Sweating Paper Architecture RESEARCH ON INTEGRATED ADAPTIVE DESIGN SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENTIATED-PLATE-BASED TEMPORARY STRUCTURES Global 30 Architecture and Urbanism Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture
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Cybernetic Urbanism V.2, 2013 Obuchi Laboratory
Editing Team Guillaume DUMONT Maria LARSSON Dejan MOJIĆ Alisha Ivelich
2013, Printed in Tokyo, Japan For more information on Obuchi Lab Visit www.obuchilab.com
Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan
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Sweating Paper Architecture RESEARCH ON INTEGRATED ADAPTIVE DESIGN SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENTIATED-PLATE-BASED TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
Students: Guillaume DUMONT Maria LARSSON Dejan MOJIĆ
Professor: Yusuke Obuchi Collaborate Professors: Jun Sato Masayuki Mae
Course Assistants: Toshikatsu Kiuchi So Sugita Computational Support: Masaaki Miki
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Contents:
1. Introduction
8 - 23
2. Assembly
26 - 63
3. Material
66 - 161
4. Evaporation
164 - 261
5. Monocoque
264 - 279
6. Appendix
282 - 287
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28
2.1 Digital Assembly
32
2.2 Advanced Digital Assembly
38
2.3 Physical Joint
48
2.4 Strip Aggregation
58
3.0 Material Composition & Mass Customization
68
3.1 Feedback Process
116
3.2 Cybernetic Urbanism
122
3.3 Performative Material
128
4.0 Urban Integration
168
4.1 Early Prototypes
180
4.2 System Principles
194
4.3 Thermodynamic calculus
218
4.4 Wind Patterns
248
4.5 Mobius Analysis
258
5.0 Structural Simulation
266
5.1 Composing the Monocoque
274
5.2 Conclusions
278
6.0 Performace, Application and Impact of Waste-Paper Based
284
Project intro
2.0 Initial Experiments
Assembly
20
Material
1.1 Design Proposal
Evaporation
8
Monocoque
1.0 Production Process
Appendix
Components for Urban Cooling Systems by Dejan MOJIĆ
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Project intro
Many building materials such as plywood, pressed fiber panels, and other boards of various kinds are produced by pressing particles and fibers into a solid plate. We use this type of production, but with a crucial tweak; the plates are layered and pressed in a stack as opposed to one by one. And, rather than pressing the components between two flat surfaces, both the top and bottom pressing heads are sharp.The result is a series of differentiated components, with incremental changes in curvature in two directions. This variety gives us the opportunity to assemble the plates so that they generate a particular shape. Other digitally designed component-based geometries are typically fabricated either by assembling identical units in specific positions with the precision of a robotic arm, or by fabricating unique components one by one. We are instead tapping into the low-tech, established technology of mass-production, and update it in order to fabricate a series of diverse components at once. Paper is a good material to use because it is readily available in urban areas. The existing material flow is expanded by using disposed paper as a building material before recycling it. Also, paper is a material that reacts easily to local conditions. We make use of its natural ability to absorb water, to let the immediate surroundings be cooled as water evaporates. To balance wetness and structural performance – that often work against each other – the material composition is manipulated to produce a range of absorption properties, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic plates. The result is a monocoque structure with local distribution of strength and absorbability. In conclusion, we have explored the possibility of fabricating a curvilinear geometry with a mass-production process, while aiming to integrate in the existing material flow of the city, and to maximize the effect of the reactive properties of paper.
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1.0 Production Process
Production process
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Project intro The paper press produces a series of differentiated components. The degree of curvature is a result of the sharpness of the top and bottom pressing heads.
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Assembly Global shape generated by local geometry of components.
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Assembly
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Assembly
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2.2 Advanced Digital Assembly In the final version of the assembly, the same process of iteration was used to match one plate to the next – not just to fit the same radius in plan, but to fit unique local curvatures in both horizontal and vertical directions. With this system, however, it was still not possible to build any free form geometry because of the way in which the plates were attached (by overlapping). The distance between two plates can increase slightly, which makes the surface porous – creating opportunities for light filtration, wind filtration, and visual connections; however, if the surface stretches more than 30 percent, the overlap becomes insufficient and ceases to make a stable connection. This knowledge gave us the basic criteria for a topology. the same process of iteration was used to match one plate to the next – not just to fit the same radius in plan, but to fit unique local curvatures in both horizontal and vertical directions. With this system, however, it was still not possible to build any free form geometry because of the way in which the plates were attached (by overlapping). The distance between two plates can increase slightly, which makes the surface porous – creating opportunities for light filtration, wind filtration, and visual connections; however, if the surface stretches more than 30 percent, the overlap becomes insufficient and ceases to make a stable connection. This knowledge gave us the basic criteria for a topology. These criteria allude to the Mobius strip, a continuous surface that has only one side. It can be created
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Assembly 3 twists
1 twist
Roofs Walls Openings Rooms
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Full assembly grid
Detail
A1-0
A1-1
A1-8
A2-6
B2-0
A1-2
A1-7
A2-7
A1-3
A2-0
A2-5
A2-3
A2-1
A1-5
A3-4
A2-2
A3-1
A3-0
A1-6
A2-4
A4-2
A4-3
A3-5
A4-4
A3-7
A4-8
A4-6
A4-7
Z2-0
Z3-1
Z1-7
A3-8
Z1-1
Z1-8
Z2-3
Z3-8
Z1-4
Z2-2
Z1-5
Z3-3
Z4-0
Z3-7
Z4-1
Z4-3
Z4-2
Z2-6
Z2-8
Z4-2
Z4-3
Z4-6
Z4-8
Z4-5
Z4-6
Z4-5
Z3-2
Z3-4
Z4-7
Z2-8
Z3-5
Z3-8
Z2-7
Production molds
A1
110° 130°
120°
A2
A4
A3
90° B1
130° 100° 110° 80°
130°
50°
Z1
110° 140° Z2
100° 60°
Minimal formwork
40°
Z3
120°
110°
Z4
AA1
130° B3
B4
80°
90°
130°
50°
150° AA2
60°
70°
140°
70°
C1
110°
150° 110°
90°
90°
C2
130° 90°
BB1
80°
C3
120°
AA4
AA3
130° 70°
Z4-7
Z4-2
Z4-7
100°
120° BB2 60°
110°
50°
80°
140° D1
D2
110°
90°
120°
140°
50°
110° BB4
140°
BB3
CC1
80°
110°
70°
C4
40°
120°
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Z3-6
Z4-1
Z3-0
Z4-4
80°
50° 140°
Z4-4
60° 70°
B2
Z3-3
Z2-4
Z4-1
Z4-6
40° 50°
Z3-2
Z3-3
Z4-2
Z3-0
Z4-5
Z4-0
Z4-5
Z4-0
Z4-3
Z2-6
Z3-1
Z3-5
Z2-0
Z3-1
Z3-8
Z1-0
Z3-6
Z3-4
Z2-1
Z2-5
Z1-1
Z4-8
Z2-5
Z3-2
Z1-6
Z3-7
Z1-7
Z2-2
Z3-3
Z2-1
Z2-0
Z2-8
Z1-6
Z2-4
D4-2
D4-1
Z1-3
Z3-8
Z2-3
Z2-3
Z4-4
Z4-8
Z2-7
Z3-6
D4-3
Z1-8
Z2-7
Z1-4
D3-2
D3-0
C4-1
Z1-2
Z1-5
Z2-4
Z2-1
Z3-7
Z4-4
Z4-7
Z2-2
Z4-1
Z3-5
Z1-6
D3-1
C3-7
Z1-1
Z2-6
D4-5
D1-2
C4-6
C2-7
Z1-0
Z1-2
Z1-7
Z3-1
Z3-4
Z3-6
Z1-8
Z3-0
Z2-5
Z1-5
D1-1
C2-6
C4-8
C3-8
D2-3
C4-4
C3-6
C2-8
B2-8
Z4-0
Z2-0
Z2-4
Z3-2
Z1-1
Z1-4
Z1-2
B3-7
D2-5
D1-0
C4-3
C2-5
C4-7
D2-4
C3-2
C3-5
C4-5
B4-6
B2-7
Z1-3
Z1-6
Z1-0
B4-7
B3-8
Z2-1
B4-4
D1-8
D1-5
C2-2
C4-2
C1-5
D1-3
C1-1
C3-3
C3-4
B4-2
B4-5
Z1-0
Z3-0
Z1-3
B4-3
B4-8
A2-8
B4-0
C1-3
C2-3
C2-1
D4-0
D2-0
C3-1
C2-4
C1-2
B4-1
B3-6
C1-8
C1-0
B3-1
C1-6
C4-0
C1-4
B2-4
B3-3
B3-5
C3-0
C1-7
B1-1
B2-3
B2-6
A4-1
B1-3
B3-4
B2-2
A3-6
C2-0
B1-0
B2-5
B3-2
A3-3
A4-0
B1-8
B1-2
B1-4
A3-2
B1-5
B3-0
B1-7
A4-5
A1-4
B2-1
B1-6
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70°
130°
CC2 110°
140°
3456 plates 384 molds 14 pressing heads
D1-3
D1-8
D1-5
C1-1
D2-4
D1-7
D2-3
D4-5
D1-2
C4-4
C4-1
D4-1
Z1-6
Z3-7
Z3-8
Z1-0
Z4-5
Z4-0
Z3-6
Z3-3
Z2-4
Z4-5
Z3-6
Z4-1
Z4-1
Z2-8
Z4-2
Z4-7
Z4-8
Z4-6
Z1-8
140°
70°
60° 130°
E1
4
D1
D2
10°
90°
120° 130° 140°
70°
130°
40°
40°
B4
50° 140° CC1
0°
120°
D3
70°
130°
D4
110° CC4 CC2
CC3
110° 120° 40°
140°
50°
E2
100°
E3
E4
Z3-4
Z4-5
60° F1
50°
DD3
Z4-4
80°
140°
120° 120°
120°
130° 150° 120° 100°
60°
130° 150°
EE3
EE2
100° 140° 60°
60°
G2
140° 80°
Z3-8
Z4-8
Z4-1
50°
150° G4 80°
60° H2 H1 130° 50°
50°
FF1
100°
110° 140° 120° 100°
FF3
70° 100°
EE4
FF2
Z3-8
FF4
GG1
GG2
H4
90°
100°
I1
50°
80° GG4
Z3-4
Z4-0
Z4-1
Z4-7
Z3-6
Z3-4
Z4-5
Z3-7
Z2-3
Z3-3
Z3-5
Z3-6
Z2-4
Z4-3
Z3-2
Z4-4
Z4-2
Z4-6
Z2-6
Z3-7
Z4-8
Z4-7
Z2-7
Z2-8
Z3-8
50° 110° 110° 110° I2
I3
I4
80°
80°
70°
50° 130°
90° HH1
50°
Z4-6
Z2-5
Z3-0
Z4-5
Z1-2
Z1-6
Z2-2
Z3-1
Z2-7
Z4-8
Z3-8
110° 140°
140° 90°∞ 70°
Z3-5
Z4-7
H3
Z4-3
Z2-0
Z1-3
Z3-0
J1-7
Z1-7
Z1-5
Z2-1
Z4-4
Z2-6
Z2-8
70°
GG3
Z4-2
Z4-6
Z3-7
Z2-4
J4-6
Z1-4
Z1-1
J4-7
J1-6
Z1-1
Z1-8
Z3-2
Z3-1
Z4-1
Z2-8
70°
Z2-3
Z2-6
Z1-8
Z2-5
J4-4
J4-5
Z1-0
J3-2
J4-0
J4-8
Z1-0
Z1-3
Z3-3
Z2-2
Z3-5
Z2-7
70°
100°
120°
Z3-6
Z1-2
Z2-4
Z4-2
Z2-1
J3-1
J4-1
I4-1
J1-3
J2-1
J3-3
J4-3
Z1-6
Z1-8
Z1-5
Z2-5
Z4-4
Z4-8
60° G3
Z2-2
Z3-2
Z1-4
Z2-3
I4-6
I4-8
J1-4
J2-2
HH2
HH3
140° 120° 60°
J1
110° J2
60°
70° J3
140° J4
70°
140° 140° 130°
80°
110° 130° II2
HH4
II1
130°
120° 70°
II3 70°
140° II4 100°
150°
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J3-5
J4-2
J1-2
J2-3
I1-8
Z4-0
Z1-7
Z3-4
Z4-1
Z4-3
Z3-6
40°
50°
Z3-4
Z3-7
Z1-2
Z2-1
I3-8
Z3-0
I2-1
I4-7
J3-4
J3-7
J2-0
J2-7
J3-6
J3-8
I3-6
I3-7
Z2-0
Z4-5
Z3-3
Z3-1
Z1-7
Z4-7
Z4-6
G1
100° 120° 60°
EE1
Z4-7
F4
Z4-4
Z2-8
Z1-1
Z3-2
H3-7
Z2-0
I4-3
I2-7
J1-5
I1-1
J2-6
J1-1
J2-4
J2-8
I3-3
I4-5
I2-8
Z1-6
Z1-4
Z1-3
Z3-3
Z2-7
Z3-5
F2
70°
DD4
Z4-2
Z4-8
Z2-3
Z1-0
H2-8
Z1-5
I4-2
H3-6
I3-4
I2-2
J3-0
J2-5
J1-8
I1-2
I3-2
I4-4
H4-7
Z4-0
Z1-7
Z2-5
Z4-3
Z1-6
Z3-8
F3
50°
DD2
Z2-8
Z3-7
Z4-5
Z3-1
H4-8
Z3-0
H4-1
H4-6
I2-5
I2-3
J1-0
I4-0
I1-5
I3-5
I3-1
H4-4
H2-7
Z1-0
Z1-3
Z2-6
Z2-2
Z2-7
Z4-6
Z1-1
Z2-3
G3-8
Z2-1
H4-0
H4-5
I2-4
H2-3
I1-4
I3-0
I2-6
I1-3
H3-3
H4-3
H3-8
Z1-4
Z1-8
Z2-4
Z2-5
Z3-6
Z4-3
Z4-8
F1
110° 80°
Z3-3
Z4-2
Z1-4
Z2-2
G2-7
Z1-2
H3-4
G2-8
H2-6
H2-2
I1-0
I1-6
I1-7
H2-4
H3-2
H4-2
G3-7
Z4-0
Z1-5
Z2-4
Z3-2
Z2-6
Z2-5
Z2-8
130° DD1
Z4-0
Z4-4
Z3-5
Z2-1
G4-8
Z2-0
G2-6
G4-4
H3-5
H2-1
I2-0
H3-0
H2-5
H1-4
H3-1
G4-5
G4-7
Z2-0
Z1-5
Z1-3
Z3-1
Z4-3
Z4-5
Z4-7
50°
0°
Z1-6
Z3-8
Z3-0
Z2-3
F4-8
Z1-0
G4-1
G4-3
H1-3
G3-5
H1-6
H2-0
H1-8
H1-2
G3-6
G4-2
G4-6
Z1-8
Z1-7
Z1-1
Z4-1
Z3-7
Z3-6
Z4-6
Z1-5
Z3-4
F3-7
Z1-6
G3-4
F4-7
G1-5
G2-5
H1-1
H1-5
H1-7
G1-8
G3-3
G4-0
F3-8
Z4-1
Z1-2
Z4-2
Z3-3
Z1-7
Z2-7
Z2-2
Z3-5
Z2-6
Z3-7
Z4-7
Z3-0
Z3-1
F3-0
Z1-2
F3-4
F4-5
G1-4
G3-2
H1-0
G2-2
G1-7
G2-4
G3-1
F3-5
F4-3
Z4-0
Z2-7
Z2-1
Z3-2
Z2-5
Z3-5
Z4-3
Z4-4
Z2-0
E4-6
Z1-1
F3-3
F4-2
G2-3
F2-6
G1-6
G2-1
G1-1
G1-2
F2-5
F4-1
F4-4
Z1-8
Z2-4
Z1-3
Z1-2
Z3-4
Z3-2
Z2-6
Z1-4
E1-8
Z3-0
Z1-4
Z2-3
Z1-3
Z1-5
Z3-1
Z1-0
E3-7
F1-8
F2-4
G3-0
G1-0
G1-3
F2-8
F3-2
F3-1
E3-8
E4-5
F3-6
F4-0
E4-2
E3-5
E4-7
E4-8
D4-8
Z1-7
Z2-2
Z1-1
E4-4
E1-7
F2-3
G2-0
F2-1
F2-7
F1-4
F2-2
E3-4
E4-1
E4-3
F1-7
F1-3
E3-3
F4-6
F1-1
F1-2
E2-5
E2-3
E4-0
F1-6
E2-6
E3-2
E3-0
D4-4
D3-8
Z2-1
E2-2
D3-6
D4-7
E1-6
F2-0
F1-5
E2-1
E2-7
E2-4
E3-1
D3-4
D4-2
Z2-0
Z1-3
D2-7
D4-6
D4-3
E1-2
F1-0
E2-8
E1-1
E3-6
E1-3
D3-5
D3-2
D3-0
C4-6
D1-6
D3-3
D3-1
E2-0
E1-4
E1-5
D3-7
D2-6
D1-1
E1-0
D2-2
D2-8
D2-5
D1-0
C3-2
D1-4
D2-1
Assembly
D4-0
D2-0
C3-1
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Thick
a째 Thin
A
Material
b째
Soft
B B' C C' D D'
A B
E E'
C
F F'
D E
G G'
F
H H'
G H I
I I'
J
J Stack
Relating surfaces
Hard Hardness
Axonometry
The plates share surface geometry with their neighbours. The top side of one plate has the same press lines and angles as the bottom surface of the plate above.
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Differentiated components
Copy paper,
Copy paper,
Newspaper, 15 pages
Copy paper,
35 A4 sheets,
30 A4 sheets,
Glue and water, 1:15
35 A4 sheets,
Glue and water, 1:15
Toilet paper,
Glue and water, 1:15
18 m, Water
Different materials were tested out in the mold. In these experiments, hard pressed shredded copy paper mixed with glue and water was the material that performed best in that the plates assumed the desired V-shape, and became relatively hard after drying.
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Material
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4.2 System Principles
environmental paper plates [water absorbing paper plates]
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Evaporation
In this sub-chapter, we will examine a close-up look at our cooling model and how we would like it to perform. Once the water absorbing paper plates are adequately soaked, they will start to perform evaporation given the right conditions (high temperature and low/medium levels of humidity). In accordance with the thermal convection physics laws, the adjusted air will be cooled by over-heating the aerated water, removing the heat, and lifting it to the atmosphere. Cool air will travel down, making a more comfortable environment for people nearby. In other words, this secondary system should perform very much like the uchimizu tradition of sprinkling secondary used water on pavements for temperature decreases.
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Absorption experiments Vertical absorption, Vertical absorption, flat plate, angled plate, paper type A paper type A
Vertical absorption, flat plate, paper type B
Vertical absorption, angled plate, paper type B
1h
24 h
24 h
We performed water absorption and water transportation tests on our paper plates. An 18 x 18 cm paper plate can absorb up to 1/4 litters of water.
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absorption, late, pe B
Horizontal absorption, angled plate, paper type A
Vertical absorption, metal screw joint, paper type A
Vertical absorption, fabric node joint, paper type A
0h
24 h
24 h
3h
Evaporation
2h
Another conclusion we reached was that water cannot bridge the gap between two paper plate if the type of connection is a screw, but it can be bridged using fabric or rope (which is why we proceeded with the rope-type joint).
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7.3
m
4.5 Mobius Analysis
3.9 m
7.3
m
Targeted cooling volume area
2.2 m
3.9 m
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Evaporation
Finally after picking desirable Mobius Strip type, firstly we are defining the targeted volume area. That would be the area corresponding to space used by users. Then proceeding with the wind velocity simulations and extracting necessary numbers for overall geometry effectiveness calculus.
2.50 m/s
0.00 m/s
wind velocity flowing through targeted cooling volume area ≈ 2.5 m/s
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6. Appendix
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Appendix
This section refers to individual topics under the larger outlook of Sweating Paper Architecture Design Research. We will be reading through student studies for deeper understanding of proposed solution qualities in relation to our final design outcome which come in the separate books. Complex within its nature project required deepening of three design research facets for the future infrastructure prototype: (1) The Assembly & Structure; (2) The Material Research and (3) The Environmental Feature. Each concerning its fine aspects, under their scope of expertise, aimed to emphasize as much as possible broad palette of specific topic. Their introductions are going to be presented below.
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6.0 Performance, Application and Impact of Waste-Paper Based Components for Urban Cooling Systems by Dejan MOJIĆ
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Appendix
“[...] we are passing from an age dominated by a competence - one realized through techniques of mimesis, representation, and reproducibility - to one characterize by a performance [...]�, by Stanford Kwinter. In the times when demands of architecture are become higher, when it is expected to behave more responsible within its context, we are steering our research into imbedded/true material natural properties (Figure 1) to achieve such qualities. In order for our future design to be more contributive to its environment we researched upon paper qualities and its need as such within city environments. While looking under the city scope, with urban growth of Tokyo (which does not apply exclusively to capital of Japan) statistics start recording annual relative humidity drop and annual mean temperature increase for at least respectively 20% and 3 0C in high urbanized areas during last 120 years, the aim focused on trying to prevent this negative trend developing farther with our new city infrastructure proposal. As well, during the day temperature in highly urbanized areas rises for 3 degrees in compare to rural areas. Finally, more than 80% runoff water after rains unable natural water loop, creating urban areas additionally hotter. Here we have found potential spot where our paper plate properties of absorbing, containing and evaporating water could contribute by increase of soft-retentive surface amounts in city areas and could behave as a new urban cooling system (alike Uchimizu effect). Targeting the micro-scale level, and immediate environments, we were hoping for macro-scale impact if system starts performing in critical mass amount and being efficiently distributed all around the city. Through our experiments and calculations paper plates proved efficient enough as water retentive by performing evaporation, i.e. affecting temperature drop and contributing to natural water loop within the city, while acting as an essential passive cell-engine generating the paper infrastructure tissue only based on pure material intelligence. Such within it nature, system could argue for decrease usage of active air-conditioning and reduced consumption of electricity, while contributing for both the city in its entity and inhabitants in need for comfortable areas during hot summer days.
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Under agenda of cybernetic urbanism purpose of the study was to establish new ways in which matter, energy and information flows within the city. Reference was the nature, where there is no waste and where all matter transforms and flows within its feedback-loops. In our case we observed urban water resources, nowadays mainly considered as waste water directly being proceeded to sewage, where only some is being recycled. We proposed new loop where same water evaporating from out structure and by condensation into the atmosphere with rain feeds back the city again mitigate runoff water effect and heat island effect. On the other hand, evaporation is to be utilized in cooling purposes. With our prototyping solutions we were aiming for micro-scale and making an impact to the immediate environment, hoping to positive response at macro-scale level as well. Putting out the cooling model, evaluating its efficiency and observing it through the geometry response was our second goal. Traditional custom in Japan of Uchimizu is still testifying that water usage in evaporative purposes is effective enough for cooling down immediate environments. With the water evaporating from our paper structure we are aiming for the same effect. As well we are aiming to create basis for social interaction and utilize Uchimizu custom as a water delivery system for our absorbing plates, which will result in creating more cool and comfortable environment as temporary based structure. In the city there are potentials of water sources, which are currently mostly considered as a waste, yet that we want to link in a different way to start contribute to its environment while being utilize as prime fuel for paper sweating architecture. Affected by our wet plated, cooled air will travel down while hot air will escape at the top. With the hot air upraise the humidity upraise will be happening as well, since the pressure difference. This occurrence will leave cooled air at the lower parts released of unpleasantly high humidly. Finally, by introducing the wind flow, up to certain velocity, it will ameliorate the whole system efficiency capacitance.
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Acknowledgements The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our project work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. We respect and thank our professor Mr. Obuchi Yusuke, for guiding us though contemporary fields of computational discourse and streaming our project towards challenging and significant meaningful directions. With his high expectations our project was under constant advancement. We are most grateful for his time, experience and knowledge passed to his students. We own our thanks to Mr. Kuichi Toshikatsu and Mr. Sugita So for their technical support and advices in shaping our research towards feasible outcomes. We thank to our professor assistant, Mr. Sato Jun, for his guidance and suggestions regarding structural development of the project. We owe our sincere gratitude to Dejan’s father, Mr. Mojić Zoran, engineer of aero-cosmo technology, who took keen interest on our environmental aspect of the project and his guidance till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary information for developing good thermodynamic system models. We would further like to thank Yushi Saada, for his contribution to the team during the first semester of research, and the construction team of the 1:1 scale proto-structure built during the summer of 2012, consisting of Ilić Ana, Kagami Risa, and Sahiner Yasemin. Finally, we are thankful to all Teaching staffs of Department of Architecture, Graduate School of Engineering, which helped us in successfully completing our project work.
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