DIGESTIVE ARCHITECTURE
URBAN-RURAL MATERIAL FEEDBACK LOOP
Global 30 Architecture and Urbanism Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture
Cybernetic Urbanism V.2, 2013 Obuchi Laboratory Editing Team Wang Chong Wang Lin Alisha Ivelich
2013, Printed in Tokyo, Japan For more information on Obuchi Lab Visit www.obuchilab.com Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
DIGESTIVE ARCHITETURE URBAN-RURAL MATERIAL FEEDBACK LOOP
Students: Wang Lin Wang Chong
Professor: Yusuke Obuchi Collaborate Professors: Jun Sato Takafumi Noguchi Ryoma Kitagaki Course Assistants: Toshikatsu Kiuchi So Sugita Computational Support: Masaaki Miki
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 MOTIVATION 1.3 DESIGN OBJECT
2 FORMWORK RESEARCH 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 PHYSICAL SESSION 2.2.1 Process 2.2.2 Choose the Paper 2.2.3 Different Patterns 2.2.4 Combination 2.2.5 Sequence 2.3 DIGITAL SESSION 2.3.1 Bottom-up Method 2.3.2 Top-Down Method
3 MATERIAL STUDY 3.1 COW DUNG STATEMENT 3.1.1 Cow Dung Production 3.1.2 Current Use of Cow Dung 3.1.3 Advantages of Cow Dung as Building Material 3.2 BRICK MAKING 1 3.2.1 Regular Way to Make Brick 3.3 BRICK MAKING 2 3.3.1 New Method to Make Cow Dung Brick 3.4 BRICK MAKING 3 3.4.1 Cow Dung Deodorization 3.4.2 How to Ferment Cow Dung 3.4.3 Cow Dung Composition 3.5 STRENTH TEST 3.5.1 Device 3.5.2 Experiment 3.6 ENERGY STORAGE 3.7 FERTILIZER
4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH 4.1 COW DUNG PANEL PRODUCTION SYSTEM 4.1.1 Fabrication 4.1.2 Assemble System 4.1.3 Prototype 4.1.4 Design Proposal 4.2 COW DUNG BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Material Study 4.2.3 Fabrication and Assembly System 4.2.4 Preliminary Design
5 DIFFERENTIATED BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.1.1 Criteria 5.1.2 Methods 5.1.3 Two production systems for different geometries 5.2 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY SYSTEM A 5.2.1 Fabrication methods 5.2.2 Physical module 5.2.3 Assembly and connection methods 5.2.4 Limitations of system A and improvements 5.3 FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY SYSTEM B 5.3.1 Fabrication methods 5.3.2 Assembly way and connection 5.4 PRODUCTION SYSTEM OPERATION GUIDELINES
6 FORM FINDING 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 SPATIAL CRITERIA 6.3 STRUCTURAL CRITERIA 6.4 ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPE 6.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 6.6 PROTOTYPE CLUSTER
7 DESIGN PROPOSAL 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SITE SELECTION 7.3 DESIGN CRITERIA AND ANALYSIS
8 REFERENCES 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Digestive Architecture
We define it an part of urban material flowing process where waste corrugated cardboard is reuse in a new way involving material flowing among paper industry, agriculture and construction industry. In short, we feed cow with addictive chopped corrugated paper, and use the cow dung as the material making bricks.
Among the global cities, the mass production and mass consumption mode are leaving city with large amount of waste in quick time, causing great ecological damage. Participating in the material flow process, nowadays creative architecture not only becomes tools shaping space, but also influent urban matter recycling logics in order to decline wastes and create new value such as urban farming and energy storage. Generally speaking, there are three industrial ecosystem modes, the first and most typical is that industrial ecosystem is linear with no recovery of materials. And the second includes recycling and reuse of some materials, while the third is closed system with complete material recovery. Based on the second mode, this project is focused on the material flow among paper industry, urban livestock and architecture industry. Specifically, waste corrugated paper can be fed by cows, and by using the cow dung, new architectural components can be manufactured, reused as fertilizer or emergent energy and finally decomposed by earth. This paper tries to build up the feasibility of this link and introduce architecture as a part of recycling circle. The digestive architecture proposal is one kind of urban infrastructure both integrating matter flowing and maximizing the geometrical possibilities.
Natural Environment
Cardboard Production Produce the cardboard paper from trees and circulate it in the urban area.
Fertilizer After the use as brick, it can go back to earth as fertilizer.
Energy storage Cow dung brick also can burn as fuel just like the raw cow dung.
Cardboard Recycling Use the formwork concept the design geometry using cardboard paper.
Cattle digestive system Feed the cow with cardboard paper, the cow will digest the paper. Temporary Architecture Use the cow dung brick to build temporary structure.
Building Material Use cow dung as building material for temporary architecture.
Cow Dung Cardboard transforms to cow dung through cow digestive system.
17
BRICK MAKING 2 | MATERIAL STUDY
First Try
coffee water
5%
straw
15% 10% 10%
60%
raw cow dung
plaster
Raw materials from the farm cow dung
102
hay
coffee
| MATERIAL STUDY
103
| MATERIAL STUDY
114
sample 1
sample 2
sample 3
cow dung
208g (39%)
279g (53%)
316g (59%)
flour
186g (35%)
116g (22%)
96g (47%)
water
141g (26%)
130g (25%)
127g (24%)
total
535g
525g
537g
| MATERIAL STUDY
sample 4
sample 5
sample 6
230g (47%)
274g (49%)
210g (45%)
100g (20%)
80g (14%)
54g (12%)
160g (33%)
200g (36%)
200g (43%)
540g
490g
386g
115
| MATERIAL STUDY
128
STRENGTH TEST | MATERIAL STUDY
weight (g)
With the different composition, the weight of the components change. The one with more water is lighter as the water evaporation after one week. The ones with heating and without heating have the same proformance. The heating don’t change the weight. Generally, lighter is better.
129
COW DUNG BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM| PREVIOUS RESEARCH
169
COW DUNG BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM| PREVIOUS RESEARCH
Struction testing for form finding Stucture factor is also concerned as way for forming finging, since the brick material is more suitable to resist the compression than bending force, there are two basic type of compression structure, dome and corbel, for the formal one it is totally compression structure yet the during building processing usually we need complex framework so as to achieve a dynamic geometry. For the corbel structure which is also compression structure if without bolt bending, the geometry can keep the balance when the center of gravity is carefully controlled.The ruled surface is such a kind of self-stablizing structure as Dieste’s building shows.
So we did the experiment by using the 1:5 scale working sample,in the first experiments, we try to control the gravity center inside the supporting space in a safe way, the structure become a self supporting structure.
181
FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY SYSTEM A | DIFFERENTIATED BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM
200 mm
208
FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY SYSTEM A | DIFFERENTIATED BRICK PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Physical fabrication of module Physical module fabrication utilizes mass production rather than expensive customization processes, in contrast to how normal curved buildings are constructed. Modules must be low cost and suitable for use with the material properties of the cow dung brick, which utilizes extrusion rather than hanging and/or twisting.
209
ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPE | FORM FINDING
the plan of geometry’s contour
244
ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPE | FORM FINDING
Differentiated brick assembly map
Module for even lines with 250 mm length bricks
Module for even lines with 170 mm length bricks
245
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS | FORM FINDING
The construction process First, the three lower wave walls are constructed layer by layer without a framework. To keep global balance, they are connected by steel triangle plates in the center. Corner parts are connected to the center using steel cable to enhance stability. Next, nine steel plates are set above the structure to connect the three parts while simultaneously providing support beams for the upper bricks. Finally, three dome-like walls are built and connected to make the whole structure stable and integrated. Different usage Additional architectural components are added to the structure to make it functional. For its first usage as a market booth, temporary stands and tables are used to define the inside service room and the outside customer service space. A membrane structure is fixed to the steel plates to provide a ceiling in the summertime. Additionally, the structure can be developed to become a practical, waterproof room by enclosing the form with ETFE panels and glass curtains. In these situations, the structure can be used as an information center or even as a small meeting room in the market.
249
PROTOTYPE CLUSTER | FORM FINDING
Deformation of the prototype Besides a locking three circle prototype, a two circle and four cycle prototype are developed. These can be combined into diverse clusters which not only increase the richness of the space in which they are utilized, but they also inspire more flexible retail behavior and improve customer experience. 250
| FORM FINDING
252
| FORM FINDING
253
DESIGN CRITERIA AND ANALYSIS | DESIGN PROPOSAL
272
DESIGN CRITERIA AND ANALYSIS | DESIGN PROPOSAL
After autumn, the building bricks are dismantled and processed to become fertilizer or are burned as fuel in emergency situations. Either way, they return to nature as nutrients.
273
REFERANCE [1]Source:http://www.archdaily.com/336849/5-robots-revolutionizing-architectures-future/512245a0b3fc4bdcc2000025_5-robots-revolutionizing-architecture-s-future_060306_040_produktioncurtainwal_silvanoesterle_023_we-jpg/ [2]Source:http://bartlettyear1architecture.blogspot.jp/2010/06/on-bri-n-ck-wall-builtby-robot-from.html [3]Source:http://www.rimjournal.com/mudhouse/arches.htm [4]Source:http://9yls.net/17735.html [5]Source:http://www.urbanobservatory.org/[1] Cattle Density Map from Gridded Livestock of the World [6] Source: 2010 Statistical data from MAFF(Ministry of Argriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) [7] source: http://www.careforcows.org [8] source: http://urbz.net/tribal-indian-architecture/ [9] Textbook for Architecture Material Experiment. Japan Architecture Institution
Figure[1]: Source: http://www.autotraderclassics.com/car-article/Old+Factories%3A+Ford+Highland+Park+Plant-74957.xhtml Figure[2]: Source: http://www.thehealthculture.com/2012/07/guest-post-the-unemployed-as-the-waste-products-of-the-success-factory/ Figure [3]: Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association: Solid Cattle Manure Figure [4] : http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/01/31/5959475-indian-villager-makes-cow-dung-cakes-used-as-cooking-fuel?lite Figure[5]: http://www.rainharvest.co.za/2011/05/the-ideal-sustainable-home/ Figure[6]: http://urbz.net/tribal-indian-architecture/ Figure[7]: http://www.discoveryuk.com/web/adventure/blog/tanzania-facts/ Figure [8]-[13]: http://www.johntyman.com/africa/28.html Figure[14] http://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/would-you-live-in-ahouse-made-of-sht.html
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully thank Professor Yusuke Obuchi, Prof.Sato, Prof. Noguchi. Prof. Kitagaki, Toshi, So and Tamura san for their comprehensive guidance in the research process.