethnographic data or firsthand accounts from current residents and stakeholders might limit a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing cultural dynamic Therefore, future studies can expand the data sources, including
interviews and surveys among the local communities from different cultural background for comprehensive understanding the cross-cultural interaction from the view of the heritage space users.
Secondly, the selected case of the Palmer Road area in this study allows for an in-depth analysis of specific heritage sites, but this narrow geographical focus may not capture dynamics in other areas of Singapore or in different urban contexts. To achieve results that are more universal, comparative studies can be included with other heritage sites within Singapore or in similar urban contexts internationally. In this way, comparative insights that can help generalize findings and apply lessons learned across different settings. The findings may be generalizable to other heritage sites experiencing similar pressures from urban development.
Moreover, as the research is conducted on the cross-cultural perspective, integrating insights from urban studies, cultural anthropology, and history, more attention is paid on the cultural aspects while the other aspects such as funding condition and economic factors, natural and ecological features, tourism impacts, are not analysed as deeply as the cultural studies. The research might not satisfy all academic standards for each discipline due to the broad scope of topics covered. With a interdisciplinary approach, the research can meet the rigorous analytical standards of each field as economc, ecological and others involved. Consequently, it would be a valuable starting point for future studies to illuminate the complexity and attractiveness of Singapore’s heritage with cross-cultural characteristics.
8.3 Beyond Palmer Road Area: To Rethink Cross-Cultural Identity of Heritage
The insights gained from the study of the Palmer Road Area prompt a broader reconsideration of the cross-cultural identity of heritage in urban environments. This case study serves as a microcosm for understanding the complex interplay between cultural diversity and heritage conservation in a global city-state like Singapore. However, the implications extend far beyond this specific locale, offering valuable lessons for other regions facing similar challenges.
In urban settings around the world, the intersection of various cultures often creates vibrant, dynamic communities whose heritage is characterized by a rich tapestry of influences. The challenge lies in preserving this intangible cultural heritage amidst pressures of modernization and urban redevelopment. This requires a shift in perspective from viewing heritage sites merely as relics of the past to recognizing them as living embodiments of ongoing cultural narratives and interactions.
To effectively manage and preserve these multicultural heritage sites, there must be an inclusive approach that considers not only the physical preservation of structures but also the cultural practices, traditions, and everyday interactions that imbue these spaces with meaning. This approach would benefit from adopting and adapting frameworks like Cultural Requirements Engineering, which emphasizes the need to understand and integrate diverse cultural needs and values into the planning and management of heritage sites.
Furthermore, policymakers and conservationists should foster community
engagement and participation in the conservation process, ensuring that the voices and perspectives of all cultural groups are heard and respected. This participatory approach not only enriches the conservation process but also strengthens community ties and enhances the social sustainability of heritage conservation efforts.
Ultimately, rethinking the cross-cultural identity of heritage requires a balance between global and local perspectives, integrating international best practices with culturally specific needs and values. By embracing the complexities of multicultural environments, urban heritage conservation can become a tool for promoting cultural understanding and cohesion in increasingly diverse societies.
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