ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﱠﺒﻴﻦ: ﻳﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺓ :ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ" :ﻭﻟﻲَ ﻗﺼﻲﱡ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺃﻣْﺮ ﻣﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺟﻤَﻊ ﻗﻮﻣَﻪ ﻣِﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻟِﻬﻢ ،ﻭﺗﻤﻠﱠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﻜﺔ ،ﻓﻤﻠﱠﻜﻮﻩ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺤﺎﺯ ﺷﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺔ ﻛﻠﱠﻪ ،ﻭﺳﻤﱠﺘْﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ُﻣﺠَﻤﱢﻌًﺎ؛ ﻟِﻤَﺎ ﺟﻤَﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺮِﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻤﱠﺎ ﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺼﻲﱞ ﻭﺭﻕﱠ ﻋﻈﻤُﻪ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺑِﻜﺮَﻩ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺮُﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ،ﻗﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﻲﱞ ﻟﻌﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ :ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﷲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﻲ ،ﻷﻟﺤﻘﻨﱠﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ،ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗَﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳَﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻘﺮﻳﺶ ﻟﻮﺍﺀً ﻟﺤﺮﺑِﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﺪﻙ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﺎﻳﺘﻚ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ ﻃﻌﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻚ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ﺃﻣﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻙ ،ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻤ؛ ﻟﺸﺮﻓِﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ ،ﻓﺄﺑﻰ ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻘَﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﺣﻠﻔًﺎ ﻣؤﻛﱠﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺎﺫَﻟﻮﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀًﺎ، ﻭﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ ﺟﻔﻨﺔً ﻣﻤﻠﻮءﺓ ﻃِﻴﺒًﺎ ،ﻓﻮﺿﻌﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻷﺣﻼﻓﻬﻤ؛ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺃﺳﺪ ،ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺗﻴﻢ ،ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ، ﺛﻢ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻗَﺪﻭﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﻠﻔﺎؤﻫﻢ ،ﺛﻢ ﻣﺴَﺤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻤ؛ ﻓﺴُﻤﱡﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﱠﺒﻴﻦ. ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﻭﻛﻌﺐ )ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎﻥ(: ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻴﻦ ﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ،ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺩﻻﻟﻪ ﻭﻋﻄﺮﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ "ﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ ،ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ" ،ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻠﻜﻪ ،ﻭﺣﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻠﻪ. 1ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻴﺮ ﻓﺘﻰ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻟﱠﻞ ،ﻭﺃﻋﻄَﺮ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺷﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻤﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟ؛ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪﻭﺳﻠﻢ)) :ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﻌﺒًﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ ﻓﺘﻰ ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺣ ًﺒّﺎ ﷲ ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ(( ،ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﷲ! ﻳﺘﺤﻮﱠﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻰ - ﺣﺪﻳﺚُ ﺣِﺴﺎﻥِ ﻣﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻟؤﻟؤﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ -ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺪﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻴﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ،ﻟﻴﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺳﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﱠﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﻠﱢﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﱢﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﷲ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳُﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ ،ﺭﺣﻤَﻚَ ﺍﷲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ،ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺻﺪﻕ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ﴿ :ﻣِﻦَ ﺍﻟْﻤُؤْﻣِﻨِﻴﻦَ ﺭِﺟَﺎﻝٌ ﺻَﺪَﻗُﻮﺍ ﻣَﺎ ﻋَﺎﻫَﺪُﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻪَ ﻋَﻠَﻴْﻪِ ﻓَﻤِﻨْﻬُﻢْ ﻣَﻦْ ﻗَﻀَﻰ ﻧَﺤْﺒَﻪُ ﻭَﻣِﻨْﻬُﻢْ َﻣﻦْ َﻳﻨْ َﺘﻈِﺮُ َﻭﻣَﺎ َﺑﺪﱠﻟُﻮﺍ ﺗَﺒْﺪِﻳًﻼ﴾ ]ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ.[23 : 2ﻭﺫﺍﻙ ﻛﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﻑ ﻃﺎﻏﻮﺕ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻴﺮ ،ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻄﺮﻩ ﻣﻬﻠﻜًﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺫﻯ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ،ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺪَ ﺍﻟﺸﱢﻌﺮﺑﻜﺎﺀً ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﻣِﻦ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺭ ،ﻭﺷﺒﱠﺐ ﺑﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ،ﻓﺎﺣﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣَﺴْﻠَﻤَﺔَ ﻟﻘﺘﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻛﻌﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸَﻌﺮﻩ ﻓﺄﺷﻤﱡﻪ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺷﻤﱡﻜﻢ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻤﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﻜﻨﺖُ ﻣِﻦ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻓﺪﻭﻧَﻜﻢ ﻓﺎﺿﺮِﺑُﻮﻩ ،ﻭﻳَﻨﺰﻝ ﻛﻌﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺷﺤًﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻔﺢ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ،ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ :ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺭﻳﺤًﺎ ﺃﻃﻴﺐ ،ﻗﺎﻝ ﻛﻌﺐ :ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﻋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻝ :ﺃﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻢﱠ ﺭﺃﺳﻚ؟ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﻧﻌﻢ ،ﻓﺸﻤﻪ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺷﻢﱠ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ :ﺩﻭﻧﻜﻢ ،ﻓﻘﺘَﻠﻮﻩ ،ﺛﻢ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﺨﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ ﻛﻌﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻦ. ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ: ﻧﻘﻄﻒ ﺑﻌﻀًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺯﺍﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻝ: "ﻻ ﻋﻄﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ": ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺭﺓ ،ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ :ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ" :ﻋﺮﻭﺱ" ،ﻓﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ،
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﻭﺗﺰﻭﱠﺟﻬﺎ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ :ﻧﻮﻓﻞ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﺴﺮ ﺃﺑﺨﺮ ﺩﻣﻴﻤًﺎ ﺑﺨﻴﻼً ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻌَﻦَ ﺑﻬﺎ ،ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻟﻪ :ﻟﻮ ﺃﺫﻧﺖَ ﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﺛﻴﺖُ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻲ ﻭﺑﻜﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻣﺴﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻝ :ﺍﻓﻌﻠﻲ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻟﺖ :ﺃﺑﻜﻴﻚَ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺱِ ،ﻳﺎ ﺛﻌﻠﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﺳﺪًﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺱ ،ﻣﻊ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ، ﻗﺎﻝ :ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ؟ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻤﱠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻌﱠﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻳُﻌﻤِﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻒ ﺻﺒﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺱ ،ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ :ﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ ،ﺍﻟﻄﻴﱢﺐ ﺍﻟﺨِﻴﻢِ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮ ،ﻣﻊ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺗُﺬﻛَﺮ ،ﻗﺎﻝ :ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ؟ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ :ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻴﻮﻓًﺎ ﻟﻠﺨَﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤُﻨﻜَﺮ ،ﻃﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﺑﺨَﺮ ،ﺃﻳﺴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺃﻋﺴَﺮ ،ﻓﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺝ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗُﻌﺮﱢﺽ ﺑﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺭﺣَﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ،ﻗﺎﻝ :ﺿﻤﱢﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﻋﻄﺮﻙ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺸﻮﺓ )ﻭﻋﺎﺀ( ﻋﻄﺮِﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻟﺖ :ﻻ ﻋﻄﺮَ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ ،ﻓﺬﻫﺒﺖ ﻣﺜﻼً. "ﺃﺷﺄﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻄﺮ ﻣَﻨْﺸِﻢ": ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔَﺖ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣَﻨﺸِﻢﻋﻄﱠﺎﺭﺓﺗﺒﻴﻊﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ،ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺇﺫﺍﻗﺼﺪﻭﺍﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏﻏﻤﺴﻮﺍﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢﻓﻲﻃﻴﺒﻬﺎ،ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍﻋﻠﻰﺃﻥﻳﺴﺘﻤﻴﺘﻮﺍﻓﻲﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ،ﻭﻻﻳﻮﻟﱡﻮﺍﺃﻭ ﻳُﻘﺘَﻠﻮﺍ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺑﻄﻴﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ" :ﻗﺪ ﺩﻗﱡﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻄﺮ ﻣَﻨﺸِﻢ" ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺻﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻼً. ﻭﺯﻋَﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ" :ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﱟ" ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺷﻤﺮ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺟﻴﺸًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺬﺭ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺮﺓ )ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ( ،ﻓﺄﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺣﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﻣِﻬﺎ ﻣَﺮﺍﻛﻦ )ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ( ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ، ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗُﻄﻴﱢﺒﻬﻢ ﻛﻲ ﺗؤﺟﱢﺞ ﻧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺪﻭﺭِﻫﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺎﺗَﻠﻮﺍ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗَﻔﺎﻧﻮﺍ. ﻭﻗﻴﻞ :ﺇﻥ ﻣَﻨﺸِﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻨﺎﻓﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﺪﻕﱠ ﺃﻧﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﻔِﻬْﺮ )ﺣﺠﺮ ( ﻓﺨﺮﺟﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺎﺓ ،ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ" :ﺑﺌﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻄﺮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺟﻚ" ﻭﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﻣﺜﻼً. ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺗُﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻔﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺗﺒﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﻄﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻓﺄﻏﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺃﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﻋﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻀَﺤﻮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺤﻘَﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﺿﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ :ﺍﻗﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﻣَﻦ ﺷﻤﱠ؛ ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻦ ﺷﻢ ﻣِﻦ ﻃﻴﺒﻬﺎ. "ﺃﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﺸﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺿﺔ"" ،ﻭﺃﻃﻴَﺐ ﻧﺸﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﱢﻮﺍﺭ": ﻭﺍﻟﻨﱠﺸﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤِﺴْﻚ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻋﺮ: ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﺡَ ﺍﻟﺼﱢﻮﺍﺭُ ﺫَﻛَﺮْﺕُ ﻟَﻴﻠَﻰ ﻭﺃﺫْﻛُﺮُﻫﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧَﻔَﺢَ ﺍﻟﺼﱢﻮﺍﺭُ
ﻋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ: ﺻﻮﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻋﻄﺎﺭًﺍ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ" :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﺯﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺗَﺸﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺑﺄﻋﺬﺏ ﺍﻷﻟﺤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺗَﺸﺬﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ ﺑﺄﻋﻄﺮِ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺤﺎﻥ،ﻭﻣﻦﻋﺠﺐﺃﻥﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊﻻﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲﺃﻥﻳﻜﻮﻥﻣﺼﻮﺭًﺍﺑﺎﺭﻋًﺎﻳﻤﻸﺍﻷﺭﺽﺑﻠﻮﺣﺎﺗﻪﻭﻧﻘﻮﺷﻪ،ﺇﻧﻪﺇﻟﻰﺟﺎﻧﺐﻫﺬﺍﻛﻠﻪﻋﻄﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﻨﱢﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻨﱡﻦ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻀﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻳﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺑًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧًﺎ ﻳﻤﻸ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺄﺭﻳﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻮﻓﻨﺎ ..ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﻓﻨﺎ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌًﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﻻً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻓﻠﻜﻞ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﺭﻳﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﺭﻳﺤﺎﻧﺔ ﺷﺬﺍﻫﺎ ،ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﻐﺘﺼﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻄﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﻨﱠﻰ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ، ﻭﻳﺨﺺ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻄﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻻ ﻳﺨﻄﺊ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﻰ ﻓﻴﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﺱ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ". ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ: ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺡ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺭﻳﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺮ ،ﻭﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻄﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻐﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧًﺎ ﻭﺻﻮﺭًﺍ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ:
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺤﺎﻥ:ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻳﺢ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻏﻴﺔ :ﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻳﺢ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻣﻰ:ﻧﺒﺖ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ،ﻟﻢ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺃﻃﻴﺐ ﻧﻔﺤﺔً ﻣﻨﻪ. ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ:ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﻚ ﻭﻋﻨﺒﺮ ﻭﺩﻫﻦ. ﺍﻟﺴﱡﻚﱡ :ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣِﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴْﻚ ﻭﺭﺍﻣﻚ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺷﻴء ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﻘﺎﺭ ﻳُﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴْﻚ. ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻔﺮﺍﻥ:ﺻﺒْﻎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ،ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻧُﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ :ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﺏ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺩﻗﻮﺵ. ﻭﻣِﻦ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﱢﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄْﺮ: ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺪﺓ:ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ. ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻤﺔ:ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺴْﻚ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﻚ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ. ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺓ:ﻗُﻔﱠﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻃﻴﺒﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻧﺔ:ﺳﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻐﺸﺎﺓ ﺃﺩﻣًﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺪﱡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀً ﻟﻠﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ،ﻭﺃﻭﺻﺎﻓًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮ ،ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼً ﻟﻠﻤَﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﻣﻮﻡ :ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺨﺮ )ﻟﻠﻔﻢ -ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺮ )ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻥ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻚ )ﻟﻠﻌﺮﻕ )، ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﺭ )ﻟﻠﺸﻮﺍﺀ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﻣﺔ )ﻟﻠﺤﻢ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﺮ )ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻦ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻦ )ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺑﻮﻍ( ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﱡﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻘﺎﻝ: ﺃﺭﻭَﺡَ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ،ﻭﺃﺳﻦَ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺧﻨﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺳﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻦ ،ﻭﺯﻧﺦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻦ ،ﻭﺩﺧﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻭﻗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺯ ،ﻭﻣﺬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ ،ﻭﺧﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮ ،ﻭﻧﻤﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻞ:ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒ؛ ﺗﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴء :ﺗﻐﻴﱠﺮﺕ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﺗﻔﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺗﻔﻠة؛ ﺃﻱ :ﻣﻨﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻴﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺮ:ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻦ ،ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﺩﻓﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﺩﻓﺮﺍﺀ. ﺍﻟﺬﻓﺮ:ﺷﺪﺓ ﺫﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻦ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻴء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﺫﻓﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ. ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ: ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺷﻤﱡﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻋﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺦ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻖ -ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ -ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﺱﱠ ﺧﻤﺴًﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋُﻼﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ. ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ ﻫﻲ:ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻢ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻤﺲ ،ﻭﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺱ ،ﻭﺛﺒَﺖ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻً ﺑﻤﺦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ. ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺸﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ؟ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﻴﱠﺔ ،ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗَﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺦ ،ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤُﺘﺪﺍﻭَﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﱢﻒ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ. ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ: ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﺩ ،ﻳﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ،ﻓﻼ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﻚ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﱢﻴء ﺷﻴﺌًﺎ ﺣﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺗﺤﺲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ، ﻭﺗﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻭﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺎﻁ. ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺬﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺪﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤ؛ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﱠﺮ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺄﺑﺨﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﺲﱡ ﻭﻧُﺪﺭﻙ ﻣﺬﺍﻗﻬﺎ. ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻋﺠﺰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ؛ ﻭﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﺎﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳُﻌﺘﺒَﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺼﺔً ﻭﺳﺒﱠﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ. ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻭﻕ: ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢﱢ ﺳﻴﱢﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﻕ ،ﺇﻥﱠ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺬﻭﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀًﺎ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻤﱢ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧَﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ ﻣﺬﺍﻗًﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻓﻨُﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭ ُﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺃﺑﺮﻉ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻳُﻤﻜﻨُﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰُ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺬﺍﻗﺎﺕ :ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﺢ ،ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻒ ﻷﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺄﻛﻠﻪ ﺷﻴﺌًﺎ ﻻ ﻃﻌﻢ ﻟﻪ. ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺋﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻞٍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪَﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﱡﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺷﻢ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻴء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﱢﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟ؛ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪﻳﻞ،ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻘﺒﱠﻌﺔ،ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺯ،ﺃﻭﺣﺘﻰﻣﻮﻃﺊﻗﺪﻣﻬ؛ﻹﺧﺮﺍﺟﻪﻣﻦﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﺌﺎﺕﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢﻳﻘﻮﻝ:ﺇﻥﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻼﺏ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ -ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺤﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻳَﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺦﱢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﻴﺚﻳَﺸﺘﺪﱡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻫﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤُﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﺍﺋﺴﻬﺎ ،ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﺩﻭﺭًﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴ ًﻴّﺎ ،ﻓﻴُﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺻﻴﺎﺩﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﻏﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻻ ﻳُﻮﺟَﺪﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺤ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗَﺤﻤﻞ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺐ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻋﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺰﻻﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻠﻮﺫ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻮﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺭ ﻓﺘﺘﺄﻫﱠﺐ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺱ. ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ: ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻭﺟﱠﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳُﺸﺠﱢﻌﻮﺍ ﻣَﺮْﺿﺎﻫﻤ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩ .ﺳﻤﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ: ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻔﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺼﱡﻨﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺗُﺸﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﺤﻞﱢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﱠﺍﺭ، ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﻏﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ. ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ:
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ :ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ. - 1ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ: ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺮَﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻡ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻮﻍ( ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ( ،ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ: ﺯﻫﻮﺭ :ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ،ﻭﺭﺩ ،ﻓﻞ ،ﻗﺮﻧﻔﻞ ،ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺞ ،ﻧﺮﺟﺲ ،ﺗﻤﺮ ﺣﻨﺔ ،ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ،ﺯﻧﺒﻖ. ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ:ﺧﺰﺍﻣﻰ ،ﻧﻌﻨﺎﻉ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺭﻳﺤﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺞ ،ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻤﺮ ،ﺻﻌﺘَﺮ ،ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻣﺮﺩﻗﻮﺵ. ﺛﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺬﻭﺭ:ﻳﻨﺴﻮﻥ ،ﺑﺮﺟﻤﻮﺕ ،ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ﺣﻠﻮ ،ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ،ﺣﺒﻬﺎﻥ ،ﺟﻮﺯﺓ ﻃﻴﺐ ،ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺞ. ﻏﺼﻮﻥ ﻭﻗﺸﻮﺭ:ﻗﺮﻓﺔ ،ﺑﺮﺟﻤﻮﺕ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺭﻳﺤﺎﻥ ،ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎﺀ ،ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻤﺮ ،ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻥ ،ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ ،ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺞ ،ﻣﺮﺩﻗﻮﺵ. ﺟﺬﻭﺭ:ﺯﻧﺠﺒﻴﻞ ،ﺳﻮﺱ ،ﺣﺸﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻜﺔ ،ﻗﺴﻂ ﻫﻨﺪﻱ. ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ :ﺳﺪﺭ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﺭﺩ ،ﺻﻨﺪﻝ ،ﻋﻮﺩ. ﺻﻤﻮﻍ:ﺑﻠﺴﻢ ،ﻻﺩﻥ ،ﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﻮ ،ﻣﺮ ،ﺟﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻣﻴﻌﺔ. ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳة؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ :ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ،ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺧﻼ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ. - 2ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ: ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺻﻮﻻً ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻒ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ: ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ،ﻭﺣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻦ ،ﻭﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻗﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ. )ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ:MUSKﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻃﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻً ﻭﺛﺒﺎﺗًﺎ ،ﻭﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻪ ﺃﺑﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌًﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ)) :ﺃﻃﻴَﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱢﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤِﺴﻚ(( ،ﻭﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ،ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎ ًﻓّﺎ ﻗﺎﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﺭﺟﻮﺍﻧ ًﻴّﺎ ﺃﻣﻠﺲ ﻣﺮﱠ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻻ ﺗُﺤﻤﺪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺧُﻔﱢﻒ ﻃﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﻣﺘﻊ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻛَﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ )ﺍﻷﻳﻞ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻴﻤﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﻚ ﺗﻮﻧﻜﻴﻦ، ﻭﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺖ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﻛﻮﻧﻮﻛﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻨ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺷﺎﻫﻖ ﻭﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢﱡ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻘﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻞ ،ﺛﻢ ﺗﺠﻔﱠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗُﻐﻄﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﺭ. )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺒﺮ : Ambergrisﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺷﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺼﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻌﺎﺀ ﺣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻦ )ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻄﺲ) Sperm Whale ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳُﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺒﺮ ﻃﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻃﻌﺎﻣًﺎ ﺷﻬ ًﻴّﺎ ﻭﻣﺤﺒﺒًﺎ ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﺪﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺭ ، Castoriumﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺒﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦﺟﻮﻑﺍﻟﺤﻮﺕﺃﺑﻴﺾﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥﺛﻢﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠ ًﻴّﺎﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥﺍﻷﺳﻤﺮﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺒﺮﻳﺬﻭﺏﻓﻲﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝﻭﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻳﺴﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ،ﻭﺗُﺒﺨﱢﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻮﺭ.
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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)ﺟـ( ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺩ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻞ ﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺃﻧﺜﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻂﱢ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺩ Cevetﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻳﺜﺨﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺪﻛﻦ ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﱡﺽ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ،ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺟﺰﺋ ًﻴّﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻓﻮﺭﻡ ،ﻭﻛﻠ ًﻴّﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺗﻄﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻜَﺸﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻤِﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻵﺧﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻮﺓ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻗﻔﺎﺹ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻴﺪﻩ. )ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ Cuttle Fish:ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻً ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ ، Beaverﻭﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺜﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺗﻤﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘِﻌﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻃﻌﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﱞ ،ﻭﺗﺴﻴﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ. )ﻫـ( ﻓﺄﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ : Musk Ratﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ،ﻣﻦ ﺳُﺮﺓِ ﻓﺄﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺽ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺮﺫﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺻﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤِﺴﻚ. - 3ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ: ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮَﺟﺔﻣﻦﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋًﺎﺧﻄﻴﺮًﺍ؛ﻓﺄﻗﻞﻣﻦﺭﻃﻞﻣﻦﺯﻳﺖﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝﻣﻦﻃﻦﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣِﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻲ ﻭﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﻲ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺗُﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻮﺭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ. ﻭﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺑـ"ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ " ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻮﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﺎﺕ ،ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ًﻴّﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ. ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺠﺪ ﺣﻤﺪًﺍ ﷲ ﻭﺇﺟﻼﻻً ﻭﺇﻛﺒﺎﺭًﺍ ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺗﻪ -ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ -ﻭﻧﻘﻒ ﻭﻗﻔﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻭﺗﺪﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗَﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ -ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﷲ -ﻋﺒﻴﺮًﺍ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘًﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻼً ،ﻟﻪ ﺃﺭﻳﺞ ﻭﺷﺬﺍ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻤﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣِﺤﻮَﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﺯ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﱠﻌﺔ -ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﱟ ﻣﺎ -ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣًﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺗﻘﺎﻥ ،ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺧﺒﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ :ﺇﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤًﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞﱡ ﻋﻦ 1%ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ. ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ: ﺗُﺤﻀﱠﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﻹﺫﺍﺑﺔ. ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔﻓﻲﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹﺯﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔﻣﻦﻗﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻭﺑﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎﻣﺜﻞﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻧﺞ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﺗﺤﺖﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻝٍ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﺘﻢﱡ ﻏﻠْﻲُ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﻳﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ. ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ: ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺄﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ:
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- 1ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ:ﻭﺗﻤﺰﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﺛﻢ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﻨًﺎ ﻭﻃﻴﺒًﺎ ﺑﻤﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ،ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ: ﺻّﺎ ﺑﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ )ﺃ( ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺲ : Essenceﻭﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘًﺎ ﺧﺎ ً ﺃﺳﻨﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ،ﻓﺘُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻮﻛﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﺔ. )ﺏ( ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺎ Eau de cologne:ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﺨﻔﱠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ،2%ﻭﻛﺤﻮﻝ ،90% - 50ﻣﺎﺀ .40% - 10 )ﺟـ( ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻮﻥ : Lotionﺃﻱ ﻏﺴﻮﻝ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ 5%ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻴﻪ ،ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ،85% ﻣﺎﺀ .15% - 10 )ﺩ( ﺇﻛﺴﺘﺮﻳﻪExtract؛ ﺃﻱ :ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻣﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰًﺍ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒَﻖ ،ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ 10%ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻛﻴﻪ، ﻛﺤﻮﻝ ،80%ﻣﺎﺀ .10% )ﻫـ( ﻓﻜﺴﺘﺮFixter؛ ﺃﻱ :ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﻤﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﻗﺘًﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻼً ،ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﱢﺘﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺒﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻄﻮﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺑﻠﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻧﻴﻠﻴﻴﻦ، ﻭﻣﺴﻚ ﺇﻣﺒﺮﻳﺖ ،ﻣﺴﻚ ﺇﻛﺴﻠﻴﻦ ،ﺇﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻥ. - 2ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ :ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻮﺭ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤُﻨﻌِﺸﺔ ،ﻭﻳُﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﺪﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻈﻬَﺮ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﻗِﻪِ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻝ. - 3ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺯﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺒﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻩ. - 4ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﱠﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺗﺼﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻄﻬ؛ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ. - 5ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻮﻝ. - 6ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ،ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ،ﻭﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ. ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ: ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﻳﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺗﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺦ ﺃﻣﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻔﻈﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ،ﻭﺷﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﺈﺳﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺑﺬﺥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺸﻔﻮﺍ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗَﺤﻀﻴﺮﻫﺎ، ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﻋﻮﺍ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴﻖ ،ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻕ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ،ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ. ﻭﻳُﺤﻜﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻃﻐﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻻﺩ ﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﻓﺮﻏﺎﻧﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﺐ ﺑـ)ﺍﻹﺧﺸﻴﺪ ( ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻡ )946 - 935ﻡ(ُ ،ﻭﺻِ َ ﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺇﻥ "ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﻃﻴﺒِﻪ ﺣُﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺳﻔﺮﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻼً ،ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻣﺸﻖ ﻗﺒﺔ ﻣُﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺼﻞ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﱢﻴﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ". ﻭﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ -ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ -ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳَﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺮﻭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻧﺎﺑﺮﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻳُﻌﻄﱢﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺩﻳﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ.
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ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
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ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺧﻄﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ،ﻓﺄُﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ،ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻭﺳﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﺧﻼً ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ،ﻭﻓﺘﺤًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪًﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ. ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﺲ Grasseﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ Maritimesﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻝ )ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ( -ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘِﺞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻷﺭﻗﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ. ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ: ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﻮﺭ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻣُﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﱠﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻟﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺬﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﱡﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ،ﻭﻹﺿﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﺭﻳﺞ ﻃﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ،ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ. ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﻦﱠ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﱢﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ،ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺼﻼﺡ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﱠﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺮ ًّﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤ ًﻴّﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣُﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﱡﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ. ﻭﻧﺬﻛﱢﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺳﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻛَﻤَﻦَ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻷﺯﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺑﻞ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤًﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺸﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒُﻌﺪ ﻭﺃﻫﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑ ًﺮّﺍ ﻭﺑﺤﺮًﺍ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﺴﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ. ﺃﻣَﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻠﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﱠﺤﺪﻭﺍ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺒﻬﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ؟! ﺃﺩﻋﻮ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺮﻳﺒًﺎ. ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ: 1ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻣﺴﻠﻢ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ. 2ﺳﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ. 3ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑ؛ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ -ﻣﺼﺮ. 4ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻟ؛ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ -ﻣﺼﺮ. 5ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴة؛ ﺍﻟﺜﻌﺎﻟﺒﻲ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ -ﻣﺼﺮ. 6ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻈﺮﻓ؛ ﺍﻷﺑﺸﻴﻬﻲ ،ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ -ﻣﺼﺮ. "7ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﺃﻓﻼ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﻭﻧ"؛ ﺩ .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺑﻲ -ﺍﻗﺮﺃ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ. 8ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ؛ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻟﻲ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺠﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ.9 -ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳة؛ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ﻏﺮﺍﺏ ،ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺠﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ.
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