Combating Gentrification in Cardiff

AUTUMN STUDIO GROUP D

Yuting Chen, Shiyu Dou, Kieran Hymers, Mutoni Kayihura, Qingran Ni, Yize Sun, Rummin Wang, Xiduo Yang, Hao Zheng, Chenyi Zhang

CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION

GROUP A Yuting Chen Yize Sun Rummin Wang Hao Zheng

GROUP B Chenyi Zhang Shiyu Dou Qingran Ni

GROUP C Xiduo Yang Kieran Hymers Mutoni Kayihura

II. LAND USE, PROPERTY AND POLICY - Analysis - Strategies and case studies - Conclusion

III. DEMOGRAPHICS, JUST TRANSITION - Analysis - Strategies and case studies - Conclusion

IV. HOUSING FINANCE, EQUITABLE MOBILITY, MOVEMENT, TYPE AND DENSITY - Analysis - Case studies - Strategies - Conclusion

V. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Anti-Gentrification To solve the problem of gentrfication, three groups focus on different aspects. Group A focus on landuse, property and policy. Group B focus on demographics and just transition, while group C explore the topic from housing finance, equitable mobilit, type and density. Based on the analysis of each topic, specific anti-gentrification strategies are proposed.

Land Use Housing Finance Movement

Demographics

Property

Policy

Type and Density Equitable Mobility

Just Transition

VISION

“The community of Grangetown will feel included, respected and empowered. They will have a share in a pioneering affordable and diverse neighborhood, which will enjoy ample public space that encourages diversity, cohesion and openness�

GROUP A

LANDUSE PROPERTY POLICY

Yuting Chen, Yize Sun, Runmin Wang, Hao Zheng

INTRODUCTION Topics of Group A are land use, property development and policy.

Topic

Methodology

Land Use

Property Development

Problem-solving

Strategy Common Ground

Policy

Goal-oriented

Commutiy Builder and Developer

Merchant City

Analysis

A

ANALYSIS

Land Use

Mixed-use The commercial area of Grangetown is mainly distribute at the west of the railway and the south Grangetown.

The north-east Grangetown is a large scale residential area.

The most of buildings in Grangetown are single used. The most of mixed used land is the centre of large scale residential area, which is commercial and residential mixed.

Green Space

Infrastructure These map show the infrastructuresÂ’ distribution and buffer in Grangetown. As shown in the maps, the distribution of infrastructures are uneven and mainly in north-eastern Grangetown.

In addition, the lack of sports infrastructure is an other problem in Grangetown.

This is the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards Index published by University of Liverpool. This map shows the rank of green space can be achieved by residents in each area.

According to this map, the distribution of green space in Grangetown is uneven. The southern Grangetown has more green space than north.

A

ANALYSIS

Property Development

RISK OF GENTRIFICATION DUE TO ADJACENT DEVELOPMENT

New adjacent development Better and more convenient environment

Attract some new staff who are middle class

Attract more people to live there (especially those rich one

Find some residential place in Grangetown

Making the house price increase

Figure 1. Runmin Wang. 2020

Source: Wales online

Source: ONS, House price statistics for small area

Some landlord would keep the house vacant

THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF VACANT HOUSE

Average House price Council Tax: empty homes premium Source: Last yearÂ’s report

Source: https://wearecardiff.co.uk/2017/12/08/ over-1000-properties-lay-empty-in-cardiff/

House for sale Source: Rightmove

House for rent Source: Rightmove

Reduce the value of the neighbour's property by as much as 10% Discourage further investment in the area leading to neighbourhood decline

A

ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS

well-being report 2018-2019 Over the last decade Cardiff grew by around 11%, or 34,600 people, and this growth is set to continue, with the Welsh capital projected to be the fastest-growing major British city. Cardiff is also by far the fastest-growing Local Authority in Wales. Over the next 20 years the capital city is set to see a larger growth in population than the other 21 Local Authorities in Wales put together.

That so many people are choosing to live and work in Cardiff is good news, but it will strain our city s infrastructures and put new demands on our public services. This is because the city s population growth will not be spread evenly across age groups. For example, the expected 24% increase in school age children over the next 20 years will mean that more school places and more teachers will be needed.

Similarly older people particularly those over 85 years old whose numbers are expected to nearly double in the next 20 years are more likely to need to go to hospital or the GP surgery, or need help from social care services.

A . serving the city

Each year the Council delivers around 700 services to 360,000 residents in 151,000 households, helping to support local communities and improve the lives of Cardiff residents. The services the Council delivers include:

and people with disabilities

s well as those living in the City, almost 100,000 people commute into Cardiff every day, representing over a third of the city s workforce.

In the most recent National Survey for Wales, undertaken in 2017/18, Cardiff came top for access to good services and facilities with 87% of respondents agreeing. Cardiff also out performed the other Local Authorities in Wales withthe availability of services and ability to get local services.In the most recent Ask Cardiff survey in 2018, 87.2% of rea place to live, which is a slight increase of 2.4 percentage points fromdata collected in 2017. The level of citizen satisfaction with Council services rose by 7% to 63.7% between 2017 and 2018, however this remains below the target set by the administration of 75%.

A

ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS

well-being report 2018-2019

B. Equality

. Self-Assessment of well-being objectives

The gap between rich and poor in the city is too wide, and it is growing. For example, ferences in health outcomes are even more pronounced, with a healthy life expectancy gap of between 22 and 24 years between the most and least deprived communities is in Thornhill.

In fact, if the Southern Arc of Cardiff, from Ely in the West to Trowbridge in the East, was considered a single Local Authority, it would be far and away the most deprived in Wales. This deprivation damages too many lives, it places pressure on public services and it breaks the bonds that help to create a strong society.

The Welsh Government has set out national Well-being Goals.

Cardiff Council and the Cardiff Public Services Board have agreed local Well-being Objectives, which are complementary with the national Well-Being Goals. In order to measure Cardiff s progress towards achieving the seven Well-being Objectives, a series of high-level outcome indicators were selected which provide objective measures of the city s performance

C. Engaging with citizens

In 2018/19, we conducted over 40 consultations which included:

tation

-

source:well-being report 2019

A

ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS

community well-being policy

A. Empoer communities Empowering communities and making public servicesresilient will require a new approach to locality working .

The new approach will be centred on joining-up community services, coordinating spatial development and maximising the impact of public investment

It will also involve engaging communities on health improvement approaches to address health inequality Protection of residents

The crime rate

Community cohesion and participation

B. Supporting people out of poverty Cardiff s emerging locality approach, which joins-up public services at a local level in a way that makes sense for each particular community, building on the approach to tackling poverty.

Working with the community to provide good job opportunities Public service section

C. For older

local communities need to have accessible, local and strong community networks to support the needs of older people where they live

adopting a preventative approach will be of central importance

Public services provide many jobs, especially for poor young people Enabling older people to play a role in their communities tackle social isolation and loneliness pressures and costs onthe city s health and care services better health outcomes

. Public space recreation, 1 playground, 1 teen facility, 1x 40 plot allotment site destinations Ensure a consistent approach to the use of high quality street furniture and paving materials

Improve people's street life

A

ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS

Education policy current situation

The number of young people (under 18s) in Cardiff is projected to increase by 25% over the next 20 years, compared to an all-Wales increase of 0.8%. It will therefore be increasingly important to make sure that young people feel able to Projections indicate an increase of 5,700 (18%) in the number of primary school age pupils, and an increase of over 9,000 (37%) in the number cant investment will be needed to build new schools and to refurbish and improve existing accommodation.

-

School construction plan i. Be well designed, well related to neighbourhood services and amenities, and easily accessible by sustainable transport modes; ii. Include, where appropriate, provision for other appropriate community uses in addition to their educational use.

North west Cardiff : new Secondary School, 3-4 new Primary Schools located in or adjaCity central area : Education-1 new Primary School and contribution to existing Secondary Schools adjacent to Local Centre North east of Cardiff (west of Pontprennau):1new Secondary School, 3 new Primary Schools East of Pontprennau link road:1new Primary Schoollocated in or adjacent to the local Centre

students with the cost of further education. It is paid every two weeks directly into the studentÂ’s bank account.

Welsh Government Learning Grant Further Education

What ?

The Welsh Government Learning Grant FE is an income-assessed grant

their education, where otherwise this may not be possible.

What evidence?

It provides young people, who wish to continue in education after school leaving age, with an incentive You must provide evidence of your household income for the prior tax year. If the student lives independently of you they must provide evito earn awards through good attendance and achieving agreed objectives. dence of their own household income.

A

ANALYSIS

Policy

Delivering affordable housing using section 106 agreements TAN 1 and TAN2 Technical Advice Note (TAN) 1: Joint Housing Land Availability Studies (2006) TAN 1 provides guidance on the preparation of Joint Housing Land Availability Studies and shows how they are integrated into the Development Plan process.All LPAs have a responsibility to identify a 5 year supply of housing land and to do so in partnership with the development industry, statutory undertakers, infrastructure providers and other key bodies asappropriate.

Technical Advice Note (TAN) 2: Planning and Affordable Housing (2006) TAN 2 provides adviceon: affordability; affordable housing and land useplanning; working together - the roles of Local Authorities, Registered Social Landlords and privatedevelopers; assessing local housingmarkets; Local Housing Market Assessment and the DevelopmentPlan; setting the affordable housingtarget; affordable housing policyapproaches; design; securing affordablehousing; involvement of a Registered Social Landlord; andmonitoring and review of affordable housingpolicies.

TAN2 highlights the steps to support the delivery of housing through the planning system housing where there are secure mechanisms in place to ensure thatit is accessible to those who cannot afford market housing, subsequent occupiers. (TAN 2, paragraph 5.1)

Houses in Multiple Occupation HMOs in Wales HMOs provide a source of accommodation for certain groups, including students temporarilyresident in a locality and individuals and/or small households unable to afford self-containedaccommodation. Concerns can arise with the management of HMOs because of the transient nature of many tenancies, with many residents on low incomes and/or from vulnerable groups,the intensive use of shared facilities and lack of interaction between residents who may be complete strangers to each other. Consequently, HMO use of a house will generally be more intensive than single household use. This may have an impact not just on the residents in an HMO but on the wider neighbourhood and the likelihood of this increases where there are high concentrations of such properties.

Where there are high concentrations of HMOs, the Review

A change of character in an area through a tendency for increased numbers of takeaways, discount food stores and letting agencies; Increased pressure on parking; Reduction in provision of community facilities for families and children, in particular pressure on schools through falling rolls.

Local Housing Market Assessment 1 Research aims and methodology Local Housing Market Assessments (LHMAs) are carried out by local authorities to help determine the level of housing need and demand in their local housing market(s).

The information provided by the LHMA enables local

problems include:

housing and planning policies, tailored to their local area.

Damage to social cohesion with higher levels of transient To understand more about the LHMA process and how residents and fewer long effective local authorities termhouseholds and established families, leading in the perceive LHMAs to be, Welsh Government adminislong term to communities which tered a survey of local authorities. are not balanced and self-sustaining; MAs are developed and used by buyers becoming much more local authorities.

- The survey was distributed to all 22 local authorities in tion from landlords, with a Wales. All authorities reduction in thenumber of family homes; responded, giving a 100% response rate. The survey Increases in anti-social behaviour, noise, burglary and contained both closed and openother crime; ended questions in order to gather quantitative and Reduction in the quality of the local environment and qualitative information. street scene as a consequence of disrepair and prevalent letting signs;

LHMA Development Just over half of local authorities (12 of 22) produce

A

ANALYSIS

Policy

produce their LHMAs in-house. Of these, all 12 reported

Empty Houses

their LHMA development. These include Planning and Social Services colleagues.

The remaining ten local authorities produced their LHMAs via consultants or other external means.

Reasons for this external production include: lacking in-house resources, wanting to ensure independence, and utilising external expertise. Despite the assessment being produced externally, all local authorities reported that there was considerable consultation between consultants Cardiff Residential Design Guide and local authorities.

The cost of producing the LHMA The document seeks to establish a common design varied considerably with a range language for residential development in Cardiff, clarifying of £7,825 to £55,000, but this the fundamental design issues and how to address them by: describing the key objectives of residential design and for example, one local authority providing guidance on how they may be achieved;describreported undertaking a household ing the design process which should be followed to adesurvey. Five local authorities quately address each objective;and, providing case study reported the cost of producing their LHMAs was unexamples which illustrate how many of the principles have been achieved in recent developments in Cardiff.

This guide features 11 objectives that encapsulate the objectives of good design and the housing design guidance Cardiff Adopted Local Development Plan as set out in TAN 12. It provides some simple guidance on how each objective can be addressed in a typical residenAFFORDABLE HOUSING The Council will seek 20% affordable housing on Brown- tial development to achieve high quality, safe and inclusive residential development. The 11 objectives are as follows: Character and Context Compactness that: Accessibility and Ease of Movement Contain 5 or more dwellings; or Legibility Sites of or exceeding 0.1 hectares in gross site area; Continuity and Enclosure or Public Realm Where adjacent and related residential proposals result in combined numbers or site size areas exceeding Variety and Diversity Adaptability the above thresholds, the Council will seek affordable housing based on the affordable housing target percent- Designing Safer Environments Natural Heritage ages set out above.

Affordable housing will be sought to be delivered on-site in all instances unless there are exceptional circumstances.

Wasted homes have obvious consequences for people in housing need. With over 80,000 households on local authority waiting lists and the credit crisis reducing the opportunities to provide much needed affordable housing in Wales, thousands of properties that could empty and blight communities across the country. At least 26,000 homes in private hands have been empty for over six months in Wales, with this number likely to affordable housing.

Though empty properties are not the whole answer to the housing crisis, government and local authorities cannot ignore their potential there is a need to ensure that owners are both encouraged, and where appropriate, required to unlock the potential of this wasted resource.

There is an increasing pressure on housing authorities to develop effective empty homes strategies to make best use of the existing stock in the face of a growing population, increases in the rate of household formation driven by smaller household sizes, and growing pressure on social housing. There is an under supply of housing to meet the high demand for property across all tenures and price brackets. Returning empty properties to use housing supply and meeting housing demand.

nities and Local Government (DCLG) classes Problematic Vacancies as those that are inactive in the housing market and have been empty for more than six months. empty property and a range of terms, such as vacant and redundant are also often used. Generally speaking, commodation that is empty at a particular point in time.

This includes dwellings that are: empty between change of occupants; undergoing modernisation, repair or conversion; awaiting demolition; newly completed but not occupied.

ANALYSIS

POLICY ANALYSIS

source: well-being report 2019 Cardiff residential design guide

Large Scale

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Monofunctional residential area

Uneven green space

Inequality of infrastructure

Risk of land value due to adjacent development

Vacant housing and lands

More diverse and more green space

Strong landscapes and infrastructure

secondary centre

ISSUE

Risk of Victorian properties owned by private landlords

A

Diverse land use

AIMS

B

Re-use of vacant housing and lands

C

Affordable Community Strategy

STRATEGY

D

E

DETAIL STRATEGY

New housing and chances

Common Ground

Community Developer and Builders

Merchant city

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Common Land

BIKE LANE SYSTEM

Setting up a bicycle greenway network

Existing sport facilities Lack of sport facilities

Adding some temporary facilities into the park

Making Boundary transform into Border

prevent people from getting close to the vriver bank

up the space o n t h e r ive r bank

to enjoy the river bank

The newly approved urban renewal project on the south bank of the TAFF RIVER will generate a large number of jobs.The north place will be a collection of good quality heritage buildings anchored by Brains brewery and buildings along Trade Street, and the south sites is for housing development which create 3000 conseconstruction jobs and 500 extra long-term jobs.

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Common Land

POCKET PARK SYSTEM

A pocket park (also known as a parkette, mini-park, vest-pocket park or vesty park) is a small park accessible to the general public. Pocket parks are frequently created on a single vacant building lot or on small, irregular pieces of land. They also may be created as a component of the public space requirement of large building projects.

Pocket parks can be urban, suburban or rural, and can be on public or private land. Although they are too small for physical activities, pocket parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and sometimes a children s playground. In Grangetown, the pocket park also can combine with the community garden which can be the source of maintenance costs.

Pallis pocket park is a 13*15 meter site located in Stockholm which is completed in 2015. are corners. Aside from the obvious ecosystem step towards achieving equitable architecture.

Pallis is a pocket park that unexpectedly pioneered a change in how citizens can adapt their built environment democratic architecture in action.

The Pallis pop-up park put all of these concepts in action. For the duration of June 2015, cars were banned from a small section of Stockholm s Södermalm while the community took over to design and programmed their very own Pocket Park.

Pallis evolved to include DIY jewellery making and skateboard deck design workshops, food trucks, DJs and live performance, as well as group tutorials on how to design and make horticultural and ecosystem services that underpinned the park. At the end of the month, all parts of the park were taken by visitors to be repurposed in their own homes and neighborhoods.

(White Arkitekter, 2020)

Pocket Parks will be set instead of the vacant land and some of the vacant housings in Grangetown. When developing pocket parks in vacant housings, demolishing is not the only way. the roof garden can be used and the ground other functions.

The function of pocket parks in different location is different as shown in the map, but it can be change when it is necessary.

Usually, it will be developed as green park, roof garden, event area or event area.

Some of them will be rent to used to develop new parks or maintain these parks.

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Community developer and builder

COMMUNITY LAND TRUSTS (CLT) Introducing a Community Right to Buy. Getting hold of land at an affordable price is the biggest barrier to affordable housing, including by CLTs. We need to upgrade the Localism Act to provide powers like those in Scotland, where communities donÂ’t just have the right to bid (as in England) but have a pre-emptive right to buy land at an independently valued price. In the case of abandoned or neglected land where the use is causing harm to local wellbeing, they also have the right to compulsorily buy the land. This should be supported by a ÂŁ20m Land Fund to provide loan funding to support groups to acquire land, or an interest in land without planning permission.

Keeping CLT homes affordable to local peopleThe fundamental principle of a CLT is that homes remain affordable, not just for now but for every future occupier. It is that principle that motivates people to give up hundreds of hours of their spare time to invest in a project, or landowners to be willing to sell land to a project. It is therefore vital that CLTs are made exempt from policies or legislation that undermines the permanent affordability of a CLT, including leasehold enfranchisement, the Voluntary Right to Buy and the Right to Shared Ownership.

Bought land by community

Rent Sub-contractor

CLT owns land

Build out

Provide housing for low-income people

CLT provides homes that are genuinely affordable to rent or to buy and will remain affordable, as well as other assets.

Commercial Land mix-uses Housing

ANTIGENTRIFICATION More job opportunities

Affordable neighborhood

Architect manager Community business Gifted land

For

Attract small & medium-sized investors invest

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY COMMUNITY DEVELOPER AND DUILDER

Difference of Common Ground Trust (CGT) and Community Land Trust (CLT)

will what is CGT? The Common Ground Trust (Trust hereafter) is proposed as a publicly-backed but independ-

what is CLT? Community land trusts are set up and run by ordinary people to develop and manage homes as well as other assets. CLTs act which would buy the land as long-term stewards of beneath houses and lease housing, ensuring that it it to members.The Trust remains genuinely affordawould take the form of a ble, based on what people commons, where the land actually earn in their area, is controlled by a commu- not just for now but for nity of members, working every future occupier. within a constitutional framework.

Why is CGT antigen-

-

tion ?

Provide enough affordable An organization led by norhouses mal people The purpose is to seek wel-Preventing the land pre- fare for low-income people mium from driving out the Increases the functional poor as a result mix of the region -The social class mix is achieved

Area A is gas work site.In this area the CGT will own some land to rent to members who can build their own houses.To achieve a mixture of different social classes In B and C area CLT cooperate with CGT , CGT owns some land in the open space of areas B and C to make affordable houses so that the poor can stay in this area.This method can be mixed with local social class.

While CGT is building housing in regions A,B and C, CLT is building to attract investment and small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out commercial development in these regions.

Area D is an area used by CLT for construction.

Building houses in this place can strengthen the connection between the south and the north of Grangetown and make the business district evenly distributed. source: datashine

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY COMMUNITY DEVELOPER AND DUILDER

When people can t afford to buy a home, they can ask the trust to purchase the land that underlies it

of the cost). They then pay the trust a land

CGT,

CGT cooperate with skill center Working with the residents and community of designer as a skill center Creating a collective approach to identifying the physical, technical and design parameters across a particular community can help simplify and standardise,.

The guiding design rules can be embodied in a Community Design Code

CGT Goals

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Merchant city on large scale

Backgrond 1 : Adjacent development could bring new opportunity of business

The newly approved urban renewal project on the south bank of the TAFF RIVER will generate a large number of jobs.The north place will be a collection of good quality heritage buildings anchored by Brains brewery and buildings along Trade Street, and the south sites is for housing development which create 3000 conseconstruction jobs and Source: Wales Online 500 extra long-term jobs.

Figure1. Runmin Wang. 2020

The new land development will attract a large population, which will generate diverse needs and provide opportunities for Grangetown.

Backgrond 2 : Local residents want to develop community businesses We need more support for "shop local" concept and encouragement for community businesses and enterprises.

Steve Duffy, who is a BBC journalist and a long-time Grangetown resident and activist.

Source: By Steve Duffy's lecture

Figure2. Runmin Wang. 2020

As the coordinator, the community buys and manages vacant properties. Some organizations provide support for the community, such as: Welsh Government, The Vale of Glamorgan Council, Environmental Health & Private Sector Housing Dept. Meanwhile, the community would also cooperate with some social organization such as Empty Homes Wales and SMK Ltd. New indie business are opening in Grangetown

Traditional places are left in Grangetown

Lack of Chain shop in Grangetown

Self-built pop-up cocktail bar

The development of the new area will create many development opportunities for these vacant houses.Through the transformation made by the community, these vacant houses can meet the new needs generated by the new adjacent development.

Some local skilled people, as well as some people who want to get jobs, can be trained by skill centers.They will work in the vacant house.At the same time, a share of the profits they receive will be returned to the community center, so that the community center can run constantly.

L

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Merchant city on large scale

DIVERSE SHOP

The area near the new adjacent developing land can attract working people to consume through commercial transformation, thus creating income Figure 2 for the community residents.Especially in the middle of the day, workers need to go to Grangetown for lunch wtihin ten ATTRACTED BUSINESS MAN minute's walk.

COMMUNITY COMMERCE

Figure 3

PARK

The house next to the park has good commercial potential.

Some commercial activities can be held in the park to attract crowds.The gentrification was mitigated by the conversion of the first floor into commercial use, creating income for residents.

Figure1. Runmin Wang. 2020

CASE STUDY: The Merchant City in Glassgow

“The Merchant City is the cultural heart of the city, where cultural and artistic entrepreneurs choose to base themselves, alongside the great food and drink offer in the area. The annual Merchant City Festival (MCF) is when all this vibrant energy bursts out in an international celebration of music, dance, street theatre, circus, design, food and drink."

CREATIVE ACTIVITIES

Figure 1

Figure1.2.3. Runmin Wang. 2020

Source: https://peoplemakeglasgow.com/neighbourhoods/citycentre/merchant-city

DIVERSE ATTRACTION

NIGHTLIFE

Medium Scale

M

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

The Gaswork is located in the central area of about 125,000 sqm and include an industrial heritage, Gas Holder. In Local Development Plan 2006-2026, it is marked as an area for affordable housing developing. However, the gaswork could be an end of the road, due to the building and facilities surrounding. Thus, how to develop this area into an affordable community will be focus in this part.

The gaswork will be developed as an affordable community include commercial, working and rensidential area.

Comprehensive community service and skill education system will be provided. In addition, this community will be a carless area, and all cars can park in an deisgned area.

The advantage is the setting of the community garden and the main business axis

The advantages lie in the setting of co-huosing and the land use mix of the whole site

In 1984 Coin Street Community Builders borrowed ÂŁ1 million from the Greater London Enterprise Board chase of the our 13 acre site. These loans have now been repaid in full.

More recent developments have been funded by borrowing from banks and the Nationwide Building Society. Loans and interest are repaid from commercial income. Initially this income came from temporary tuses of the land such as car parking, but as CSCB has grown it has developed a wide range of revenue streams including commercial tenancies and venue hire.

The advantage is that the setting of the skill centre can cooperate with CGT organization and IKEA. In addition, the high-rise apartments are set as local landmarks.

well connects the Gas work area with the external area

M

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Common Ground

The pedestrian and cars will be separated. cars are only allowed access surrounding this area. the residentsÂ’ cars can park in the building in the northen gaswork. bikes also are encouraged to be used in community. the longest distence in this area is no more than 800m, which is walkable.

The landscapes and functional buildings creates two landscape axis which are cross in the central of this area. The main landscape axis coincides with the main street.

M

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Community Developer and Builders

the green space are developed vertical and try to distribute in the entire area. the roof garden are developed on the low-rise buildings which ensure the roof garden can achieve both Interaction and viewing. Due to the roof of CGT area is not under control, some pocket park are set.

The housing developed in this area can be divided into three kinds as shown in the map. the affordable housings and market housing are subsidy the development of affordable housing and the CGT.

M

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Merchant City

This area will be developed as a mixed-use area. the mainly function of this arae will be residential. A number of commercial area will be set in this area. Aims to attract people deeply participated in the urban life in this area, some functions are set in the centre of this community. In addition, the function also mixed between indoor and outdoor area.

M

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Community service

Gasholder Park Skill Centre Sports Centre Community Garden

Community Centre

Small Scale

S AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY COMBINATION OF SPACE SYSTEM AND ACTIVITIES Sport cente

Community Center Analysis shows that Cardiff is a multi-ethnic city, so we should continue to pay attention to the construction of the community and improve the cohesion of the community. A community center is a facility that provides a venue for community activities, both formal and informal.

Public Services—Most public servicers work in the community center to provide services to residents Formal activities-Organize newcomers to quickly integrate into the community, while involving people who are not keen on participating in community events.

-Provide sports places for residents to promote daily communication and integration of residents.

-Meeting residentsÂ’ demand for public facilities -Venues can be set up for public facilities, some of which have variable functions -Provide facility support for surrounding schools (meet the planning requirements of LDP) -Provide space for large and medium-sized events in the community

Informal activities-enhance the communication of community residents and strengthen cohesion, and at the same time facilitate communication between community groups.

sport activities

public cinema

Park -Provide green space for community center and sport center users and employees to communi cate and promote local residentsÂ’ understanding and use of public services. This can activate the community and increase the vitality of the community.

-Provide public space for surrounding residents to do leisure time activities, which is also mentioned in the well-being plan. city memory hall

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Sport Center Big speech The facilities of the sports center are detachable and can provide venues for large-scale lectures in the community and surrounding schools Community Tournament Organize community competitions to cultivate the team spirit of community residents and enhance community cohesion Daily Sport Provide a place for daily exercise

COMBINATION OF SPACE AND ACTIVITIES

Park Community Fun Games Organized by the community every spring

Community Center munity Library Lecture

Public Cinema Open-air cinema on the grass on a summer night

Communities hold some knowledge dissemination lectures

Music Festival & Craft Market Open-air music festival and handmade market in summer

Exhibition Invite some local artists to hold the exhibition

Crop Market ( crop from community garden) Cooperate with community garden to host crop market during autumn crop harvest Community centre & sport centre Sport centre Keep the appearance of the plant to save the development cost.

The inner space of the workshop is simple and empty, suitable for transformation into a stadium.

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Case study

Memory Hall Collect and display some meaningful photos about the community Park Parks at com- Case study munity centers and sports centers can provide interfacilities.

The community can organize community activities in the park from time to time to improve community cohesion.

S AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY COMMON GROUND TRUST CGT in Gas Work A CGT working capital

Residential

Commercial

ble house for people and eases the housing crisis

The commercial part is leased to the

The red area is where the commercial and residential mix of houses is implemented Close to street commercial Commercial service at more corners of the road

B -skill center will work with material factory ,reach sustainable goal.

Recycling with construction waste recycling stations for waste recycling

CGT on material reproduction and sells to local residents at low prices

-

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY COMMON GROUND TRUST

CGT in Gas Work

C

people collaborate with the architect to design their own house.

CGT can provide a list to local people who choose design companies

Case Study

blueprint for the development of future inner city environments. The urban framework proposed by MVRDV was designed in a way that guarantees the largest freedom possible

Finally, residents contacted a design studio with a negotiated price through CGT to design the interior of their house.

After deciding on the design plan of the house, the construction company will undertake some basic professional projects

MVRDV is the urban master planner tured are not designed by MVRDV but by different architects, residents and housing corporations respectively.

D

-After the house was completed, skill center cooperatdesign plan

better design and cheaper mend furniture choices based on the interior style of the resident house.

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

CLT in gas work

A -CLT FIRST TALKS WITH PEOPLE AND EXPLORES WHAT THEY WANT TO SEE AND GET IN THE COMMUNITY.

B -CLT WILL CARRY OUT THE ACTIVITY OF SELECTING AND IDENTIFYING THE LOCATION AFTER INVESTIGATING PEOPLE.

Set up CLT

Making plans

Form a steering group.

The group can be formal or informal.

Decide what CLT will do.

Building membership and support.

Governance and structures.

Identify a site.

Business planning.

Proving housing need and eligibility.

Housing tenure.

Accessing land.

The Affordable Homes Rental Fund for CTLs London Housing Fund The Community Investment Fund Private Finance Local Authority Loans and Grants C -SOME OF CLT S FUNDS COME FROM VARIOUS FUND FINANCING AND GOVERNMENT FUNDING, AND SOME COME FROM THE INVESTMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED INVESTORS. AFTER THE FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE, THE PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE WILL BEGIN. Building homes Developing homes Business planning.

Proving housing need and eligibility.

Housing tenure.

Accessing land.

The red area is a mixed building of market houses and residential buildings.

1. The area near the central axis is the main commercial street.

2. Near the west side of the area is the second commercial street, the main products are local characteristics and local shops of residents.

D -ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF THE HOUSE, THE FUNCTION OF THE HOUSE IS DIVIVDED INTO DIFFERENT CATEGORIES, WHICH CAN BE RENTED OR SOLD TO DIFFERENT SUITABLE GROUPS. Houses for people Affordable houses for low-income people.

Market house for commercial.

Mix building Market housing Co-housing

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Actual implementation of CLT Investment

MARKET HOUSING

HOUSING WORKS

Government or fund

Assist in building and management

CLT ARCADE Build

We are going to adopt the policy of Community Land Trust (CLT) to carry out construction in this commercial street, attract shops and encourage people to carry out housing market.

(Income from commercial & housing market)

House (type)

Rent Commercial

Affordable housing

Market housing

Co-housing

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Figure 1

Merchant city on small scale

The main street is the main entrance to the community.It's directly connected to IKEA, and the commercial layout is also conducive to attracting people into the community.In order to better connect the surrounding areas, the main street is also the main passage for bicycles in the community. And the bike lane is located in the middle of the main street to minimize disruption to shoppers on both sides of the street.In addition, the layout of the main street also considers how to attract chain stores to set up, which can provide more jobs for the community.

Figure 2

CASE STUDY: Delancey Street Location: San Francisco, Los Angeles Completed: 1991

Area of housing contínuum: HOMELESSNESS

+

SOCIAL ENTERPRISE

Client group served: MIXED INCOME

HOMELESS

+

JOB INTEGRATION

ALCOHOL ABUSERS

EX-FELONS

Number and type of affordable/social housinq dwellings: The Delancey Street mixed-use complex houses approximately 500 people in 177 two-bedroom residential units for low to moderate income earners, and those at risk of homelessness.The development is four stories, and spans over a whole city block. shop

CHAIN STORE

BIKE STATION

BIKEWAY

TEMPORARY STORE

(

LIVE

+

WORK

)

vocational schools

Residents

SUPPORT

LIVE

NO RENT CLT Skill Centre

WORK Figure 3

MONEY

WORK Commercial tenant

SUPPORT, RENT REDUCTION

Those who work on the g ro u nd f lo o r c an l ive directly above the store.

Instead of paying rent, they would return a portion of their income to the community.At the same time, communities will offer rent relief to store that provide jobs.

bookstore

café

The development includes street level retail tenancies, vocational schools, a public restaurant, an outdoor espresso café, and bookstore. All these social enterprises are staffed by tenants through a vocational training program as well as being overseen by experienced participants and Housing is provided without charge as long as tenants paricipate in the program.

60%

Living and working together

public restaurant

30%

10%

incomes from resident-run training schools company donations private operate in identical fashion, and are completely resident-governed under the direction of President Mimi Silbert and accountable to the Board of Directors. Typically, between 55%-65% of the operating funds come from pooling the incomes from the resident-run training schools such as moving and catering; 25%-35% of the funds come from donations of product or services primarily from corporations; and about 5%-15% of the funds are Source: https://policyoptions.pbworks.com/neighbourhoods/city-centre/ merchant-city Figure1.2.3. Runmin Wang. 2020

S

AFFORDABLE COMMUNITY STRATEGY

Merchant city on small scale

Gas holder

Figure 2

This secondary commercial street is directly connected to the gas holder to attract people to gather inside.And the commercial street space is divided into three parts, the outdoor space, the arcade and the interior space.Multiple levels of connection are created among them.

At the same time, this commercial street is a mix of functions, with the ground floor for commercial function and the upper floor for residential.

Such a form is also more conducive to the formation of spontaneous commercial activities.

Figure 3

The architecture of the commercial street changed its original form, from a single mass to many scattered small masses. Lively forms also make business activities more dynamic and attract people to enjoy inside.

Building Gas holder Street Arcade

Workshop space

Attract people from ikea OUTDOOR SPACE

ARCADE

+

Catering business

Shoping Museum

Provide job for local people

INDOOR SPACE Promote community vitality, bring income to residents

Figure 4 Figure 1: The ground floor for secondary street.

Photo: Runmin Wang

Diversified commercial spaces have stimulated diversified commercial activities. In addition, with the support of the skill centre and local hub, flexible business forms are also more conducive to the spontaneous formation of business activities by individual residents, thereby mitigate gentrification.

Figure1.2.3.4 Runmin Wang. 2020

CONCLUSION

COMMON GOUND

COMMUNITY DEVELOPER AND BUILDER

MERCHANT CITY

Reference List

Cardiff Council (2016). Cardiff Local Development Plan 2006 - 2026. Cardiff: Cardiff Council, pp.124, 126. [online]Available at: https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/resident/Planning/Local-Development-Plan/Pages/default.aspx [16, Jan, 2020] Cardiff Council 2020. Cardiff Residential Design Guide. Available at: https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/resident/Planning/Planning-Policy/Supplementary-Planning-Guidance/Documents/Residential%20Design%20Guidance.pdf [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Cardiff Government 2020. Cardiff Well-Being Plan 2018-2023. Available at: https://www.cardiffpartnership.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Well-being-Plan-2018-23-Eng. pdf [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Coin Street Community 2020. Coin Street Community Builders. Available at: https://coinstreet.org/about-us/history-background/coin-street-community-builders/ [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Glasgow life 2020. A Guide to Glasgow s Merchant City | People Make Glasgow. Available at: https://peoplemakeglasgow.com/neighbourhoods/city-centre/merchant-city [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Pocket Park & Pallis - strengthening urban ecosystems | White Arkitekter. 2020. Available at: https://whitearkitekter.com/project/pocket-park-pallis/ [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Reynolds, A. 2020. Understanding the Local Housing Market Assessments process | GOV.WALES. Available at: https://gov.wales/understanding-local-housing-market-assessments-process-0 [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

Sennett, R. 2011. Boundaries and Borders , in Burdett, R. and Sudjic, D. (eds) (2011) Living in the Endless City. London: Phaidon, pp. 324-331 Welsh Assembly Government 2020. Delivering affordable housing using section 106 agreements: guidance update | GOV.WALES. Available at: https://gov.wales/delivering-affordable-housing-using-section-106-agreements-guidance-update [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

-

mation-for-parents/education-maintenance-allowance.aspx [Accessed: 27 January 2020]. es-in-multiple-occupation.pdf [Accessed: 27 January 2020].

-

GROUP B

DEMOGRAPHICS JUST TRANSITION

Shiyu Dou, Qingran Ni, Chenyi Zhang

INTRODUCTION

Topics of Group B are demographics and just transition.

Foucus on these two topics, we have done lots of research and analysis of Grangetown related to statistics about population and air quality. Based on our analysis with gentrification and relative case studies, we specifically put forward three main strategies. From large scale (whole Grangetown), medium scale (gasworks and its surrounding areas) and small scale (detail space in gasworks), we work out the strategies and plans to solve the problem of gentrification in Grangetown.

ANALYSIS Empty Houses Gaps in Houses/Income/ Education Air Quality

STRATEGY

CONCLUSION

Memory / Retrofit Anti-gentrification Lifelong Learning Empowerment Green Mobility

Analysis

L

DEMOGRAPHICS

Population Basics

Mid‐2018 Population Age Structure

The population development 25,000

21,902 19,385

20,000 15,000

14,362

10,000 5,000 0

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Figure 2. The population development

Figure 3. Population age structure

The population in Grangetown is increasing in these years, and most of the people are young adults and children.

Aged

Figure 4. Distribution of age

0 to 4

5 to 14

15 to 24

25 to 44

45 to 64

65 to 90

Most of the population is concentrated in the eastern part of Grangetown, and is higher than the national average population density. The population of the western part is more dispersed and of low population density.

Figure 1. Distribution of population in Grangetown (2016)

Most of the people are young and middle-aged, and the proportion of people over 45 is relatively low.

Figure 1, 4. O'Brien, O. and Cheshire, J. 2016.

Figure 2. UK Office for National Statistics (web).

Figure 3. ONS Crown Copyright

DEMOGRAPHICS

L

Origins & Beliefs

Religion

Country of birth

Religion not stated

Christian

Antarctica and Oceania The Americas and the Caribbean

Africa Middle East and Asia

No religion

Europe

Other religion Sikh

Buddhist Hindu Jewish

Muslim (Islam)

Figure1. Religion

Christian

Buddhist

Hindu

Jewish

Muslim (Islam)

Sikh

Figure2. Country of birth

Europe

Africa

The Americas and the Caribbean Antarctica and Oceania

Middle East and Asia

Other Figure 4. Distribution of origins

People of the northeast is mainly muslim, while the northwest is christian. The religion mix in the middle is a combination of Buddhist, hindu, sikh and non-religious people.

Other religion

No religion

Religion not stated Figure 3. Distribution of religions

People are mainly from Europe. In the eastern part, the composition of people are more complex relating to country of birth. They come from Africa, middle east and Asia in addition to Europe.

Figure1-2: Qingran N. 2020

Figure 3-4. O'Brien, O. and Cheshire, J. 2016.

L

DEMOGRAPHICS

Education & Income & Employment

Education

1-4 O levels

5+ O level (Passes)

Economic activity

2+ A levels

Higher degree (MA, PhD)

No qualifications Figure 1. Distribution of education level

Household Income

Household Income by Income Band

Work

Unemployed

Figure 4. Households in Grangetown

Retired

Looking after home or family Figure 2. Distribution of employment

The education level in the western part is higher than that in the eastern.

At the same time, the eastern part shows significant economically inactiveness. There is more unemployment in the northeast than others, we can see that the south area is full of work full-type employment.

Figure 3. Distribution of income

The average household income of most areas in Grangetown is lower than the average of Cardiff as well as 60% of United Kingdom median income, especially in the area GRA 3 to GRA 5. At the same time, there is a large income gap between some areas and others.

Median household income Figure 1-3. O'Brien, O. and Cheshire, J. 2016.

Figure 4. Paycheck, CACI

L

DEMOGRAPHICS

Transportation

Method of travel to work

Car or van availability

Bus, minibus or coach

Taxi

No cars or vans

1 car or van

Driving a car or van

Bicycle

2 cars or vans

3 cars or vans Figure 2. Car or van availability

Most of the families in the western part own one car. Some families in the north and east in Grangetown have two cars, and some have no cars.

The mode of transportation is mainly private cars. The majority of the people in the southwestern part drive to work. The rest are mainly passengers in car, while very few by taxi, bus, bike, etc.

On foot

Passenger in a car or van Figure 1. Method of travel to work

Figure 1-2. O'Brien, O. and Cheshire, J. 2016.

Causes of Air Pollution

Air Quality

Issue about Cardiff

Lack of green space, imperfect infrastructure

24 23

High-density population area, high private car use ratio

NO2

18 15

PM10

12

PM2-5

9 6 3 0

figure 6

figure 5 2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Air Quality Indicators In Cardiff From 2007 to 2017

2016

2017

Trucks and service vehicles enter frequently

figure 1

Air Quality is the leading cause of the environmental burden of disease in Europe and a key public health concern in Wales. 40,000 additional deaths a year in Europe are attributable to poor air quality and research suggests that 143 deaths per year are caused by air pollution in Cardiff.

Carbon emissions per person in Cardiff have fallen in the last decade and are lower than both the UK and Wales averages. However, there is work to do if Cardiff is to meet the performance of similar local authorities; emissions per capita are second highest (behind Leeds) amongst the ‘Core Cities’. As the city grows the impacts of additional homes and vehicles will also have to be considered. Road transport continues to be a major source.

figure 4

Transport emissions: a large number of private vehicles; Single public transportation; due to the relative inconvenience of the surrounding commercial communities, people need to drive to purchase. Finally, due to the cold weather in winter, people are more inclined to drive.

Buiding emissions: Building materials pollution; carbon emissions from heating.

Grangetown 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Celsius

20

2018 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2019 Jan Feb Mar Apr May

15

10

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

5 High 0

Past 19 Months Daily-Average PM2.5 Figure 1-2: Shiyu D. 2020. source from: http://aqicn.org/map/united-kingdom/cardiff-centre/

Low Jan

Feb

figure 2

Figure 3: Shiyu D. 2020. source from: https://www.holiday-weather.com/cardiff/averages/

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Annual Weather Averages Figure 4-6: Shiyu D. 2020

Oct

figure 3

Nov

Dec

L

GENTRIFICATION

ANALYSIS

STRATEGY

Homeless & Empty Houses Fieldwork Observation

Memory / Retrofit

GENTRIFICATION

House Data Analysis

Gap in Grangetown (Income)

(Air pollution) Car Ownership Green Mobility &Method of travelling

Education & Employment

Lifelong Learning

Large Scale

JUST TRANSITION Memory/Retrofit

L

A total of 1,318 private sector properties in Cardiff laid vacant (2015/16), Currently in the city, almost one in every 50 properties is vacant.

Empty

Figure 3. Empty house

Grangetown 233 Figure 2. Empty houses in Grangetown

What is vacant property?

The Cardiff data shows that 166 homes have been empty for over 5 years and 39 for over 10 years.

Grangetown was the parish with the highest volume of vacant properties, recording 233.

A property that is, or could be, used as a dwelling, that has been empty for six or more months and is not playing a part in the housing market.

Why are they vacant property?

Inherited properties caught up in probate or Power-of-Attorney issues.

Properties once linked to an area’s business or industry, which has ceased to trade or has relocated.

Properties purchased for investment purposes, where the owner wishes neither to rent nor sell until the prices for either have picked up enough to make financial sense. Given the unstable economic climate, this situation’s surprisingly common when there’s negative equity in a mortgage or when a sub-clause in the deeds or local council issues may restrict rental options.

Housing association or council properties awaiting refurbishment or redevelopment, sometimes as a large-scale local development, leading to long waits whilst issues such as funding and permission are sorted.

Properties compulsorily purchased for an area’s planned redevelopment which then falls through.

0

150

300

450

600

Vacant Properties

Figure 1. Vacant properties in Grangetown

Properties caught in a cycle of difficult finances for the owner, such as when costs of repair or renovation outstrip the property’s value.

Figure 3. Qingran N. 2020 Figure 1. MAUD_Autumn_Studio_2018_2019-Final_Report_Studio_Section_Aseem_Inam Figure 2. https://www.ukconstructionmedia.co.uk/features/property/the-effect-of-empty-homes-on-local-neighbourhoods/

L

The Cardiff Council and partner Housing Associations have in total almost 26,000 units of accommodation, and all use the same Cardiff Housing Waiting List and Allocation Scheme to let their properties.There are 7,891 households on the Cardiff Housing Waiting List (as at 1st October 2018), and approximately 400 new applicants join the list each month.

JUST TRANSITION Memory/Retrofit

What was affected by the vacant properties?

00

00

Unfortunately, due to the overall low level of social housing lets the average waiting time for homeless clients increased from 290 days to 338 days during 2017/18.

• The effect on the neighbouring houses 00• Arson • Burglary and crime • Health issues 00 00 • Squatters and illegal occupation • Dilapidation 00

“It’s crazy that in the middle of a housing crisis we have more than 26,500 homes lying empty in Wales, while every year more than 15,000 people become homeless."

The charity’s campaigns manager Jennie Bibbings

Source 1 :https://www.neverpaintagain.co.uk/blog/what-happens-to-a-house-if-it-is-left-empty/

Homelessness in Cardif

What can we do?

Households threatened with homelessness

If residential premises had been left empty for at least six months and were not likely to be occupied in the near future, then an EDMO could be sought by the local authority.

(Housing Act 2004) Cardiff have 71 empty houses in Grangetown now. Majority of them are located in upper Grangetown. These empty houses has poor maintainance and bad condition inside. Such as, built simple shelter as car garage, mottled wall and broken interior structure. It cost a huge amount for house owner to repair it. And no tenant would like to live in a house with such bad situation.

Admin Unit Name

Properties

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

Grangetown

71

1

12

17

13

21

5

0

1

1

Source 5 : Cardiff Council 29 November 2018

Source 2 : Welsh Government

The chief cause of the threat of homelessness was mortgage or rent arrears.

Besides, loss of Rented or Tied Accommodation was also a significant cause of homelessness in 2017/18.

Source 3 : ENGLISH Cardiff Homelessness Strategy 2018_2022

Affordable Housing Households threatened with homelessness Age of applicant Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Total

1 bedroom need General Needs 117 233 203 209 199 113 52 1126

2 bedroom need General Needs 135 346 156 86 42 14 6 785

3 bedroom need General Needs 12 168 183 73 18 5 459

4 bedroom need General Needs 3 34 76 43 12 1 1 170

Source 4 : Cardiff Government, 2017-2018

Case study: Use of vacant housing into affordable housing The Empty Homes Wales project uses an innovative leasing model that doesn’t require any financial outlay from the homeowner. It through leases properties to recoup the cost of the refurbishment, then it’s up to the homeowner – United Welsh can carry on leasing the house on your behalf, you can rent it yourself, or sell up. The rental income received during the term of the lease is used to cover the cost of the refurbishment work.

Pay out

Household

Empty house

Rent

Agent

Figure1: Case study Housing Enforcement Empty Property Policy

Refund of maintenance fee Figure1 : Qingran N. 2020

L

Understanding the existing structure

JUST TRANSITION Memory/Retrofit

Fully comprehending how an existing building ‘works’ is key to a successful energy efficient refurbishment. Understanding how it has been constructed, how it has measured up to the elements and how it has used energy are the foundations to designing a strategy for its improvement.

Memory/History

As part of the overall initial structural and fabric survey, the designer should identify aspects of the building that will determine the eventual design strategy, including:

Lose their menory

Thermal performance

Planning

Windows

Damp

Insulation

Space heating and hot water

Exposure

Air-tightness

Retrofit plan

Defects

Ventilation

The owner has two options for sustainable renovation:

Sustainable retrofit

1. The government carries out fundamental renovation of the house, and the occupant moves in after paying.

Solatube 290OS 350mm daylight system to landing

Combine

Get back their memories and history

Lose their history Figure1: Memory/History

2.Residents do DIY renovations to their homes, and the government can help with microloans, academic support, and relatively inexpensive sustainable materials and equipment.

Priorities The overall guiding principle in design for energy efficient new build and refurbishment is to first conserve energy before having to generate it: 1. Insulate the building to the highest possible standard, make it airtight and ensure suitable levels of ventilation.

2. Install an efficient heating system that is sized correctly to match the anticipated space and domestic hot water demands.

3. Where possible, install solar collectors to provide a proportion of the hot water required.

4. Consider other renewable water and space heating systems 5. Consider renewable electrical power systems.

Electrical power

Web Dynamics’ T L X G o l d breathable multifoil insutation so underside of existing rafters

Twinned Kingspan Material CS1808 solar thermal collectors facing east and west have constructs to favour the warmest panel

220mm Kingspan Thermapitch polyurethane right location

8x sharp 170Wp polycrystalline photovoltaic panel, pitched at 5 degrees above horizontal 100mm Kingspan K5 phenolic external wall insutation plus 10mm silicone render to rear extension

170mm Kingspan Thermapitch rigid insutation laid over existing ceiling joists with flooring T&G floorboards over Knauf Crown 'Carbon Zero' glass wool insutation to eaves Knauf Supall 40 brown cavity wall instation NorDan Ntech Passive triple-glazed,frameinsulated timber windows 70mm Kingspan K17 phenolic insulation and plasterboard drylining

NorDan Ntech Passive triple-glazed. frame-insulated timber windows

1 0 0 m m K i n g s p a n K 3 250l Range Tribune V a i l l a n t r e c o V A I R 2 7 5 p h e n o l i c i n s u l a t i o n t w i n - c o i l t h e r m a l mechanical ventilation system between joists store with 90%hear recovery Source 1 ：http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/retrofit-1930s-terrace-house/ Figure1: Qingran N. 2020 Source 1 ：http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/retrofit-1930s-terrace-house/

JUST TRANSITION Green Mobility

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MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE THE BUS TRANSPORT SYSTEM.

Applying New Energy Vehicles.

Introducing electric vehicles into the public transport system to reduce environmental pollution.

CANTON

CITY CENTRE

Advantage on Price.

Rensidential Areas

Rensidential Areas Rensidential Areas

Rensidential Areas

Car Shops

Car Shops

CARDIFF BAY

IKEA

IKEA

FREE

Retail Park

Retail Park

International Sports Village

International Sports Village

Reduce price when people take two or more buses or set a maximum amount. No matter how many times the residents take the bus, it is the maximum amount to pay.

Make it a free journey in rush hours to attract more residents to use public transportation as well as reduce traffic jams at the same time.

Trainline Highway 0

150

300

450

Figure 1. Connectivity around Grangetown

600cm

0

150

300

450

Figure 2. Current train and bus network in Grangetown

600cm

Rensidential Areas

Rensidential Areas Rensidential Areas

Rensidential Areas

Car Shops

Car Shops

IKEA

IKEA

Introduce cycling into the community.

Figure 4. Strategies in Grangetown

Figure 3. Bus stops in Grangetown

Park Grangetown's Retail public transportation system is relatively complete, mainly concentrated in the residential areas, linking most destinations for residents, such as car shops, IKEA, retail park and international Sports Village in the south of the site.

Take 500m as a standard distance between two bus stops. Bus stops in the east side of Internationalwhile Sports Villagethe west side lacks some. the site are too concentrated, In the residential areas, it is better places for cycling and walking rather than buses.

Retail Park

International Sports Village

Therefore, the number of bus in the eastern part should be reduced, and the number of buses around residential areas in the west should be increased appropriately.

0

0

150

300

450

150

300

450

600cm

600cm

Figure 1-4. Chenyi Z. 2020

Improve sense of experience when taking pubic transport.

Make waiting time comfortable and interesting.

Improvement of the infrustrcture. For example, adding wifi, charging devices water supply and interactive devices. They can not only display accurate bus information, but also have entertainment functions to enrich peoples' waiting time.

Sharing umbrellas are provided when necessary.

Develop app for the public transport system.Make the information of the bus system more convenient and transparent, so that people can easily get relevant information on their mobile phones.

At the same time more care for the disabled.

L

JUST TRANSITION Green Mobility

Create specific bike lane.

CASE STUDY Remove parking areas.

SUPERBLOCKS MODEL

Remove parking areas Keep private vehicles and carrires out alongside the street and of the blocks. Controlled with access control, single platforms are created. turn into cycling lanes.

Residents vehicles and free bicycles can enjoy a free and safe environment.

Figure 1. photos in Grangetown

Figure 2. cycling lanes

Figure 8. Survey in Cardiff

Lane modes depend on the road width.(One-way lane or two-way lane.)

Apar t from motorway lanes to ensure safety.

Figure 3. photos in Grangetown

SURVEY IN CARDIFF

Figure 4. cycling lanes

BIKE SHARING SYSTEM

Creating routes with highest potential demands and making major destinations connected.

With bicycles located App in Moblie phones. a c r o s s t h e n e t w o r k a t Get the location and s e c u r e , e a s y - t o - u s e docking stations, it offers price. a convenient, flexible, and affordable way to get Pick up the bike. around.

Ride to the destination.

Church

Hospital

Rensidential Areas

School

Rensidential Areas

When arriving at the destination, the convenience and security of parking and the degree of the connection to the destination are important perspectives to consider.

Church School School

Car Shops

Figure 7. Superblocks model

According to the survey, over nine‐ten ths of respondents said that they felt safe when walking in Cardiff.

More than three‐fifths (61.7%), however, felt unsafe when cycling in the city.

Hospital

IKEA

Retail Park

Hospital

International Sports Village

Parking.

Linking.

Use the space efficiently.

0

150

300

450

600cm

Figure 5. Main destinations in Grangetown

Figure 6. Photos of parking for bicycles

The distance between the destination and the parking lots should be controlled appropriately. (The last mile) Monitoring.

Regular maintenance.

Cardiff has already launched a nextbike bikesharing plan. What we need to do is to increase the safety of the cycling, improve the portability of picking up and parking, and enhance the riding experience.

Link the shared bike and car together.

Figure 9. NEXTBIKE in Cardiff Figure 1,3,5. Chenyi Z. 2020. Figure 2,4. https://vancouver.ca/streets-transportation/protected-bicycle-lanes.aspx Figure 6. Available on Pinterest.

Figure 7. https://theconversation.com/superblocks-are-transforming-barcelona-they-might-work-in-australian-cities-too-123354

Figure 9. https://www.nextbike.co.uk/en/ Figure 8. https://www.cardiff.gov.uk/ENG/Your-Council/Have-your-say/Ask%20Cardiff%20Library/Transport%20Survey%202017%20Report.pdf

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JUST TRANSITION Green Mobility

ELECTRIC VEHICLES (EV) & SHARING New energy vehicles are an important process of low-carbon action, such as electric vehicles. Electric vehicles can effectively reduce the use of consumption of oil thus reducing the emission of harmful gases and reducing pollution to the environment.

Church

Hospital

Rensidential Areas

School

Rensidential Areas Church

The two major social benefits of carsharing are fewer vehicles on the road and lower emissions.

School School

Car Shops

Hospital

IKEA

Rensidential Areas

For those:

Sharingcar parking area

Retail Park

Rensidential Areas

Hospital

International Sports Village

Car Shops

IKEA

Low Income Group

Temporary Use

Needs For Different Types of Vehicles

0

Greener Transport

150

300

450

600cm

Figure 4. Main destinations in Grangetown Retail Park

CHARING & PARKING SPACE International Sports Village

0

Figure 1. Car shops in Grangetown

Since there are a concentration of car stores in the northwest of Grangetown, a cooperation between car shops and manufacturers of new energy cars are suggested.

The electric vehicle-sharing companies are given corresponding tax reduction.

150

300

450

600cm

Figure 3. Charging places for EV

Allocating specific charging places, and parking places as well, for electric vehicles.

Charging and parking space are allocated alongside the main street in the residential areas and nearby the main destination, like IKEA, car shops, international sports village, etc.

Recycling and update some vehicles, meanwhile, manufacturing electric ones.

Free parking.

Cooperation WIN-WIN

Figure 5. photos of parking and charging places

Figure 2. Cooperation Figure 1-4. Chenyi Z. 2020.

Figure 5. https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/residents/car-sharing

Recycle and update.

Manufacture.

WHAT IS PROBLEM? A Education and income There are not enough educational institutions for people.

EDUCATION The level of education affects the social grade.

Lead to Hard to find a job.

5

LOW-INCOME PEOPLE

min 10

This has led to inequality and a widening class gap.

5mi n

n mi

10m in

LOW- INCOME AREA

PRIMARY SCHOOL IN GRANGETOWN

CHILDREN

in m

Low street safety There are great hidden dangers in children's health and wellbeing.

5m in

10m in

min 10

5

B Children

Education levels in grangetown as a whole are lower than those in the rest of Cardiff, and many people are out of work. It can be concluded from the analysis chart that HIGH PROPORTION OF CHILDREN

these schools are mostly primary schools and 2 nursery schools. Therefore, there are not institutions to provide children of different ages. Moreover, this is an area with a high proportion of children, so the shortage of educational resources is also one of the

LOW- INCOME AREA

important problems in the whole grangetown.

In addition, the safety of children is also a hidden danger in the area. Many factors shape a child’s prospects. Among these, the environment in which they live has to be considered as a key determinant of their health, behavior and development. This affects not just their childhood but the rest of their adult life. Everyday activities such as walking, cycling and playing can benefit a physically active population. In contrast, high density traffic, poor air quality and a lack of public space can directly discourage people from being physically active. As such, the dominance of cars in cities is considered one of the biggest barriers to child-friendliness and a key factor in preventing parents from granting children independent mobility.

Finally, education has a direct impact on people's income levels, as can be seen from the previous analysis chart. So some people with low education have a hard time

0

150

300

450

600cm

Nursery School Primary School

finding jobs, which leads to low income. It increased gentrification, leading to regional inequality and social status gaps.

Solve adult and child problems through different types of education.Through the sharing of experiences by successful people, provide some low-income or poorly educated adults with experiences that enable them to improve their abilities. And, provide appropriate educational institutions for children of all ages. In addition, the physical and mental health of children is improved by enhancing the safety of the streets in the area and increasing the infrastructure for children to use.

Cardiff Centre

car shop

IKEA

Gasworks Business

People gain experience and enrich themselves

PROCIDE SKILL SCHOOL FOR LOW-INCOME AND LOW-EDUCATION PEOPLE

Low-income & low education people

figure 2

Cardiff Bay

SHARE EXPERIENCES FOR LOW-INCOME AND LOW-EDUCATION PEOPLE

Lecture (mentoring )

0 300 600cm

Sharing experiencse & Skill school

WHAT CAN WE DO? A Education and income - for adult

High education & successful people

Figure: Shiyu D. 2020

Acquire skills

Skill school

Gasworks

Range

Region

Linking

figure 1

For low-income adults, communities and governments can invite successful people to share their experiences. These meetings Get a better job can be held in existing schools and public places. Technical schools are best located in the north, where there are large Numbers of low-income students.

300 600cm

0

figure 3 School Safety features - separate lanes

A Education and income - for children figure 5

PROVIDE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION TO CHILDREN

Children

Infant

Nursery school

Kid

Primary school High school

Youth

The streets between schools provide security, and the streets are set up with small entertainment nodes for children.

Get a better education

Green space

Connect

B Children

Activity area School

Provide safer streets and freedom

safe

+ Health & Wellbeing Figure 1: Qingran N. 2020

+

Open space Entertainment facilities & park Figure 2-6: Shiyu D. 2020

Provide infrastructure

figure 4

Improves safe, health and wellbeing

Enhance children's ability to browse and experience the city. This means creating more opportunities for children to socializing, chance encounters, and fun trips.

figure 6

Provide activity areas in front of the school, closed to vehicles, creating an accessible, safe and comfortable space for children.

Connect the green areas so that children can experience and get in touch with nature.

Medium Scale

M STRATEGY Gasworks When it comes to the medium scale, scale of gasworks and its surrounding areas, strategies are made into much more details and more specifically. Combined with previous analysis and the present outcomes, the strategies focus specifically on the four aspects, lifelong learning, memory retrofit, green mobility and kinds of housing.

STRATEGY

Children

Schools

Low income Lifelong Learning

Study link with IKEA, business, car shop, Cardiff centre, Cardiff bay etc.

Two-way

Homeless Looking after home or family

Maintainer

Cashier

Gardening

Retailing

Architecture

Interested in learning, like painting, knitting, baking, etc Transformation

Present factory

Learning space

Memory Retrofit Figure 1. Community Studio

Transformation Memory open space

Present structures No cars inside

Peripheral parking area

Foot or cycling

Create a safe, green community environment.

Green Mobility

New build

Figure 2. Community streets

Sustainable houses (School Apartment & Co-housing)

Housing

Empty houses

Rotrofit plan

( learning )

Figure 3. Housing structure of retrofit

Figure 1-2. Qingran N. 2020

M STRATEGY Gasworks

Housing is an important part in the community. To solve the problem of gentrification, affordable housing are offered to the groups of low-income people.

Apartments are considered for those learning in the skill school.

The process as a whole in this community is a process of empowerment. Residents learn the working skills and can live on themselves.

Sustainability includes nature elements, mobility and ecological technologies.

Nature elements like forest and garden are distributed throughout gasworks. Surrounded by forests, gardens are mainly created in the residential areas and alongside the street of the community.

Ecological technoligies includes soil and groundwater remediate technologies mainly works in the community studio and parking lots, making the community greener.

From the aspect of education, the strategies not only includes the skill school and primary school, but also the space of community studio, transformed from the present factory. Moreover, many learning spaces are created for all the community members.

Figure 1. Strategy for gasworks

Figure 1. Chenyi, Z. 2020.

Small Scale

S

CONCEPT Gasworks

Co-housing and Garden

Structure of co-housing.

Forming sharing space.

Make it green space.

Concentration of residents.

Make the private and safe place greener.

Concentration of residents.

School and Forest

A passway created through the building.

Link the lane to private space.

"New" Memory Space Green Mobility Green mobility throughout gasworks links all the places and makes it a safer and greener community.

For social activities and experience sharing.

Figure. Chenyi, Z. 2020.

Yellow is the road connecting the factory. In addition, three parking Spaces are provided within the area to ensure the safety and sustainability of the community.

forest

apartement

garden

primary school co-housing

BUIDING

stuidio(skill school)

figure 2

GREEN SPACE figure 3

open space sport area

GREEN TRANSPORTATION figure 4

0

Figur 1-5: Shiyu D. 2020

20

40

60

80(M)

figure 1

OPEN SPACE figure 5

There are four types of buildings: apartment, primary school, co-housing and studio. Offer to people with different needs, and can solve the gentrification.

Secondly, green areas can not only provide a good environment, but also provide places for communication and activities for people. Finally, green transportation connects buildings, green spaces, open space and public spaces, providing a convenient and sustainable transportation for residents.

Apartment & stuidio (skill school)

Sport area

Memory open space

Co-housing

Memory open space

Primary school

The small sclae mainly consists of three different areas, first, sport area and primary school; second,apartment, stuidio and meneory open space; last, co-houding and another meneopry open space.

Figure: Shiyu D. 2020

S

GASWORKS

Life Seven years later, they have their own child a boy. Today is his first day of school. The couple decided to send the boy to school together.

In the morning they leave from their home which is in the north of the community, so they need to across the memory open space.

The boy always playing with his friends there, and it also hosts concerts, performances and speeches before.

Figure 1. Plan of gasworks

Now we want to tell you a little story about a family’s daily life who living in this community.

The couple were homeless before who met and fell in love in Cardiff. Before that, both of them lost their memories about home and family, but n o w t h ey w a n t to s t a r t a new family and get these memories back.

So with the help of the government, they moved in the co-housing in Gasworks community.

Figure 2. Plan of the open space

Story begins from co-houisng and Memory open space...

Figure1: Shiyu, D. 2020 Figure2: Chenyi, Z. 2020

S

GASWORKS

After taking the boy to school, the couple going to the studio work and study. The man had learned to repair cars before, and after that, he worked in the car shop across the railway for several years, so he saved some money.

Then, they want to have a house of their own, because they want to have more children in their family and want to have their own house.

So, the man joins in the community's empty house renovation program, he returned to the studio to take classes about the house renovation. When he graduated, he can use his saving to buy an empty house and renovation it by himself.

Life

When they arrived at the school, they bring the boy to the school square let the boy go to school by himself, because the school square is safe enough for the children, so they're not worried about their boy.

The school has a safe area around the school where all facilities and roads are safe for children.In addition, not only the square, it also provide two courses and a forest ( surrounding the school ).However these open spaces are not only open for students, but also for people who live in this community on evenings and weekends, people can come for exercise, activities or walking in the forest.

The forest surrounds the school Play area for children

Figure 2. Plan of gasworks

The open space is in front of the school

His wife, she had learning to make coffee in the studio before, and now she works in the studio’s cafÊ shop.

Connected mot or re gi on

Co nn ec t

th e

co ity un m m

Figure 1. Plan of the school Figure 3. Plan of the community studio

Arriving school ...

Time for work and study ...

Figure1-2: Shiyu, D. 2020 Figure 3 : Qingran, N. 2020

S

GASWORKS

Life

Community management Community management is divided into three categories: residential management, learning management and employment services.

After work, they walk to pick up their boy from school and go back to home for dinner.

It is safe to walk in this community, because no motor vehicles are allowed in the community, so you can only walk or ride a bicycle in this community. The community also offers sharing bikes and electric wheelchairs for people who do not want to walk and the disabled.

This is their daily life in this community, safe and hopeful.

Figure1: Shiyu D. 2020

Residential management

Learning management

Employment services

Housing allocation

Skill school

Career counseling

Community management

Primary school

Business consulting

Live and learn in this community Homeless people who want to live and study in this community must apply to the community and be evaluated by the community management agency.

The housing management decides to live in the co-housing or student apartment through their own will.The study application will evaluated and analyzed by the learning management office according to the students' situation.

Co-housing and student apartment Co-housing and student housing are not for sale, only allowed to rent, by the community housing department for unified management.

Co-housing : Co-housing are better for families or long-term living, they are larger and more comfortable, but the rent is more expensive.

Student apartment : Student apartment is suitable for single, student, and shortterm residents, but the rent fee is cheaper.

Working program Career counseling : Work with city centers, car shops and Cardiff bay and other organizations to provide jobs for school graduates.

Business consulting : If graduates who want to start their own businesses, they will first evaluated by the career services centre and then helped them by offering entrepreneurship classes and loan applications.

Figure2: Qingran N. 2020

Along the way...

Empty house renovation program All people can apply to the community housing management office to participate in the vacant housing renovation program, which will provide people with two options.

Second, buyers pay a lower price for vacant, unrenovated properties and then attend a renovation training course at a skills school, at the end of which they can renovate.

Figure1: Shiyu D. 2020

Figure2: Qingran N. 2020

CONCLUSION

Gentrification Empty Houses Gaps in Houses/Income/Education Air Quality

Strategy Memory / Retrofit Lifelong Learning Green Mobility

Memory Process of Empowerment

0

20

40

60

80(M)

Anti-gentrification

REFERENCE

UK Office for National Statistics (web).

ONS Crown Copyright Oliver O'Brien & James Cheshire (2016) Paycheck, CACI MAUD_Autumn_Studio_2018_2019-Final_Report_Studio_Section_Aseem_Inam Designing for urban childhoods https://www.ukconstructionmedia.co.uk/features/property/the-effect-of-empty-homes-on-local-neighbourhoods/ https://wearecardiff.co.uk/2017/12/08/over-1000-properties-lay-empty-in-cardiff/ https://www.neverpaintagain.co.uk/blog/what-happens-to-a-house-if-it-is-left-empty/ ENGLISH Cardiff Homelessness Strategy 2018_2022 Cardiff Government, 2017-2018 Cardiff Council 29 November 2018 http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/retrofit-1930s-terrace-house/ https://www.cardiffpartnership.co.uk/well-being-assessment/cardiff-clean-sustainable/air-quality/ http://aqicn.org/city/united-kingdom/wales/cardiff-newport-road/ https://airquality.gov.wales/about-air-quality/policy https://www.holiday-weather.com/cardiff/averages/ https://theconversation.com/superblocks-are-transforming-barcelona-they-might-work-in-australian-cities-too-123354 http://www.architecture00.net/

GROUP C

HOUSING FINANCE EQUITABLE MOBILITY MOVEMENT (ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE, AND QUALITY OF LIFE) TYPE AND DENSITY

Kieran Hymers, Mutoni Kayihura, Xiduo Yang

INTRODUCTION URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK Provision of quality affordable housing to make Grangetown more affordable

Connected to Grangetown and the rest of Cardiff to provide access to different services

Provision of different types for different modes of living

Creating a neighbourhood that provides mixed-uses.

Provide better public transport and encouraging green mobility

Creating a sense of communiy through design of quality spaces and shares spaces

Environmentally friendly neighbourhood.

Encouraging healthy living

A neighbourhood where people feel safe, welcome and uncomfortable

From the group’s vision, we have defined an urban framework that defined the course of our project. As mentioned, this studio project focused on the area of Grangetown. Through the lens of the different topics assigned to our group: housing finance, equitable mobility, Image: Kayihura, M. 2020.

movement, type and density, the area of Grangetown was analysed, in relation to gentrification. From the issues identified through the research, urban design strategies and interventions were proposed. These were informed

by different case studies that have in one way or another addressed similar urban issues. This project aims to propose anti-gentrification measures that can make Grangetown better in the longr-run.

ANALYSIS

50 100

Scale in meters

250

500

HOUSING FINANCE

What is HOUSING FINANCE?

Housing finance refers to the money the money that alllows to build and maintain the nation’s stock ensurinhg that it meets its social objectives, offering quality and access to all households. (King 2009, p.5)

What is affordable housing?

Affordable housing is housing where there are secure mechanisms in place to ensure that it is accessible to those who cannot afford market housing, both on first occupation and for subsequent occupiers. (Welsh Assembly Governmnet, 2019). There are two types of affordable housing.

Who funds affordable housing?

Housing Grant Housing Associations

Affordable Housing Grant

Social housing Grant

Subsidies / Grant

Local Authority

Registered Social Landlors

Developers

Existing finance schemes for households to rent or purchase affordable housing (Welsh Government n.d.)

Social housing

Intermediate housing

Social housing is housing below market price. Then intermediate housing is below market price, but the price range is between social housing and market housing.

Rent to own Gives you the opportunity to buy the home you are renting.

The potential buy has to be working, not be eligible for housing benefit, and be renting the property for at least two years before applying to buy.

Help to buy Be able to fund at least 80% of the purchase price through a combination of repayment mortgage and a minimum deposit of 5%.

Homebuy For people with inadequate housing and/or cannot afford to buy a home on market prices. The potential buyers have to contribute at least 70% of the purchase price through mortgage and/or saving

Assisted ownership Allows you to buy a share from 25% to 75% an rent the remaining one.

HOUSING FINANCE HOUSING FINANCE AND GENTRIFICATION Commodification of housing

Government housing funding decrease

This leads to

As a result of high housing demand and the reduced provision of affordable. It creates financial opportunities that

and

As a result of that financial system, this leads to

This impacts people’s lives as

Privatisation social/ public housing

Promotion of home ownership

Reduction of supply-side subsidies favouring housing allocations

Attract private investors who develop housing for profit/ financial interest

Prioritise high return through

Increased rents making Leveraging houses for capital by cutting maintenance housing unaffordable costs, leading to deteriorating living conditions

People who cannot afford are displaced

People who cannot afford to move leave in bad conditions

HOUSING FINANCE Analysis Houses price increase in 20 years

Affordale housing provided in WALES 2016-2017

Figure 1

House prices in Grangetown have risen by 334% in the last 20 years. As the prices have risen, in parallel, demand for affordale housing has also been increasing. (CPS 2006)

2,547

CARDIFF 256

2017-2018

2,316

197

2018-2019

3,095

157

28 % of Grangetown population are identified as “semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers; those on state benefit/ unemployed, & lowest grade workers� (StreetCheck, 2019). This means a part of current Grangetown residents are not eligible for these financial schemes.

(Welsh Government 2019)

5% 4000 affordable houses have to be provided The provision of affordable housing have not met being each year in Wales for the target to provide 20,000 meeting the target. This leads to an increasing demand, exacerating the housing crisis. This impacts mostly those affordable houses from 2016-2021 to be met in low-income groups as they struggle to secure quality housing at affordable prices.

47% of houses in Wales need to be social or intermediate rent

47% of houses in Wales need to be social or intermediate rent

of Grangetown population are identified as unemployed.

12 % of Grangetown population are identified as part-time employed

11 % of Grangetown population are identified as full-time student (with or without job)

HOUSING FINANCE Case study Goldsmith Street project by Norwich Council

Figure 1

Figure 1

80 % Social housing

This council project by Norwic Council is an example of how a local council can take into providing affordable housing.

In addition of providing secure tenancies at fixed rents, it has managed to provide quality homes with Passivhaus

standardds, reducing energy bills for residents (Wainwright 2019). Developing affordable homes themselves helps to keep costs low, as developers often add a large margin profit.

20 % Private sale housing

Figure 1: Mikhail Riches. No date. Available at: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTCMeSQ7eE_DG0Is81TIuLP0CcMBtB318mC5QJXV5DAiZ5G9vqE [Accessed 22 November 2019] Figure 2: Mikhail Riches. No date. Available at: https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/EYGauuFV06wuJ-YxH1778xkak2XzAFkNLNHLcP4EollffVwv_6S7pAnFRvqhg9kfELCEX2sq0nnc_3ItRziU45xhhVd_wQJBBrCs8Np5RzQ12k-iKUkUo9Pr1uG2dSep6pxpT32pgw [Accessed 22 November 2019]

EQUITABLE MOBILITY EQUITABLE MOBILITY refers to services of transport that are:

EQUITABLE MOBILITY AND GENTRIFICATION

1. Accessible to all

Lack of equitable mobility can increase social disadvantages.

This can impact people’s access to:

2. Available to all irrespective of a traveller’s demographics

Employment

Healthcare Education

Local shops

EQUITABLE MOBILITY Analysis ANALYSIS OF GRANGETOWN

Bike Share

6 spots

Train Station

Maximum every 10 minutes from 5.0AM to 11.0PM

Train tracks

Bus routes

Buses run from 5.20AM to 11.30PM

Grangetown is well services by buses that pass through the main arteries of the area. The train station in the upper part of Grangetown is also serviced by trains during the day. There is also bike share, but not spatially located in an even way.

Map: Kayihura, M. 2020.

Movement

Movement and Accessibility The definition of movement

The typology of movement

The typology of movement

Movement

The content of movement

The definition of movement Movement means the changed position, it also means the situation that a group of people to achieve an aim.

(Vroman 2017)

Public space

Accessibility

In urban space, movement is a symbol of physical and human activities.

It can be measured by accessibility, public space and the quality of life.

The Definition of Accessibility

Quality of Life

The typology of Accessibility

Accessibility refers to the ability to reach desired goods, services, activities and destinations. (Litman 2003) The public spaces we’re looking at should be more appropriately defined as publicly accessible places subject to the rules of its owner, the government, which we, in theory and by a sometimes seemingly distant extension, control.(Gehl 2011)

Walkability

Accessibility

Bicycle

Public Transport

ACCESSIBILITY

Who is affected by the lack of accessibility?

Low in-come people

Unemployment

Disability

Children

Students

Investor

Accessibility

Old People

Short-distance Tourists

ACCESSIBILITY Analysis

7.6% The Propotion of Disability

The Propotion of Students in Grangetown

17%

in Grangetown

The Propotion of Old people in Grangetown 12%

8% The Propotion of Employment in Grangetown

￡20,0000 GRANGETOWN is set to receive a £200,000 government investment.

2017

36% The Propotion of Disability in Grangetown

ACCESSIBILITY Analysis of the traffic

There are four main modes of travel within the Grangetown, including bicycles, cars, trains and buses. Among them, the train has two stops in the city and the bus can cover the main road. The main mode of travel for residents is private cars. The use of bicycles is not high enough.(BĂŠlanger 2007)

Grangetown is divided into four regions, and the road network of walking, bicycle and public transportation is analysed. The traffic capacity of private cars is higher than that of the other two, the walking network is not well developed in each region, the bicycle and car share roads, and the service area of buses is limited. (Duman 2012)

All images: Yang,X. 2019

ACCESSIBILITY Analysis of different types of access AREA 1

All images: Yang,X. 2019

AREA 2

AREA 3

AREA 4

ACCESSIBILITY Analysis of street hierachy Street Hierarchy

High Way

Boulevard

Avenue

Road

Drive

Block

The high way, boulevard and avenues in Grangetown cross residential areas and large commercial areas, with areas with limited speed. The southern part of the city is dominated by cars, making it difficult for bicycles and pedestrians to have priority.(Jiang 2012)

High Way Boulevard Avenue Road Drive Block Path Dead End Dead End All images: Yang,X. 2019

Path

ACCESSIBILITY Road Analysis Road Analysis

90%+ 10%-

Blocked Lane

70%+ 30%-

Dead End

60%+ 20%Walk+Bicycle+Cars Dead End Gate Street All images: Yang,X. 2019

20%-

Mixed Used Road

PUBLIC SPACE Public space (i.e., physical spaces that are open to all) is hub of activity that can influence both the daily lives of individuals and the development of the community. (Gehl 2011)

Public space is understood as any outdoor, public accessible area in which all kind of movements can take place.

Market

Public Square Outdoor Spcae Walkable Street Green Space

Sport places

Indoor Spcae

Hospital

Church

PUBLIC SPACE Analysis

Main Function

Affected people

Disabled people

Low-income people

Gathering

Old people

Public Space

Children

Public Activities Religious people

PUBLIC SPACE Analysis 35% The Propotion of Christian in Grangetown

27% The Propotion of Muslim in Grangetown

19% The Propotion of Other in Grangetown

19% The Propotion of No Religion in Grangetown

Grangetown is an area with many ethnicities and races living there, including residents from the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This multi-ethnic community has created an area with may different types of buildings for religious gatherings (Schmiz 2017).

In addition to the predominantly Christian religion in the region, muslims also represent a big part of the community. This includes Mosques and a diversity of shops.

PUBLIC SPACE Analysis Public Space Distribution #1

Green space

18.3% Adults Use Mostly Far from Residential Area

#2 Traffic space 11.9% Private Car Priority Segragated

Commercial Space

#3 Commerical space 6.5% Delivery trucks Access Costly in most cases

Green Space Exercise Place Traffic Space Church Hospital

#4 Exercise space 1.6% Private access Costly

All images: Yang,X. 2019

10 65

PUBLIC SPACE Analysis

Gathering Place Distribution

Children Activities Distribution Lack of children playgrounds

There are limited area of children playing space in Grangetown

Less Gathering places in residential area

The majority of public spaces are not reachable to residents

Places for Gathering

All images: Yang,X. 2019

The Space for Children Activities

PUBLIC SPACE Quality of Life “WHO defines Quality of Life as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns.� (World Health Organization 2020)

Residents who are involved in project design and site management are more likely to develop a sense of belonging and contribute to their community.

Residents who have opportunities to do meaningful or enjoyable things together are more likely to develop a sense of trust and connection.

Belonging Access to nature is strongly linked to positive neighbourhood relationships and trust among community members.

Gathering Nature

Mixed-use neighbourhoods that encourage walking are most likely to be associated with positive social encounters and a strong sense of community.

People are more likely to engage with others in environments that feel pleasant and comfortable.

Walkability People are more likely to build trusting and meaningful relationships in environments that feel safe.

The sense of safety

Quality of Life

Comfort People feel a stronger sense of belonging and attachment to places that reflect their culture, values and sense of self.

Culture and Value

PUBLIC SPACE

Noise Analysis

NOISE ANALYSIS

From the noise analysis, it can be observed that the noise distribution in Grangetown is mainly concentrated in the southern region, which is close to the seaside.

With the urban highway as the origin of this noise, radiating to the surrounding area.

From the difference of road speed, we can see that the area of noise pollution expands exponentially with the increase of speed. As a result, although the southern region of Grangetown is not a dense residential area, local residents are still affected by the impact of rapid transportation, therefore reducing the quality of life.

All images: Yang,X. 2019

PUBLIC SPACE Analysis

Data in Grangetown - Improving the quality of life

200+

100+

1600

12

5

200+ crime were reported

100+ homes Improvements were

1600 SQ Metres of

12 churches Including

5 schools Including Primary,

monthly in Average

Completed in 2019

Green Pace was

Christian and Muslim

Middle and High School

Completed in 2018

Church

The Number of Criminal

The

Number

of

Home

The Length of Environmental

The Number of Totally

The Number of Totally

Events in Grangetown

Improvements in Grangetown

Improvement in Grangetown

Churches in Grangetown

Schools in Grangetown

PUBLIC SPACE

How to Improve Quality of Life

Gathering INCREASING places that people can gathering

Neighborhood public space

Balance REDISTRIBUTING the space of walk , bicycle and cars

Child Space PROVIDING more places to child

Nature WIDING the possibility of nautral elements

Neighborhood public space

Cleaning the air

Collect residents’ eyesight

Walking priority in people concentrateted area Enlarging bicycle space

Collect residents’ eyesight

Planting more green

Enhancing communication

Adopting energy-saving cars

Enhancing communication

Keeping seasons circulation

MOVEMENT

Case study Location: Central Copenhagen, Denmark Population: 0.5 million Metro: 1.9 million

Figure 6

Right-of-Way: 10–12 m

Figure 1 Context: Mixed-use (Residential/Commercial) Maintenance: Several repavings since 1963 Funding: Public

Figure 2

Figure 4

Before

- Improve connectivity in the city center.

- Provide a high-quality and attractive environment.

- Create a space that supports businesses.

- Encourage a diverse range of people to live and spend time in the city center.

- Revitalize the city’s forgotten alleyways by turning them into vibrant laneways.

- Removal of all traffic from the street.

- Removal of curbs and sidewalks, addition of new paving.

Figure 5

Figure 3

After

- Consolidation of street furniture to facilitate pedestrian movement.

-The incremental nature of change, -Changing patterns of driving and parking into patterns of cycling and using collective transport to access key destinations in the city.

Figure 1

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Copenhagen-1.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

Figure 2 Figure 3

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/4-stadsing-dir-1953-KSA-stadsingeni%C3%B8rens-direktorat. jpg[Accessed: 2 December 2019] Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Copenhagen_2011_43419-1.png [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

Figure 4

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Stroget_Section.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

Figure 5

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Stroget_Map.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

Figure 6

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Stroget_Timeline.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

Figure 7

Global Designing Cities Initiative. Available at: https://globaldesigningcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Stroget_Metrics.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2019]

MOVEMENT

Case study

Green Wave The City of Copenhagen established the first Green Wave for cyclists back in 2007 on Nørrebrogade and, since then, the concept has spread to other major arteries in the city. The idea is simple. Coordinate the traffic lights for cyclists so that if they ride at a speed of 20 km/h, they will hit green lights all the way into the city in the morning rush hour. The wave is reversed in the

afternoon so bicycle users can flow smoothly home, too.

20 km/h was decided upon as the speed in order to improve the traffic flow of bicycles. The average speed of bicycle users in Copenhagen is about 16 km/h. A wave of 20 km/h encourges some to go a bit faster but it also encourages the faster cyclists to slow down in order to

benefit from the green lights. The rush hour on the cycle tracks is intense in Copenhagen and speed demons do more harm than good regarding safety and, almost more importantly, perception of safety.

Countdown Bicycle Lane Figure 5

Bicycle lane Constructuring

Figure 3

Figure 1

Speed Limit

Time Countdown

Wider Bicycle Lane 35,000 Users Per day

Light Reminder Figure 2 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

Waiting time Figure 4

Copenhagenize.com.2015. Available at: https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5141/5618696153_680a997c39_z.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2019] Copenhagenize.com.2015. Available at: https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3156/2826779935_c1c9afd5bc_z.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2019] Copenhagenize.com.2015. Available at: https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5480/11242933164_870825412c_z.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2019] Copenhagenize.com.2015. Available at: https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5528/11242900225_d80ebb5e59_z.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2019] Copenhagenize.com.2015. Available at: https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5248/5209510925_8efb7106a8_z.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2019]

15% Increasing of Bicycle Using

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY

Image: Hymers, K. 2020.

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY Analysis

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

This diagram aims to highlight the notion that building parts of Cardiff. The more modern mid rise apartment density isn’t necessarily determined by the building complex although higher isn’t as dense. The mid rise height. Grangetowns Victorian core is one of the densest complex is a large factor in Gentrification.

Figure 1-3: Google Earth. 2019.

Figure 4-6: Hymers, K. 2020.

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY Case studies

One way of solving gentrification is through cohousing.

Cohousing is when a group of individuals come together in order to live in and share communal spaces but have private dwellings they live in.

When looking at cohousing we took inspiration from the older women’s co housing scheme (OWCH) in London (figure 1&2) which provides cohousing for women over the age of 50. The women themselves manage the cohousing scheme making collective decision making.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Boklok (figure 3&4) is a company which provides modular housing in Scandinavia and now the UK. We chose to look into modular homes as they are an affordable alternative to traditional brick and mortar dwellings and are also versatile in their customisation.

Our ambitious aim is to partner with Boklok, as the site is opposite Ikea we believe that Ikea’s commitment to sustainability and communal schemes means they would be a great partner to trial the building of these modular homes on the gasworks site.

We believe that building modular can help prevent gentrification and provide affordable quality homes.

LARGE SCALE STRATEGY

L

HOUSING FINANCE Local council being proactive

Local authories generating revenue to provide affordable housing

Local councils

Provide & maintain affordable homes

Act as developers

Invest in private housing for sale

Re-invest revenue

Generate revenue

We are proposing for local councils to be more proactive in providing affordable housing. As the analysis showed, one of the causes of lack of sufficient affordable housing to meet the needs is the lack of funds. Similarly to the case study of Goldsmith street by Norwich Council, we are proposed for Cardiff council to build themselves affordale housing. By having an in-house developer, Cardiff council can develop a percentage of housing for private sale to generate revenue to reinvest in affordable housing.

L

EQUITABLE MOBILITY

Proposed services

Proposed mobility services New

Bike Share

CarShare

In addition to existing services, providing more affordable and accessible options by Introducing more bike share spots Introducing a new community Carshare program

Map: Kayihura, M. 2020.

LL

Increasing Public Space Equality publicand spaces and equality ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Increase Mixed-use Road Map

Before Intervention

Pedestrain Lane Parking Space

Bicycle Lane

Dead End Map

Figure 1

Vehicle Road

After Intervention

Blocked Lane

Before Intervention

Pedestrain Lane

Planting Area

Figure 1

Parking Space

After Intervention

Pedestrain Lane

Bicycle Lane

Parking Space

Planting Area

Pedestrain Lane Parking Space

Bicycle Lane

Before Intervention

Limited to Use

Bicycle Lane

After Intervention

Vehicle Road

Pedestrain Lane

Planting Area

Mixed-use Space

Pedestrain Lane

Bicycle Lane

Vehicle Road

All images: Yang,X. 2019

Pedestrain Lane

Planting Area

Mixed-use Space

Pedestrain Lane

Bicycle Lane

Figure 1

LL

ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Three Phases

PHASE 1:

Dead End

1-2 Years

Mix Used Road

Blocked Lane

PHASE 2:

Dead End

2-4 Years

Mix Used Road

Blocked Lane

Starting the regeneration of three kinds of roads.

Adding a car-sharing plan.

There are three types of spaces regenerated.

Enlarging the regeneration after phase 1.

Publishing the three-phase plan.

Link the regeneration be a complete system.

1

PHASE 3:

Dead End

50%

4-6 Years

Mix Used Road

Blocked Lane

50% “Dead End “ can be regenerated after phase 3.

100% All “Gated Lane“ was opened.

“Mix-used Road” consist of a more complete system for bicycle riding.

2

3

Public Known Plan

Limite-time Plan

Shift-time Plan

Publishing the three-phase plan of regeneration including places to increase the awareness of public transport.

Closing the “Dead End“ with limited time.

Which is enclosing the “Dead End“ as public space on weekends.

Completing the reconstruction of drive road and closing the “Dead End“ on every weekends and bank holiday.(Gehl 2011)

All images: Yang,X. 2020

L

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY

Alley homes

For type and density on a large scale we chose to focus on utilising unused space across Grangetown. Mapping all closed off back alleys that most Victorian homes have in Grangetown we aimed to utilise this space transforming peoples back gardens into habitable spaces, accessible via those alleys.

Through the use of what’s known as tiny homes we believe we can create habitable, affordable and sustainable places to live in unused space in Grangetown. Using modular dwellings positioned in the rear of peoples gardens facing onto the alleys this could bring new life to the alleys, making the need to seal and lock them off in order to reduce crime redundant.

“Second, there must be eyes upon the street, eyes belonging to those we might call the natural proprietors of the street. The buildings on a street equipped to handle strangers and to insure the safety of both residents and strangers, must be oriented to the street. They cannot turn their backs or blank sides on it and leave it blind.” Jane Jacobs (1960)

Figure 1. WeCanMake project

Figure 4 Figure 2

We believe this method can help stop gentrification as it builds stronger communities, it is giving communal control to local residents. The case study we looked at was We Can Make which is a citizen led campaign aimed at proving more affordable houses at the point of need.

Utilizing unused space in Knowle West Bristol.

Figure1: Hymers, K. 2020. Available at: [Accessed 20 November 2019] Figure 2-5: Hymers K, 2020. Available at: [Accessed 20 November 2019]

Figure 3

Figure 5

MEDIUM SCALE STRATEGY

M

HOUSING FINANCE

Gasworks strategy

PROPERTIES DEVELOPED AND MANAGED BY:

Cardiff Council

Community Land Trusts

Housing cooperatives

Boklok

Self-Build

Map: Kayihura, M. 2020.

On the Gaswors site, we are proposing mixed land ownership by housing developers that are community focused. The process of providing hosuing can include future residents at early stages to ensure that the project meets future residents needs.

Community-focused developers and managers can ensure the long-term affordability of housing by fixing rents which provide secure tenancy. When tenants want to resell, the managers can ensure that it resold at affordable prices to protect the project from being commodified.

M

EQUITABLE MOBILITY

Gasworks strategy

Proposed mobility services on Gasworks site Provide for the residents and the surrounding community with affordable transport services options

New

Bus Stop Bike Share CarShare Train Stop

Rail station 90 Bike Share

In addition to extending the existing bus route and adding bike share spots, we are proposing a community carshare program and a train station that can serve the Gasworks site, IKEA and the surrounding area Map: Kayihura, M. 2020.

10 Community CarShare managed by a local community group New bus route

M

EQUITABLE MOBILITY

Gasworks strategy

SACRAMENTO - Community Carshare program

Proposal for Grangetown Community Carshare program

For about 500 residents

Figure 1

8 EVs and and charging stations in three low-income, subsidized-housing projects

2,000 residents served and provided with easy-and-free access to cars

3 hours a week per user As in this case study in Sacramento (Climate Readiness Collaborative 2019), we are proposing a local carshare program. In the case study above, 8 electric cars are provided for residents for a limited per week, free of charge. This enables residents with low income to have a free option for grocery shopping or access to services that would otherwise be difficult to.

5 electric cars

2 charging ports

5 hours per week per resident

For the Gasworks site, we are suggesting 5 electric cars with 2 charging ports for 500 residents, 5 hours per week per resident. It can be managed by a local community group. As these are electric cars, we are proposing that they are free of charge. Maintenance costs, we are proposing, they may be covered by the local council as this program can have social and economic benefits, but also environmental ones.

Figure 1: Climate Readiness Collaborative. 2019. Available at: https://climatereadiness.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CarShare.png [Accessed 12 November 2019]

M

EQUITABLE MOBILITY

Gasworks strategy

Future South wales Metro - Proposal for a new stop

Small Gasworks trainstation

Figure 2

Figure 1

As rail tracks pass next to the Gasworks site, we are proposing a new train station. Thi can be an extension of the proposed South Wales Metro that is yet to be built.

Thi can have an impact, as it can connect the site to other parts of Cardiiff, not only attracting people to this site and benefiting economic activities that will on the site, but also giving more mobility options to residents, and giving them access to services that can impact their lives

Figure 1: Barry, S. 2015. Available at: https://i2-prod.walesonline.co.uk/incoming/article8635530.ece/ALTERNATES/s810/English-Metro-Map-ONLINEAJPG.jpg [Accessed 12 November 2019] Figure 2: Kayihura, M. 2020.

M ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITYSite OFAnalysis LIFE Gaswork site - Traffic analysis

Grangetown Site

Gas work

Commerical Space

Traffic Analysis

Road

Gas work

According to the diagram, Gaswork is located in the middle of Grangetown, with a road connecting the surrounding transportation network, a train track passing on the west side, a hill on the south side and an IKEA on the north side.

All images: Yang,X. 2020

Link Way

Functional Analysis

Surronding Traffic

The Site

Gas work

Commercial Area

Noise Analysis

Green Space

Gaswork is located in the middle of two fast roads, adjacent to the north-south road in Grangetown. It can be seen that Gaswork has poor connectivity with the surrounding area because of its special function. The business district is surrounded, and the commercial area on the west side is dominated by automobiles and low-end industries, some of which are already deserted, and IKEA on the north side has a clear border with Gaswork.

Residential Area

Combined with traffic and noise analysis, if Gaswork is transformed into a residential area, the noise pollution caused by fast roads, other than traffic problems, will significantly reduce the quality of life in the region. The green space in the existing environment helps to reduce noise pollution and improve the living environment.

M M

ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Gaswork site Master Plan

Traffic Plan

Public Space Plan

Car Parking Bicycle Parking Old People Area Drive Bicycle Lane Pedestrian Lane Pedestrain and Bicycle Pedestrain Lane Parking Space Bicycle Lane Planting Area Vehicle Road

A dividing vehicle with living area, only bicycle and walking is available into the Gaswork

Sport Area Small Garden Children and Adult Area Semi-commerce Area

Three old people’s area were provided which located in the living area.

More public space for old and children, residents could be gathering.

Green Space Plan South green space was set to decrease noise from high way.

Drive

Bicycle Parking

Bicycle Lane

Pedestrain and Bicycle Car Parking

Pedestrian Lane

Green Space Area

Sport Area

Small Garden

Children and Adult Area

Semi-commerce Area

All images: Yang,X. 2020

Green space crossing the living area where people enjoy more natural elements.

Old People Area Green Space Area

M

ACCESSIBILITY, SPACE QUALITY OF LIFE Gaswork site INTERVENTION PUBLIC TOWORD GAS AND WORK Eyesight Plan

Frontage Side

Natural System Plan

Eyesight

Housing

Green Space

Transportation Plan

River

Nature

Drive

Pedestrain Lane

Mixed-use Road

Bicycle Lane

Railway

Eyesight from the frontage of housing could cover the most public space

Community green space and natural elements enclosed a complete system.

Linking the community traffic net with Grangetown ‘Mixed-use road’ strategy.

Maximizing the area of eyesight which enclosing a more safe community.

Increasing the use of surrounding nature including the hill and the river.

Integrating the gaswork into the normal running of Grangetown. Setting a new railway station.

Fewer barriers between residents and public space.

Residents who live here enjoy a higher quality of life but with less artificial action

Walking and bicycle priority residential area. Car parking located on the ‘Drive’ side.

All images: Yang,X. 2020

M

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY

Gasworks strategy

a sense of community.

The other building typologies are a mix of apartment and larger housing. With self-build plots at the bottom right of the plan and a cohousing scheme located at the north east side.

Modular homes can be an affordable alternative to traditional brick and mortar dwelling whilst it also Using the modular style we believe we can create a vi- speeds up the build process and can be a sensible albrant, dynamic and mixed neighbourhood which also ternative to the housing crisis. (the Guardian 2019) provides affordable, well deigned homes that create Our intention was to create a mix of typologies on the site. However through the creation of two primary typologies of housing. Both with a TFA of 90sqm. One type had a pitched roof for additional space the other with a flat open roof to encourage gardening and horticulture.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure1-4: Hymers, K. 2020.

Row housing Apartment/housing Self-build Cohousing

Figure 4

Figure 3

SMALL SCALE STRATEGY

S

HOUSING FINANCE

Cardiff Council development

Example of Gasworks social housing with 20% private sale apartments

As the medium scale strategy shows, a part of the Gasworks site will be developed by Cardiff Council.

These will be mostly social housing, with some sold at amret price to generate revenue that can be reinvested in providing more affordable housing. The proposal, as the section on the left demonstrates, is to blend private properties with social housing to not create segragated areas, and create a more diverse community with people with different economic levels.

Figure 1

Section of Cardiff Council apartments 1:200

80 % Social housing

20 % Private sale housing

Figure 1: Kayihura, M. 2020.

S

HOUSING FINANCE

Gasworks strategy

The Affordable Housing Toolkit

Proposal - Information booth

Information and local meeting space

Figure 1

Helps communities answer the all-important question, “Affordable to whom?�

Breaks down affordable housing policy into easy-to-understand visuals Informs communities about:

Income demographics

Rents

Proposed developments in their neighborhoods (Welcome to cup 2019)

Figure 2

Inform about different funding available and to whom Provide information about how to join community-led projects Provide a meeting space for people who to create/join CLTs, cooperatives, etc The aim to democratise information about housing finance, land ownership and property development. This can give the local community to have a voice on what happens in their area. This space could be the first space built on the site that can then be used to engage the community in the development of the Gasworks site and provide a space for the different stakeholders to

Figure 1: Welcome to cup. 2020. Available at: http://welcometocup.org/file_columns/0000/0011/cup-fullbook.pdf , p.89 [Accessed 12 November 2019] Figure 2: Kayihura, M. 2020.

S

ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Linking Surrounding and Better Life Master Plan

Activity Area Plan

Green Space Plan

Activity Area Green Space Area Flower Area Commercial Housing Relaxing Area Children Space Sport Equipments Railway Station Sport Area Small Garden Walk and Bicycle Lane Pedestrain Lane

Elevation

All images: Yang,X. 2020

Carbine

Residential Area

Activity Area

Sport Equipments

Commercial Relaxing Area Housing Children Space The mixing area where commercial, residential and movements mixed. The area combined with IKEA and surrounding commerce.

The Starting Point where influences the railway west in the future to improve the place from obsoleting buildings to the useful area.(Siláči 2017)

Flower Area

Activity Area Green Space Area

Greenspace of the place could shield the eyesight from IKEA to protect the security of the residential area.

Decreasing noise pollution from the railway, IKEA and car-driving.

IKEA

Shops

S

ACCESSIBILITY, PUBLIC SPACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE Three types of Mix Building Age Mix

20 Years +

5-20 Years

Housing Function Mix

1-5 Years

The oldest building -- Gaswork could be a part of local life, not just an important building.

Transitting the commercial and residential areas. The north part of gas work enclosing a nod including the exit elements.

The gas work and the environment provide people with a sense of place.

All images: Yang,X. 2020

Commercial Cabin

Commercial and Residential Community and Residential Residential

Route Mix

Drive

Pedestrain Lane

Mixed-use Road

Bicycle Lane

Railway

Activating the gas work and lead some people to focus on this area to expand the influence.

The node where link the IKEA , west commerce and public transportation of Grangetown.

Reducing the boundaries between classes and housings.

Make gas work building as a landmark of the area were attracting people to come and visit.

Enclosing a community that people could be gathering and communicating with each other.

The circled building as the centre, providing residents with a gathering place and communicative space.

S

TYPOLOGY AND DENSITY

Cohousing

On our small scale we would like to trial a cohousing scheme at the northeast of the site.

Our research found that cohousing can prevent elderly loneliness which is currently at epidemic levels (NHS 2019). Creates a harmony between public and private space. Through cooperative decision making and individual autonomy.

Cohousing is co-designed with intentional communities , Cohousing includes both the provision of private and common facilities providing a balance between privacy and community

Fgure 1

The size and scale of cohousing is appropriate to support community dynamics for easy informal communal contact; this is usually between 10-40 households.

Cohousing embeds collective resident control and stewardship into its legal form and decision making.

Fgure 3 Figure 1-3: Hymers, K. 2020.

Fgure 2

CONCLUSION Through a careful case study analysis mixed with theoretical knowledge we believe through the implementation of our collective work can put forward a design case which prevents gentrification in Grangetown. We also believe that it is important to that it is learning process. We have suggested for the Gasworks site that it will be developed in three phases as the image on the right shows, where later stages can learn from the previous one.

Through increasing individual and communal engagement on a grass roots level along with the correct financial modelling which is innovation and varied. These are steps government can take to slow down or halt gentrification in Grangetown.

Through making accessibility more fair and equal this can empower and inspire local residents to take back control over their community.

PHASE 3

Making Grangetown accessible to the wider community and city ensure those in Grangetown are mobile and have access to work opportunities regardless of income levels. Along with proving quality affordable housing which is adequate and creates a sense of communal harmony.

PHASE 1

These proposed strategies could be explored further and will certainly be built upon in future modules.

PHASE 2

Map: Kayihura, M. 2020.

REFERENCES Bélanger, H. 2007. Public spaces in gentrifying neighbourhoods: Conflicting meanings. In ENHR 2007 International Conference ‘Sustainable Urban Areas. 25-28 June 2007. Netherlands: Sustainable Urban Areas Boklok. 2019. Sustainable, quality homes at a low price, for all. Available at: https://www.boklok.com/ [Accessed 19 November 2019] Cassidy, A. 2017. Can modular solve the UK’s housing crisis? The Guardian 6 August. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/06/flatpacked-homes-can-modular-buildingssolve-the-uks-housing-crisis [Accessed 6 November 2019] Climate Readiness Collaborative. 2019. Our Community CarShare Pilot Program. Available at: https://climatereadiness.info/sacramento-metropolitan-air-quality-management-district-member-spotlight/ [Accessed 11 November 2019] CPS Homes. 2016. The rise Of property prices across Wales. Available at: https://www.cpshomes.co.uk/cps-blog/2016/06/01/the-rise-of-property-prices-across-wales [Accessed 11 November 2019] Duman, A., 2012. Dispatches from ‘the frontline of gentrification’. City 16(6), pp.672-685.

Gehl, J. 2011. Life between buildings: using public space. Washington: Island press.

Goodyear, S. 2012. Why the streets of Copenhagen and Amsterdam look so different from ours. Available at: https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2012/04/why-streets-copenhagen-andamsterdam-look-so-different-ours/1849/ [Accessed: 6 January 2020] Jiang, Y. and Zegras, P.C. 2012. Walk the line: station context, corridor type and bus rapid transit walk access in Jinan, China. Journal of Transport Geography, 20(1), pp.1-14.

King, P. 2009. Understanding housing finance: meeting needs and making choices. 2nd ed.London: Routledge.

Litman, T. 2003. Measuring transportation. Traffic, mobility and accessibility. ITE Journal, 73(10), pp.28-32.

NHS. 2020. Loneliness in older people. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/loneliness-in-older-people/ [Accessed 16 November 2019] Older Womens Cohousing. 2018. Welcome to Older Women’s Co-Housing. Available at: http://www.owch.org.uk/ [Accessed 3 November 2019] Rios, P. Happy Homes: Building Sociability through Multi-family Housing. Available at: https://thehappycity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/HappyHomesReport.pdf [Accessed: 12 December 2019].

Siláči, I. and Vitková, L.U. 2017. Public Spaces as the Reflection of Society and its Culture. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/245/4/042009 Schmiz, A. 2017. Staging a ‘Chinatown’in Berlin: The role of city branding in the urban governance of ethnic diversity. European Urban and Regional Studies, 24(3), pp.290-303.

StreetCheck. 2019. Information about CF11 postcode district. Available at: https://www.streetcheck.co.uk/postcodedistrict/cf11 [Accessed 11 November 2019] Vroman, L. and Lagrange, T. 2017. Human movement in Public spaces: The use and development of motion-oriented design strategies. The Design Journal, pp. S3252-S3261. doi: 10.1080/14606925.2017.1352830 We can make. 2017. About. Available at: https://wecanmake.org/about [Accessed 18 November 2019] Wainwright O. 2019. I’ve seen the future and it’s Norwich: the energy-saving, social housing revolution. The Guardian 16 July. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/ jul/16/norwich-goldsmith-street-social-housing-green-design [Accessed 22 November 2019] Welcome to cup. 2019.What is afordable housing? Available at: http://welcometocup.org/Projects/EnvisioningDevelopment/WhatIsAffordableHousing [Accessed 11 November 2019] Welsh government. No date. Getting help to buy a home. Available at: https://gov.wales/getting-help-buy-home [Accessed 11 November 2019] Welsh government. 2019. Affordable housing provision: April 2017 to March 2018. Available at: https://gov.wales/affordable-housing-provision-april-2017-march-2018 [Accessed 11 November 2019]

GROUP D CONCLUSION

The autumn studio focused on the area of Grangetown in relation to the issue of gentrification. As a result of the analysis of this area in relation to the different topics that included land use and ownership, policy, property development, demographics, just transition, housing finance, equitable mobility, movement, type and density, we identified key issues that are leading to gentrification of the area. From this analysis, we defined a common vision that “The community of Grangetown will feel included, respected and empowered. They will have a share in a pioneering affordable and diverse neighbourhood, which will enjoy ample public space that encourages diversity, cohesion and openness”. In our individual groups, our different strategies and proposals aimed at achieving that and making Grangetown a better place. A common link through the different group’s strategies was to put the community of Grangetown at the centre of the measures, where they can have a say in what affects where they live and they work. Group A proposes a common ground that promotes community integration, a different community developer and builder relationship and economic

model that empowers the local community. Group B’s proposals are also centred around empowerment through learning and green mobility, but also memory by using what already exists, retrofitting homes. Group C proposes a more community-led approach in the provision of housing, but also on the design of urban spaces. The proposal is to give opportunities for community-led developers to provide affordable homes and integrate different areas of Grangetown through a well-designed network of public spaces and access routes.

These different strategies show how urban design can be used to resist gentrification and the powerful market forces that are behind it if local communities well-being are put at the centre of transformations. We believe that these strategies could be explored further, and some can be implemented by the local council and the local community as anti-gentrification interventions at this present moment such as the use of vacant houses and implementing a community carshare program.