AP5
OLIVER WOLF
NON-DESIGN WORK
CONTENTS
ARC3013 : Architectural Technology
1
ARC3014 : Professional Practice and Management
21
ARC3015 : Principles and Theories of Architecture
29
ARC3013
1
ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
The studio is looking at building on what is already built, and in particular consists of an extension of Grainger Market. During the first term we focused our research on market stalls, and designed a small selling/displaying stall to be used in an open-air or street market. In my initial design investigation I looked into the grid form of conventional market stalls, and explored how I could alter this and direct clients in a different direction. This lead me to the use of diagonals in my design. On the right are the plans for my design, closed and open.
3
DESIGNSUMMERY
4
I chose clean and simple materials for my design. The exterior would be clad in metal, although the choice between a corten steel, a shiny stainless steel or any other steel cladding would be left in the hands of the buyer. The interior would be cladded in coloured acrylic with the colour representing the function such as red for a butchers and yellow for a flower stall. The floor will be a thin layer of rubber for a comfortable, easy to maintain and resilient finish. The shelves will have individual 5 panel folding glass windows that can be left opened or closed depending on the contents and the shopkeeper’s wishes. Below are the sections of the market stall, closed and open.
5
DESIGNSUMMERY
6
The images on this page demonstrate the adaptability of the design. The first image shows the 8 different forms it can take by opening or closing the wall/doors. The second image illustrates the array of metal cladding to suit the buyer’s needs, ranging from corten steel to corrugated aluminium.
7
DESIGNSUMMERY
8
The images below show the technical frame of my design; four steel columns supporting the floor and roof beams. The wall/doors are steel on the four sides to form a structural element, and then clad internally in glass and externally in a metal of choice and acrylic (internal side of external panel).
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DESIGNSUMMERY
10
CONSTRUCTIONREDUCTION
Reduction at Source The brief sets out to design a market stall that can be moved, and used as a single unit or in an aggregation. Markets are a vibrant and ecological attraction that encourage local farmers and producers. They have been around for centuries, providing fresh produce and boosting the community’s economy. The necessity for new market stalls could be debated, but my design offers a simple adaptable sheltered selling point, that works well singularly, or forming enclosed spaces in an aggregation. The dimensions set out in the brief are 3x2 meters, which is a realistic proposal for a market stall to leave enough room to provide a sheltered selling point, work counter and display area depending on the needs of the stall. I have kept my design simple internally so that it can accommodate for all the uses of market stalls. The simple steel structure (fig. 2) is designed to be clad in a metal of choice externally and a coloured acrylic internally to represent the usage so that the stalls are easily recognisable. The cladding can be chosen upon purchase, and dismantled, recycled or reused and a new cladding chosen when they are resold. The design incorporates shelving in the walls and two electricity sockets at either end of the structure. This allows for a fridge to be installed if needed by a butcher or an oven for a baker, while a haberdasher could just fill the shelves with their item, maintaining the open space. The flexibility of the walls also allows for multiple use, for different products as well as different locations. This creates multiple entrances and routes depending on the need. There is no need for services set out in the brief, which will benefit the possibility of an eventual deconstruction of the building. In my design I did decide to include to electricity sockets to allow for fridges or ovens to be installed if needed. My cubic design would be fully locked up when not in use (fig. 1), requiring no energy during these times. It is a small scale (3 x 3) which can be stored relatively easily when not on site. Although the design is light and compact, it does not sit on wheels and would therefore require a truck to be moved from one site to another. My design at present is modular, with it being a cubic form comprising of steel beams and columns of one dimension each, two different cladding dimensions around the columns, doors acting as walls of two sizes for the opposing fold, cladding for these are of one size, and the floor and ceiling are the same dimensions. The adaptability of the design allows for all the market stalls within the aggregation to be produced in the exact same way, making it modular on a larger scale. The main structure can be built through modular construction, with each client simply choosing their respective claddings. At present the components are not standardised off-the-shelf, however, this could easily be changed so that some components are such as the steel I-beams are 127 x 761 as opposed to the current 100 x 100. This is also true for the cladding on the doors where the cladded area is 2790 x 1440. Due to the choice of cladding for each individual unit and the wide range of dimensions available in all these claddings I do not think it necessary to change the dimension to be clad, to enable standardisation, but simply maintain the current modularity. The floor consists of steel sheeting covered in rubber flooring. This is an easy material that comes in standard rolls to be cut to the desire size. There is no insulation within the wall thickness, so this is not applicable to my design. The modularisation as well as the standardisation will facilitate construction, reduce waist of materials and save time and money.
11
REPORT
Fig. 1: My design - from fully open to fully closed.
Fig. 2: Steel frame for my design.
1
Ann Ross and Jonathan Hetreed, Architect’s Pocket Book, 4th edition (United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 2011), pp. 124 – 125.
12
CONSTRUCTIONREUSE
There are 4 main materials used in my design: Steel (beams, columns, doors and cladding), acrylic sheet, glass and rubber. If the market stalls were to reach the end of their lifespan, most of these materials could be reused. As the beams used would be of standard size (127 x 76), these could easily be unbolted and used on other projects, or might be used in statues (fig. 3). The columns, when changed to a standard size (152 x 1522), could also be reused in the same way as the beams. The sheets of cladding, both the steel and acrylic, can also be reused as cladding for other buildings such as agricultural buildings and sheds for the steel and shower cubicles or coloured walls for the acrylic. These might also be used for internal furniture such as an acrylic coffee table (fig. 4). The small dimension of the glass panels on the shelving would make these difficult to reuse so this will have to be recycled. Similarly, the rubber floor would get worn with time and therefore would not be aesthetically pleasing for reuse so it should also get recycled. The design for deconstruction employed in the market stall allows the cladding to be easily removed. In the design I have avoided using permanent connections such as welding of the steel beams, but have opted for the use of bolts and screws (fig. 5) to facilitate adaptability. This means that the structure can then be re-cladded for the next user. The unwanted materials can be reused elsewhere as stated above, and an almost new market stall would be made. This is a simple process, extending the lifespan of the market stalls indefinitely. The mobility of the design also increases its reuse potential due to the lack of foundations and other structural elements, and easy relocation. Allowing the components to be easily reused, as well as using reclaimed materials in the initial building process, would significantly reduce the environmental impact and the embodied carbon of the project3.
Fig. 5: Beam to column connections using end plates. 2
Roy Beardmore, ‘Universal Column Dimensions’, Roy Mech, 2006 <http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Sections/UC_dim.htm> [accessed 21 January 2015]. The Waste and Resources Action Programme, ‘Reclaimed Buildings Product Guide: A Guide to Procuring Reclaimed Building Products and Materials for Use in Construction Projects’ (Banbury: WRAP) <http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Reclaimed%20building%20products%20guide.pdf> [accessed 22 January 2015]. 3
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REPORT
Fig. 3: Mark di Suveroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Old Grey Beam made of painted steel beams.
Fig. 4: Wine bottle and acrylic table by Revol Design.
14
CONSTRUCTIONRECYCLING
The materials chosen in the design are recyclable and can be produced from recycled materials. Steel is the most used material in my design. Steel is 100% recyclable, this means that any components that may not be standardised or where quality assurance is not guaranteed can be re-melted and recycled into products of the same or higher quality as original4. Acrylic, used for the internal cladding, is also recyclable. The sheets used, that are not wanted for reuse as they are, can be converted to acrylic chips and then chemically distilled to produce acrylic monomer, used to form acrylate polymers5. Glass is also 100% recyclable, so the “shop window” segments can be melted down and reformed into anything from windows to jam jars6. Similarly, rubber can be broken down and reused for the production of a new product7.
4
BCSA Tata Steel and SCI, ‘Recycling and Reuse’, Steel Construction (MediaWiki) <http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse> [accessed 20 January 2015]. Simi Research Centre, ‘Acrylic Recycling Technology’, Pollution Control System (IndiaMART) <http://www.pollutioncontrolsystem.net/acrylic-recycling-technology.html> [accessed 21 January 2015]. 6 GPI, ‘Glass Recycling Facts’, Glass Packaging Institute <http://www.gpi.org/recycling/glass-recycling-facts> [accessed 21 January 2015]. 7 The Schumacher Center for Technology & Development, ‘Recycling Rubber’, Practical Action <http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/RRC/documents/recycling_rubber.pdf> [accessed 21 January 2015]. 5
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REPORT
Fig. 6: What happens to a steel frame.
16
VALUE
Construction reduction through flexibility, intensification, modularisation and standardisation enables costs to be reduced from the start of the project. It is the architect’s role to get the most out of a building without obstructing the client’s wishes. In this case, the simple form allowing easy adaptability of the space means that only one frame has to be produced for all purposes. This allows for modularisation of the product reducing costs, and the standardisation requires less labour to cut components decreasing costs and time of production. The scale of the product also allows it to be fully made and assembled offsite. This can be done in a factory, not requiring any extra costs for rent of a building location. Using reclaimed ironwork for the build will also decrease costs, as long as these components do not have to be modified before application, which can sometimes increase the costs to more than that of new products8. Allowing the easy deconstruction of these components, in order for them to be reused, does not directly decrease costs for the project, however it can benefit a third party, and depending on the quality of the components being reused, a profit might be made by selling them. Reclaimed materials can have an added value due to character and sentimental value of these elements. The lack of permanent connections employed enables simple changes to be made, to cladding for example, which reduces costs in labour and potential replacement of units. Another important aspect to keep in mind when dealing with reuse is the environmental impact9. Reclaiming metal can reduce landfill congestion, as well as reduce pollution due to production of more. The recycling of materials, although it does not present any financial benefits, is highly beneficial for the environment. Not only does the dumping of metal increase landfill, but where metal is concerned also disperses metallic particles into the ecosystem10. The presence of markets also add cultural value to a location, in this case Newcastle, although the mobility of the design allows them to be used anywhere. The Quayside market has been ongoing since the 171711, and a ritual a lot of locals hold dear in their hearts. This demonstrates the social value of markets. Some of the temporary markets also have cultural benefits, introducing locals to produce from other areas in England or even other countries. The mobility and temporary nature of my market stall limits the potential for personal value, because although the market itself has personal value, the stalls come and go and may not always be around to make an impact in their own way.
8
BCSA Tata Steel and SCI, ‘Recycling and Reuse’, Steel Construction (MediaWiki) <http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse> [accessed 20 January 2015]. ‘Reclaiming Metal Building Materials’, Urban Mining, 2014 <http://urbanmining.org/2014/12/reclaiming-metal-building-materials> [accessed 22 January 2015]. 10 ‘Recycling Metals’, Benefits of Recycling <http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/recyclingmetals/> [accessed 22 January 2015]. 11 Sylvia Richardson, ‘Quayside Markets’, University Library <http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/quayside.php> [accessed 22 January 2015]. 9
17
REPORT
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BCSA Tata Steel and SCI, ‘Recycling and Reuse’, Steel Construction (MediaWiki) <http://www.steelconstruction.info/Recycling_and_reuse> [accessed 20 January 2015] Beardmore, Roy, ‘Universal Column Dimensions’, Roy Mech, 2006 <http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_ Tables/Sections/UC_dim.htm> [accessed 21 January 2015] GPI, ‘Glass Recycling Facts’, Glass Packaging Institute <http://www.gpi.org/recycling/glass-recycling-facts> [accessed 21 January 2015] Morrison, Jennifer, ‘Newcastle, Bigg Market’, Tyne and Wear Site Lines (Newcastle, Bigg Market (Beremarket) | sitelines.newcastle.gov.uk) <http://www.twsitelines.info/smr/6497> [accessed 20 January 2015] ‘Old Grey Beam’, Mark di Suvero - Spacetime C C <http://www.spacetimecc.com/selected-detail. php?c=14> [accessed 22 January 2015] ‘Reclaiming Metal Building Materials’, Urban Mining, 2014 <http://urbanmining.org/2014/12/reclaiming-metal-building-materials> [accessed 22 January 2015] ‘Recycling Metals’, Benefits of Recycling <http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com/recyclingmetals/> [accessed 22 January 2015] Revol Design, ‘Wine Table’, Revol Design <http://www.revol-design.com/collections/concepts/products/ wine-table> [accessed 22 January 2015] Richardson, Sylvia, ‘Quayside Markets’, University Library <http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/exhibitions/current-and-past-exhibitions/so/quayside.php> [accessed 22 January 2015] Ross, Ann, and Jonathan Hetreed, Architect’s Pocket Book, 4th edn (United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, Inc., 2011) Simi Research Centre, ‘Acrylic Recycling Technology’, Pollution Control System (IndiaMART) <http:// www.pollutioncontrolsystem.net/acrylic-recycling-technology.html> [accessed 21 January 2015] The Schumacher Center for Technology & Development, ‘Recycling Rubber’, Practical Action <http:// www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/RRC/documents/recycling_rubber.pdf> [accessed 21 January 2015] The Waste and Resources Action Programme, ‘Reclaimed Buildings Product Guide: A Guide to Procuring Reclaimed Building Products and Materials for Use in Construction Projects’ (Banbury: WRAP) <http:// www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Reclaimed%20building%20products%20guide.pdf> [accessed 22 January 2015] ‘Wine Bottles Table’, Superuse, 2010 <http://www.superuse.org/story/wine-bottles-table/#> [accessed 22 January 2015]
19
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF IMAGES
Design summary - all images by the author Figure 1 - author’s own Figure 2 - author’s own Figure 3 - Old Grey Beam by Mark di Suvero (http://www.spacetimecc.com/selected-detail.php?c=14) Figure 4 - Coffee table by Revol Design (http://www.revol-design.com/collections/concepts/products/ wine-table) Figure 5 - Diagram by steel construction (http://www.steelconstruction.info/File:C18-02.png) Figure 6 - Diagram by steel construction (http://www.steelconstruction.info/images/c/c8/B_Fig10_2013. png)
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ARC3014
21
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND MANAGEMENT
ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management
! Mid-year practical experience during Part 1 studies Name: 120244711 General Information Dates of Experience
26/01/2015 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 13/03/2015
Category of Experience
i) Experience of architectural practice in the UK, EEA, Channel Islands or Isle of Man, under the direct supervision of an architect either registered with the Architects Registration Board or registered within the territory where the experience is being undertaken.
Experience Level
Stage 1
Location
Newcastle upon Tyne
School of Architecture/ Monitoring Institution
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University
Professional Studies Advisor
John Kamara
PSA's Email
john.kamara@ncl.ac.uk
PSA's Phone No
0191 208 8619
Placement Provider
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University
Placement Address
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU United Kingdom
Placement Phone No
0191 208 5831
Placement Website
www.ncl.ac.uk/apl
Student's Phone No
120244711
Student's Email
120244711@ncl.ac.uk
Brief Description of Placement Newcastle University School of Architecture Provider Part 1 bachelors degree in Architecture
September 2012 - June 2015
23
Employment Mentor
Josep-Maria Garcia-Fuentes
Mentor's Profession
Architect
Mentor's Email
josep.garciafuentes@ncl.ac.uk
Mentor's Phone No
0191 208 5856
ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management Name: 120244711 Project Details (repeat boxes as necessary if recording more than one project) Project Name
Building on what is already built - Grainger Market
Project Description
The project is focused on reusing, updating and extending Grainger Market in the Newcastle city centre. The initial phase of the project consisted of surveying the whole of Grainger Market, involving all members of the studio to work collaboratively. The transformation will create a new principal entrance to the market hall, rearrange the layout of the market hall, introducing new restaurant facilities and public places. New housing for the elderly will also be incorporated as well as spaces for social activities. Currently at Stage 2 of the Plan of Work, with progress being made to finalise concept design and final project brief.
Project Tasks
• Multiple site visits to Grainger Market - photographs, sketching, measuring, getting a sense of the atmosphere. • Sketchbook work - precedent research, initial design ideas, historical analysis. • Group surveying - I drew up part of the plan on AutoCAD, made part of the site model. • Conceptual research - I cast out of plaster and concrete developing new techniques; I painted a large scale conceptual drawing; I mapped out the surroundings of the site; I made multiple photo collages on Photoshop; I made design models out of plaster, wood, cardboard, wire and foam board; I used AutoCAD and SketchUp to carry out scaled design investigations. • Visit to Barcelona - precedent research, construction site investigations, photographs, sketches, talks by architects in practice. • Tutorials - project development, concept design, group discussions, feedback, observing other students work.
Work Stages
Hours as participant
Hours as observer
0 Strategic Definition
8
0
1 Preparation & Brief
39.5
43
2 Concept Design
64.25
34.75
3 Developed Design
0
0
4 Technical Design
0
0
5 Construction
0
0
6 Handover and Close Out
0
0
7 In Use
0
0
Totals
111.75
77.75
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ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management Name 120244711 Work Stages (2013) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; summary of hours from all projects Hours as Participant
Hours as Observer
Total
0 Strategic Definition
8
0
8
1 Preparation & Brief
39.5
48
87.5
2 Concept Design
64.25
42.75
107
3 Developed Design
0
0
0
4 Technical Design
0
0
0
5 Construction
0
0
0
6 Handover and Close Out
0
0
0
7 In Use
0
0
0
Totals
111.75
90.75
202.5
Activities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; non-project related Task
Hours completed
Description
1.5
Time spent adding up hours of work each week,
Office Management Time sheet
over the course of the project. Lectures Professional Practice &
17
Twice weekly lectures by a range of speakers
7.5
Weekly lectures by a range of speakers
14
Time spent completing professional practice &
Management Principles & Theories General Coursework
management coursework. Totals
25
40
ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management Name: 120244711 Reflective Experience Summary Task performance and learning during this period of experience Working on an existing building for this project has been challenging, but it is something I have really enjoyed. I found it necessary to select key components of Grainger Market that I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to get rid of, making finding ways to preserve these features imperative; through this I feel I have improved my problem solving skills. The scale of the building has made the use of CAD invaluable, using softwares I really feel I have improved on. I also feel I have learnt a lot on these programmes by constantly working in the studios; asking around for help and â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;quick tipsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; has hugely sped up my learning curve. I also feel I learnt a lot about different materials during the Thinking Through Making week that has pushed me to experiment modelling with new materials, plaster in particular. Weekly tutorials, as well as our group trip to Barcelona, has helped me fully understand the project, understanding what is being asked of me, to produce an appropriate design proposal. Personal development & role performance evaluation Working around other people in the studios has lead to me improving my critiquing for there projects as well as taking on what they say to me. I think this is possibly where I have developed the most, by being able to take on harsh comments from my peers as well as tutors, and understanding the constructive side of what is being said in order to find a solution. This has also enabled me to be more self-critical, being able to step-back and see what I am doing well and what needs more attention. Although I find my time management has greatly improved, I still find my self stuck in the last minute rush before to meet deadlines. I think the Principles and Theories seminar, as well as this coursework, has helped my self evaluation which is important to understand my strengths and weaknesses and to see areas in which I need to grow. Aims for next period of experience I still need to improve my time management, and when time is running out, understanding what pieces of work are essential to explaining my design in order to be more efficient. I also want to keep experimenting with other materials, to broaden my knowledge of these leading to me modelling with an array of appropriate materials for different components and different scales. I would like to attend more of the optional conversations with practice lectures to expand my knowledge and become a better designer. I would also like to learn more about existing architecture, and understanding how building details contribute to the whole building scheme when looking at precedents. Further skills needed and actions to take to achieve aims I will need to be strict on myself with regards to time management, to have enough time to do the research into architecture precedents, as well as having the time to attend the conversations with practice lectures. I still need to improve my problem solving techniques as this is invaluable for all design work. I also need to bring myself to asking for help. I often find I can remain stuck on something, when a quick question to my tutors could benefit this greatly. Additional student comments, support required from placement provider I learnt a lot on our trip to Barcelona, the opportunity to interact with different workforces on building sites, as well as visiting architects and hearing about their practices. I therefore look forward to my year in practice and learning from within the workplace. I confirm that I have worked in the above office between the dates stated and that the description of project details, tasks undertaken and learning achieved is accurate. Signature: 120244711
Date: 13/03/15
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ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management Obtaining Planning Permission for the redevelopment of Grainger Market, Newcastle upon Tyne Introduction:
The essay will look at obtaining planning permission for the redevelopment of Grainger Market, a heritage building in the Newcastle upon Tyne city centre. The discussion will first introduce planning on a national level and then focus more closely on Newcastle and my project. Description of Topic:
Planning is defined as ‘the statutory mechanism by which the development of land is managed in the public interest’.1 ‘It plays a key role in supporting the Government’s wider social, environmental and economic objectives and for sustainable communities’.2 This shows that sustainability lies at the core of the planning system. The Government’s requirements for the planning system can be found in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), a document available to all setting out England’s planning policies and how these should be applied.3 Planning permission must be determined in accordance with the development plan,4 which comprises the Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS) and the portfolio of Development Plan Documents (DPDs) which include the core strategy, site-specific allocations DPD, area action plans, other DPDs and proposals map.5 The NPPF ‘provides a framework within which local people and their accountable councils can produce their own distinctive local and neighbourhood plans. These are drawn up by the local planning authorities (LPAs) and reflect the needs and priorities of their respective communities. There are different types of planning applications, such as outline permission, reserved matters approval, full permission, retrospective permission and removal or variation of conditions, as well as various other specific applications for special controls. ‘An outline application is to determine whether the general principle of a proposed development is acceptable’6, and ‘must include a basic level of information on the proposed use and amount of development, an indicative site layout and scale parameters, and indicative access points. A Design and Access Statement (DAS) is also required at this stage.’7 Reserved matters approval include layout, scale, appearance, access and landscaping and these can be submitted for approval separately or together, or for different parts of the site.8 ‘An application for full permission requires detailed drawings to illustrate the proposed development’.9 The different types of planning applications are applied at different stages of the design process due to the detail of the proposal, but permission must be granted before building can commence. Application of Topic:
In order to obtain planning permission for the redevelopment of Grainger Market, the application must act in accordance to the Newcastle Local Plan. In addition, due to Grainger Market being a Grade I listed building as of 1954,10 specific consent will be required ‘for any demolition, internal and external works that would affect the special interest of the listed building’.11 ‘An application for listed building consent will often duplicate a planning application and will normally be submitted at the same time to enable development and conservation issues to be considered together’.12 ‘Gateshead Council and Newcastle City Council submitted Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan to the Secretary of State in February 2014’.13 ‘It is the central document in the Newcastle Local Plan, containing an overall spatial vision, objectives, strategy and policies’.14 The proposed redevelopment of Grainger Market complies with many of the points made in the Core Strategy, including ‘enhancing its retail function through improving the quality, quantity and range of comparison and convenience shops’,15 as well as ‘most housing growth [being] located in the existing built up area, including 21 600 new homes’.16 In order to obtain planning permission, the application will need to include all national requirements (such as the completed planning application form, location plan, site plan, completed ownership certificate, completed agricultural holdings certificate and the appropriate fee) as well as the Tyne and Wear requirements (such as application plans, archeological assessments, heritage statement, planning statement, structural survey and tree survey).17 Due to the controversy of the project, it is important to secure third party support, therefore the local community will be involved at the outset through informal talks and exhibitions.18 Although listed building consent will be required, it will also helpful to discuss the project with the Council’s Conservation Officer,19 due to the importance of Grainger Market within the City Centre.
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ARC3014: Professional Practice and Management Critical Reflection:
Given that Grainger Market is a Grade I listed building, which is defined by a building of exceptional interest, the process of getting planning permission is at risk of being extremely lengthy, if ever granted at all. The radical design proposal, to remove the East and Western corners of the building, including part of the internal roof structure, may need to be altered in accordance to the Council’s Conservation Officer, and English Heritage wishes on the conservation of the historic building. Learning about the planning application process has forced me to consider the design within the wider city context with regards to people affected and physical appearance in juxtaposition with the rest of the city centre. The scale of the building, and the quantity of usage mean that long building works would affect a large amount of people. It therefore would be reasonable to provide a temporary sheltered market to house the shops and stalls put out of business during the works, before they can be re-instated into the new market. In addition, the lack of modernity in the area surrounding Grainger Market, could hinder the acceptance for the cut-through design and modern materials intended for the new market; that said, the abundant presence of Eldon Square shopping centre could be beneficial for the planning process. Conclusion:
The discussion has looked into the planning application process, and the hierarchy of planning policy between the local level in Newcastle upon Tyne with the wider national level of England. The essay looks into the specifics needed for planning application within the Newcastle City Centre, linking back to the design proposal of Grainger Market. The nature of the studio, Building on what is already built affects the planning application process greatly due to the historic nature of the building in question: Grainger Market. Learning about the NPPF as well as the LPA and the specific policies by which buildings must abide was also very interesting. It also leads to wondering how some buildings came to be built, but that is due to the ever evolving policies, and the lack of enforcement despite the first policies dating back to 1909.20 References: Collins, J. and Moren, P. Good Practice Guide: Negotiating the Planning Maze (United Kingdom: RIBA Publishing, 2009), p. 10. Ibid. p.9. 3 Department for Communities and Local Government, ‘National Planning Policy Framework’, 2012, p. 1. 4 Ibid. p. 1. 5 Collins, J. and Moren, P. Good Practice Guide: Negotiating the Planning Maze (United Kingdom: RIBA Publishing, 2009), p. 13-14. 6 Ibid. p. 60. 7 Ibid. p. 60. 8 Ibid. p. 60-61. 9 Ibid. p. 62 10 English Heritage, ‘The National Heritage List for England’, English Heritage <http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx? uid=1024866> [accessed 12 March 2015]. 11 Collins, J. and Moren, P. Good Practice Guide: Negotiating the Planning Maze (United Kingdom: RIBA Publishing, 2009), p. 35. 12 Ibid, p. 64. 13 Newcastle City Council, ‘Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan’, Newcastle City Council <http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/planning-andbuildings/planning-policy/core-strategy-and-urban-core-plan> [accessed 12 March 2015]. 14 Ibid. 15 Newcastle City Council, ‘Appendix - Main Modifications’, Gateshead and Newcastle Councils’ Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan <file://tower5/home28/b2024471/Downloads/Main%20Modifcations.pdf> [accessed 12 March 2015]. 16 Ibid. 17 ‘Validation of Planning Applications in Tyne and Wear’, Newcastle City Council <http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/ drupalncc.newcastle.gov.uk/files/wwwfileroot/planning-and-buildings/planning/validation_doc_2013final_version__3_.pdf> [accessed 12 March 2015]. 18 Collins, J. and Moren, P. Good Practice Guide: Negotiating the Planning Maze (United Kingdom: RIBA Publishing, 2009), p. 73-74. 19 Ibid. p. 74. 20 ‘The Birth of Town Planning’, UK Parliament (UK Parliament, 2010) <http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/ transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/townplanning/> [accessed 13 March 2015]. 1 2
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ARC3015
29
PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE
DIAGON ALLEY 31
NAL 32
As a part of the Grainger Market, Building On What Is Already Built studio, my project has been focused around reusing, updating and extending Grainger Market in Newcastle city centre. I have always been interested in the juxtaposition of the old with the new. This is a topic I have very much explored during my stage three, with the research on modifying buildings and a case study on King’s Cross Station I did for my dissertation; and now with the research into Grainger Market, and how I might alter it to improve the space. Through this alteration I hope to demonstrate my own version of this juxtaposition. This essay will look at my design process as well as what influenced the decisions I have made. A project is defined as ‘a unique process, consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates to achieve an objective’1 or output. This process consists of linked activities which complete a goal. The design process for my projects usually start with understanding the brief, analysis of the site and end with finalising a design. However, within this process, I tend to go back to previous activities such as looking into precedents, and often going right back to the site analysis. This has very much been the case for the Grainger Market project; the shear size of the site and all the irregularities in the building, as well as the lack of access to many private parts of the build has made it almost impossible to fully understand Grainger Market as a whole. Therefore, after virtually every design idea, I find myself going back to the site and testing whether or not the idea could work within the site. This is, of course, the benefit of having a site in such close proximity. The initial phase of the project consisted of surveying the whole of the building, involving all members of the studio to work collaboratively to produce a joint set of technical drawings, models, historical research and diagrams. This was a very important step in the design process due to the fact that we were extending and transforming an existing building. Working in a group to understand the different aspects of the market was very important to produce a set of drawings and models that worked in unison to be used by everyone. The technical drawings produced during the first term will prove key to representing our design proposals by contrasting the existing with the new through different hatchings or colours used in our final technical drawings. In addition to this group work, we were asked to design our own market stalls to be placed around the city as aggregated units. During this first term, I analysed Grainger Market, and looked into the traditional linear layout of market stalls. I decided that in my design I didn’t want people to walk past my stalls, if they had a single front, but rathe r
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wanted them to travel through the market stall. This lead to me becoming interested in manipulating routes and I looked into forcing people to travel through my artefact by the use of the diagonals within a cube. This led to my simple design of the market stall (image 1) featuring rotating walls, to force customers to walk diagonally through the stalls, as opposed to the more traditional linear form (image 2). The diagonal is a concept I have kept throughout the whole design process from the small scale of the market stall, to the large scale Grainger Market.
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image 1 | market stall image 2 | market stall aggregation image 3 | dresden museum of military history
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The most important aspect of Grainger Market, in my opinion, is also it’s biggest downfall. Grainger Market is unique due to the four story, 19th century building enclosing the market space. This perimeter makes the market safe and isolated from the natural elements, but it also makes it difficult to notice. Unless one is aware of the presence of Grainger Market, it is very easy to walk past with no second glance. My design aims to make the market noticeable and to draw the public in through the creation of a new entrance route. The whole building would be fully ‘cut’ diagonally from the corner of Nelson Street and Grainger Street, and the corner of Nun Street and Clayton Street. Although I was initially unsure how, I knew almost immediately that I wanted to make something out of the corner of the market on Grainger Street, facing Grey’s Monument. I was initially inspired by the protruding elements present in many of Daniel Libeskind’s designs such as the Dresden Museum of Military History (image 3), or the Royal Ontario Museum (image 4). I was then inspired by Rob Krier’s sketches on the theme of the Corner House (image 5), and decided that attention can be drawn in just as much by taking away from the building, as it can by adding to it. This is how I arrived at the idea of cutting through the Grainger Market. Although I have used precedents for the internal workings of the market and for specific details of my transformation, the idea of cutting through was an outcome of my personal response to a design problem. Since coming up with the solution I have searched for precedents, but a lot of the work I am using is for new builds, which is where my challenge lies. I have looked into Gordon Matta-Clark, in particular at his 1974 Splitting of a home in New Jersey (image 6), and understood the brilliance the incision brought to the internal rooms, something which I hope to portray on a greater scale in Grainger Market. In addition, Herman Hertzberger’s writings on The Street reinforced my concept. In Lessons for Students in Architecture he notes the current need to isolate ourselves within the security of our households in contrast with the intense usage of streets only two decades ago. This encouraged me to greatly inhabit my cut-through, to create a new, lively, pedestrianised street. Looking more towards the detailing of my design, an architect that has influenced me in how I might go about controlling the diffusion of light brought about by this incision is Steven Holl, particularly his use of polycarbonate in his extension at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City (image 7) and his link at the Pratt Institute in New York (image 8). In these two examples, the architect pursues a strong concept and creates a simple and aesthetically pleasing solution. Holl’s play on transparency, translucency and opacity carries the designs, enhancing the dissonance
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present in floor heights and nature of spaces to make them into a key feature. This is a brilliant way of juxtaposing old and new, which I hope to achieve in a similar way in my design. It must be mentioned that my tutor, Josep-Maria Garcia-Fuentes has also had a large influence on my design outcome through his touring of Barcelona, the sharing of his knowledge and of course his feedback and help in solving design problems during our weekly tutorials. One of the greatest learning experiences was our studio trip to Bar-
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image 4 | royal ontario museum image 5 | rob krierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sketches image 6 | splitting by gordon matta-clark 36
celona. Not only did we have the chance to see many covered markets, but we also got to visit architecture practices and building sites. We explored four markets, which were all refurbishments of Barcelonaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic markets. We were able to witness how they worked as markets, as well as social spaces, and understand how the rejuvenation links back to the historic forms of the pre-existing markets. We visited three architecture studios, Flores y Prats, ADD + Arcquitectura and MIAS Architectes. All three welcomed us into their practice, showing us models they had made and talking us through the design process for some of their recent works. Whilst on the trip, we also had the opportunity to visit two construction sites: historic markets which were in the process of being refurbished. For both cases this consisted of underpinning the main building frame in order to introduce an underground car park and supermarket, and create a new market layout above. Being able to experience all these first hand introduced me to new thinking techniques with regards to my design process, as well as wanting to experiment with new materials to represent my design. This also came about during the Thinking Through Making week, where I increased my knowledge on plaster and cement in the various workshops, and have since modelled quite a bit out of plaster for my project. These two weeks allowed me to experience architecture first hand, in addition to thinking about architecture indirectly, and learning how to look at architecture differently and possibly more abstractly, which I was able to bring into my design. I have learnt that there is a big difference between new build and building on what is already built. This goes far beyond my initial thoughts of having to take into account the existing, and work around it, but more in the sense that one has much less freedom when working with an existing building. Although most structures can be altered to accommodate whatever changes are wanted to be imposed, there must be great reasoning behind these changes; particularly when working with a Grade I listed building such as Grainger Market. This leads to a more intricate assemblage of modernisation, restoration and new build, which can be seen in renovated listed buildings such as Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cross Station, which I hope to achieve at Grainger Market.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ISO8402 in Lockyer, K. and Gordon, J. (1996), Project Management and Project Network Techniques, 6th Edition, Pitman Publishing, London 2 Herman Hertzberger, Lessons for Students in Architecture (Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1991), pp. 48 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 49. 1
title page: own work image 1 : own work image 2 : own work image 3 : Bitter Bredt courtesy of Studio Daniel Libeskind image 4 : Ross G. Strachan on flickr image 5 : Rob Krier on pinterest image 6 : Gordon Matta-Clark, ARC3015 Lecture 4 image 7 : Andy Ryan courtesy of Steven Holl Architects image 8 : Andy Ryan courtesy of Steven Holl Architects
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image 7 | nelson-atkins museum of art image 8 | pratt institute
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