Vol 10 1 by Richard Larson

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Cover photo of Renata Schneider, DVM, author of NBC6.net Pet Vet Blog.

contents

P R A C T I C A L

Giuseppe Visigalli

T R I C K S

The “Snozzelator:” PVC Coupling for Gas Delivery Dan Johnson, DVM

Positioning the Doppler Monitoring Device in Reptiles Ariana Finkelstein, DVM

Tubes for Blood Collection in Rabbits Janice Vannevel, DVM

Peer Reviewed

A Surgical Approach to Retrobulbar Abscessation in a Pet Dwarf Rabbit Giuseppe Visigalli, DVM; Alessandra Cappelletti, DVM and Sara Nuvoli, DVM

Peer Reviewed

Orchiectomy in a Flying Squirrel Christine Eckermann-Ross, DVM, CVA

Closed Tunic Scrotal Technique for Neutering Patagonian Cavies Ariana Finkelstein, DVM

Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy in Selected Exotic Mammal Species Vittorio Capello, DVM

Use of Digital Radiography for Diagnosis of Selected Musculoskeletal Disorders in Falcons Diana Quiliquini, Med Vet; Tom Bailey, BSc, BVSc, MRCVs, MSc, PhD, CertZooMed, Dipl ECAMS; Antonion Di Somma, Med Vet, SMPA and Ahmed Kutty

Diana Quiliquini

Vittorio Capello

Clinician’s Notebook

C L I N I C I A N S

Femoral Fracture Repair in Two Guinea Pigs Jennifer Periat, DVM

Case Reports

F O R

Observations from the Field T I P S

R E S O U R C E

DVM

VOLUME 10 ISSUE 1

Exotic Animal Care

Exotic Animal Care: Pet Chickens Cathy Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Practice and Steven Benscheidt, DVM

Departments 2

Exotic DVM News

47 48

For Your Bookshelf em

Exotic Marketplace Tools

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A PRACTICAL RESOURCE FOR CLINICIANS

MEDICAL EDITOR Melissa Kling, DVM

REVIEWERS Experienced exotic animal practitioners who have reviewed articles written by their peers for Exotic DVM include: Kay Backues, DVM Kornelis Biron, Dr med vet Heather Bowles, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Shane Boylan, DVM Michael Cannon, BVSc, MACVSc, Grad Dip Ed Vittorio Capello, DVM Brendan Carmel, BVSc, MVS, GDipComp, MCP, MRCVS Leigh Clayton, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Rob Coke, DVM, Dipl ACZM Graham Crawshaw, BVetMed, MRCVS, Dipl ACZM Lorenzo Crosta, DVM Morgan Dawkins, DVM Bob Doneley, BVSc, MACVSc (Avian Health) Thomas M. Donnelly, DVM, Dipl ACLAM Michael Dutton, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Kevin Eatwell, BVSc (Hons), DZooMed, MRCVS, RCVS Certified in Zoological Medicine Christine Eckermann-Ross, DVM Patty Ewing, DVM, MS, Dipl ACVP Ariana Finkelstein, DVM Peter Fisher, DVM Rose Ann Fiskett, VMD, Dipl ABVP-Avian Craig A. Harms, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACZM Greg Harrison, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Heidi Hoefer, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Susan Horton, DVM Stormy Hudelson, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Cathy Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian

Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2008

Dan Johnson, DVM Jay Johnson, DVM David Jones Carla Kasaback, DVM Susan Kelleher, DVM Amy Kizer, DVM Melissa Kling, DVM David Knapp, DVM, Dipl ACVS Jack Kottwitz, DVM Marc Kramer, DVM Daniel Lejnieks, DVM Angela Lennox, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Bruce Levine, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian, Canine & Feline Gregory Lewbart, VMD, Dipl ACZM Michael Lierz, Dr med vet Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, MV, MCV, PhD Neus Morera, DVM Holly S. Mullen, DVM, Dipl ACVS Michael Murray, DVM Curt Nakamura, DVM Connie Orcutt, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Lauren Powers, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Katrina Ramsell, PhD, DVM Drury Reavill, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian, Dipl ACVP Victor T. Rendano Jr, VMD, MS, Dipl ACVR (RO) Helen Roberts, DVM Kristin Sinclair, DVM Dale Smith, DVM, DVSc Michael Stanford, BVSc, FRCVS W. Michael Taylor, DVM W.H. Wildgoose, BVMS, CertFHP, MRCVS Frank J.M. Verstraete, Dr med vet, BVSc (Hons), MMedVet, Dipl AVDC, Dipl ECVS, Dipl EVDC Kevin Wright, DVM Donald Zantop, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Flavia Zorgniotti, DVM

Zoological Education Network is committed to increasing the competence and confidence of veterinary clinicians in working with exotic companion animals and raising the standards of care for these species. www.exoticdvm.com

EXOTIC DVM STAFF Linda R. Harrison Publisher Richard Larson Creative Director / Advertising Dana O’Donoghue Circulation Mark Broughton Order Fulfillment Subscriptions 800-946-4782 561-641-6745 561-641-0234 Fax Advertising 800-946-4782 © 2008 Zoological Education Network

EXOTIC DVM (ISSN:1521-1363) is published four times in 2008 by Zoological Education Network, 2324 S Congress Avenue, Suite 2A, West Palm Beach, FL 33406 (Phone 800-946-4782, 561641-6745, Fax 561-641-0234). Annual subscription: $69 US; $89 international. Copyright 2008 by Zoological Education Network. All rights reserved. Periodical rates paid at West Palm Beach, FL and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to EXOTIC DVM, PO Box 541749, Lake Worth, FL 334541749.

EXOTIC DVM NEWS

Don Harris Assumes NAVC Presidency For the first time in its 25-year history, the North American Veterinary Conference (NAVC) has selected an avian and exotic animal practitioner as its President. Don Harris, DVM, owner of the Avian and Exotic Animal Medical Center in Miami, accepted the position during the 2008 conference in Orlando in January. The NAVC is one of the largest veterinary conferences in the world, providing quality continuing education curriculums to nearly 6000 veterinarians. Don has played an active role over the past 18 years in developing programs for practitioners interested in birds, small mammals, reptiles, fish, wildlife and zoo species. He has been in private practice for 28 years and previously served as President of the

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Association of Avian Veterinarians. According to Don, “It is an honor and a privilege as well as an extraordinarily humbling experience to practice within such a small segment of the veterinary community, yet preside over arguably the largest and most diverse veterinary conference on the planet.” When asked about his goals as President, he responded, “Relationships. It’s not about developing a bigger conference or better programming— it’s about enhancing the experience for those who already attend. For me it’s all about quality, not quantity.” The 2009 NAVC Conference will be held January 17-21 in Orlando. For more information, please visit www.tnavc.org.

Don J. Harris, DVM

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observations F R O M

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Because EXOTIC DVM Veterinary Magazine is a publication for international veterinary professionals, some of the information published may relate to drugs, products and procedures that may not be available or considered ethical/legal in some countries. EXOTIC DVM is a disseminator of information and has no opinion on the efficacy or legality of the drugs, products or procedures mentioned. It is the responsibility of the reader to consult regional and national veterinary and animal legislation in evaluating the use of this information.

Contributors Femoral Fracture Repair in Two Guinea Pigs Jennifer Periat, DVM

Ariana Finkelstein

Dan Johnson

Jennifer Periat

Janice Vannevel

Ariana Finkelstein, DVM Southeast Animal Hospital San Antonio, Texas avianexoticdvm@satx.rr.com Dan Johnson, DVM Avian & Exotic Animal Hospital Raleigh, North Carolina drdan@avianandexotic.com Jennifer Periat, DVM Parkway Small Animal and Exotic Hospital Clinton Township, Michigan jperiat@jsrhacs.com Janice Vannevel, DVM LaSalle Animal Clinic Sudbury, Ontario, Canada janlac@on.aibn.com

www.exoticdvm.com

The following article describes 2 cases of femoral fracture repair in young guinea pigs in which a single intramedullary pin was used for stabilization. Model repair for unstable femoral fractures involves intramedullary pins with supplemental fixation, such as cerclage wire, bone plates, lag screws, multiple pins or external fixator devices. Intramedullary pins alone resist bending forces but do not provide rotational stability, fracture compression or resistance to axial loading. Ideal fracture repair may not be necessary in a select number of patients. Single IM pin stabilization was chosen in these cases for the following reasons: • Ability of young animals to tolerate more instability due to the rapid formation of callus tissue • Small size of the patient • Previous experience with adverse reactions by guinea pigs to foreign materials, including infection and the formation of abscesses, at the site of external fixator wire insertion • Low tolerance of guinea pigs to cumbersome splints, casts or external fixators • Adequate reduction of the bone fragments • Sufficient muscle mass to assist fracture stabilization • Relatively calm nature of guinea pigs • Postoperative restriction to small, flat enclosures

Case 1 (Figs 1-3) A 4-month-old, 485-gram, intact male guinea pig was evaluated for a possible broken leg after jumping from the owner’s hands approximately 60 minutes prior to presentation. Upon physical examination, the guinea pig was quiet, alert and responsive. The pulse and respiratory rates were mildly increased, and gastrointestinal sounds were present but decreased. The guinea pig was non-weight bearing on the left rear leg. Although the foot was limp, both deep pain and a withdrawal reflex were present. Crepitus, soft tissue swelling and a probable fracture of the midfemoral shaft were palpable.

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Fig 1. Lateral and caudocranial radiographic views of an oblique fracture of the proximal left femur in a guinea pig.

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Fig 2. Lateral postoperative view of the left femur.

Fig 3. Guinea pig in recovery.

was placed in right lateral recum-

medullary canal of the distal part of

fracture of the proximal left femur

bency, and the left rear leg was

the femur. The muscles were then

with moderate displacement and

shaved and prepped for surgery.

carefully stretched using even tension

some fragmentation. Treatment

Once a surgical plane of anesthesia

to place the other end of the pin into

options presented to the owner were

was obtained, the patient was main-

the proximal segment of the femur.

cage rest with analgesia or surgical

tained on 2-3% isoflurane with the

The one large fragment was inter-

fracture repair using an intramedul-

mask using a non-rebreathing circuit.

nally repositioned and placed into

Radiographs revealed an oblique

lary pin. The owner elected to pursue

the fracture site without further

A lateral dorsal-to-ventral skin incision was made over the femur

stabilization.The muscles were closed

using a No. 15 scalpel blade. The

with 4-0 PDS in a simple continuous

with buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg SC)

muscle bellies were bluntly dissected

pattern. The skin was closed with 4-0

and lactated Ringer’s solution (60

with minimal surgical transection,

PDS with a subcuticular pattern and

ml/kg SC) 20 minutes prior to

exposing the fracture site in the

surgical glue.

surgery. Anesthesia was induced

proximal femur. A non-threaded 1.8

with isoflurane (3-5%) delivered via a

mm Kirschner pin was cut to size

showed good pin placement (although

small animal mask. The guinea pig

and placed retrograde into the

ideal bone alignment was not

surgical treatment. The guinea pig was pre-medicated

The postoperative radiograph

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achieved). Recovery was smooth and

food and was able to ambulate

uneventful. An injection of meloxi-

relatively well in the incubator. It was

cam (0.2 mg/kg SC) was adminis-

hospitalized until the afternoon and

tered. As soon as the guinea pig was

sent home on the following medica-

alert and able to swallow, an oral dose

tions: meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg PO

of tramadol (2 mg/kg) was given.

q12h x 14d), tramadol (2 mg/kg q8-

When the guinea pig was fully

12h x 7-10d), enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg

recovered, it was hospitalized over-

PO q12h x 14d), cisapride (0.50

night in an incubator. The incubator

mg/kg PO q12h x 3-5d), and Oxbow

was well padded with towels to

Critical Care (www.oxbowhay.com)

prevent injury and provide support

to administer in case of decreased

for the surgery site. Overnight the

appetite during the postoperative

patient produced normal feces and

recovery period at home. The owner

ate a small amount of hay and

was instructed to monitor the inci-

romaine lettuce. Upon physical

sion, be alert to signs of gastrointesti-

examination, the guinea pig was

nal stasis, keep the patient confined

quiet and alert, the surgical incision

to a small, single-level, well-padded

showed no signs of infection or

enclosure and bring the patient back

inflammation, vital signs were

in 4 weeks for a follow-up radi-

normal and gastrointestinal sounds

ograph.

returned for a follow-up radiograph

Case 2 (Figs 4-12) The author was presented with an almost identical case in a second guinea pig that was approximately 1 month younger. The opposite (right) femur had fractured about 10 days prior to presentation. The owner elected for surgical repair because the fracture was quite displaced and starting to heal. The surgical approach was similar in this second case, although it was more challenging due to the amount of bony healing that had already occurred. At 2 weeks into recovery, this guinea pig was doing well and was able to ambulate normally.

Discussion

were slightly decreased. Once the

At 4 weeks into recovery, the

morning doses of meloxicam and

owner reported the patient was

tramadol were administered, the

doing well and was able to ambulate

guinea pig ate a small amount of

normally, but at press time had not

These 2 cases demonstrate that surgical repair may be a reasonable option to be presented to the owner as an alternative to only cage rest

Fig 4. Anteroposterior radiograph of a right femoral fracture in a guinea pig.

Fig 5. The muscles were bluntly dissected to expose the distal part of the fracture.

Fig 6. Both ends of the fracture were exposed.

Fig 7. The pin was cut to the proper length and inserted retrograde into the femur.

Fig 8. With the pin in place, the fracture ends were apposed.

Fig 9. The muscle layers were closed.

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Fig 10. Initially, there was swelling postoperatively and it was difficult to manipulate the fracture because some healing had already started.

Fig 11. Postoperative lateral view of the right femur.

Fig 12. The guinea pig started eating immediately after recovery and passing normal stools shortly after that.

with adequate analgesia. Cases such as these, when the patient is young and the fracture is relatively noncomplex, offer a higher degree of surgical success. It is the author’s expectation that surgical repair shortened the healing time of the fractures and will decrease the amount of arthritis and discomfort these guinea pigs will experience later in life.

postoperative drugs were contributing factors to the success of these surgeries. Guinea pigs are prone to stress and/or pain-induced gastrointestinal stasis; it is important to maintain normal GI function during these times. In these cases, this was achieved by using the motility agent cisapride, adequate pain management and assist feeding if necessary.

drug (meloxicam) and an opioid (tramadol) work well to provide immediate and long-term analgesia and control inflammation and swelling at the surgery site. Both guinea pigs resumed eating shortly after surgery and seemed to be even more comfortable after the administration of the pain medications, indicating that adequate analgesia is an important factor in the success of small mammal surgery.

The author believes that the age of the patient and the use of appropriate

Multimodal analgesia works well to provide needed pain control. Using a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

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T R I C K S

The “Snozzelator:” PVC Coupling for Gas Delivery Dan Johnson, DVM A ¾" PVC pipe coupling works well as a small mask for delivery of gas anesthesia or oxygen. Its internal diameter is 23 mm, which is 43% greater than that of the non-rebreathing circuit connector. It is large enough to cover the entire nose of most small herbivores, yet its outer diameter is only 27 mm, so it does not interfere with dental procedures. We use it when providing nasal gas anesthesia for small herbivores and to cover the entire face of smaller mammals, such as sugar gliders and hedgehogs (see “Orchiectomy in a Flying Squirrel” on page 15 in this issue). We nicknamed ours “the

Snozzelator.” I purchased the white PVC couplings from the hardware store for about $0.50 each but also found clear PVC medical grade couplings online for less than $3.00 (www.clearpvcpipe.com).

Northwest ZooPath Specializes in the Pathology of Nondomestic Species Birds Herps Small Exotic Mammals Aquatic Animals Zoo & Wildlife Laboratory Animals I

“Outside of Spain, Garner is the best. In Spain he’d be unable to write a report in Spanish.” Carles Juan-Sallés, LV, Dipl ACVP Samalús (BCN), Spain

Michael Garner, DVM, Dipl ACVP John Trupkiewicz, DVM, Dipl ACVP 654 W. Main St., Monroe, WA 98272 Phone: (360) 794-0630 Fax: (360) 794-4312 Web site: www.zoopath.com Email: zoopath@aol.com I

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Positioning the Doppler Monitoring Device in Reptiles Ariana Finkelstein, DVM It is often difficult to obtain a heart rate in reptiles, especially in turtles and tortoises. The Doppler monitoring device (Parks Medical Electronics, www.parksmed.com) allows easy location and interpretation of the blood flow and thus the pulse in these species.

In chelonians, the probe is well lubricated and placed on the cranial half of the plastron; then the volume is adjusted until the blood flow is audible. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;pulseâ&#x20AC;? rate can then be determined.

The Doppler can be used to determine a baseline heart rate on all species that are difficult to auscultate, such as the green iguana, where the probe is placed over the thorax area.

The Doppler probe is positioned over the heart in a snake.

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Tubes for Blood Collection in Rabbits Janice Vannevel, DVM

A Sarstedt Multivette 600 tube (www.sarstedt.com) is useful for blood collection in a rabbit. For restraint, the rabbit is loosely wrapped in a towel and the head is covered to reduce the animalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tendency to struggle. A hind leg is stretched out, and the saphenous vein is held off by an assistant. The vein in rabbits is Y-shaped and positioned more proximal on the leg than in dogs and cats. A needle is attached to the Multivette tube and inserted into the vein. Blood will flow by capillary action into the tube. With a little care, the needle can remain in the vein while the first tube is exchanged for a second, if both EDTA and lithium heparin blood samples are needed.

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Once the collection is performed, the interior tube is removed and discarded, the cap is placed on the Multivette tube and the tube is processed in a Statspin centrifuge,

if required. Because the blood flows by capillary action, there is less tendency for the vein to collapse using this method, thereby reducing the incidence of hemolysis.

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CASE

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Peer Reviewed

A Surgical Approach to Retrobulbar Abscessation in a Pet Dwarf Rabbit Giuseppe Visigalli, DVM; Alessandra Cappelletti, DVM and Sara Nuvoli, DVM

Giuseppe Visigalli, DVM Alessandra Cappelletti, DVM Sara Nuvoli, DVM Clinica Veternaria Liana Blu Varedo, Milano, Italy herpbepp@tiscali.it Giuseppe Visigalli graduated from Università Statale di Milano in 1989. After several years in private practice, he and his colleagues founded the SIVAE (Italian Society of Exotic Animal Veterinarians), of which he was recently elected president. He has lectured about exotic pet animals, primarily fish, amphibians and reptiles. In 1999, he founded a private veterinary hospital where he focuses on exotic animals and ophthalmology.

Retrobulbar abscessation is the most common orbital disease. It is frequently encountered in rabbits because it can be related to dental disease from malnutrition and malocclusion. Although there is no definitive evidence, Pasteurella multocida has been implicated as a causative agent. Infected molar tooth roots may extend into the orbit and readily lead to an orbital abscess. Surgical intervention is the only treatment. Although there are various surgical approaches to abscessation in a rabbit (e.g., ventral, dorsal), a lateral technique is described here. The goal is to remove all remnants of the purulent discharge from the orbit, but this can be extremely difficult. If early treatment is not provided, the eye will exhibit lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy, followed by irreversible panophthalmitis requiring enucleation. Even after complete orbital exenteration, the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses will recur.

Alessandra Cappelletti received her veterinary degree from Milano, Italy in 1996 and has spent her professional career working with exotic pets. She is a member of SIVAE, the ARAV and is the author of a book about prairie dogs (“Il cane della prateria”), published in Italy and France by De Vecchi Ed. Sara Nuvoli graduated in veterinary medicine from Sassari, Italy in 2002 and received a post-graduate degree in Animal Health in 2007 with a thesis addressing aspergillosis in local wild birds. She is currently serving an internship in Dr. Visigalli’s veterinary hospital and has been a member of SIVAE since 2003.

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Fig 1. A 2.5-year-old, neutered male, mixed-breed dwarf rabbit weighing 1.6 kg (3.6 lbs) was presented with unilateral exophthalmia. It had lost the opposite eye 2 years previously due to a retrobulbar abscess. The rabbit lived in the home with free access to an enclosure. The current diet consisted of hay and fresh vegetables, although only seeds and cereals had been offered in the past. EXOTIC

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Fig 2. An applanation tonometer, Tono-Pen Vet XL (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY), was used to ensure a precise measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) in order to exclude the possibility of glaucoma.

Fig 3. A complete clinical evaluation (physical examination, clinical biochemistry results, skull radiography) confirmed the presence of a retrobulbar abscess appropriate for surgical treatment. This oblique view radiograph was taken following the introduction of 0.5 ml contrast medium (Iopamiro速) into each lacrimal punctum. It is possible to observe a small amount of medium beside the dorsal aspect of the first upper premolar tooth (yellow arrow) and the dorsal aspect of each principal superior incisor tooth (red arrow). The alveolar bulla was not involved in this abscess; rather, we can observe a large amount of contrast medium in the periorbital region, either in the lacrimal sac (blue arrow) or on the conjunctiva (green arrow), due to reflux of the liquid that cannot flow into the obstructed lacrimal duct.

Fig 4. The patient was positioned in lateral recumbency and intubated in preparation for a pre-surgical oral examination to check the occlusal surface of the teeth.

Fig 5. Canthotomy and incision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue creating a rhomboidal flap in the temporal region of the canthus were performed in order to evaluate the depth and eventual infiltration of the abscess. To gain access to the abscess capsule, the m. frontalis (superficial) and m. retractor anguli oculo lateralis (deeper) muscles were resectioned in the lateral canthus near the lacrimal gland. At the same time, extraction of ipsilateral maxillary teeth (P3-M1) involved in the abscessation was performed. Enucleation was avoided due to the previous loss of the opposite eye.

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A Surgical Approach to Retrobulbar Abscessation in a Pet Dwarf Rabbit G. Visigalli, A. Cappelletti and S. Nuvoli

Fig 6. The complete removal of the abscess was deemed impossible due to bone involvement, so the abscess capsule was opened to allow the cavity to drain. Note the presence of a large amount of purulent material with a caseous aspect.

Fig 7. A complete curettage and cleaning of the abscess cavity was performed.

Fig 8. Shown are details of the abscess cavity following curettage of the caseous material and evaluation of the actual width of the cavity.

Fig 9. A doxycycline gel formulation (Doxirobe速, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Division of Pfizer Inc, NY, USA) was applied into the abscess cavity as antibiotic therapy.

Fig 10. The canthotomy incision was sutured with a monofilament absorbable suture (Glycomer 631, USP 4/0, Byosin速).

Fig 11. The subcutaneous and cutaneous tissue of the lateral canthus of the eye were sutured.

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Fig 12. Shown is the postoperative appearance of the eye. The post-surgical analgesic protocol consisted of carprofen (Rimadyl®, 4 mg/kg PO q24h x 7 days) and buprenorphine (Temgesic®, 0.05 mg/kg SC q12h x 2 days). Antibiotic therapy was provided by penicillin G procaine (45,000 UI/kg IM, 2 administrations) and azithromycin (Zithromax®, 25 mg/kg PO q24h x 21 days).

Fig 13. The rabbit is depicted fully recovered from the procedure. Although the rabbit continues to show other signs of malocclusion, the abscess has not recurred in the 15 months since the surgery, and the remaining eye was saved.

References and Further Reading 1. Capello V: Rabbit and Rodent Dentistry Handbook. Zoological Education Network, 2005, pp 4-18. 2. Popesko P, Rjtovà V, Horàk J: A Colour Atlas of Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals Vol Rabbit, Guinea Pig. Wolfe Publishing, 1992, pp 18-35.

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3. Williams DL: Laboratory animal ophthalmology. In Gelatt KH: Veterinary Ophthalmology 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp 1347-1356. 4. Williams DL: Ophthalmology. In Meredith A, Flecknell P (eds): BSAVA Manual of Rabbit Medicine and Surgery 2nd ed. Brit Sm Anim Vet Assoc, 2006, pp 117-127.

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CLINICIANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S N O T E B O O K Peer Reviewed

Orchiectomy in a Flying Squirrel Christine Eckermann-Ross, DVM, CVA

Christine Eckermann-Ross, DVM, CVA Avian & Exotic Animal Care Adjunct Associate Professor North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh, North Carolina eckeross@aol.com Christine Eckermann-Ross graduated from North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine in 2000. She currently practices in an exclusively exotic animal practice in Raleigh, North Carolina. In addition to her regular medical and surgical practice, she is a certified veterinary acupuncturist and has also received certification in traditional Chinese veterinary herbal medication. She has published articles in several journals and lay publications and has spoken at state and regional veterinary conferences.

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Southern flying squirrels (Glacomys volans) are small, Sciuriforme rodents that are gaining some popularity in the pet trade. Their small size (23-25 cm total length including the tail, 50-70 g body weight), attractive appearance and active personalities make them appealing pets. Their habits are nocturnal and arboreal, and in their natural habitat they will inhabit nest cavities created by woodpeckers. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting primarily of acorns, other nuts, tree bark, lichens, fungi, fruits and berries and a variety of insects.1-3,7 Problems commonly encountered in captive flying squirrels include osteomalacia4 and alopecia5 associated with an inadequate diet of peanuts and sunflower seeds. While the species is generally gregarious, there are distinct seasonal behavioral changes. Males may become aggressive as they reach sexual maturity around 9-12 months of age, and pregnant females often become intolerant of nest mates or human caregivers during their 40-day gestation period.1-2 Neutering male flying squirrels is often requested both as a means of population control as well as to decrease the incidence of territorial aggression and other undesirable behaviors.6 Their reproductive anatomy is similar to that of other Sciuriforme rodents, and despite their small size, flying squirrels can be safely neutered with a simple closed castration technique as illustrated on the following pages.

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Presurgical Evaluation and Preparation A complete physical examination, assessment of diet

induced with isoflurane at 3-4%. When the animal is

and husbandry and a fecal examination should be

sufficiently relaxed, anesthesia is maintained via a

performed prior to anesthesia to help ensure the

small facemask or adapter (see the “Snozzleator” tip,

patient’s readiness for anesthesia and surgery. Pre-

page 7 in this issue) connected to a nonrebreathing

anesthetic analgesia, such as buprenorphine (0.2

anesthesia circuit. A surgical plane of anesthesia can

mg/kg SC), should be administered. Glycopyrrolate

be maintained with isoflurane at 2.5%. With the flying

(0.01 mg/kg SC) may also be administered to help

squirrel anesthetized, blood samples for pre-surgical

prevent hypersalivation. The patient is then placed in

evaluation may be obtained by venipuncture of the

a small clear chamber, or under a dog facemask, and

cranial vena cava.

Orchiectomy

Fig 1. The anesthetized flying squirrel is shaved and prepared for surgery. The squirrel is placed in dorsal recumbency, and a clear plastic surgical drape is used to maintain the sterile field while allowing close monitoring of the patient. A Doppler probe is placed on the chest to monitor heart rate. Supplemental thermal support is provided by a circulating warm water blanket.

Fig 2. A skin incision several millimeters long is made at the base of the scrotum approximately 1 cm lateral to the prepuce.

Fig 3. The subcutaneous tissues are carefully bluntly dissected to expose the vaginal tunic and testicle.

Fig 4. The testicle is gently grasped and exteriorized. To reduce the potential for inguinal herniation of abdominal contents, the spermatic cord is double ligated in a closed technique, and the inguinal fat pads are left in place.

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Fig 5. The spermatic cord is transected caudal to the ligation and the testicle is removed. The subcutaneous muscular fascia is sutured with 5-0 absorbable suture material in an interrupted pattern.

Fig 6. The procedure is repeated on the opposite side. The size and appearance of the testicles are illustrated.

Fig 7. The skin incision is closed with tissue adhesive. In the author’s experience, the use of suture material in the skin or subcuticular layer is more likely to provoke self-mutilation in the postoperative recovery period.

Fig 8. Shown is the appearance of the patient during the postoperative recovery period. Flying squirrels should be placed in a warm incubator and monitored for hypothermia and selfmutilation during recovery.

Postoperative Care

References and Further Reading

Recovery is generally uneventful, and the flying squirrel returns to normal activity and appetite the night following surgery. Self-mutilation is a possible postoperative complication requiring careful monitoring of the patient and surgical site in the immediate postoperative period. Owners should also be made aware of this possibility. Analgesic administration (meloxicam, 0.2 mg/kg PO q24h) is continued for 2-3 days postoperatively. A progress examination is encouraged within 4-7 days after surgery.

1. Nowak RM: Walker’s Mammals of the World 5th ed, Vol 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991, pp 563-564, 610-613. 2. Wells-Gosling N: Flying Squirrels—Gliders in the Dark; A Smithsonian Nature Book. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985. 3. Harlow RF, Doyle AT: Food habits of Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) collected from red-cockaded woodpecker (Picides borealis) colonies in South Carolina. American Midlands Naturalist 124(1):187191, 1990. 4. Sheldon WG, Banks WC, Cleiser CA: Osteomalacia in captive flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans. Lab Anim Sci 21(2):229-233, 1971. 5. Sheldon WG: Alopecia of captive flying squirrels. J Wildl Dis 7(2):111-114, 1971. 6. Veterinary Information Network message boards, www.vin.com/Members/SearchD/Boards/B00450000/B0042505.htm 7. Sinclair K: Flying squirrel (Glaucomys spp.). Exotic DVM 9(4):8-9, 2007.

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Closed Tunic Scrotal Technique for Neutering Patagonian Cavies Ariana Finkelstein, DVM

Ariana Finkelstein, DVM Southeast Animal Hospital San Antonio, Texas AFinkelstein@southeastanimalhospital.com Ariana Finkelstein graduated with a BS degree in Animal Science in 1992 from Cook College, Rutgers University. She received her DVM degree from The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine in 1996. After 5 years in private small animal practice, she served an internship in avian, exotic and zoo animal medicine through Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine, The Tulsa Zoo and Oklahoma City Zoo, after which she was employed by the San Antonio Zoo for 2 years. She currently works at the Southeast Animal Hospital in San Antonio.

The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patagonum) is a large South American rodent which, like other rodent species, has an open inguinal ring. The Patagonian cavy belongs to the suborder “porcupine-like” or “cavy-like” rodents (e.g., porcupines, capybaras, chinchillas and agoutis), which share anatomic features, such as the lack of a true scrotum. The penis curves caudally in all rodents. The open scrotal approach to neutering a chinchilla has been previously described.6 The closed technique described here requires less exposure and, because the tunic is tied off, may result in a lower incidence of visceral herniation,1 although the open technique is usually followed by surgical closure of the inguinal ring. Sixteen sexually mature male Patagonian cavies of unknown ages, ranging in body weight from 16-19 lbs (7.3-8.6 kg), were castrated using the closed technique.

Photos by Tamara Riley, RVT

Fig 1. In this procedure, anesthesia was induced with intramuscular administration of a combination of equal volumes of medetomidine (M, 0.2 mg), ketamine (K, 20 mg) and butorphanol (B, 2 mg) (average dose: M = 0.0255 mg/kg, K = 2.55 mg/kg, B = 0.255 mg/kg). Isoflurane and oxygen were administered via facemask by a precision vaporizer through a nonrebreathing system.

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Fig 2. The anesthetized cavy was placed in dorsal recumbency for the procedure. Prior to surgical preparation of the patient, both testicles were palpated. If the testicles were not palpable, gentle pressure was applied to the caudal abdomen just cranial to the penis on both sides to exteriorize the testicles in order to differentiate them from the penis.

Fig 3. The skin was aseptically prepared for the procedure. The testicles were palpated again to verify their location before the skin incision was made. A 1-2 cm incision was made in the cranial aspect of the scrotal area, parallel to the body of the penis, while the surgeon palpated the testicle between the index finger and thumb. Care was taken not to incise the tunica vaginalis and to ensure proper hand positioning to avoid accidentally incising the penis. b

Fig 4. a) When the incision was completed, the entire testicle, still covered by the tunic, was exteriorized. b) In Patagonian cavies, unlike in guinea pigs and other rodents, the vaginal tunics are not well adhered to the subcutaneous tissues. Thus they can be exteriorized easily, with minimal traction on the testicles and tunics. a

Fig 5. a) A modified 3-clamp technique was used to hold the testicle in place while ligatures were applied. b) The cord and vaginal tunic were transfixed and circumferentially ligated with a 3-0 or 4-0 absorbable monofilament suture before they were transected.

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Fig 6. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral side. A single cruciate suture was used to close the subcutaneous tissue. a

Fig 7 a,b. The skin was closed with 3-0 or 4-0 monofilament suture as previously described in a subcuticular pattern and with tissue glue. Isoflurane was discontinued, and the patient was allowed to breathe 100% oxygen for a few minutes. Once the cavy was recovering in sternal recumbency on a towel or newspaper, medetomidine was reversed with 0.2 ml atipamizole IM (1 mg, 0.12 mg/kg).

References and Further Reading 1. Bennett RA, Mullen HS: Soft tissue surgery. In Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JE (eds): Ferrets, Rabbits and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery 2nd ed. St. Louis, Saunders-Elsevier, 2004. 2. Capello V: Techniques for neutering hamsters. Exotic DVM 5(4):21-26, 2003. 3. Capello V: Prescrotal open technique for neutering a degu. Exotic DVM 6(6):29-31, 2004. 4. Capello V; Prescrotal approach to elective orchiectomy in guinea pigs. Exotic DVM 8(5):29-32, 2006. 5. Kottwitz J: Patagonian cavy. Exotic DVM 8(6):28, 2006. 6. Nelson W: Technique for neutering pet chinchillas. Exotic DVM 6(5): 27-30, 2004. 7. Sainsbury AW: Rodentia (rodents). In Fowler ME, Miller RE (eds): Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine 5th ed. St. Louis, Saunders-Elsevier, 2003, pp 420-442.

Fig 8. To minimize the potential for facial injury when atipamazole was administered, the cavy was placed facing the back of the carrier or allowed to recover in a quiet darkened room. A technician monitored respiration until the cavy was aware of its surroundings, usually within 3-5 minutes of the atipamizole administration.

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Femoral Head and Neck Ostectomy in Selected Exotic Mammal Species Vittorio Capello, DVM

Vittorio Capello, DVM Clinica Veterinaria S. Siro Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso Milano, Italy capellov@tin.it Vittorio Capello graduated from the University of Milano, Italy, in 1989. Professionally, he focuses entirely on medicine and surgery of exotics (particularly exotic companion mammals), providing veterinary services for two clinics in Milano. He has lectured, published and taught courses and practical laboratories on these subjects. He has been a speaker at numerous international veterinary conferences. He is co-author of the Rabbit and Rodent Dentistry Handbook and the upcoming Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals, both available through Wiley-Blackwell.

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Fracture of the femoral head and neck is occasionally encountered in exotic companion mammal species and is usually a result of a fall from a height, or being dropped by the owners. This lesion is painful and elicits varying degrees of lameness. Internal fixation of the femoral neck is not feasible in small exotic mammal species and would likely result in degenerative joint disease. The most favorable option is the same as in cats and toy/miniature breeds of dogs: femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO). In actuality, the procedure is excision of the head and neck fragments due to the presence of fracture of the neck. The goal of FHO is to eliminate physical contact between the fractured head and the acetabulum and create a neoarthrosis, thus preventing development of degenerative joint disease. Although hip dysplasia in the rabbit has been anecdotally reported by the author, femoral head and neck ostectomy as a surgical treatment has not been reported in pet rabbits. The history of a referral case reported FHO as a treatment of “splay leg” in a young female rabbit, but this apparently did not prevent severe degenerative joint disease (see Fig 22).

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Ferret

From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

Fig 1. Ventrodorsal projection of the pelvis and femurs of a 1-year-old ferret with a fracture of the right femoral neck as a result of a fall from a terrace.

From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

Fig 2. Lateral radiograph of the thorax of the same patient demonstrating pneumothorax. Air within the pleural space (white arrow) has caused pulmonary collapse (yellow arrow). The heart is deviated dorsally as a result of pulmonary collapse. A distal metaphyseal fracture of the ulna is also visible (green arrow). Because the initial radiographs in this case were obtained with only manual restraint, the thoracic limbs do not appear hyperextended in the lateral projection of the thorax. The pneumothorax was reduced with suction via a local anesthetic block at the puncture site. The ferret was confined to cage rest for 2 days for resolution of the pneumothorax, and surgery was performed on day 3 following the fall.

Fig 3. The ferret is placed in left lateral recumbency. The lateral surface of the thigh and the pelvis is shaved and aseptically prepared. A transparent adhesive drape aids orientation during surgery.

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Fig 4. The greater trochanter is palpated with the tips of the fingers. The skin incision is performed slightly dorsal and cranial to the profile of the greater trochanter. The subcutaneous tissue is bluntly dissected to reveal the tensor fasciae latae and the superficial gluteal muscle.

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Fig 5. The superficial gluteal muscle is dissected from the tensor fasciae latae muscle and retracted dorsally and caudally, exposing the middle gluteal muscle.

Fig 5. The superficial gluteal, the middle gluteal and the tensor fasciae latae are shown.

Fig 7. The Lone Star Retractor is placed to retract the gluteal muscles caudally and the tensor fasciae latae cranially. The tendon of the deep gluteal muscle is exposed and separated from the underlying joint capsule with careful blunt dissection. Hemorrhage is controlled with cotton-tipped applicators.

Fig 8. Incision of the joint capsule is performed, exposing the femoral head (arrow).

Fig 9. In cases where the femur is intact, luxation of the hip is performed prior to ostectomy of the femoral neck and head. When the femoral neck is already fractured (as in this case), the joint capsule incision is widened to allow removal of the femoral head.

Fig 10. The fractured femoral head is grasped with surgical forceps and retracted out of the joint.

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CLINICIANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

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Fig 11. Note the fractured femoral head is still attached to the acetabulum by its ligament.

Fig 12. The ligament of the femoral head is severed with the tip of a #11 scalpel blade. The insertion of the ligament is visible (arrow).

Fig 13. The acetabulum is inspected for the presence of bone fragments and then flushed.

Fig 14. The joint capsule is sutured with 2-3 simple sutures using 4-0 monofilament absorbable material (Monocryl). The muscles, subcutaneous tissue and skin are sutured routinely.

Fig 15. Shown are the femoral head and neck after excision. It is important to remove as much of the femoral neck as possible in order to prevent contact with the acetabulum, which can result in arthrosis or degenerative joint disease.

Fig 16. Follow up after 1 week. An intradermal suture pattern was performed in this patient.

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L From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

Fig 17. Postoperative radiograph after surgical removal of the femoral neck and head. Note the smooth margin of the proximal aspect of the femur.

Guinea Pig L

From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

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Fig 19. Exposure and excision of the fractured femoral head in the guinea pig.

Fig 18. Ventrodorsal radiograph of the pelvis of a young guinea pig with a fracture of the left femoral head and neck as a result of an unknown traumatic episode (arrow). The guinea pig could bear weight but was significantly lame on the affected limb.

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R From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

Fig 20. Same patient as in Figs 18-19 after femoral head ostectomy. The guinea pig was much improved at 1 week post-surgery and ambulating normally at 3 weeks.

Fig 21. Ventrodorsal radiograph of the pelvis of a guinea pig demonstrating previous fracture of the right femoral head and neck as a result of trauma. FHO had not been performed in this patient. Note evidence of arthropathy and osteolysis.

Rabbit L

Courtesy of Donna Habig, DVM

Fig 22. Severe bilateral degenerative disease of the hip joints in a 4-year-old female rabbit. Femoral head and neck ostectomy had been performed on the right hip joint approximately 3 years previously (arrow). Note bilateral dysplasia of the stifle joint, likely following hip joint incongruency or dysplasia.

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References 1. An NQ, Evans HE: Anatomy of the ferret. In Fox JG (ed): Biology and Diseases of the Ferret. Lea & Febiger, 1988, pp 14-65. 2. Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell, in press, pp 218-219, 403. 3. Vasseur PB: Femoral head and neck ostectomy. In Bojrab MJ (ed): Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery 4th ed. William & Wilkins, 2008, pp 1170-1173.

From Capello V, Lennox A: Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, in press

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Tom Bailey, BSc, BVSc, MRCVs, MSc, PhD, CertZooMed, Dipl ECAMS Diana Quiliquini, Med Vet Antonio Di Somma, Med Vet, SMPA Ahmed Kutty Dubai Falcon Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates diana.quiliquini@tin.it Originally from Australia, Diana Quiliquini received her degree in veterinary medicine from Sassari, Italy in 2006. She is currently participating in a specialization program for food safety and animal welfare in Parma, Italy. She has had various experiences with falcons, working in wildlife rescue centers in Italy and at the Dubai Falcon Hospital.

Acknowledgements We thank H.H. Sh. Hamdan bin Rashid al Maktoum and Mr. Humaid Obaid al Muhairi, Dubai Falcon Hospital Director, for their support of the work of Dubai Falcon Hospital and all of the falcon hospital team for their assistance with cases. We also thank Gian Luca Rovesti, Dr vet med, Dipl ECVS, who kindly shared his knowledge and experience of radiography with us. www.exoticdvm.com

Radiography is an important non-invasive diagnostic tool in avian medicine. Among other uses, it may assist in the diagnosis of skeletal, abdominal and thoracic diseases, some of which exhibit similar non-specific clinical signs. Digital radiography offers considerable advantages over conventional radiography, although it is not yet widely used in general practice. Two types of digital radiography systems are currently available: Indirect Digital Radiography (IDR) and Direct Digital Radiography (DDR). This article presents a variety of radiographs from birds with musculoskeletal disorders, taken with IDR, at the Dubai Falcon Hospital.

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DIGITAL R ADIOGR APHY Advantages I I I

I I I I I I

Low maintenance costs: no film, no processing solutions No films to archive, saving space and time Lower exposure to X-rays: a lower dose of radiation is needed compared to traditional radiography Reduced number of retakes Digital images directly available on computer Digital processing of the images to optimize the assessment of detail More information on soft tissues due to the image post-processing Ability to view images at the same time on different workstations Possibility to transfer digital images from one location to another, easily forwarded electronically to referral radiologist Manipulation of the contrast levels and the negative contrast to improve fine details of the image Elimination of exposure errors as those can be corrected by handling the image, adjusting the level/brightness and the contrast. Wider dynamic range.

Disadvantages I I I

High initial cost of equipment Constant progress rapidly outdates the system Familiarity with the system can be initially complicated

Birds Referred to in the Text

Gyr x saker falcon hybrid (F. rusticolus x F. cherrug) (Figs 1,4)

Adult Peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) (Figs 2,7)

Gyr x Peregrine falcon hybrid (F. rusticolus x F. peregrinus) (Figs 3,8)

Gyr falcon (F. rusticolus) (Figs 5,6)

Female saker falcon (F. cherrug) (Fig 9)

Immature Peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus) (Fig 10)

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Traumatic Injuries a

Fig 1. Constriction injury of the first phalanx of the right hallux in a gyr x saker falcon hybrid caused by a constriction of the falconry jesses around the digit: lateral (right to left) views (a,c,e) (left side) and dorsoplantar views (b,d,f) (right side) of the distal pelvic limb. Latero-lateral (c) and contrast inversion (e) close-up of the feet. Note that the first phalangeal bone of the right hallux and the soft tissue surrounding it are involved. Dorsoplantar (d,f) close-up views of the right foot.

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Fig 2. Muscle contraction of the extensor carpi muscle of a female Peregrine falcon that was presented because of a right drooped wing: ventrodorsal view of the body (a) and contrast inversion close-up of the wing (b). Note how the use of the contrast inversion is useful to evaluate the lesion.

Fig 3. Scapula fracture. Ventrodorsal view and contrast inversion (a,b) of the body of a male gyr x Peregrine falcon hybrid that was presented for examination but did not show any clinical signs. Note the healing fracture on the body of the scapula. Ventrodorsal close-up and contrast inversion (c,d) of the healing fracture, using the magnification option when viewing the image.

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Fig 4. Fracture of a rib of a female gyr x saker falcon hybrid presented for examination without clinical signs. Ventrodorsal view (a) and contrast inversion (b) of the body of the falcon. The radiograph shows a small radiopaque area on a left rib. Ventrodorsal closeup (c,d) showing a transverse fracture of the left rib. Ventrodorsal close-up and contrast inversion of the lesion (e,f). Note the increased radiopacity of the left rib.

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Fig 5. Incomplete fracture of the tibia in a female gyr falcon. The falcon was moderately lame in its pelvic limb. Caudocranial view and contrast inversion (a,b) of the extended pelvic limbs. Caudocranial close-up and contrast inversion (c,d) of the tibia. Note the incomplete fracture involving the shaft of the tibiotarsus and the associated periosteal reaction arising from the adjacent cortex. Lateral close-up view and contrast inversion (e,f) of the fracture.

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Inflammation a

Fig 6. Osteomyelitis of the first phalanx of the hallux of the right foot of a male gyr falcon. The falcon was presented with a lame right foot. Dorsoplantar (a,b) view and contrast inversion close-up of the feet. A useful comparison can be made with this radiograph. Note the increased joint space and the erosion of the articular surface between the two phalanges of the right hallux. Dorsoplantar close-up and contrast inversion of the right foot (c,d) and right hallux (e,f). The detail achieved with the zooming option facilitates the diagnosis. An area of osteolysis shows on the distal extremity of the first phalanx.

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Fig 7. Soft tissue swelling of the carpus and digit of a female Peregrine falcon presented with a left wing disorder. Craniocaudal close-up and contrast inversion (a,b) of the left wing. Note the severe soft tissue swelling of the carpus and the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Craniocaudal close-up and contrast inversion (c,d) of the extended left wing and (e,f) of the extended right wing. Note the osteophyte on the major digit.

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Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism a

Fig 8. Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHP) expressed as rotated hocks in an immature gyr x Peregrine falcon hybrid. Ventrodorsal view and contrast inversion (a,b) of the body. Long bones are bowed and the bones show an overall decrease of bone density. The hock joints are rotated. Caudocranial projection and contrast inversion (c,d) of the extended pelvic limbs. Note the angle between the tibia and the tarsometatarsus and the curved long bones. Another caudocranial view and contrast inversion (e,f) of the pelvic limbs show the severe abnormality of development of the hocks and the bowed long bones.

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Fig 9. NSHP expressed as greenstick fracture of the humerus of an immature female saker falcon presented for drooped left wing after a trauma. Craniocaudal view (a,b) shows a severe soft tissue swelling around the greenstick fracture of the left humerus midshaft and around the elbow joint (arrows). Note the presence of the immature or blood feathers (BF), with the radiodense core, and the large joint spaces showing incomplete ossification of the skeleton of this immature bird. Craniocaudal close-up and contrast inversion (c-f) of the radiograph.

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Use of Digital Radiography for Diagnosis of Selected Musculoskeletal Disorders in Falcons D. Quiliquini, T. Bailey, A. Di Somma, A. Kutty

Fig 10. NSHP expressed as scoliosis in an immature Peregrine falcon. This ventrodorsal view and contrast inversion (a,b) of the body show that the vertebral column and the keel are not superimposed in this aligned radiograph. The thoracic vertebrae have a clear deviation. Ventrodorsal projection and contrast inversion (c-d) of the body with extended wings.

JOIN THE DISTINCTIVE PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR AVIAN PRACTITIONERS Quality educational publications and programs Opportunities for comradeship and networking Chance to impact avian conservation and research

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Advancing and Promoting Avian Medicine and Stewardship www.exoticdvm.com

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Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian Eastside Avian & Exotic Animal Medical Center Kirkland, Washington cajddvm@hotmail.com Steven Benscheidt, DVM Nelson Road Veterinary Clinic Longmont, Colorado sbnrvc@hotmail.com Cathy Johnson-Delaney is a 1980 graduate of Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. She has practiced avian and exotic pet medicine in the greater Puget Sound area since graduation. She is a well-known author on exotic pets and a frequent lecturer on small mammals and zoonoses at professional conferences and veterinary schools. She is the author of the Exotic Companion Medicine Handbook for Veterinarians. In 2003, she received the Exotic DVM of the Year Award. Dr. Benscheidt received his DVM degree from Colorado State University (CSU) in 1980. He has served in a mixed practice in Longmont, Colorado since 1985 and frequently sees pet chickens in his practice. He is active in the Colorado VMA, external board at CSU Veterinary Hospital, 4-H groups and other organizations in the state.

WHAT VETERINARIANS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT

Pet Chickens

Various chicken breeds have developed from domestication of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus, forma domesticus) for different purposes: egg laying (leghorns), meat (Cornish) or meat and eggs (Plymouth rocks, Rhode Island reds and New Hampshire), as well as for exhibition. Maintaining, breeding, treating or commercially dealing with chickens may be regulated by laws that govern the protection of animals, property rights, exchange of goods, liability, epornitics, food for human consumption, hunting and (international) transport of animals. Voluntary federal and state programs, such as the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP), provide testing for specific diseases to facilitate interstate and international transport of fowl. Local laws and city codes must be consulted for specific management guidelines (e.g., possibly limiting the number of roosters on a given amount of land).

Table 1. Vital Statistics Life span Average weight Range of weights

10-11 years 283-510 g (10-18 oz) 50-2000 g, depending on breed Respiratory rate 12-37 breaths/min Heart rate 220-360 beats/min Rectal temperature 41.2째C (106.1째F) Sexual maturity 4.5-5 months (begin laying; sexually mature by 1 year) Laying pattern

Nondeterminant (hen continues to lay if eggs are removed)

Clutch size Incubation period

5-8 chicks 19-22 days

A layer flock should be culled frequently to eliminate possible disease carriers. A flock that produces fertile eggs and chicks must have a plan for surplus birds. Usually this means home processing of poultry meat. A producer may process poultry for his own use without inspection. The recommendations in this article apply to individual chickens or small

*Adapted in part from Johnson-Delaney C: Exotic Companion Medicine Handbook. Zoological Education Network, 2000.

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Table 2. Hematologic Reference Ranges for Domestic Fowl

Leghorn

Rhode Island Red

flocks that are maintained as pets or for egg laying. Numerous online resources are available for management of small flocks (e.g., www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ poulsci/tech_manuals/small_flock_ resources.html).

They are usually gentle but during the breeding season can be aggressive, especially males. Chickens are easier to carry than other fowl, have less messy stool and produce fresh eggs for consumption. Depending on the diet fed, resulting eggs may be tastier with higher levels of nutrients.

Pet Appeal and Behavior Maintenance of small flocks of chickens is returning to its former popularity, even within city limits. Of all the bird species kept in backyards, chickens seem to be the fowl to which owners most easily bond and for which they are willing to seek veterinary attention when needed. Chickens are entertaining and have individual personalities that make them endearing to families.

Source of Chickens for Pets Many commercial hatcheries produce healthy chickens that can be purchased in small numbers for the pet trade. These facilities tend to follow strict disease prevention protocols and often are much safer sources than backyard breeders or animal auctions. Birds intended as individual pets or for small

Basophils Eosinophils Erythrocytes (RBC)

0-8% 0-16% 1.25-4.50 x106/mm3

Hematocrit (PCV)

23-55 ml%

Hemoglobin Lymphocytes MCH MCHC MCV Monocytes Neutrophils Platelets Sedimentation rate

7.0-18.6 g/dl 29-84% 25-48 µµg 20-34% 100-139 µ3 0.05-7.00% 15.1-50.0% 13-70 x103/mm3 0.5-6.5 mm/hour

WBC

9-32 x103/mm3

Table 3. Biochemistry Reference Ranges for Domestic Fowl Albumin Calcium Cholesterol Glucose Creatine Globulin Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Total protein Uric acid

1.3-2.8 g% 13.2-23.7 mg% 86-211 mg% 227-300 mg% 0.9-1.8 mg% 1.5-4.1 g% 6.2-7.9 mg% 3.0-7.3 mEq/L 131-171 mEq/L 3.3-5.5 g% 2.5-8.1 mg%

Anatomy of the Chicken

Used with permission of the Department of Poultry Science of Mississippi State University. www.exoticdvm.com

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Karin Kanton, DVM

EXOTIC ANIMAL CARE

Chickens are usually housed in groups outdoors where they can forage.

Coops provide shelter and safety for chickens.

Baby chicks may need supplemental heat until they are 10 weeks old.

collections should be purchased as

bird does not touch the sides of the

chicks that have already been vacci-

aviary. Dense nontoxic bushes can be

nated for Marek’s disease. Chickens

planted to avoid sharp corners.

intended for show competition need

Natural turf surfaces are best, with an

vaccine protection for avian pox, infect-

area designated for dust/sand baths.

ing boxes or pen areas should be wellsecured at night or when owners are not home so that these other pets do not have access to the chickens. Pet chickens should be offered some daily access to the outdoors and dust/sand areas for grooming.

ious laryngotracheitis, Newcastle’s

Appropriate indoor substrates

disease, coryza, mycoplasma and other

include shavings, sawdust, straw or

diseases as recommended by the local

recycled paper pellets to a depth of

poultry veterinarians, state or exten-

6-8 inches (15-20 cm). The substrate

sion veterinary services or specific

should be changed routinely to pre-

poultry clubs.

vent ammonia buildup. Clean nesting

Housing for Adults Chickens are usually housed in groups outdoors where they can eat grass and

material, such as wood shavings, should be provided in the nests at all times. Many pet chickens reside in the

peck for bugs. Studies of chickens

home, with an area in a kitchen or

kept in cages clearly show that without

laundry room sectioned off by chil-

appropriate foraging material, feather

dren’s gates or puppy play pens.

pecking and other behavioral prob-

The substrate often consists of layers

lems are common.

of newspaper with straw or hay,

Chicken coops provide shelter and

although many owners provide

Housing for Chicks Until baby chickens are 10 weeks old they may need supplemental heat in a draft-free area. For 1-week-old chicks, the room temperature should be 90°F (32°C) with a gradual dropping of 5°F (3°C) per week until the temperature is 70°F (21°C). As the chicks grow, larger living space needs to be provided. At 4 weeks of age the floor space should be one-half square foot per chick, gradually enlarging to 5 square feet (0.5 m²) per chick at 21 weeks of age. One waterer should be provided for every 25-50 chicks. The water and food containers should be placed outside the edge of the hover brooders.

safety for sleeping and laying eggs.

towels, blankets or other types of cloth

Coops should be made of strong

bedding in a small box for a roost.

materials, be easy to clean and be dry

Pet chickens with access to carpet and

and well ventilated. A shaded portion

upholstery fabric may entangle their

is essential, especially in summer, and

nails, leading to injury, or may ingest

supplemental heat may be necessary

these materials, leading to impactions

Diet for Adults

in winter climates. To prevent access

or other gastrointestinal disorders. Pet

by predators, wire sides or sheet metal

chickens may peck and ingest other

should be extended underground, and

household items, such as rubber

the top should be covered with wire

bands, small trinkets, jewelry, grout-

mesh. Losses to predators can occur in

ing, window/door insulation materials

open-topped facilities, particularly

and even foam shoe insoles, which can

with respect to chicks.

also lead to gastrointestinal problems.

Many disorders of captive poultry are directly or indirectly related to malnutrition. As with other birds, a seed diet is not a complete diet, nor is chicken scratch or cracked corn. Commercial formulated diets are available for domestic fowl and include chick starter, layer, broiler and adult maintenance, with considerable variation in the levels of calcium, protein and energy among the rations.

Indoor/outdoor aviaries should be

Although many pet chickens appear

as large as possible (with extra height

to get along well with other household

for roosting). Roosts should be placed

pets, such as dogs, cats or ferrets, they

so that the tail or wing of a roosting

should not be left unattended. Sleep-

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As chicks mature the room temperature can be gradually reduced.

Juvenile chickens are able to forage on their own.

Sexual dimorphism is evident in most breeds of chickens.

It is best to feed commercial diets

protein starter mash should be offered,

phologic characteristics.

without coccidiostats, antiflagellates or

which can be gradually changed to a

antimicrobials. Extra-label use of

16% protein formula after 8 weeks of

medicated feed for production pur-

age. Feed should be provided to

poses is not allowed. To make a

newly hatched chicks on a large, flat

feeding change, mix new feeds into

plate on which they can move around

the daily diet slowly over a few days,

and practice picking. By 5 to 7 days of

gradually converting to new diet.

age, food can be offered in larger

During transition to a better diet,

containers. Shallow bowls should be

nutritional supplements may be

used for water, as small chicks may

offered. One recommended product is

drown in large water containers.

organic red palm fruit oil (www.AVI-

Reducing drinker depth by placing

x.com). The availability of fresh green

stones or glass marbles in the con-

plants to the diet provides the birds

tainer will reduce losses.

with nutritional diversity. Owners should refrain from offering their

Sexing

chickens table scraps, bakery goods

Most chicken breeds show a marked

and human foods in general. As an

sexual dimorphism. The size (height

occasional treat, commercial meal-

and width), body mass (weight), color

worms or earthworms are relished.

of the plumage, shape of certain

Because obesity is a major problem in

feathers, presence of spurs and the

pet chickens, owners may need to

length and color of the tail feathers

measure out portions of commercial

assist in gender determination

poultry food for daily intake.

between adults. In some breeds of

Birds that are not allowed to freely

domestic fowl, fertile cocks may have

roam should have access to grit. The

plumage that resembles that of hens.

grit container should be emptied and

Highly skilled individuals can deter-

refilled regularly with various sizes of

mine gender by examining the cloaca

grit because birds select only stones

in 1-day-old chicks or in adults.

that are suitable for their body mass.

Behavioral clues, like dominance

Restraint The face and eyes of handlers should be protected from possible injury from spurs (cocks) or beaks. A hooked long stick can be used to gently catch chickens in an aviary. The legs of chickens should be restrained first and then the abdomen supported from below. A large bird can be restrained by placing it under one arm and pressing it gently against oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body. Birds can be calmed by placing a loose-fitting lightweight cotton sock over the head to reduce vision. Some chickens may go into a â&#x20AC;&#x153;hypnoticâ&#x20AC;? state for noninvasive procedures by having their head placed under a wing and rocking them side to side. Chickens that are housed exclusively outdoors may become overheated during the trip to the veterinary clinic and subsequent examination. The examination room should be as cool as possible. If the chicken appears agitated and begins panting, the examination should be suspended until the panting stops. Midazolam (0.5 mg/kg IM) may alleviate anxiety and struggling, thereby decreasing the potential for overheating. The calming effect may greatly facilitate a thorough examination.

Pellets or complete rations have an

and certain mating rituals, may suggest

adequate supply of calcium and

a gender but are not always indicative.

should not be supplemented with lime

Under certain conditions, the hens of

or crushed shell. Fresh, clean water

some chickens may exhibit behavior

must be available at all times.

and plumage similar to males. Endo-

Anesthetic Protocols

scopic examination of the gonads

As with other birds, anesthetic protocols should include a balanced approach: anti-anxiety/sedation,

Diet for Chicks For the first 6 weeks of age, a 20% www.exoticdvm.com

provides definitive determination of gender in species with similar mor-

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• Birds unable to fly or ambulate normally due to wing clipping are more susceptible to attack by pets and wild animals, such as raccoons. • It is advised to feed chickens before dark to allow them time to roost in safe areas away from potential predators. • Chickens need attention at least twice a day so a “sitter” may be necessary when the caretaker is away. • Interactions of small children with chickens should be monitored and frequent hand-washing recommended. • Specific areas of the yard should be designated for digging and scratching to prevent access to potentially toxic plants and to protect gardens. • A plan is needed for finding homes for surplus chicks.

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVPAvian

What Every Owner Should Know

A chicken was presented with an overgrown beak, presumably due to malnutrition (it had been fed cat food). The beak was successfully trimmed with a Dremel tool, the diet was changed to commercial poultry feed and the overgrowth did not recur.

analgesia and then anesthesia or loss of consciousness. The use of midazolam (0.25-0.5 mg/kg IM) coupled with the analgesic butorphanol (0.2-0.5 mg/kg

Health Certificates

IM) may be adequate for diagnostic

The Veterinary Services Area Office for the specific state must be contacted for instructions on testing animals being transported to another country. Health certificates usually require testing for mycoplasma, salmonella (specifically the poultry-specific Salmonella pullorum) and influenza species.

procedures, such as radiography and ultrasonography. Anesthesia may then be induced with isoflurane via face mask and maintained via intubation. Chickens should have a pre-anesthetic

Common Diagnostic Tests for Pet Chickens

blood pressure (systolic) value obtained

• CBC, serum chemistries • Culture, sensitivity (state diagnostic lab) • Fecal parasite examination (flotation, direct smear, centrifugation) • Fecal Gram’s stain • Necropsy (state diagnostic lab) • Chickens older than 5-6 years or as physical examination reveals: - radiography - ultrasonography - electrocardiogram - blood pressure - echocardiogram

tored during anesthesia with ECG and

using the wing and should be moniblood pressure measurements. Respira-

Grooming

tory apnea to inhalant anesthetics is less

Most chickens take baths in dust or sand rather than water. The use of these abrasive materials on the plumage may function to lightly abrade and polish the edges of the feathers and may help reduce the number of external parasites as long as the sand itself is not contaminated. Insect powders should be used only if they are nontoxic and only if the birds in fact have parasites.

likely if sufficient pre-anesthetic sedation and analgesia have been provided. Local anesthetic injection or infiltration using lidocaine 2% will not only provide local analgesia, but in combination with the pre-anesthetic medications, allow for lower concentrations of inhalant anesthetic gases to be used.

Vaccination Program The goal in small chicken collections should be disease prevention by avoiding entry of disease organisms onto the premises. Vaccines for fowl are readily available for commercial use but not for smaller collections. Diseases commonly considered for vaccination, if endemic or if virulent strains are of concern in the area, include Marek’s disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, pox, Newcastle’s disease and infectious bursal disease. Chickens sold by feed

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stores or large suppliers may have already been vaccinated (see page 40).

Beak trimming is not recommended in chickens raised for hobby or for pets. When performed improperly, this procedure may interfere with the bird’s ability to eat, may result in infection and even affect the bird’s social ranking in the flock. Owners of pet roosters may have the veterinarian blunt the tips of the spurs, which can be performed with a Dremel sanding tool. The veterinarian should wear appropriate mask and face protection to prevent inhalation of dust.

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Radiograph of a 9-year-old rooster with severe gout/arthritis.

The procedure should be monitored for potential bleeding, as with all birds. Trimming of the flight feathers can be performed, as with psittacines, to prevent birds from escaping from open aviaries or to reduce the mobility of an aggressive cock during the breeding period. A sufficient amount of wing feathers should remain to prevent damage to the keel if the bird should try to fly and instead crash.

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian

Ultrasound from an eggbound hen with oviductal adrenocarcinoma.

• Jugular vein • Wing (brachial) vein • Tarsal/metatarsal vein

An ECG was performed on this rooster with congestive heart failure.

air), genetic predisposition and

Primary Zoonotic Potentials

other factors may all promote

• Colibacillosis (Escherichia coli) ingestion • Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix insidiosa) contact • Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium) ingestion, inhalation • Salmonellosis (Salmonella pullorum) ingestion • Chlamydiosis (Chlamydophila psittaci) - inhalation, aerosol

cannibalism. • Common internal parasites may include coccidia, roundworms and capillaria. External parasites commonly found on chickens are lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, midges and ticks. • Aging chickens develop atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, arthritis,

Blood Collection Sites

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian

3/12/2008

Cathy A. Johnson-Delaney, DVM, Dipl ABVP-Avian

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gout, obesity and renal disease. • Reproductive system diseases include chronic infections and neoplasia.

Therapeutic Considerations Therapeutics appropriate for chickens are listed in the literature and must be approved for use in “food” animals

Injection Sites IV IM SC IO

Brachial/cephalic vein Breast or thigh Inguinal web, flank area Tibia is easiest although ulna, as in other birds, can be used

Most Common Disorders in Small Chicken Flocks • Pet chickens are susceptible to a wide variety of viral, bacterial, mycoplasmal, parasitic, chlamydial, rickettsial and fungal agents. • Cannibalism may be expressed as vent picking, feather pulling, toe picking, head picking and egg eating. Overcrowding, incorrect feeding, an inappropriate daylight cycle, high light intensity, poor housing conditions (e.g., high proportion of toxic gases in the www.exoticdvm.com

What to Look for in a Healthy Chicken Free of nasal discharge Plump and brightly colored wattle

Frequent vocalizations (soft clucking, chuckling, chatting)

Smooth, bright feathers

Active, alert attitude Clean vent area

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whether the animals are actually con-

should be advised in writing of the

sumed or not. Off-label usage for food

withdrawal times for any and all

animals is more strict than for tradi-

medications used during the veteri-

tional companion animals: 1) there

nary examination and therapy.

Animal Residue Avoidance Databank for prohibited drugs at www.FARAD.org.

must be a proper veterinarian/client

Fluoroquinolone products may no

relationship; 2) the veterinarian must

longer be sold, distributed or adminis-

supply a scientifically based with-

tered to chickens whether they are

drawal time; 3) there must be a

pets or livestock. Other extra-label

medical rationale for the drug noted in

prohibitions include: diethylstilbestrol

the record; and 4) if scientific informa-

(DES), chloramphenicol, nitroimida-

tion on the human food safety aspect

zoles (including dimetridazole, metro-

of the drug is not available, the

nidazole and ipronidazole), clenbu-

veterinarian must take appropriate

terol, dipyrone, glycopeptides (e.g.,

measures to ensure the animal and its

vancomycin), nitrofurans (including

food products do not enter the human

nitrofurazone, furazolidone, topical

food supply. If eggs from a bird being

use prohibited as well), and gentian

treated are consumed, the owner

violet. One may access the Food and

References and Further Reading 1. Butcher GD: Clinical management of captive Galliformes. In Harrison GJ, Lightfoot TL (eds): Clinical Avian Medicine. Spix Publishing, 2006. 2. Carpenter JW: Exotic Animal Formulary 3rd ed. Elsevier, 2005. 3. Echols S: Captive Foraging DVD. Zoological Education Network, 2006. 4. Johnson-Delaney CA: Exotic Companion Medicine Handbook. Zoological Education Network, 2000. 5. Schales C, Schales K: Galliformes. In Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR (eds): Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Brentwood, TN, HBD Intl, 1999. 6. Spenser EL: Compounding, extralabel drug use, and other pharmaceutical quagmires in avian and exotics practice. Sem Avian & Exotic Pet Med 13(1):16-24, 2004.

Selected Online Resources • Cooperative Extension Service (check local telephone directory) • The Game Bird Gazette (hobbyist magazine) www.gamebird.com • Journal of the American Association of Avian Pathologists (Avian Diseases) www.aaap.info • Journal of the Wildlife Diseases Association www.wildlife.org • Journal of the Poultry Science Association www.poultryscience.org • Avian Pathology www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/03079457.asp • National Poultry Improvement Plan www.aphis.usda.gov/vis/npip • www.farad.org • FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Extra-Label Use of Medicated Feeds www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/CPGExtraLabelUse.htm

• http://madcitychickens.com • www.chickendiapers.com • www.backyardchickens.com • www.mypetchicken.com • www.henspa.com • www.wikihow.com/Keep-Chickens-in-a-City • www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53190 • www.msstate.edu/dept/poultry/pub1276.htm • http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/poultry • http://poultryextension.psu.edu/Management.html • www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/factsheets/designs.html • www.mcmurrayhatchery.com

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For Your Bookshelf PRACTICAL

REVIEWS

Hand-Rearing Birds By Laurie J. Gage, DVM and Rebecca S. Duerr, DVM This book is a natural follow-up to Gage’s Hand-Rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals. In fact, based upon the writings of the editors, it is a project they had in mind from the completion of the first book. Wildlife rehabilitators across the nation are probably as pleased as I am to see this book now available. The text starts with a practical and informative general care section that is a great introduction for beginners and a good review for more experienced rehabbers and veterinarians. There are tips that may be new even to those with a lot of experience in avian handrearing. The next chapters cover chick identification and incubation of eggs. Finally, over 30 species of birds are covered in multiauthor presentations, with information that reflects the authors’ experiences backed up by easy-to-access references and resources. +

On the Plus Side

The book is easy to read and understand even for a novice. Although the chapters are written by multiple authors, a standard layout makes it smooth to move from one chapter to the next without feeling as though it is a different text. The depth of detail for each species is complete enough that this book could serve as a sole reference text for a rehabilitator. At a large wildlife rehabilitation hospital in Fort Lauderdale, nursery staff members are trained to hand-rear specific species of birds. I was able to assign chapters of this book to individual staff members in order to update and improve the standard operating procedures for hand-rearing multiple species at this facility.

- On the Minus Side This book is designed for the purpose

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described in its title: Hand-Rearing Birds. It has not been created for the veterinary practitioner per se, although it is a useful resource for veterinarians working with wildlife or breeding facilities. The “Common Medical Problems” section of each chapter offers a good list of what is most commonly seen with each species but does not offer the detail needed for veterinary care; therefore, the veterinarian may need additional resources. There is a lot of information and useful tips and tricks hidden within each chapter. Without thoroughly reading the entire chapter these could be missed. This is not a book that allows a rehabilitator to quickly look up a small topic, get the answer and close up the book again. In a busy rehabilitation facility, sometimes it is impractical to go through the whole chapter just to find one specific piece of information.

Add to Bookshelf? Any facility that sees and raises many types of birds needs to have this book. It is not a first choice if only one type of bird is being handreared — only parrots or only song birds, for example. Although each chapter is excellent in its own right, it may be too much book for individuals looking for information on a single species. Laurie J. Gage and Rebecca S. Duerr have succeeded in putting out another excellent reference text for those working with “babies.” I strongly recommend this for rehabilitators and veterinarians who deal with many types of avian patients. Reviewed by Renata Schneider, DVM Fort Lauderdale, Florida

ISBN: 978-0-8138-0666-2 Hardcover, 7" x 10" 456 pages, 182 illustrations $79.99 Wiley-Blackwell 800-862-6657 fax 515-292-3348 www.blackwellpublishing.com

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29 CE Hours Possible • 4 Wet Labs Available 540-951-2559 <www.MASAAV.org>

Avian Publications Avian Veterinary Books Good Bird! A Guide to Solving Behavioral Problems in Companion Parrots by Barbara Heidenreich, 80-page softcover, $15.00 plus $2.95 shipping. Wholesale pricing is available. Check our website for all your Avian Veterinary Medicine book needs. Shipping worldwide. Avian Publications 6380 Monroe St NE, Minneapolis MN 55432 USA Phone/Fax Orders: 763-571-8902 <www.avianpublications.com>

Quarterly Sale – Save 50% Offer Expires 08/01/08 SNAKES OF THE AMERICAS: Checklist and Lexicon by Bob L. Tipton Orig. Ed. 2005 • 492 pp. ISBN 1-57524-215-X Regular Price $112.50 With this ad $56.25 plus shipping Krieger Publishing Company - Dept. 8159 P.O. Box 9542 • Melbourne, FL 32902-9542 800-724-0025 • Fax: 321-951-3671 e-mail: info@krieger-publishing.com <www.krieger-publishing.com>

www.exoticdvm.com

New Induction Hoods for Avian and Exotic Species • Saves anesthetic • 3 sizes - parakeet, cockatiel, macaw • Hoods for long-billed species available • Removable and washable skirt • Endotracheal tubes also available (down to 1 mm)

Avian Spherical Collar A unique restraint collar. Order online now: www.aviancollar.com or call 239-267-9746

Medical Engineering and Development, Inc. 800-784-9060, 517-780-9805 <www.med-engrg.com>

Are You Looking for Medicated Beads (PMMA)? Liberty Drugs is offering medicated beads (PMMA) with Cefazolin and Amikacin that are microbiologically tested. • The available sizes are 5 beads, 10 beads and 25 beads per package. They are priced at $10, $25 and $45 accordingly. • We also compound medicated gel that can be infused instead of using beads. Do you need DMSA that has stability more that 4 hours? Call us with all your problem cases. LIBERTY DRUGS 109-19 Liberty Avenue, Richmond Hill, NY 11419 call us toll free with all questions (877) 733-5533 and ask for Simon Lorberg, RPh, DHPh, Member of PCCA

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Tools Rabbit Handling Video Rabbit Rescue and Rehab, the New York City Chapter of the House Rabbit Society, has produced a 38-minute video demonstrating a set of handling techniques that are gentle and non-traumatic for both rabbit and handler. According to Dr. Susan Brown, well known rabbit veterinarian, “This video on rabbit handling shows some excellent, safe and calm ways of holding a rabbit for examination and nail trims. The best part is that owners can easily use these techniques themselves at home and won’t need assistance.” The video can be ordered for $24.60 from Rabbit Rescue & Rehab, c/o Mary Cotter, 56 West Pondfield Road, #5C, Bronxville, NY 10708 or via http://rabbitcare.org/video.htm.

HEALx Sunshine Factor Available in 16 oz Jars HEALx Sunshine Factor, the certified organic red palm fruit oil dietary supplement, is now available in a wide-mouthed 16 oz (480 ml) jar. Formerly available only in 4 oz bottles, the wide-mouthed jars permit clients to easily spoon or scoop out the product, resulting in more efficient application and increased client compliance. HEALx is a line of natural, nontoxic products formulated by veterinarians to promote wellness in all animals. For further information, contact Zoological Education Network, 800-946-4782 or www.HEAL-x.com.

Large Animal Cushions Exotic DVM Index Available Online A complete cumulative index for Volumes 1-9 of Exotic DVM (19992007) is available for free downloading for future reference. Go to www.exoticdvm.com and click on the Volume 1-9 Index link at the bottom of the page. Providing this information online is consistent with the goal of supporting the environment by reducing paper waste.

Rhino Mats are heavy-duty, large animal cushions for floor and stalls. Developed originally to cushion a rhino that had been sedated, these mats are versatile and easy to store. Nonstandard size mats and/or different foam strengths are available. For further information, contact Medical Engineering & Development, 800-784-9060 or www.med-engrg.com.

Increase Your Revenue, Increase Your Service

EXOTIC RESOURCES AAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 AEMV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Avian Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Avian Spherical Collar . . . . . . . . . . . 47

More than 6,000 US veterinarians have selected the AVID system.

AVID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AVIx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Diagnostic Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Harrison’s Bird Foods

• Provide safe, effective and permanent identification for your clients’ pets

• Improve record keeping • Simple injection procedure without anesthesia

• Offer your clients’ pets increased protection through a national registry

. . . . . Back cover

HEALx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside back House Rabbit Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Krieger Publishing . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 47 Liberty Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Lyon Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MASAAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 47 Medical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Millbrook Cricket Farm

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Northwest ZooPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Oxbow Pet Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 R.A.T.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ReptilesTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside front

800-336-2843 www.AvidID.com fax 951-737-8967 PETtrac@avidid.com 3185 Hamner Ave, Norco, CA 92860

Skip’s Pharmacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Universal Surgical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 University of Miami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics . . . . . 8 Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service . . . . . . .44

A M E R I C A N V E T E R I N A R Y I D E N T I F I C AT I O N D E V I C E S

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Q. What topical antimicrobial cream offers analgesic and antiinflammatory properties without the use of steroids or antibiotics? A. Only HEALx Soother Plus. CASE REPORT: Use of HEALx Soother Plus in a Non-healing Wound* Day 0

Day 3

Day 6

Day 14

Day 21

Day 32

*Contact us for full case details.

HEALx Soother Plus

Topical Cream - 1 oz tube (30 ml) HEALx Soother Plus is a patented quaternary ammonium product suspended in aloe vera distillate for topical pain relief with the addition of patented monolaurin (monoglyceride of a fatty acid) for nontoxic antimicrobial activity. Soother Plus offers a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory cream for management of skin disorders. 800-946-4782 • 561-641-6745 • www.AVI-x.com • www.HEAL-x.com Contact us for veterinary pricing.

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