The Exchanging Room - Research Booklet by olihester

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Carlotta Conte Oliver Hester Oleg Sevelkov THE EXCHANGING ROOM

PROJECT RESEARCH

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CONTENT CONTEXT

C U R R E N T SI T UAT ION

BET WEEN BOR DERS

R ECEP TION CEN TR ES

S T R AT E GY L A N D O C C U PAT I O N

CHOSEN SITES

CHOSE N ST R AT EGY

CONST RUCT ION BUIL DI NG SYSTEM

M AT E R I A L ST U DI E S

10 3

DE SIGN P RO C E S S

121 3

C U R R E N T S I T UAT I O N

BETWEEN BOR DERS

RECEPTION CENTRES

PROJECT RESEARCH

1 2 3

1 C

T 5

PROJECT RESEARCH

1.1 C U R R E N T S I T UAT I O N

R EF UGEE CR ISIS

“A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees From 2011 until the present day the number of displaced people around the world has increased substantially - from 37.5m in 2005 to 69m in 2015. The media paints a Europe invaded by strangers, by massive waves of people eager to reach our doorsteps. However, if the situation is viewed from a global perspective Europe is far removed from the centre of the crisis.

During our research we were able to realize that: 1. Most refugees fleeing from conflict zones like Syria, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Somalia do not leave their own countries. Estimates put the number of internally displaced people at as high as 2/3 of the total number of refugees in 2015. 2. Refugees are a recurring crisis not a constant one (Second World War, 1990 Yugoslavia, 2011 Arab spring and Eritrea conflict, 2014-15 Syria conflict). 3. Refugees are very unequally distributed in western Europe. Germany and Sweden have hosted 1M and 2.5M respectively in 2015 alone compared to only 12.000 in the UK in the same time period. 4. According to Britain’s Refugee Council, the number of refugees in the UK fell from 193,600 to 117,161 in the past four years. In 2015 just 41% of asylum seekers got accepted in the UK. Among 25,700 applicants just 11,600 receive asylum status. Germany (97,275), France (68,500), and Italy (35,180) were all far more affected. Britain could be doing far more.

THE T H E WIDER W I D E R PPERSPECTIVE ERSPECTIVE

1.59M

1.51M

1.15M

LEGEND Asylum granted Country population

TURKEY 74.93M

PROJECT RESEARCH

PA K I S TA N 185M

LEBANON 4.5M

GERMANY 80M

R A N 77.4 M

82.000

659.000

ETHIOPIA 96.9M

654.100

JORDAN 6.6M

230.000

SWEDEN 9.6M

100.000

S A 318M

14.000

CANADA 35M

J JOURNEYS OURNEYS & & O OBSTACLES B S TA C L E S

59% Syria AEGEAN ROUTE

132,240

28% Syria 23%

6,698

AUSTRIA

GERMANY

Border controls

12% Nigeria

CALAIS ITALY

2015 - completed 2015 - planned

Sub Saha-

N.AFRICA

57% Syria 10% Guinea 5%

2015 - completed 2015 - planned

Kosovo

SPAIN

Ceuta & Meilla Spanish possession 2005 - completed

Ivory Coast

BLACK SEA ROUTE

BULGARIA

ARTIC ROUTE

FINLAND

LEGEND EU and Shengen Shengen and not EU EU and not Shengen Countries with most IDP Countries with most Refugees EU and Shengen Shengen and not EU Completed new borders Planned new borders Border controls Migration routes

2015 - considered w/ Slovenia

HUNGARY HUNGARY

29% Eritrea

11% ran

WEST MEDITERRANEAN

AUSTRIA

2015 - considered w/ Croatia

Pakistan

29% Afghanistan

102,342

SLOVENIA

Police Crackdown

25% Afghanistan

WESTERN BALKANS

CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN

MACEDONIA

2012 - completed GREECE

102,342

GREECE

PROJECT RESEARCH

BULGARIA 2015 - completed

UKRAIN 2018 - planned

ESTONIA 2018 - planned

MMEMORIES E M O R I E S & &HHISTORY I S T O RY 800.000 600.000 400.000 200.000 ASYLUM REQUESTS

POLICIES

CRISIS

PROJECT RESEARCH

1951

1992

2011

2015

Syrian crisis Yugoslavia Crisis Haiti Hearthquake

Brazil Humanitarian Visa

Brazil decided to welcome Haitians to their country with the creation of a ‘humanitarian visa.’ This visa would allow Haitians to seek refuge in Brazil without being deported, while applying for refugee status so they could begin to start new lives for themselves.

DAILY DISPLACED PEOPLE

10.900

ASYLUM REQUESTS NUMBER OF REFUGEES

37.5M 2005

2010

32.200

42.500

216.000

264.000

51.2M

59.5M

69M

2013

2014

2015

UK REFUGEES TIMELINE

UK REFUGEES TIMELINE C L A I N A S Y L U M

CLAIM ASSESSED

CLAIM DECISION

CLAIM GRANTED

SUCCESSFUL

most times up to 1 year

LEAVING LOCAL AUTHORITY ACCOMODATUION 28 days

CLAIM REFUSED

APPEAL

UNSUCCESSFULL

UNABL LEAVE T

SECT SUPP

A C C O

Volunteer warehouse Auberge du Migrant

M O D

HOME OFFICE PRIMARY AID

A T

Detention centres

Emergency accomodation

Disperse accomodation

NGO LEGAL

NGO PSYCOLOGICAL

NGO HOUSING

Help refugees

Helen Bamber Foundation & Freedom from turture

Citizens UK

Reception centres

I O N A I

JUNGLE BOOK

PROJECT RESEARCH

DEPORTED

LE TO THE UK 2,898

TION 4 PORT

5,903

4,965

Own property

5,433

1,791

2,535

UK asulum seekers per region, January 2014

Dover Calais

PROJECT RESEARCH

1. 2 B ETWEEN B OR DERS

F ROM C A L A I S T O L ON D ON

When we look at France and England from the sky, like we would from an airplane window, they appear similar, they aren’t colored in blue or red or white. When we get closer to their border flags and colors begin appearing, borders begin enclosing. Every day many residents of ‘the Jungle’(refugee camp in Calais), try to jump on buses, cars, trains, ferries to skip border control and reach England. The living conditions of the camp are lower than acceptable standards. Many civilians have come together to provide those basic needs that humans require. The NGO ‘l’auberge du migrants’ have come up with a very efficient system entirely dependent on voluntary help and donations to give food, clothes and shelter to most of the camps’ residents. While volunteering for the association we were able to help build the shelters. A brilliant system had been set up so that unskilled labor could build a shelter in less then half a day. Basic materials were used to set up an ad-hoc and quick-to-build system to provide basic shelters to replace the tents most people where living in.

The UNHCR’s guidelines have recently been putting a lot of emphasis on shelter that can be called ‘transitional‘. “Transitional shelters can support disaster affected people between the emergency and the time when they are able to rebuild longer term housing. If well designed, the materials from the transitional shelters can be re-used for housing.“ UNHCR Handbook for emergencies Would it be possible to think of a building system that offered cheap accommodation in desired locations, where the host community would have a chance to integrate into the English urban fabric?

C A L A I S, ‘ T H E J U N G L E ’ R E F U G E E C A M P

PROJECT RESEARCH

Calais Jungle - sketch render

Calais Jungle - France (Daily mail)

C A L A I S , ‘ T H E J U N G L E ’ S H E LT E R S

Render of current shelters in Calais

PROJECT RESEARCH

STORING

AIDING 22

PROJECT RESEARCH

DISTRIBUTING

D OV E R , A R R I V I N G I N T H E U K

DOVER EXPLORATION

Schools

Private housing

Public community space

ing

Dover seaport Immigration centre

High street

Public buildings

munity space

BnB + Hotel locations Large business

ngs

Small businesses

Poltons Family Centre

Immigration centre

PROJECT RESEARCH

Poltons Family Centre

High street

Dover seaport

t Immigration centre

Dover port

Dover Castle

D OV E R , R E C E P T I O N C E N T R E

PROJECT RESEARCH

( C O L N B RO O K )

PROJECT RESEARCH

1. 3 R ECEPTION C ENTRES

A S Y LU M P RO C E S S

While refugees apply for asylum the government provides accommodation and basic benefits. The system is organised in two stages. The first stage is an initial, emergency accommodation, managed by the Home office. An asylym seeker can be housed in a full board reception centre that usually hosts about 200 people, a room in a hotel/hostel with little access to the centre facilities (necessary for asylum seekers, such as legal aid),or choose to get money and no accommodation (such as the people wanting to remain in London). In fact most accommodation is located anywhere as long as it is away from the capital (The North, Midlands and South West of England and in Wales and Scotland, not in the South or in London) and in locations which most of the population would find undesirable. The consequence of such temporary ‘emergency’ accommodation is that it additionally delays their access to the support system and other welfare services to which they are entitled, as it may take a couple of

days before they access advice and complete an application for asylum support. In most of the centres the bathrooms were described as “dirty” by women interviewed for the Refugee Council and Maternity Action research. The second stage is when asylum seekers are moved to dispersed semi-temporary accommodation, managed by large private companies under contract from the Home Office (since 2012). Availability of housing in a region depends on procurement by the private company, which is affected by the local housing market, and local authority policy. The accommodation frequently fails to meet the needs of supported persons, particularly those with children or mobility and health needs. Asylum accommodation has been repeatedly criticized for failing to provide security, respect for privacy and basic levels of hygiene and safety, particularly for women. Other European countries have reacted differently to the crisis. Some examples are truly inspiring and positive, such us the red cross centre in Turin and the Refugees homes in Athens . 29

G OV E R N M E N TA L E M E RG E N C Y A I D

B E R L I N , T E M P E L H O F A I R P ORT

Just five kilometers from Angela Merkel’s office, at Berlin’s mothballed Nazi-era airport, the German chancellor’s refugee crisis slogan — “We can do it” — is sorely tested. Inside the now defunct hangars of Tempelhof airport in the southern part of the capital, city authorities keep adding housing units to the sprawling facility. It was meant to be a transit camp, an emergency shelter for refugees waiting to get asylum papers and then moving on to more permanent accommodation within days, weeks at the most.

A C C O M O DA T I O N 30

PROJECT RESEARCH

Since Tempelhof opened for refugees in late October, 3,500 refugees have come through. Like the rest of the country, the refugee-friendly capital has filled up quickly with many of the million newcomers who entered Germany last year. Now thousands could be stuck in transit at Tempelhof for months, if not years, turning the airport complex into a “city within the city,” or “refugee ghetto,” depending whom one asks on the political spectrum.

E U RO P E A N C I T I E S - I N T E R I O R P ROTO C O L

S E M I - G OV. R E F U G E E S C E N T R E S

M IL A N EX PO BECOM ES R EF UGEE CEN TR E

A first group of refugees has reached the base camp Expo that the prefect of Milan decided to use as a reception center for asylum seekers : 500 people in prefabricated and a canteen that can easily be put back into operation .

CEN 32 PTR R O JE E CTOBA T RESEL A RDO C H FENOGL IO

CEN T R E TOBA L DO F ENOGL IO

This centre is particularly special as its run by volunteer of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;croce rossaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; and is run in a very inclusive way. Refugees are tought languages and receive estensive information in regards of the Italian legal syste. Recently, a programme to reconcile refugees and their families has been set up. Unfortunately this centre is a real exeption.

CEN TR E EX PO M IL A N

HOME-MADE REFUGEES CENTRE

F U T U R E R EF UGEE HOM ES I N A SQUAT TED BU IL DI NG BET W EEN K A N IGOS STR EET A N D NOTA R A STR EET

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;I am in Athens for a short while, amongst other things helping out with work housing refugee families in the neighbourhood of Exarcheia. As you probably know thousands of people are stranded in Athens indefinitely now as the borders have closed and many are homeless. There was an initial building that was squatted on Notara street, with a group of families that has been very successful mostly because it is self-run by the people and families who live there now. Since then, both the refugees families and the groups here have been keen to continue this strategy and have occupied a school building where sixty people are now living, and another large building on Kanigos street, owned by a friendly Syrian, but which needs repairs. There will be some larger fund raising, benefit gigs etc. in order to do this, but 34

PROJECT RESEARCH

there is urgent need of some initial funds to get the basics fixed - so this is just an initial call for any small donations to do the work! It would be really sweet if you could contribute any small amount to cover the following most urgent materials: Floor boards Basic tools (there are lots of people wanting to help, not enough tools!) Paint, Plaster and cement, Glass for the windowsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1. PREPARIGN TO SQUAT a. Know the laws in your area b. Prepare for the lond-haul c. Form a group 2. PICK UP THE RIGHT SPOT a. Make sure that the property you choose is actually abandoned. b. Enter the space c. Scope it out. d. Test out the space you chose for one night, and be observant. 3. ENSTABLISH CONTROL OVER YOUR SQUAT a. Secure the building. b. Clean the place up. c. Find a way to heat the place in cold climates d. Decide how to deal with the neighbors. e. Establish legal property rights through adverse possession. exeption.

F U T U R E R EF UGEE HOM ES, ATHENS

L A N D O C C U PA T I O N

CHOSEN SITE

C H O S E N S T R AT E GY

PROJECT RESEARCH

1 2 3

2 S T R A T E G Y 37

REFUGEE Dariush

VOLUNTEER

PROJECT RESEARCH

2 .1 L A N D O C C U PAT I O N

F ROM LOOPHOL ES IN THE BUIL DI NG CODE TO P ROP E RT Y GUA R DI A N SH I P

Our project is based on the search for land: affordable and in a vibrant area. We began looking into building regulations’ loopholes, inspired by the work of LA-MAS(LA) and Recetas Urbanas (Spain). Looking for ways to host and integrate refugees in our cities at low cost. Initially we found small passages that allows us to occupy land temporarily and semi-illegally. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, we decided to focus on more legal and longer term temporal strategies.

lobbying to shift this condition, allowing anybody to occupy land that has been vacant for more then six months. Our project aims to highlight this potential shift. Proposing that by setting up a co-operative focused on short-life housing, scattered individuals would become more powerful, establishing a new relationship with the landlord. Thanks to this new kind of lease, an authorization agreement with the landlord will allow the co-operative to temporarily occupy vacant buildings: buildings will be maintained, the cooperative will benefit from cheaper rent, and empty urban spaces will be put to use.

After analysing a series of laws and loopholes and “alternative” ways of renting and housing, we focused on property guardianship as a basis for cheap and legal temporary occupation of vacant land. This system is aimed at buildings in limbo that are awaiting planning permission or demolition or redeveloping, or generally unused spaces that need looking after. This system was conceived to cater for low income citizens, but in the past years big companies have monopolized the market and guardians prices have increased substantially. NGOs and other motivated citizens are currently 39

PROJECT RESEARCH

Legality/ Temporality

Semi-legal Very Temporary

Legal Temporary

Owner typology

Reference

Private/State: (Used structures or infrastructure)

Advertising

(Facade)

Scaffoldings

Temporary Billboards - no planning perm. Temporary work

(Rivers)

Boathouses

Temporary docking

(Parkings-sideroads)

Trailers/Skips

(Rural Areas)

Trailers

(Trees)

Tree-house

Private/State (Heritage at Risk)

Loophole between vehicle and shed Conditional Owner agreement No planning permission(by area)

Pump House

(Potential Religious)

Church Milan

(Blocked building site)

(Site awaiting planning permission)

(Abandoned World Expositions, Olympics, ecc..)

Seville

Private: (Abandoned Industrial)

Warehouse - boathouse example

(Backgardens)

Subplan

Legal Loophole

Adverse possession Living Guardian Claim abandoned property Special NGOs conditions

B I L L B OA R D S A N D P U B L I C D I S P L AY S Innovative approaches have been taken to incorporate the homeless community into the urban environment. Homelessness is increasing and needs to be integrated into current society. Raincity Housing a housing association helping with the homeless situation in Toronto collaborated with Spring (a marketing and creative industry company). The two businesses adapted a current park bench to have a homeless person sleep on it over night. There are very few examples of such interventions in the UK and this could be an area that we could develop. The regulations behind this are not clear, however you need to apply for planning permission for a bill board advert. These must • • • • •

Be kept clean and tidy Be kept in a safe condition Have the permission of the owner of the site on which they are displayed(this includes the Highway Authority if the sign is to be placed on highway land) Not obscure, or hinder the interpretation of, official road, rail, waterway or aircraft signs, or otherwise make hazardous the use of these types of transport Be removed carefully where so required by the planning authority.

The current amount of bill board space solely in London takes up a large area and these could in some instances could create a night time habitable space.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

ADVERTISING

Shelter in Toronto

References http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/01/homelessness-in-vancouver_n_5544123.html

T R A N S I T I O NA L RU R A L S T RU C T U R E S The current UK planning law mentions that Caravans are not buildings. This is mentioned in the court case of Measure v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions. The judge in the high court ruled that... “In my judgment, it would conflict with the purpose of the Act 1 and common sense to treat mobile caravans as “buildings” as of right ... it is clear that in the present case the caravans lacked that degree of permanence and attachment to constitute buildings” 1. ([Caravan Site and Control of Development] Act 1960 and the 1968 [Caravan Sites]Act)

These cases highlight that the nature of being able to wheel the structure around means it is not permanent and therefore can be used as a semi permanent dwelling. There are other cases where more permanent attempts have been done with mobile homes and these have not been as successful as they have been deemed to “fails the tests of permanence” and therefore are deemed too permanent. This is an area of the system that could be developed, as it seems there is a gap between permanence and transitional structures. Travellers, gypsies and all associated namesakes are protected from discrimination by the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Human Rights Act 1998. The police are able to under section 61 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 can require gypsies/travellers to leave; The Police are able to activate these powers where they are satisfied that two or more people are trespassing on the land, and the landowner has taken reasonable steps to make them leave (and they have failed to do so). In addition, one of the following also has to apply: 1. Damage has been caused to the land or property, or 2. Threatening / abusive / insulting behaviour has been used against the occupier, his family or agent, or 3. The trespassers have six or more vehicles.

This is proving that again there are small parts of the law that may facilitate some form of development or informal settlement on land, that may not be being used for a specific purpose.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

VEHICLES / MOBILE

Cycle caravan- permanent?

References http://m-house.org/law.html

U R BA N DW E L L I N G S Specific loop holes within the planning and legal framework can be manipulated and tested to provide a semi permanent structure. This is example in Seville is a strategy that guarantees the user for an agreed minimum period of 4 months, extendible to a maximum of a year. This is an extendible collapsible house studio. This shows how there are loop holes within the system. In the UK these loop holes are not as obvious however there are some loop holes such as squatters rights which have recently been changed. Squatting in private dwellings has recently been changed to say that squatting or adverse possession is now illegal. However squatting in commercial buildings (non residential property) is not illegal as long as you follow do not commit these crimes. 1. Causing damage when entering the property 2. Causing damage while in the property 3. Not leaving when they’re told to by a court 4. Stealing from the property 5. Using utilities like electricity or gas without permission 6. Fly-tipping 7. Not obeying a noise abatement notice

There are various criteria you must follow to proceed with a possession of a squatted building. 1. You, or a succession of squatters, have occupied the property continuously for 10 years (12 years if it’s not registered with Land Registry) 2. You (or your predecessors) acted as owners of the property for the whole of that time 3. You (or any of your predecessors) didn’t have the owner’s permission, eg the property wasn’t originally rented to a squatter Seville building law The 3rd Section of the 4th Chapter of the 3rd Title of the PGOU of Seville oversees the task of Specific Conservation and Temporal Occupation of Empty Lots. Placing a pre-fabricated structure in the lot could be legitimated through art. 3.10.1.c “spreading with provisional and dis-mountable structures,” through which we would request the license to stay in the empty lot. We will have to respect the conditions described in sections 2 and 3 of art. 3.39-this poses no problems at all for us or for the goals we have in mind. It must be stressed that the said authorization will have to be accepted by the owner and be indicated in the ownership title.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

SCAFFOLDING / SKIP

Seville temporary scaffolding housing

References http://www.recetasurbanas.net/index1.php?idioma=ENG&REF=1&ID=0003

F L OA T I N G S I T E S , B OA T O R B U I L D I N G ? This area is particularly unknown. There are different regulations across different waters. Finding planning permission for a floating home is difficult, the mooring itself does not require planning permission. “On most coastal moorings you do not need planning permission for your floating home or houseboat. On the non-tidal part of River Thames, no planning permission is required. On the Chichester Canal you are presently required to submit a planning application for every type of floating home, houseboat, barge or boat.”

These spaces are named ‘Bluefield sites’. They in some ways are able to open up a significant amount of buildable area in specifically London but throughout the UK.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

BOATS

BACA Architects designed floating home named “The Chichester” for New London Architecture’s competition for 100 Ideas to solve London housing crisis

References http://www.floatinghomes.ltd.uk/floatinghomes.html http://bacahomes.co.uk/portfolio/chichester/

TREE HOUSE The legislation has recently changed 2009 stating that “All tree houses need full planning permission”. No verandas, balconies or raised platforms” are allowed without planning permission, under the new rules, with “raised” defined as a height of over 30cm. Anything over 1ft from the ground needs to be submitted for planning incurring costs that previously were not needed. These spaces previously were considered to be ad hoc and informal and have now become more formal and regulated. Below are some of the laws restricting this construction. They have become increasingly regulated and planned.

Current planning law 2015 1. If the tree is on a protected list you cannot build in it at all. This restriction is sometimes called a Tree Preservation Order. 2. Tree-houses are generally classed as ‘temporary structures’, like a garden shed. In this case, there will be a maximum height restriction of around 4m (16 feet) - this is from ground level to peak of roof, so it easy to exceed when building a tree-house. 3. No part of the tree-house should be built within a set distance of the boundary line, usually around 3m (12 feet). 4. Permanent electrical or water connections may change the classification of the tree-house, as it could be considered habitable. You are very unlikely to be able to build a tree-house that will meet building regulations for a habitable structure. Running an extension cable or using a temporary water connection are ways to get round this.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

TREE HOUSE

Tree house structure

References http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5749382/All-tree-houses-need-full-planning-permission-new-rules-say.html 51

B U I L D I N G C O D E R E - I N T E R P R E TA T I O N There are two locations being referenced here. Firstly the parasite type dwelling that could be donated to house a small amount of people once they have arrived in the UK. This would be a temporary structure. There are many examples of this in the current planning framework. Properties can be inhabited and let to groups of people this is known as an HMO. A property is an HMO if it is let as a main or only home to at least three tenants, who form more than one household and who share a kitchen, bathroom or toilet.

I.E. SUB PLAN The other is using outdoor space in urban locations such as back gardens and roof top terraces. There is a large amount of private space in urban areas throughout the UK, some of these spaces are currently being used. Rental prices are increasing and housing benefit is decreasing, there is also a lack in social housing. These factors lead to some owners building informal structures such as sheds and letting out these external outbuildings illegally. This could be facilitated in a better way, and could be encouraged in some cases where large areas of land lay vacant. If a building has existed for four years without attracting complaints, it becomes legal this is for properties that are rented out.

PROJECT RESEARCH

E X T R E M E LY T E M P O R A RY

DONATED / INFORMAL SPACES Residential

SUB-PLAN book image

References http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/19/james-furzer-crowdfund-parasitic-sleeping-pods-london-homeless-indiegogo/ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/09/london-landlords-desperate-tenants

A DV E R S E P O S S E S S I O N Squatters can gain ‘adverse possession’. to do this they usually have a statement of the person acting in ‘good faith’ to support their case to gain ownership of the property they are living in. This only applies to commercial property, as of 2012 Section 6 of squatters rights notice in the window meaning the owner can’t evict you without taking to court, which can take several months (this only applies to rented/ abandoned or commercial properties - anyone who normally occupies ) In some places, notably the UK, squatting is commonly thought to be legal, as long as you follow certain procedures. However in August of 2012, UK law was passed making it clear that squatting is not legal. The law made squatting a crime punishable by prison and/or a five thousand euro fine. As of September 2012, a phone call to the police is sufficient enough to arrest a squatter in the UK.

It is not impossible to claim unregistered land and abandoned property in the UK but it will take some research and time. There is a legal process that must be followed when claiming unregistered land and the many thousands of abandoned properties in the UK. Finding such locations is known as ‘Targeting’. The land registry is then contacted to see if the land or property is registered. After enquiring about the space the land may look derelict or not owned but it could still be owned, serious legal issues can be had if this process is neglected. However if successfully contacting the land registry and the land is unregistered then the building or land can be adversely possessed if the steps below are followed. In order to claim abandoned land a person must first have taken possession of the land. 1. This means erecting fences around the land. 2. Occupying it for a certain period of time, this is known as adverse possession. 3. The adverse possession period is 10 years for registered land and 12 years for unregistered land. 4. The person must also be able to prove that they have been in adverse possession for this amount of time. Only then will they be able to register with the Land Registry.

PROJECT RESEARCH

T E M P O R A RY

NEGLECTED SPACES Mixed-use

Millennium Mills building

S H O RT- L I F E H O U S I N G C O - O P E R A T I V E S Shot-life housing co-operatives, have a great potential for our condition as they allow to take over properties that are not commercially rentable, for a limited period of time. At the moment most of them are located in London or the South of England. The co-op does not own the properties, but has a lease with the landlord. The tenant-members are responsible for keeping the property in good order and carrying out minor repairs. Like ownership housing co-operatives, short-life co-operatives are registered as co-operative societies under the provisions of the Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1965, members having a ‘par value’ nominal £1 non equity share in the co-operative. Short life co-operatives have declined in numbers in recent years because landlords, mainly local councils or other public bodies have been taking the housing back for improvement or sale. Industrial and Provident Societies (IPS) Act 1965 – it is specifically designed for co-ops and societies set up for the benefit of members (a co-operative) or for the benefit of the community.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK Co-operatives can also register as non-profit companies limited by guarantee. (A number of co-operatives, particularly ones financed by members without government grants, have chosen this registration option because of easier administration available under Companies Act legislation, although this advantage has been largely removed by improvements in the arrangements for the administration of Industrial and Provident Societies). Housing co-operatives do not have their own special legislative framework in housing or property law and operate, like other landlords, under landlord and tenant legislation. The special democratic nature of ‘fully mutual housing co-operatives – (legally called ‘cooperative housing associations’) is recognised by their exclusion from statutory forms of tenancy and the statutory protection of tenant rights.

PROJECT RESEARCH

T E M P O R A RY

BUILDINGS IN TRANSITION Religious

Casamica - occupation of the side naval of the church with community rooms for family moving to Milan temporarily for cancer treatments

References http://www.casamica.it/index.php/casa-di-via-sant-achilleo

H E R I TA G E A T R I S K The Register includes buildings, monuments, conservation areas, battlefields and wreck sites that are listed and have been assessed and found to be at risk.

At Historic England (formerly English Heritage) weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been collecting information on the condition of our built heritage since the publication of our first Register of listed buildings at risk in London in 1991. The first national Register of buildings at risk was published in 1998 and in 2011 we started adding information on the condition of listed places of worship. Our national Heritage at Risk Register includes: Grade I and II* listed buildings at risk including places of worship Grade II listed buildings at risk in London including places of worship Grade II listed places of worship at risk outside London The best way to protect a building is to keep it occupied, even if the use is on a temporary or partial basis.

English Heritage has produced this guidance to help owners to reduce the risks facing empty buildings, by undertaking a range of precautionary measures and adopting an active management approach.

PROJECT RESEARCH

T E M P O R A RY

BUILDINGS IN TRANSITION Mixed-use

Water pump house, has been derelict for many years and has now been bought to e refurbished but has been waiting more then 3 years to be granted planning permission.

References Oliver Hester Pictures

CHANGE OF USE Permitted development has recently been changed, where certain classes are now able to change use. This is particularly relevant in our case as there are many examples of large warehouse spaces and office spaces not needing planning permission to change the class of use to residential. As an example, Class B1 (offices) can be changed to Class C3 (Dwellinghouse). This is stated in The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order, 2015 No. 596 SCHEDULE - 2 PART - 3 (Class O â&#x20AC;&#x201C; offices to dwellinghouses) Development consisting of a change of use of a building and any land within its curtilage from a use falling within Class B1(a) (offices) of the Schedule to the Use Classes Order, to a use falling within Class C3 (dwellinghouses) of that Schedule.

Another example of this is that under Class P (of the act mentioned above) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; storage or distribution centre to dwellinghouses one is able to develop within the curtilage of a storage warehouse as long as it follows some basic criteria. These sites exist around the UK and are currently lying vacant.

PROJECT RESEARCH

T E M P O R A RY

BUILDINGS IN TRANSITION Industrial

Lloyds Machinery Packing Co Ltd - Brickfield Rd, Bromley by Bow E3 (website image)

References http://www.derelictlondon.com/autumn-2015.html http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/permission/commonprojects/changeofuse

P R O P E RT Y G UA R D I A N S H I P Property guardianship is billed as win-win-win: landowners can cheaply secure their buildings, guardians benefit from cheaper living costs, and empty urban spaces are put to use. Unfortunately this is not always the case as the growing number of property guardian companies have increased competition and overall prices. Most guardians have been left with no rights and poor quality houses and services. While there is little that can possibly be done in reverting the system in regards to the commercial properties, that as well diminish the amount of taxes coming into council. However the large amount of council structures and educational buildings that have been left vacant could be reintegrated in the system to become places for citizens without having to weight on the public financial structure.

As a guardian, you are or will be likely to be one of the millions of people in this country who are vulnerable to losing their home at short notice, having your rent raised without notice, and feeling like youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re powerless. You arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t. There are housing campaigns made up of private renters, social tenants, squatters and co-operative members. Join in, make links, get the housing you need. Everyone deserves decent, secure, appropriate and affordable housing.

PROJECT RESEARCH

T E M P O R A RY

BUILDINGS IN TRANSITION Governmental - Commercial

Former Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre and Office Block (Currently managed by Global Guardians) References http://www.global-guardians.co.uk/property-spaces/hackney-e8/ http://www.global-guardians.co.uk/property-spaces/mile-end-e3-2/

PROJECT RESEARCH

2.2 C HOSEN SITE

VA R I A T I O N S I N S I T E

After choosing property guardianship as a legal strategy for cheap land occupation we have chosen London as our context and further focused our attention on Tower Hamlets and the Lea valley in partcular. Due to the post-industrial neighborhood and the new Olympic developments, this area becomes a great case study. In fact itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full of vacant warehouses and sites awaiting planning permission or buildings awaiting to be demolished. We have chosen 3 buildings to use as example locations for our proposals. A vacant warehouse in East London by the river Lea, an office block awaiting development next to Bromley by Bow underground station, and a vacant nursery building. Bromley-by- bow & London fields: Warehouse & External/internal unit The warehouse structure has been left empty for approximately 10 years, it is owned by an elderly man who is looking to develop the building. The structure is stable, however weatherproofing is not in a a good state, with leaks in the roof lights and smashed windows throughout. From one side, the

warehouse faces mechanic shops run by Cockney mechanics - residents for about 20 years, practically bonded to the place and less eager to share it with newcomers. From the other side, two artists associations have been recently set up. About 200 artists work every day in these newly built studios but few of them actually reside in the area. Most of them are in favor of opening up the warehouse to host refugees and are generally very open minded. However they are aware of the cultural difficulties inherent in the area. The external unit is temporarily situated on top of a current derelict office block, opposite Bromley by Bow underground station at the Southern tip of the Olympic park. The current office block has been earmarked for development but is in a process of ownership dispute. The internal unit typology is located inside a Nursery in Hackney to the South of London fields. The buildings that we are proposing the internal unit to fit into are managed by either Guardianship companies, or are in danger of being squatted in. Generally every potential site is embedded with a very intricate social fabric, one of the most complicated issues when it comes to proposition and project implementation. 65

LONDON BUILDING TYPOLOGIES Public

Governmental

POTENTIAL TEMPORARY OCCUPATION

After 2008 crisis many governmental spaces such us community centres and care homes became vacant.

Former Children's Centre, Hakney

School, next to Knew Bridge train station

Educational

Religious

Abandoned or less used religiouse falilities make them a good space to be partially or totally occupied.

Heritage

The Register includes buildings, monuments, conservation areas, battlefields and wreck sites that are listed and have been assessed and found to be at risk.

Church, Baptist in Honor Oak

Water Pump House, Riverdale

Private

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

PROJECT RESEARCH

Owners of commercail land pay less taxes when they temporarily let their property to guardians then if they had to pay taxes for vacant commercial property. Most refugees have families already living in the UK that are willing to host them but might not necessarely have the most appropriate space. Regulations can be rightfully reinterpreted to implant temporary spaces in backgardens and rooftops. This typology is very likely going to be renovated or change typology to residential. This process might take time and might get stopped along the way. It is a very mig potential limbo space.

Former Office Block, Mile End

House, Wandsworth Town

Warehouse Tower Hamlets

5 7

POTENTIAL LONDON LOCATIONS

TOWER HAMLETS

PROJECT RESEARCH

1. Potential derelict space

Derelict space

In use industrial space (rental potential)

THE CASS

Open industrial land

B R O M L E Y- B Y- B O W

1 : 2500

PROJECT RESEARCH

VA C A N T WA R E H O U S E

VA C A N T O F F I C E B L O C K

PROJECT RESEARCH

2.3 C H O S E N S T R AT E GY

T H E E XC H A NGI NG RO OM

We are producing a framework that uses existing neglected spaces in the UK and temporarily adapts them to cater for refugees who are in the process of claiming asylum, and are at the initial stages of integrating into the local host community. The UK government has spent £100m in 2015 on providing care and support for asylum seekers, which so far proved inadequate in supplying accommodation and aid. We are proposing a new spatial, social and logistic intervention, which addresses the needs of both the refugees and the host community. Our design aim is to inhabit vacant buildings that are currently under the ‘property guardianship’ system. Our proposal aims to freely occupy these spaces and protect and maintain them while doing so. The construction system is rapidly deployable and has little to no impact on the site that it is being placed in. This is achieved by adapting traditional pallet racking as a structural system. We are proposing to set up a short-life co-operative. This co-operative enables us to make an authorisation agreement with vacant buildings or landowners,

offering financial incentives whilst maintaining and securing the owned land or building. This approach frees the vacant land up for our proposal; within 1 year we are able to assemble our proposed reception centre and several other independent units. The new communal spaces cater for both the host and the guest community. These spaces do not segregate minorities but encourage them to interact via a range of non-violent conflicts, clashes and exchanges, in doing so improving the host communities awareness of the global situation, whilst initiating a dialogue between the host and guest community. Finally, we believe that work and independence are everybody’s rights and are essential for the transition and integration of refugees into host communities. Through the co-operative format, refugees are able to ‘volunteer’, gaining new skills and understanding of the UK labor system. Our case study is proposed in one reception center, The Exchanging Room, and two independent units to buildings ‘inlimbo’ in the neighboring area. The proposals challenge current perceptions of the ‘refugee’ and suggest a more integrated inclusive society. 73

P RO G R A M S A N D A I M

PROJECT STRATEGY ty mporali

of te Degree

SDVE RTIS ING

SCA FFHO LDIN GS / R OOFT BUI OPS LDI NGS IN T RAN SITIO NS

BACK

CITY

WHO?

SKIPS / BUILD

LOCAL POPULATION

UNHCR AID

ARCHIV

NGO VOLUNTEERS

Intera

REFUGEES ECONOMIC MIGRANT

C STO M

PEOPLE

PSYCHOLO AND TRA

TRAVELLING TOOLS TECHNICAL AND LANGUAGE

CLOTHIN

FOOD STORAGE AND PREPARATION FOOD DISTRIBUTION

INTEGRATION 74

PROJECT RESEARCH

SELF SUFFICIENCY

LONG TERM AID

PRIMARY RESOURCE

AS CE

DING-STREET SITES

BOATS

KGARDENS

SES HOU TREE E OBIL LE / M VEHIC IUDE TRYS COUN

RELOCATION PROGRAMME UP TO 1 YEAR

VE / MUSEUM

action exchange

CLOTHES ORAGE AND MAKING

OGICAL ADVICE AUMA SUPPORT

LEGAL ADVICE AND KNOWLEDGE

NG DISTRIBUTION

SYLUM ENTRE

SHELTERS MAKING AND WORKSHOP SHELTER DISTRIBUTION

9-30 DAYS 75

LEARNING

U N D E R S TA N D I N G 76

PROJECT RESEARCH

C O M M U N I C AT I N G

BUILDING SYSTEM

M AT E R I A L S T U D I E S

DE SIGN PROCE SS

PROJECT RESEARCH

1 2 3

3 D

N 79

PROJECT RESEARCH

3.1 DESIGN SYSTEM

BU I L DI NG W I T H I N BU I L DI NGS

In each of our sites we need a rapidly deployable and quick construction technique, as fast responses to mass immigration may be required in the future. The proposal provides a better alternative in one case to the current traditional reception centre and in the other to the current overuse of the BnBs or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;holding housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; currently being used by the government, the system is not meeting its current needs. Materiality has been influenced by the environment we are designing within. We have considered different sites for all 3 of our proposals.

All proposals have common themes such as fast assembly and have to be easily transportable. Furthermore we have chosen to focus our attention on the building typology of the warehouse as it is the most recurring in Tower Hamlets and, due to the standard nature of the building, we managed to set up a design manual that would give guidelines as to how to inhabit the space. Our proposal is a system where programs are carefully linked. Due to the temporary and varied nature of our sites we can just propose ideas as to how each building will be temporarily occupied and as to how the racks will be located in order to do so.

Pallet racks are used in all of the proposals, where feasible we have used standard catalogue components from the existing pallet rack network. This system has been a conscious choice, as is readily available (currently used in warehouses globally) and it reduces the impact on the building typologies we are building within. The racks need to be fixed into the floor other than this, they have minimal impact on the existing structures.

PA L L E T R A C K I N G S Y S T E M

Rack structure - (Mecalux online)

PROJECT RESEARCH

1 : 50 proposed rack structure

PA L L E T R A C K I N G C O M P O N E N T S

Secondary structure - Bolted into rack upright

Secondary structure - clipped to rack upright structure 84

PROJECT RESEARCH

Primary structure - Rack meeting floor 85

Tertiary structure - safety mesh fitting for membrane

Tertiary structure - mesh grid floor structure 86

PROJECT RESEARCH

Sketch process of rack structure 87

Pallet Rack structure, Bangalore - Freeman Murray

PROJECT RESEARCH

Rack structure - understanding through modeling 89

Warehouse Model 1 : 200 - Showing adaptable spaces at ground floor level

PROJECT RESEARCH

bromley-by-bow warehouse - interior

House Gentbrugge Gafpa, Belgium

PROJECT RESEARCH

Walters & Cohen - Boathouse 4, UK

Warehouse Model 1 : 200 - Showing lower level

PROJECT RESEARCH

PA L L E T R A C K I N G I N T O WA R E H O U S E

PROJECT RESEARCH

D E S I G N M A N UA L - WA R E H O U S E T Y P E .

DESIGN MANUAL

North Elevation

South Elevation

10 0

PROJECT RESEARCH

101

CATALOGUE OF PARTITIONS: Floor Mobile Opaque: Textile Quilt

Partitions

Mobile Opaque: Textile Quilt

Fixed Opaque: Cans and Cippboard

Fixed Transparent : Mesh

102

PROJECT RESEARCH

3.2 M AT E R I A L S T U D I E S

I T E R AT IONS & F I NA L PROP OSA L

After choosing a structural building system, we had to begin investigating and testing different types of partitions. We based our research on two main points. From one side we begun looking into standard and off the shelf materials that could be selected from builders merchants and be accessible by all, to quickly set up the primary aid facilities such as living spaces, canteen and storage spaces for both food and clothing. On the other had we begun looking into materials that would be needed in a secondary phase of the project and could be produced on site by the residents of the hub in the workshop. This production is aimed to become part of the co-operative income and by merging the skills of residents from around the world. Refugees, in this way, would be able to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;volunteerâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; peeking their way through the UK labor system. One of the main issues regarding the infill of the racking system was not considering its structure but its capability to reduce sound transmission among the metal structure. For this very same reason this became one of our main points of concern. We initially

looked into textile composites, then rubber materials, and finally insulative membrane. One other important consideration was the feel that materials would bring to the atmosphere of the overall warehouse, which in itself conveys a prison like feeling. Thus, we begun experimenting with softer materials and colours. The material palette of the final proposal will mainly be from simple off the shelf materials, and some more specific components such as the external membrane and the internal partitions will need to be ordered from Barrisol. Barrisol make stretched UPVC rubber systems for ceilings, and walls. They are waterproof but not fully weatherproof, the reason for choosing this material is that it is lightweight and can easily be installed onto tracks and stretched quickly to provide a partitioning system, they are then in filled with panel insulation. These partitions can then be easily removed and reused elsewhere, as they do not have mexhanical fixings. In different situations the system is adapted to be appropriate to the site it is located in.

103

RE-ASSEMBLING

FLEXIBILITY 10 4

PROJECT RESEARCH

S TA N DA R D

105

S L O W- M O B I L E - S O U N D P R O O F

10 6

PROJECT RESEARCH

Q U I C K - M O B I L E - TA C T I L E

CATALOGUE OF PARTITIONS: Floor Mobile Opaque: Textile Quilt

Partitions

Mobile Opaque: Textile Quilt

Fixed Opaque: Cans and Cippboard

Fixed Transparent : Mesh 107

F I X E D - T R A N S PA R E N T

or standard, but lots of markets. You yourself, with gigs and lots of water!

amera]

10 8

PROJECT RESEARCH

F I X E D - S O U N D / WA T E R P R O O F

Black Rubber House-Simon Condor Associates - Dungeness beach

Gasser Fassadentechnik of St. Gallen, Switzerland company offering EDPM rubber solutions

109

110

PROJECT RESEARCH

Initial sketch - roofing and weatherproofing for warehouse top unit

Initial floor build up

Second stage of roof design, arched canopy, not good for fixing with pallet rack joints

111

S E M I - T R A N S PA R E N T , T R A N S P O RTA B L E

Exhibition stand cladding

E Cube - Solar decathlon project 2011 112

PROJECT RESEARCH

Ventilation and tension ideas

Sketching and considering different roofing options, with falls and drainage

Barrisol - Tempo system, could be a good temporary solution for weatherproofing 113

17,5

15,5

10,5

12,5

29 30,5

Various detailing options of creating partitions and breaks

114

PROJECT RESEARCH

Considering how the external unit may address the floor, and detailing the floor ground relationship

Developing the external units roof

115

EXTERNAL UNIT CORNER MODEL 1:4

1. Place rigid insulation on floor, walls and ceiling and metal mesh on floor and ceiling.

2. Fix double channel on ceiling metal structure

3. Run ceiling membrane through top channel

4. Run wall membrane through top and bottom channel

116

PROJECT RESEARCH

5. Stretch and fix membrane

6. Fix tensioning cable for external membrane

7. Place acoustic rubber above metal mesh

8. Place chipboard floor

117

118

PROJECT RESEARCH

119

120

PROJECT RESEARCH

3.3 D E SIGN P ROCE SS

F ROM R E F UGE E R E C E P T ION CENTRE TO R E L OC AT ION UNITS

Throughout our design process we have tried to address one of the main issues regarding the refugee crisis in England: the lack of space and appropriate facilities that could help host more people and integrate them better into the existing fabric of the country. Our main goal is to create a space that would cater both host and guest communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. We have proposed to set up a reception centre that would be focused on the transmission and production of first hand informations, stories, history, data that would be of interest of both refugees and UK citizens. We have selected two main programs: a museum and archive centre of immigration, and a refugee reception centre that would include both primary and long term aid. We have been looking into ways in which we could divide the space into private, semi-public and public space to cater for all these different audiences and needs. While looking into ways to increase the density of the living spaces, in order to host as many people as possible, we have been focusing our attention towards the creation of a pleasant space, with as

much natural light as possible. On the other hand we have been looking into ways to manipulate the pallet racking system to design relocation units that would fit different typology or spaces: from vacant nurseries to schools to office blocks... In the internal unit our focus was on the creation of private sleeping spaces within larger living spaces. In the external unit, we have focused our attention on the creation of a weatherproof structure.

121

122

PROJECT RESEARCH

123

S C H E M AT I C P L A N S

MUSEUM & ARCHIVE on displaced masses

S E L F

INFERMERY

LONG TERM AID Trauma support Psychological advice

L E A R N I N G

Canteen & Waiting room

WORKSHOP material storage

Legal advice and knowledge Travelling technical and language tools UP

FIRST AID

Hall

KITCHEN

FOOD AND CLOTHES STORAGE

THE FREE SHOP Clothes distribution

Food distribution

Ground Floor Plan

OPEN SPACE TO THE GROUND FLOOR

First-Second Floor Plan LEGEND Partitions

Space

Floor : Cippboard

FIRST AID

Partition Mobile Opaque: Textile Quilt

LONG TERM AID

Partition Fixed Opaque: Cans and Cippboard

BACKGROUND AID & SELF SUFFICIENCY

Partition Fixed Transparent : Mesh

RESIDENTS ROOMS RESIDENTS COMMUNAL SPACES

124

PROJECT RESEARCH

COMMUNAL SPACE

DOWN

Space FIRST AID LONG TERM AID BACKGROUND AID & SELF SUFFICIENCY RESIDENTS ROOMS RESIDENTS COMMUNAL SPACES

125

A R R A N G I N G P RO G R A M M E S & N E E D S

126

PROJECT RESEARCH

127

6170

6518

1 : 200

Level 2 Copy 1

FOODSTORE FOODSTORE

FREE SHOP AND VOLUNTEER CO OPERATIVE SUPER MARKET

DELIVERIES

CLOTHES STORE SHOWER BLOCK

DELIVERIES

MATERIAL STORE

PROJECT RESEARCH WORKSHOP

AID, SUPPORT, LECTURES , ETC.

CANTEEN PRIVATE 120

DELIVERIES

CANTEEN 180 PEOPLE

DELIVERIES

MUSEUM

MATERIALS WORKBENCHES ETC.

PRIVATE CONSULTATION

CONSULTATION INTRO DESK

KITCHEN

INFIRMARY

128

129

PROPOSED PLAN

First floor plan

UP UP

Ground floor plan 1:400

6170

6170 6170

F I R S T I N T E R N A L S PA T I A L S T U D I E S

PROPOSED RE-PROGRAMMING

130

PROJECT RESEARCH

131

R PROPOSED PLAN

PROPOSED INTERIOR Roof plan

Second floor plan 1:400

G E T T I N G T O K N O W T H E WA R E H O U S E

132

PROJECT RESEARCH

133

134

PROJECT RESEARCH

135

INTERNAL & EXTERNAL UNIT

tumen roof

oof supports with loft insulation

ternal partitions (cardboard layering)

mber stud work

xternal caldding in chip board with arying insulation

oor panels

oor joists

allet rack

136

PROJECT RESEARCH

137

S PA C I A L I T Y & A S S E M B LY

138

PROJECT RESEARCH

Bitumen roof

Roof supports with loft insulation

Internal partitions (cardboard layering)

Timber stud work

External caldding in chip board with varying insulation

Floor panels

Floor joists

Pallet rack

139

I N I T I A L C O UNIT STING EXTERNAL Weatherproof, stand alone This unit is ready to be placed into outdoor environments. The materials chosen are mainly sheet materials with a layer of rubber membrane on the outside with a thick rubber liner which is in direct contact with the rack, to improve sound insulation.

& M AT E R I A L S Quantity ROOF COMPONENT Bitumen sheet Steel support system

Unit

Sub-Total GBP £279.84 £55.43

Insulation

16 sheets 1 custom length 4 rolls

Timber support Polycarbonate side roof panel Roof underside finish

13 lengths 2 sheet 7 sheets

£41.21 £111.98 £118.93

£695.35

Th hav com

£87.96

Th com cha tra this tion

The unit can be placed into in-limbo environments. The material pallette is basic but is neccesary for the external conditions faced in these spaces.

Quantity

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

EXTERNAL CLADDING UPVC Window

window incasement rubber lining (thick)

lengths 2 10 m roll

£0.00 £1,502.60

3 10m roll

£254.70

rubber lining (thin)

£604.95

Timber battoning 4.8m

11 lengths

£38.39

Timber battoning 3.6m Timber for fixing battons to

11 lengths 7 lengths

£32.89 £34.93

BATHROOM MODULE Internal studwork

16 lengths

£79.84

Plywood external

6 panels

£101.94

Plasterboard internal large Plasterboard internal small Basin

6 panels 7 panels 1 unit

£80.34 £121.03 £45.00

Shower tray Shower surround Sliding door

1 unit 1 unit 1 units

£47.99 £145.59 £44.99

KITCHEN Sink (single)

1 unit

£35.00

Fridge / freezer Gas cooker

1 unit 1 unit

£616.00 £69.99

16 boards 24 boards

£556.64 £407.76

INTERNAL PARTITIONS Insulation plywood BEDROOM Single bed

2 frame

Mattress Clothes storage

2 units 2 units

£139.98 £426.00

FINISHINGS Partition door

1 units

£44.99

£79.98

£2,468.46

£666.72

£720.99

£964.40 £645.96

Rubber acoustic tiles 1m x 1m

£44.99

Rubber acoustic sheet

Structural steel beam support Quantity

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

STRUCTURAL FRAME (RACK) Support beam bridging gap

8 units

£968.00

Structural bay

2 Bay

£166.00

Quantity FLOOR Chipboard flooring Wire mesh CELOTEX 100MM HIGH PERFORMANCE INSULATION BOARD RUBBER panel FLOORING jacks

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

15 sheets 8 panels

£284.85 £169.76

7 sheet

£243.53

21 1m2 6 pairs

£524.79 £357.48

TOTAL

14 0

PROJECT RESEARCH

Pl in

£1,134.00

£1,580.41

£8,921.28

Th rub ligh cer ing

INTERNAL UNIT

£695.35

Placing unit into existing internal space The construction of the individual unit does not have any impact on the existing structure. The main components hang off the rack frame. The assembly sequence is very simple and all of the components are available at a local builders merchants. They also fit into a luton van, and are transportable into the majority of internal spaces, this can be assumed because the internal construction has to be built in some way!

£2,468.46

The unit has no insultaion and is clad in a thin rubber type membrane to keep water out and it is a lightweig frame. Attention has been taken to make certain that the unit can be removed without damaging any of the structure.

ROOF COMPONENT Plywood roof finish Zinc plate for securing ply

Quantity

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

6 sheets 1 20 pack

£101.94 £7.49

£101.94

£666.72 EXTERNAL CLADDING UPVC Window

Quantity

rubber lining (thick) rubber lining (thin)

£720.99

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

2 unit

£241.98

2 10 m roll

£1,502.60

3 10m roll

£254.70

plywood thick Fixing timbers top and base on sides Fixing timbers top and base on ends

15 sheet 8 lengths 4 lengths

£374.85 £63.92 £47.96

Timber battoning 3.6m

16 lengths

£47.84

£2,486.01

£964.40

£645.96 FINISHINGS Partition door

Quantity

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

1 units

£44.99

£44.99 BEDROOM Single bed Mattress

Quantity

Clothes storage

FLOOR

Sub-Total GBP £79.98 £139.98

2 units

£426.00

Quantity

Chipboard flooring Wire mesh RUBBER panel FLOORING

Unit

2 frame 2 units

10 8 15

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

sheets panels 1m2

£189.90 £169.76 £374.85

£645.96

£734.51

Wire mesh flooring

£1,134.00

£1,580.41

8,921.28

STRUCTURAL FRAME (RACK)

Quantity

Unit

Sub-Total GBP

Structural bay

Bay

£166.00

Support beam bridging gap

units

£968.00

£1,134.00

Steel bracket joint

TOTAL

£5,202.74

141

R EFER ENCES A RT IC L E S

http://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/30/ a leja nd ro -a ravena-hu ma n it a r ia na rch itect u re -ref ugee -tent s -wa ste money-emergency-shelter-disasterrelief/ http://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/23/ refugee-camps-cities-of-tomorrowk i l l ia n-k lei nsch m idt-i nter v iewhumanitarian-aid-expert/ http://donate.unhcr.org/gbr/europe-cri sis?gclid=CjwKEAjws7OwBRCn2Ome 5tPP8gESJAAfopWsWtJzk7w5n7HFO Lf5jZlCfJN2AHpa6gTmUDJNcSi8kR oCDd3w_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds http://newint.org/blog/2015/09/25/ un-sdgs-miss-point/ h t t p : //w w w. a r t 21 . o r g / i m a g e s / k r z y s z t o f - w o d i c z k o/t he - t ij u a n a projection-2001-2 http://w w w.telegraph.co.uk/news/ u k ne w s/i m m i g r at ion /1107426 8/ M ig rants-tr y-to -stor m-ferr y-afterbreaking-into-port-of-Calais.html http://w w w.ibtimes.co.uk/muslimwomen - u k- mu s t- i nt eg r at e - s p e a kenglish-says-david-cameron-1538481 http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ paris-terror-attacks/can-governorsblock-sy r ian-refugees-wel l-itdepends-n465171 http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/worldnews/british-activists-build-nightclubcalais-6630818 142

PROJECT RESEARCH

http://w w w.dailymail.co.uk/news/ article-3187436/BBC-Songs-PraiseJungle-migrant-camp-Calais.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ world/europe/refugee-crisis-welfarecut s -a nd-a nt i-m ig r at ion-pol ic ies will-not-stop-asylum-seekers-comingto-a6865246.html http://www.theguardian.com/media/ ng-interactive/2015/aug/10/migrantlife-in-calais-jungle-refugee-camp-aphoto-essay h t t p : //w w w. t h e g u a r d i a n . c o m / world/2015/oct/02/calais-refugeecamp-conditions-diabolical-reportjungle-bacteria-hygiene new: https://blog.prosper.community/ dream-for-a-new-europe/ ht t p://w w w.b b c .c o .u k /n e w s/u k29074736 h t t p : //w w w. t h e g u a r d i a n . c o m / world/2016/feb/29/french-authoritiesbeg in- clearance- of-par t- of- ca la isjungle-camp New school Dunkirk: https://www. f a c eb o ok .c om / Hu m m i n g bi r du k / posts/1030335997008517 Planning informality: http://www.urb. im/blog/mhs/141010 new http://www.manuelherz.com/idealcities-in-dust-and-dirt http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/11/ reimagining-the-refugee-camp/

ht t p://w w w. i n d e p e n d e nt . c o .u k / news/uk/home-news/refugee-crisisa fgha n ist a n-r u led- sa fe- enoughto - depor t-a s ylu m- seeker s -f romuk-a6910246.html Not acceptable: eu-turkey plan : http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope-35949685 h t t p : // w w w . b b c . c o m / n e w s / technology-35889662 (3D printers in Jordan camps) R E SOU RCE S

-forced migration online reseources: http://www.forcedmigration.org -Sphere (Sphere Project) : http://www. sphereproject.org/handbook/ - graphs on migrations to europe: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldeurope-34131911 - largest refugee camps: http:// stor y maps.esr i.com/stor ies/2013/ refugee-camps/ - https://books.google.co.uk/ V I DEOS

-Talk- what if we helped refugees to help themselves? : http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/ news/what-if-we-helped-refugees-tohelp-themselves-alexander-betts -Return to Homs: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=BuiFGECCmRw -Immigration in US: http:// uk.businessinsider.com/animated-map-

shows-history-immigration-us-america2015-9?r=US&IR=T -Project RE:Build, Cameron Sinclair, https://vimeo.com/126302518 -Migrants flow to EU : http:// uk.businessinsider.com/an imatedmap-migrant-refugee-crisis-syria-20159?r=US&IR=T -Migrants flow to EU bbc4 :http:// w w w. b b c . c o .u k /p r o g r a m m e s / b06cyg33 (min 21:19) -rebel architect - al jazeera: http:// w w w.a ljazeera.com/prog rammes/ rebelarchitecture/episodes.html -moving to mars: bought dvd -the lotus flower, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t buldoz calais: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=lbyCG3NA58Y - h t t p s : // w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m / watch?v=MMvjPyBxTVI A S SOC I AT ION

Citizens UK: http://www.citizensuk. org/news Prosper: http://prosper.community/ volunteer.html#form Syria Solidarity Movement UK: http:// www.syriauk.org Students for Syria : http:// organize4syria.com OXPAND: http://www.oxpand. org/#site

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