FABRICATING FABRIC:
Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures
Global 30 Architecture and Urbanism Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture
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Cybernetic Urbanism V.2, 2013 Obuchi Laboratory Editing Team Xuhao Lin Dasom Lee Shuang Li Alisha Ivelich
2013, Printed in Tokyo, Japan For more information on Obuchi Lab Visit www.obuchilab.com
Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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FABRICATING FABRIC: Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures
Students: Xuhao Lin Dasom Lee Shuang Li Professor: Yusuke Obuchi Collaborate Professors: Jun Sato Course Assistants: Toshikatsu Kiuchi So Sugita Computational Support: Masaaki Miki
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Digital Influence on Architectural Approach
4
1.2 Mass Customization
4
1.3 Material-Based Ecologic System
5
1.4 Temporary Event
6
1.5 Temporary Structure
6
1.6 Fabricating Fabric: Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures
6
CHAPTER 2. FABRICATION SYSTEM 2.1. Self-generation geometry system based material properties
13
2.1.1. Form-finding
14
2.1.2. Deformation by draping
15
2.1.3. Fiber materials
16
- Natural Fiber Composites
2.2. Fabric properties : Flexibility, but rigidity 2.2.1. Properties of fabric
18 19
2.2.1.1. Flexibility 2.2.1.2 Drape 2.1.1.3. Absorbency 2.1.1.4. Translucence 2.1.1.5. Recalmation 2.1.1.6. Bio-degradability
2.3. Fabric material issue
26
2.3.1. Accumulated waste : The side effects of the globalized market
27
2.3.2. Environmental Issue in Waste management
28
2.3.3. Solid waste management cost for selected cities
31
2.3.4. Textile waste management in Japan
32
2.3.5. Extension of the lifespan of fabric product
34
2.4. FABRIC MANUFACTURING 2.4.1. Fabric material Recycling initiatives
36 37
2.4.1.1. Collecting 2.4.1.2. Reclaimed Fabric to Fiber 2.4.1.3. Needle punching process 2.4.1.4. Non-woven fabric
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2.4.2. Solidifying non-woven fabric
49
2.4.2.1. Solidifying method 2.4.2.1.1. Plaster 2.4.2.1.2. Artificial resin 2.4.2.1.3. Organic glue : Casein glue 2.4.2.1.4. Organic glue : Japanese Animal Glue “URUSI” 2.4.2.1.5. Organic glue : Wheat paste 2.4.2.2. Bio-plastic : Starch
2.5 Fabric fabrication : Mass customized production by Gravity
78
2.5.1. Flexible material and supporters
88
2.5.2 Incremental changeable components by parameters
90
2.5.3. Local geometry
96
2.5.4. Solidifying components
99
CHAPTER 3. ASSEMBLY SYSTEM 3.1 Local Geometry 3.1.1. Individual component’s structural analysis
102 102
3.2 Form Finding 104 3.2.1 Connections of individual components_physical practice 106 3.2.1.1 Components interlocking 3.2.1.2 Joints weave 3.2.2 Connections of individual components_digital practice 110 3.2.2.1 X direction 3.2.2.2 Y direction 3.2.2.3 XYZ direction 3.2.3 Natually formed geometry_half donuts 116 3.2.3.1 Bottom up process_prototypes generation 3.2.3.2 Shell geometry with parabolar section: Structural Geometry 3.2.4 Analysis of structural section 120 3.2.4.1 Material’s properties analysis: load bearing experiment 3.2.4.2 Structrual simplification 3.2.4.3 Potential sections designs 3.2.4.4 Simulation results 3.2.4.5 Structural geometry design criteria
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CHAPTER 4. GENERATION SYSTEM 4.1 Assembly logic 4.1.1 Problem
142 142 4.1.1.1 Solution 1 4.1.1.2 Basic Idea of Genetic Algorithms 4.1.1.3 Why Genetic Algorithms?
4.1.2 Process of GAs Application
144
4.1.2.1 Application in Fabricating Fabric 4.1.2.2 Process of GAs application 4.1.2.3 Surface subdvision 4.1.2.4 Digital Experiment 4.2 Geometric Provement
142
4.2.1 Problems in the enlarged scal and the solutions
152 4.2.1.1 Structural simulation of the enlarged section 4.2.1.2 Secondary structure merging with joint 4.2.1.3 Model photo
4.2.2 Simulation of shell geometries
164
CHAPTER 5. DESIGN PROPOSALS 5.1. Material’s flow
172
5.2 Temporary structure using fabrics
176
5.2.1. Construction waste problem
176
5.2.2. Conventional assembly VS Digital assembly
178
5.2.2.1. Assembly & reassembly 5.2.2.2. Construction elements 5.2.2.3. Construction sequence
5.3 Pavilion design for Tokyo Fashion Week
186
5.3.1 Temporary event : Fashion Show
186
5.3.1.1 Understanding fashion 5.3.1.2 Tokyo Fashion Week 5.3.1.3 Site analysis: Hikarie Hall 5.3.2 Geometry define & Space design
190
5.3.2.1 Geometric limitation 5.3.2.2 Combination of cells: increasing the spacial potential 5.3.2.3 Space arrangement 5.3.3 Structure analysis and simulation
202
5.3.3.1 problem 1. increased elements in simplification
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5.3.3.2 problem 2. increased geometry situation: cells’ connection part 5.3.3.3 solution 1. decrese the simplified elements 5.3.3.4 solution 2. weaving logic responding to deformation direction 5.3.3.5 detailed weaving pattern according to generation 5.3.3.6 positions of holes on components and overall geometry 5.3.3.7 weaving patterns on overall geometry
5.4 Construction 5.4.1 Structural system
219
5.4.1.1 System1: components interlocking 5.4.1.2 System 2: joints and secondary reinforcement weave 5.4.1.3 System 3: rigid frame 5.4.2 Construction detail indication
222
5.4.2.1 position of the frames
Physical model 5.5.1 1: 1
physical model, structure detail & spaicial experience (partial)
224
5.5.2 1: 20 physical model, space arrangement & overall weaving pattern
226
5.5.3 1: 200 physical model, space define relating to the site
228
CHAPTER 6. CYBERNETIC URBANISM 6.1. Cybernetic Urbanism
232
6.2. Artificial design ecology
234
6.2.1. Used components as landfill composition
236
6.2.2. Return to earth resource
239
6.2.3. Biodegradable
240
6.3. System Dynamic
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FABRICATING FABRIC:
Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures 1.1 Digital Influence on Architectural Approach From Second Industrial Revolution in the 1860s until World War I, which started in Britain and spread out all around the world, we have seen that not only industries but all parts of society related are largely influenced by the Second Industrial Revolution. The main theme of this period for the industrial field was related to science-based developments, customized mass
image ch1.1. Aircraft Mass Production
production, the production line, and working efficiently with precision. The development of the concept has continued and evolved so much and so fast that ‘digital force’ has inevitably penetrated the world of architecture in all senses of depth and broadness within design, fabrication, and production. As a trend of contemporary design following the High Tech movement, or even earlier, doubts
image ch1.2. Airacobra P39 Assembly
have been raised about the hypostatization of structural design: can structure and material properties considered of function and spatial quality? A technically selected design direction should be part of the driven force of the overall architectural design, as the process could be dividing into three major parts: technical (structure & material), organizational (geometry & structure) and articulatory functions (material & geometry). 1.2 Mass Customization The modernistic approach to the design of a large number of objects, such as a housing estate, was to design a limited number of types and then
image ch1. 3. ON THE WAY TOWARD STANDARDIZATION: A SECTOR OF BROOKLYN The jerry-builder replacing the architect. Not only are stereotypes frequently repeated, but every house is largely an assembly of standard parts from the factory. Bathrooms have come; gardens have gone. Every house is but the visible shoot upon a great underground root mechanism, constituting “the land and its improvement.’’
image ch1.1. Reni Sentana-Ries, Aircraft Mass Production, [viewed 2013-04-18], available from: http://img.wikinut.com/img/li9l6a-o99knsyxq/ jpeg/0/Aircraft-Mass-Production.jpeg image ch1.2. USAAF, Airacobra P39 Assembly, 1944, [viewed 2013-04-18], available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airacobra_P39_ Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg image ch1.3. Lewis Mumford, ON THE WAY TOWARD STANDARDIZATION: A SECTOR OF BROOKLYN, [viewed 2013-04-19], available from: http:// archrecord.construction.com/inthecause/onTheState/0311mumford.asp 2011/3
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to repeat the desired designs based on market analysis. Similar to this process, our proposal is to develop a system of mass production and mass customization, which fabricates the geometry of the component using the former generation unit as its formwork in order to generate large quantities of highly differentiated components in a relatively short time, thus solving the conventional problem of efficiency. Additionally, in order to enhance the possibility of fabric as an architectural construction material, artificial ecology of urban systems, methods of fabric collection, fabrication, solidification, assembly and decomposition are all under research.
image ch1. 4. THE ARCHITECT’S ATTEMPT TO INDIVIDUALIZE AN INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE: FOREST HILLS An attempt that failed. The cost of spaciousness and individual design was too high for workers and the houses are now occupied by the middle classes. To the rear is seen the invasion of the jerry-building that must serve the poorer man who wishes to live in a ‘’free-standing” house.
1.3 Material-Based Ecologic System Our ambition is to develop a material-based architectural design with a strong emphasis on the research of the material life-cycle of fabric in the territories of both nature and human environments. The main focus is the method of creating a system as an organic process that maximizes the range of material value and utilize properties in a way that extend its life-cycle. In our case, waste fabrics, which are normally disposed of in landfill after
image ch1. 5. NEW YORK-JULY 8th 2008. “Migrating Formations” commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art [MoMA] , designed by Contemporary Architecture Practice will be on exhibit from July 20th-October 20th at the Museum of Modern Art [MoMA], New York.
being used, can be collected and processed into building components which perform as architectural construction materials by building up interesting spaces within a certain scale. By extending the lifecycle of the material, the cybernetic flow is stimulated, and the material’s urban influence is broadened in order to achieve the original purimage ch1. 6. Queens Urban Farm @ PS1 image ch1.4. Lewis Mumford, THE ARCHITECT’S ATTEMPT TO INDIVIDUALIZE AN INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE: FOREST HILLS, [viewed 2013-04-20], available from: http://archrecord.construction.com/inthecause/onTheState/0311mumford.asp 2011/3 image ch1.5. Ali Rahim, NEW YORK-JULY 8th 2008. “Migrating Formations”, [viewed 2013-04-20], available from: http://www.forgemind.net/phpbb/ viewtopic.php?t=14286 image ch1.6. 2013 iconeye, Queens Urban Farm @ PS1, [viewed 2013-04-23], available from: http://www.artpractical.com/images/uploads/I25_ Liena_PS1.jpg
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1.4 Temporary Event The content of a temporary event covers a wide range of themes such as ART, FASHION, PRODUCT, TECHNOLOGY, CULTURE .etc. There are enormous amount of temporary events all along the year in various areas during a certain period of time. The real meaning behind these temperory events is about gathering, networking,
and
exchanging
information
image ch1.7. 2011 NY Fashion show of YSL
instead of purely displaying the product or technology. The definition in our project is defined as a themed activity happening within a certain period of time, especially for those which lasts no longer than 1 week in which a temporary structure is constructed for the purpose of providing a designed indoor space for enjoying 1.5 Temporary Structure Most of the events are indoor, temporary
image ch1.8 Tokyo Designer’s Week, exhibition space
structures and are thus constructed a short time before the event starts and demolished after the event ends. During this process, large piles of material are collected, assembled and end up in construction waste which needs to be transported. This consumes a large amount of energy. As the space inside these temporary structures is so specific according to both the purpose of the event and urban context, each of
image ch1.9. Wooden Eye, London Design Festival, 2008
them needs to be specially designed. However, in modern society, when the emphasis is on the economic benefit of the event, the majority of the temporary structures are constructed without the consideration of the urban texture and event program. Moreover, since the development of this kind of temporary shelter is largely restricted by time limitations, the material used in the structure is difficult to recycle.
image ch1.10. Burnham Pavilion in Millennium Park, Chicago, by UN Studio, 2009
image ch1.7, Olga, 2011 NY Fashion show of YSL, [viewed 2013-05-13], available from: http://justlikeifeel.blogspot.jp/2012/07/blog-post_31.html image ch1.8, Tokyo Designer’s Week, exhibition space, [viewed 2013-05-11], available from: http://pingmag.jp/2008/10/30/design-week-08-schedule/ html image ch1.9, Hannah Schubert, Wooden Eye by David Adjaye, London Design Festival, 2008, [viewed 2013-05-11], available from: http://www. a10.eu/thumbs file_63/0909231115/style_popup/TEMPORARY%20PAVILION%2002.jpg
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1.6 Fabricating Fabric: Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures “cities are complex systems. There is no single operating in different areas, time, and scales, principle and concept can define the intricacy
yet resituates the material in terms of role,
of their intergrated networks, operating at
phase, and significance etc. back in the origin
multiple scales and durations, constantly
circulation as to infuse the new system into
evolving from one state to the next. During the
the society network.
past century, particulaly due to industrialization and mechanization processes that took place in
Fabric is a common material from which most
many developed contries, cities have become
of our clothes are made. However, few people
highly fragmented and isolated causing systemic
pay attention to clothes after they are used. In
failure at a large environmental scale.
fact, according to the statistics, 78% of fabrics
...is to develop an artificial design ecology that
are directly disposed of in a landfill or are
seamlessly intergrates both natural and human
burned, with only 17% of them being recycled.
environment linked by adaptive feedback
In Japan, the Solid Waste Management Cost is
systems of networked infrastructure. ...is to
the highest compared to other countries due
design a city as in-organic/organic life processes
to its lack of inhabitable land resources. With
that maximize quality and quantity of built environment.[1]”
the rapid economic growth and urbanization that is taking place, solid waste generation and management is becoming a major social
As one of the experimental proposals of
and environmental issue. The Environmental
Cybernetic
Fabric
Protection Agency estimates that about 97%
is a research design project which aims to
of post-consumer textile waste is recyclable.
initialize a new artificial circulation system
However, 22% of the fabric waste goes directly
for the material of fabric based on its existing
to the landfill site. Most of this material is
life-cycle. The core of the project is to seek an
completely reusable or recyclable, but only
innovative solution for not only making use of
if it is proactively collected. The Japanese
waste fabric, but also rearranging the flow of
government doesn’t collect fabric waste as
the fabric with the knowledge and concept
recycling resource, but many Private Waste
of material intelligence from the research to
(ウエス) companies collect used clothes
encourage a new way of looking upon the
and fabrics that cannot be worn or reused
material.
and create Reusable Waste cloths, which
Urbanism,
Fabricating
are industrial-use dust cloths. However, the In this research, society is treated as a dynamic
recycling rate of fabric products in Japan
network system, in which every circulation
(10%) is still lower than other waste materials.
is organically connected to each other. With
“UES” (ウウウ) derives from “waste” in English.
the purpose of being accepted, included,
Japanese people often reuse old clothes as
and situated, the system we are exploring
dust cloths to extend these usages and have
works to establish links between circulations
called it “UES” for many years. Japan has
[1]. Yusuke Obuchi, Studio Project statement, G30 Course, the University of Tokyo, 2011 image ch1.10, Burnham Pavilion in Millennium Park, Chicago, by UN Studio, 2009, [viewed 2013-05-13], available from: http://pingmag.jp/2008/10/30/ design-week-08-schedule/html
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always been advanced in regards to recycling.
fabric can be used as a temporary structure
Second hand clothing stores already existed
building material to extend its life cycle. After
in the Edo period and Washi (Japanese paper)
the event finishes, the non-woven fabric will be
utilizes a concept and technique of recycling
collected and transported to the landfill, where it
called “Suki naoshi”(product repaired all by
will become a filter which confines toxic liquids
recycled material). However, mass consumption
generated from the processing of solid waste
accompanying westernization simply swept
from polluting the underground water and soil
the “mottainai”(waste with recyclable value)
nearby.
tradition away from Japanese. There are two crutial systems created as the The amount of textile products thrown away,
fundamental base of the realisation of the
incinerated using fuel, or sent to the landfill
Cybernetic Urbanism of this particular material
comes to about 1.97 million tons per year in
we have chosen - non woven fabric. By using
Japan -- enough to fill three baseball stadiums.
material flow as the tool, and architectural
Although some people take their old clothes to
and engineering performace as the media, the
second-hand shops to be resold or give them
formation of a linked sustainable ecology would
away to charity, 90 percent of textile products
be the ultimate purpose of this research project.
in Japan are incinerated as combustible waste
The building environment nowadays which
because there is no established system for
inherited from the historic architectural and
recycling clothing. Because clothes are textile
techtonic approach, is comparatively limited
products, there is no nationwide recycling law
because of the conservative understanding
in place. As a result, there is a significantly low
and imagination of the possibility of material.
rate of recycling compared to other Japanese
Fabric, at the first place, would be thought as
industries: for example, 88.5% of steel cans and
the material for daily living. Moreover, tent
93.4% of aluminum cans are recycled every year.
structure either for big construction or small booth would come to mind. The temporary of
Our proposal targets the reclamation of
fabric in architectural field would be the simplist
waste fabric into non-woven fabric. The use
tension structure in which only the properties of
of reclaimed fiber has the advantages of
softness, elasticity and durability are used. From
consuming less water and chemical products,
our point of view, fabric has not only stretchable
does not contaminate the subsoil, water or air,
but also the absorpbility and enormous tiny
consumes less energy, recycles textile garments
fiber hooking together forms the internal
or fabrics which would otherwise become waste,
strength. Therefore aiming for an integrated
provides economic benefits to developing
concept of material structuring which is digital
countries which have been seriously damaged
analysis driven for temporary structure to realise
in recent years due to excessive mass production
the unique cybernetic material flow, we control
of cotton, and above all, production costs are
the internal strength by needle punching
lower than when using conventional or fully
and wet the non-woven fabric by starch, and
certified organic cotton. After the collecting and
let the gravity naturally draped incrementaly
reclaiming process of waste fabric, through the
changing component which is able to define
Self-Generative System we setup, non-woven
the locally curved geometry. By generating
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through the geometric system and testing via the structural system, final results are choosen from the various prototypes, given a concrete base for the final proposal. The efficiency of the construction speed and convenience of the mobility of the structure would realise the influence by the material flow within the city. Starting from recycling cotton made clothes, they will be chopped into fibers and needle punched through to form a complete piece of material; after chopping it into designated consructive panel scale, they are ready as the construction material. Our proposal here is to design a pavilion as an envelope covering the catwalk stage for Tokyo Fashion Week whch is help anually in Robbongi and Shibuya area. The passive lighting effects according to the internal space arrangement would be controled by the individual components arrangement where the globally changing shape will be tested and confirmed structurally through both systems. Therefore the material with the highest landfill rate in this city, which should have ended the lifecycle, is back in use in the way of temporary architecture to influence people by the designated, vivid, material structural driven space. After the event is over, they are moved to the next venue to construct something new thus to realise the cybernetic flow and urban influence as the origial purpose of creating an artifcial design ecology.
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2.4. Fabric manufacturing
Collecting used fabric product from household and others
Nonwoven fabric as construction material
1
Figure 20
7
SOLIDIFICATION BY STARCH
NEEDLE PUNCHING
Figure 23
Nonwoven-fabric made from reclaimed fibres
6
by needle punching process
36
Figure 20 : Joan Dwyer, YOGA CLOTHING SWAP, 2010, Available from : http://whatmattersatm.blogspot.jp/2010_11_01_archive.html Figure 21,22,23 : 山一株式会社, 不織布・生地端の回収→反毛→不織布, 2013, Available from : http://www.yamaichi-web.jp/sangyou/contents/recycle.html
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2.4.1. Fabric material Recycling initiatives “ The use of reclaimed fibres has the advantages of consuming less water and chemical products, does not contaminate the subsoil, water or air, consumes less energy, recycles textile garments or fabrics which would otherwise become waste, provides economic benefits to developing countries which have been seriously damaged in recent years due to excessive mass production of cotton, and above all, production costs are lower than when using conventional or fully certified organic cotton. Recycling in the context of solid waste may be defined as the reclamation of material and its reuse which could include repair, remanufacture and conversion of materials, parts and products. “ [17]
CHOPPING
2 Figure 21 R E C A R D I N G
Figure 22
Once collected, clothing is classified into three kinds; reuse, rags, and fiber
3 4 5
Incoming
unwearable
material is sorted by type of material and color
Cutting fabric pieces into smaller pieces
Reclaimed fibres as raw materials
[17] : Mr. S. Sakthivel, Dr. T. Ramachandran, Ms.G.Archana, Mr.Ezhilanban.J.J, Mr.V.M.S.Sivajith Kumar, Sustainable Non Woven Fabric Composites for Automotive Textiles Using Reclaimed FIBRES, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, e-ISSN : 2278-067X, Volume 4, Issue 7 (November 2012), PP. 11-13
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- Manufacturing process
Heating Instrument
Starch
Water
1. Prepare for material
2. Dissolve starch in water, before heating.
3. Continue heating and stirring for at least 3 minutes.
4. Wait for it to cool down.
5. Apply on fabric.
Figure 51 Figure 51 : ZoeAnn Holmes, Nutrition and Preventive Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Starch, 2012, Available from : http://food.oregonstate.edu/learn/starch.html
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- Geometry association with starch condition
This ratio, which is boiling 270 sec of mixed 500g starch and 1.5 litre water, could create both positive and negative curved wings in one stack, which gives bigger range of choice for assembly later.
Geometry : Positive cuvature
G
G
G
Geometry : Positive cuvature, Negative cuvature
G
G
G
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- Physical fabrication
路 4 Types of Support
3cm
4cm
5cm
6cm
路 Incremental change of geometry in central gutter
路 Incremental change of geometry in curved wing
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3.2 Form Finding 3.2.4 Analysis of structural section 3.2.4.1 Material’s properties analysis: load bearing experiment physical test - Y direction
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3.2.4.5 Structural geometry design criteria curve 1/2.5 (ratio of curve width/height)
0% 100%
1 choose the curvature as big as possible at XY
the more curved one performs 92%
40%
better than the less curved one.
curve 1/2.5 (ratio of curve width/height)
Z
1% 99%
Y
2 the big curvature combination
Z X
performs very Y
good regardless of the direction of the curve
wave 120/10 (offset distance/curve division)
X
3
0% 100% according to the designed digital geometry, an interesting rule has been found that when every
turning contains 3
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one curvature
components, the structure appears very stable.
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4.1 Assembly logic
4.1.2 Process of GAs Application
Mutation
Population
GAs Selection
1441
Selection
Reproduction
Population
A large amount of random combinations of components matrixes are gernerated, which works as the candidates ready to evolve.
Selection
The computer will go through these candidates one by one, each time it compares the generated matrix with the curvature of the targetting surface. Then pick the best 5% (controlable) candidates whose values are closest to the targetting values. Bring them to the next generation.
Reproduction
In the next generation, the best 5% of index combination results will be randomly gernerating results with each other. As a result, it keeps refining and looking for the best result from this 5% of combinations.
Mutation
In this way, the combination of components index is moving towards the better and better condition which has the best fitness, in this case, the least curvature difference with the target curvature. Thus, the new populations are actually being restricted and prossess certain amount of information that we want. We call this a mutation of original candidates.
Assembly Logic
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Initial Algorithm to Check Fitness
First Population
re pa Co m
Output of Best Sequence
X
Resu lts
Targeting Surface
d Results Goo Bad
Y
Mutation & Reproduction
Flow Diagram
4.1.2.1 Application in Fabricating Fabric In our case, the generated components work as the genes, as each of them have a specific curvature (Characteristic). The answer to the solution is to generate a most similar surface (Evolutionary Process) as the targeting surface (Environment). The selection process is aiming at finding the best sequence (Fitness) of component organization. By utilizing computational power, the solutions are provided and optimized through the simulation of natural evolutionary procedure. Fabricating Fabric: Recycled Components for Urban Infrastructures145
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4.2 cm
5 cm
5.6 cm
4.1 Assembly logic 4.1.2 Process of GAs Application
4.1.2.4 Digital Experiment
Stack Types
Sequence
Sequence
Section
Targeting Surface
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Section (Front)
Section (Back)
Physical Model In order to prove the Genetic Algorithms in working in generating the geometry we design, we made a small model to understand this process more. Here, the types of stack are also considered as one parameter that the GAs need to deal with. By simulating the geometry in the digital environment, we get the information of which types of stack we need to fabricate as well as the sequence of the component composition.
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4.2 Geometric Provement 4.2.1 Problems in the enlarged scal and the solutions Secondary structure merging with joint physical experiment on sample
tying inside / outside tying inside tying outside
tying outside
tying inside
tying inside
tying outside
transition between different sides of tying
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non centered, rippled torus with parabola section - force
18%
82%
201:68% 202:6% 203:26%
5m 6m
non centered, rippled torus with parabola section - deformation
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5.2.2.3. Construction sequence
[1] Base frame work
[2] Chair
[3] Temporary vertical frame for construction
[4] Temporary horizontal frame for construction
[5] Attach panels on temporary frame and connect panel to panel (One panel : 5componentsX5components, It woule be pre-fabricated during producing process)
[6] Remove temporary frame
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UNIT
UNIT
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5.3 Pavilion design for Tokyo Fashion Week 5.3.2 Geometry define & Space design 5.3.2.1 Geometric limitation test the simplest geometry that could be made easily by our components is torus. the surface is evenly distributed in which the compatively size-regular components could be easily fit on.
as a genetic practice as well as an application of the structural design rules found before, rippling surface is done on the torus as well. structure simulation will prove whether the surface ripple rule is applicable to the 3D geometry or not.
test
test
test
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5.3 Pavilion design for Tokyo Fashion Week 5.3.2 Geometry define & Space design 5.3.2.2 Combination of cells: increasing the spacial potential limitation 17m 15m
x: ma
5m
15m
17m
no matter how many variations created from the original torus, there is dimision limitation within on cell based on the fabric component structrue.
one cell size limitation
combinations of cell the combined cells has increased
the
usable
area, which increases the possibility of space and function application.
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detailed overlapping position in line expression
detailed analysis on one cell as the simplification did before, 4 components are treated as 1 in order to make the structural simulation easier by which the cell being analysed here is divided in to 25 section lines (orgianlly 100 lines).
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in which way do the black line deflect? Y origital model: 40 components simplified: 10 components
X origital model: 100 components
deformation
simplified: 25 components outside inside
reference section from the
analysis
of
tying
stuations tension weave from outside
tension weave from inside
outside secondary structure
fixed above the ground inside
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System 3. components attachment
Detail 1: components attaching to the back of sofa
5.4.1.3 System 3: rigid frame
Detail 1: components tying to the rigid frame
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Detail 2: wooden frame
Detail 3: generative rods as secondary supports at the foot area
5.5 Physical model 5.5.3 1: 200 physical model, space define relating to the site
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