Manifesto for Rewilding

RESILIENT BURTONIANS RESILIENT LANDSCAPES

REWILDING BURTON-UPON-TRENT

Olivia Hellman MALA Sheffield School of Architecture

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Rewilding Manifesto

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Howard Evans for his continued valuable support and guidance throughout this project and my previous 5 years as a student of the dual Architecture and Landscape course. I would also like to thank my friends and family for their support and encouragement.

First published 2020 by Studio L+U Arts Tower The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN Š Olivia Hellman, 2020 Printed and bound in the UK Registration Number: 180208313 Word Count: 2739

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Fig.1 Remediated & Rewilded Future

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Rewilding Manifesto

‘Ecological quality tends to look messy, and this poses problems for those who imagine and construct new landscapes to enhance ecological quality. What is good may not look good, and what looks good may not be good.’1

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Nassauer, J.I. (1995) ‘Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames’, Landscape Journal, vol.14, p.161 5

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GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS REWILDING2 noun 1. large-scale restoration of ecosystems and the reinstatement of natural processes which allow nature to take care of itself and encourage a balance between people and the rest of nature, where each can thrive.

WILDERNESS noun 1. an uncultivated, uninhabited and inhospitable region 2. neglected or abandoned area C O N S E RVAT I O N noun 1. the act of conserving; prevention of injury, decay, waste, or loss; preservation: conservation of wildlife; conservation of human rights.

2. official supervision of rivers, forests, and other natural resources in order to preserve and protect them through prudent management.

URBAN REWILDING AREAS3 noun 1. abandoned urban, industrial and commercial sites (including rail yards, former coal mining areas) with succession but no conservation status and (different) forms of human use REWILDING MICROCOSMS3 noun 1. small areas such as public and private gardens, edges of parks, streams, ponds etc. No conservation status and (different) forms of human uses ECOLOGY noun 1. the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms.

BIODIVERSITY noun 1. the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable.

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Rewilding Britain (unknown) Rewilding [online] Available: https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/ [Accessed: 02.01.20]

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Richter, M & Weiland U (2012) Applied Urban Ecology, A Global Framework. Blackwell Publishing Limited, West Sussex pp 83 7

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CONTENTS 11

Research Question

Case Study: Rural Wilderness

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Abstract

Case Study: Urban Wilderness

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Introduction

Rewilding Programme

Architecture & Landscape: Dual Approach

82

Working at a Range of Scales

Studio Landscape + Urbanism Studio Methodology

Manifesto for Rewilding the National Forest

Personal Approach & Methods

Rewilding Landscape Typologies

Studio Context: Burton-upon-Trent

Rewilding Social Agenda

Walking & The City 28

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Defining the Brief

Breweries: Unsustainable Water Consumption

Burton & Breweries: History of Growth

Unifying Factor: The National Forest

Burton & Breweries: Remaining Infrastructure

Emerging Themes

Forging New Identities

Challenging Aesthetics

Thesis Context: Burton without Breweries

Perceptions of Nature The Picturesque Forms of Urban Nature Burton: Existing Green Space National Crisis: UK State of Nature 62

Thesis Context: Burton without Brewing Resilient Landscapes, Resilient Burtonians

Burton-upon-Trent: Water Dependency

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Rewilding The National Forest

Rewilding Narrative Thesis Question Development Solution: Rewilding?

Timeline: Rewilding Revolution Rewilding: A Contentious Topic Rewilding Effects & Benefits

Thesis Context: Timeline 108

Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent Example Site: Molson Coors Brewery Existing Site Conditions Providing a Framework: The Office for Abandoned Spaces The Office for Abandoned Spaces: Building Typology Potential Site Phasing Strategy Next Steps Bibliography

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RESEARCH QUESTION Through challenging landscape aesthetics how could rewilding benefit and enhance The National Forest to develop future resilience for Burton-upon-Trent?

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Fig.2 A Rewilded Burton

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ABSTRACT

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Hobson, S (2016) Is this the future of UK Nature, WWF. https://www.wwf.org.uk/future-of-UK-nature [Accessed 05.01.20]

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INTRODUCTION Research Approach & Context

Burton-upon-Trent A Gateway to the National Forest

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ARCHITECTURE & LANDSCAPE A Dual Approach

Throughout my architectural and landscape studies, I have been continuously concerned with the interconnectivity of the two disciplines. Both elements should never been treated in isolation and should instead feed into and inform one another throughout the design process. Personal interest has always been drawn to the symbiosis between landscape and architecture Fig.5 .

Both disciplines offer the opportunity to work at a range of scales from a masterplan level to the detailed design level. Working at a variety of scales will enable me to develop my proposal strategies within the National Forest and Burton from a regional to multi-site and a specific site level.

Past explorations and personal research interests have led me to look at reclamation of vacant spaces. My dissertation considered bottom-up approaches to reclaimed space within the urban model, the Compact City. My 5th year project set in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, the ‘Mother Town’ of The Potteries explored the future use of a dilapidated Mill, to enable a return to a futuristic, sustainable production. It is the experimental use of leftover spaces that particularly interests me and one which I hope to continue to explore and develop throughout this thesis.

small sample of my bookshelf - detail at both levels of disciplines

Fig.4 Everything landscape architecture shouldn’t be - artificial & isolated

What is a Compact City and how can the vacant spaces within such be reclaimed in order to promote social sustainability to justify the urban model in future development?

Olivia Hellman 180208313 Masters of Architecture & Landscape Architecture LSC6046

OLIVIA HELLMAN

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Fig.3 Previous Project Explorations

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COLLAGE?

A Magnificant Multidisciplinary Mix

Fig.5 Introduction

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Fig.6 Studio L+U Site Visit 18

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STUDIO LANDSCAPE + URBANISM Evolving Cultures Studio Landscape + Urbanism utilises the theme of ‘Evolving Cultures’ within the context of the studio location, Burton-upon-Trent. It considers the impact of mass movement of people from rural to urban centres, seeking ‘to explore how the towns and rural communities that are left behind can forge new identities from their rich but transient histories’5.

‘Landscape as an agent of change’5 is utilised as a tool to develop future resilience for the town informed by economic, social and ecological agendas.

Fig.7 Studio L+U Site Location Burton-upon-Trent

Studio Themes

Personal Themes

Rural to urban migration

Post Industrial Landscapes

Social Networks

Aesthetics & The Third Landscape

Reinvention / New identities

Reclaimed/Remediated Spaces

Demographic changes

Heritage

Climate Change

Narrative

Mitigation over adaption

Detailed Design Fig.8 Studio Themes & Personal Themes Mapping

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Evans, H (2019) Studio Landscape + Urbanism [presentation]

Introduction

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STUDIO METHODOLOGY Analysis of Approach Initially informed by a grounded theory methodology, involving the collection, analysis and interpretation of data 6 , the studio’s initial tasks focused on collaborative generation of research.

‘Incorporating a number of creative methods and tactical processes; narrative development, mapping as a transformative tool, interdisciplinary working, working with new futures thinking and landscape practices’ 7 , enabled the group to quickly develop a broad understanding of Burton-uponTrent. This new knowledge could then be fed back into personal interests and research to stimulate subsequent project proposals.

Site Visit

Group Work

Site Visit

Actions

Studio Introduction

Outcomes

Studio Themes

Network Mapping

Individual Mapping

Studio Library

Narrative Development

Initial Theme Development

Initial Observations

Dissemination of information

Extent of Group Work Extent of Individual Work

Historical Networks

Ecological Networks

Social Networks

Political Networks

Remediation Networks

Infrastructural Networks

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Unknown (2016) Grounded Theory, Statistics How T0 [online] Available; https:// www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/grounded-theory/ [Accessed; 02.0.1.20] 7 Evans, H (2019) Studio Landscape + Urbanism [presentation] 20

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Exhibition / Presentation

Individual Theory & Research

Focusing Themes

Emerging Themes

Critical reflection

Themes tested through task

Site Visit

Walking Exploration

Research Question

Sectional Model

Group Work: Theatrical Props & Shared Map

Fig.9 Studio Methodology Diagram Introduction

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PERSONAL APPROACH Analysis of Approach Each project is unique in terms of its context and demands. Consequently this requires an openminded and flexible approach. My workspace and methods are indicative of a multi-modal approach as a source of creativity. Utilising a range of methods including theory and research, sketches and model making helps to inform the project development.

thesis stimuli

articles

propagation station conceptual model (wild Burton)

laptop & vital second screen

toolbox & model making equipment

silent mouse

plant identification & studio research

fuel

camera

headphones; radio 4 listening & idea sourcing

sketchbook: record of thoughts & ideas

drawing materials

the best trees for models (dried seed heads)

Fig.10 Personal Studio Space Setup

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Matrix of Methods

Site Visits

Collaborative Working

Model Making

Desktop Research

Relevant Literature

Historical Analysis

Precedent Analysis

Recording the Site

Narrative Development Fig.11 Personal Methods Matrix

Introduction

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STUDIO CONTEXT Burton-upon-Trent Burton-upon-Trent is located on the eastern most border of Staffordshire, close to the border of Derbyshire. The town sits on the River Trent, passing through Burton, the river and associated Washlands which lie within the river’s floodplain afford the area invaluable greenspace.

Burton-upon-Trent

Staffordshire

STOKE-ON-TRENT 270,726

West Midlands

East Midlands

DERBY 12,581

STONE 16,385

BURTON-UPON-TRENT 72,299 RUGELEY 22,724

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Y 1

SCUNTHORPE 82,334

GAINSBOROUGH 20,842

NEWARK-ON-TRENT 27,700

NOTTINGHAM 289,301

Fig.12 Burton Context Location Introduction

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WALKING & THE CITY A Sectional Walk

Informed by our developing studio research, and emerging individual themes we undertook several walks around Burton. Personal interests revolving around the questioning of the town’s future identity led me to explore three different walks; following the River Trent and Washlands, the boundary of the National Forest and a sectional walk through the town.

The latter walk was explored through a model resulting from my direct response to the fragmented nature of the town caused by natural and manmade cuts in the landscape. A key observation was that the dominance of the breweries almost divided the town in two, separating the townhall from the highstreet leading me to question where the centre of Burton existed.

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Fig.13 Walking Exploration

1. Sec tional Walk 2. Washlands Walk 3. Boundar y Walk

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Residential

A38

Canal

Townhall

Industry

Residential

High-street

Railway

River Trent & Washlands

Breweries dominate the skyline

Fig.14 Sectional Model

Introduction

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DEFINING THE BRIEF Context & Emerging Themes

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BURTON-UPON-TRENT: WATER DEPENDENCY History: Source of Life vs Destruction A key narrative that emerged through an initial mapping exercise was Burton’s past and future dependency on water. Water was once Burton’s source of life. Historically this included the water’s filtration through the area’s natural geology, giving the beer its distinctive taste and the transportation of goods along the River Trent and Trent and Mersey Canal. However Burton’s present water concerns revolve around it as a source of destruction, including pollution, unsustainable consumption and extreme flooding.

1300s

1756

Railway allowing distribute

River Trent used to power various mills

William Bass

Road quality poor, therefore not economical to sell outside a local radius

St Modwen & water healing properties 46 brewers in Burton serving population of 1500

Water source of LIFE

7/8th Century AD

Modwen's Well still in use by 17th Century

Trent Navigation opened

1699

1295

Geology of Burton, gypsum results in water high in calcium and sulphate

1777

Trent & Mersey Cana opened. Links to Hul Liverpool & Bristol

Earliest evidence of brewing found at Burton Abbey

Beer brewed for travelling pilgrims, first inns originated as accommodation for such pilgrims

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1712

1604

Trent Navigation Act enables navigation of river by boat

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Global reach - referenced in paintings by Manet & Picasso

reached Burton, for pale ale to be ed throughout the nation 3/4 UK’s biggest brewers now in foreign ownership

Modernisation of process leaves several buildings obsolete - either demolished or converted to residential

Bass Beer first registered trademark

Water source of DESTRUCTION

1875

1839

al ll,

Burton brews more beer than ever, 15% of all UK consumption

1850s

1900s

Dramatic increase in production - average production twice that of London. 30 breweries by 1880s

Number of breweries fell from 20 in 1990 to 8 in 1928

Now To produce 1 pint of beer is can take 272 pints of water

Ancillary trade; Marmite

CL WA IMAT IN TER E C EN GL SHO HAN AN RT GE E YEA D WI AGES : C N RS TH FE AY 25 DE

1902

RW D OO UNDE FL N O M ÂŁ30 EME BURT H IN SC Oak for beer barrels imported from Russia

Greater feasibility to import and export goods globally allowed development of other industries

RIVER TRENT ONE OF MOST POLL UTED IN COUNTRY

Fig.15 Burton Water Dependancy Defining the Brief

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Fig.16 Floodable Burton 32

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BURTON-UPON-TRENT: WATER DEPENDENCY Flooding

Fig.17 Floodable Burton

Plagued by issues of flooding and pollution, Burton and the wider UK’s approach is to create engineered solutions. The Environmental Agency has recently recommended an annual spend of £1billion for flood defences. Burton is currently undergoing a £30million flood defence improvement plan, however research has found that the Washlands act as a natural floodplain and engineered solutions including levees, deepended channels and flood walls reduce levels of insitu storage and infiltration, increasing flow rates and causing greater risk of flooding downstream. Natural river processes and habitats are lost as a result.

Fig.18 Burton Flood Map Defining the Brief

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Fig.19 Molson Coors Brewery 34

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BREWERIES: UNSUSTAINABLE WATER CONSUMPTION Water in the Brewing Process Burton is synonymous with brewing, however a constant criticism of the process continues to be its high water and energy consumption; requiring up to 160 pints of water to brew 1 pint of beer when taking account of agriculture and packaging. fig.20 The rise of Burton as a global producer was historically afforded by the areas natural geology, giving the beer a distinctive taste, however emergence of Burtonisation in 1866 involving the addition sulphates to the brewing process meant that the town’s unique taste could be replicated anywhere in the world. fig.21

Hops Growth Cycle: 365 days 1600mm water / cycle

Wheat Growth Cycle: 365 days 1600mm water / cycle

This generates the question as to whether Burton’s identity continues to be associated with brewing.

Barley Growth Cycle: 89 days 400mm water / cycle

Packaging

Cooling

Beer

Cleaning

Waste Water Leakage Product Evapouration Fig.20 Water in the Brewing Process

Defining the Brief

Fig.21 Burtonisation

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Fig.22 A Gateway to the National Forest 36

Rewilding Manifesto

UNIFYING FACTOR: THE NATIONAL FOREST Location The National Forest covers an area of 200 square miles and was established in the early 1990s to regenerate an area scarred from the closure of coal and clay industries.

It is a charity and Non-Profit Institution within the Public Sector, sponsored by the Department for Food and Rural Affairs. The charity’s aim is to convert one-third of the area encompassed to woodland, through the systematic planting of trees to restore ‘a rich wildlife habitat’ and provide ‘a more sustainable and positive future approach’8. Trees currently planted by the trust include; Oak, Lime, Hazel, Silver Birch, Rowan and Wild Cherry8.

KEY National Park Community Forest / Forestry Initiative AONB Forest Cairngorms Loch Lomond & the Trossachs Northumberland North York Moors Yorkshire Dales Northern Forest Proposal S Yorkshire Forest Peak District Greenwood Forest Broads

Lake District

Snowdonia Forest of Mercia

THE NATIONAL FOREST

Pembrokeshire Coast Brecon Beacons Exmoor

South Downs New Forest

Dartmoor

Fig.23 National Forest Context

Quercus robur (Oak)

Tilia x europaea (Lime)

Corylus avellana (Hazel)

Betula Pendula (Silver Birch)

Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan)

Prunus avium (Wild Cerry)

Fig.24 Trees currently planted by National Forest 8

The National Forest (unknown) Our History [online] Available: https://www.nationalforest.org/about/our-history [Accessed: 12.12.19]

Defining the Brief

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THE NATIONAL FOREST: WIDER CONTEXT Europe Context

The UK’s woodland cover has increased over the past century, with the current average cover at 13%. Recent Climate Change Committee targets have recommended an increase to 19% by the year 2050, however under the current Conservative government pledges fall short of this at only 16.5%. 9

UK Context UK Current Cover: 13% CCC Recommendation: 17-19% Political Pledges

Despite slow increase in UK woodland cover, the country still remains as one of the least wooded areas when compared to the majority of countries in Europe.

5%

8%

1%

12%

3%

5%

Labour: 25% Greens: 21% Lib Dems: 17.5% Conservatives: 16.5%

5%

1919

19%

5%

10%

1965

7%

2

8%

12%

1980

7%

15%

10%

2019

35% Fig.25 Changes in UK Woodland Cover Over Time

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Shrubsole, G (2019) General Election: Party Pledges on Tree Planting, Friends of the Earth [online] Available: https://friendsoftheearth.uk/general-election/general-election-party-pledges-tree-planting [Accessed: 12.12.19] 38

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2%

72% 49% 37%

69% 61%

19%

60% 33%

14%

39%

11% 15%

10%

29%

9%

22%

17%

32% 34% 41%

37%

47%

32%

10%

23%

29%

44% 35%

53%

31%

33%

45%

40% 37%

27%

28%

Fig.26 Europe Woodland Cover Defining the Brief

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THE NATIONAL FOREST: HISTORY Decline in Growth Current methods employed by the National Forest assume a very artificial approach to tree planting and establishment.

This involves mass planting of the same species, in rows with plastic collars to provide protection. Fig.27 Further concern is highlighted by the National Forests decline in growth over the previous 5 years with only 0.7% increase in woodland cover. This is partly due to economics, including rising land prices and reduced incentives for landowners. The developing forests also require greater management, requiring thinning out after 20 years to provide trees with more growing space, thus diverting resources10.

The current approach is counter-intuitive and suggests a radical, alternative and self-sustaining approach is required.

Trees Planted: 525,000 Woodland Cover: 7.2% 1995 1990 National Forest Established

Trees Planted Woodland Co 200 2000 Trees Planted: 3,225,000 Woodland Cover: 11.2%

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Irwin, A (2016) Plan to Replant Millions of Trees in Central England Slows Down [online] Available: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2100496-plan-to-replant-millions-of-trees-in-central-england-slows-down/ [Accessed: 03.01.20] 40

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Plastic, carbon intensive tree guard required to protect sapling Plastic tie to treated wooden steaks required

Commercial nursery saplings more likely to carry disease

Certain species do not like being planted close together such as oak

Commercial saplings vulnerable and can easily dry out after being planted Sapling not as well connected to soil as naturally established seedling

Fig.27 Sappling Planting Strategy

Fig.28 National Forest Planting Method

Levelling off in growth Trees Planted: 8,530,000 Woodland Cover: 20.0% 2015

d: 6,495,000 over: 16.0% 05 2010

2020

Trees Planted: 7,775,000 Woodland Cover: 18.4%

Trees Planted: 8,965,000 Woodland Cover: 20.7%

Fig.29 National Forest Growth

Defining the Brief

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THE NATIONAL FOREST: BURTON-UPON-TRENT A Gateway to the National Forest?

Burton is the largest town located within the National Forest and boasts itself as the gateway to it. As part of ongoing research I undertook site visits to the National Forest CentreFig.32 and National Memorial ArboretumFig.33. These areas felt particularly isolated, requiring access by car for visitors.

Burton upon Trent

Ashby-de-la-Zouch

Brewing

Spa Town

Swadlincote Coalville

Mining, Brickworks & Potteries Coal Mining Fig.30 National Forest Urban Area Locations

Fig.31 National Forest Planting in Burton, Washlands

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Fig.32 National Forest Centre Plantation

Fig.33 National Memorial Arboretum

Rewilding Manifesto

Walking the National Forest Boundary Further investigation led to undertaking a walk along the National Forest boundary of Burton, this was found to be unremarkable and not indicative to what wider perceptions of a forest might look like.

1 2 3 4

5

6

Fig.34 National Forest Boundary Walk

1.

Defining the Brief

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Fig.35 A Gateway to the National Forest 44

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A FRESH PERSPECTIVE REQUIRED

‘Woodland Trusts and other charities depend on this story of physically planting a tree.

It’s a lovely story and it’s a wonderful way of connecting people and trees with the landscape again BUT we have to recognise that this is a very artificial construct. We have to start looking at different paradigms to encourage natural regeneration again!’11

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Tree, I (2018) Wilding, Forests and Reforestation without Planting Tree – The Tree Conference [video] Available: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=6rGQyDbSZzU [Accessed: 05.01.20] Defining the Brief

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EMERGING THEMES The resulting thesis has emerged through a combination of site analysis; both on-site and desk based and through personal interests, resulting in the emerging themes and rewilding as a research enquiry which will be discussed further in this manifesto. This design enquiry has been further supplemented through readings and precedent analysis.

Unsustainable waste from brewing process - water & energy lost

Traces of past infrastructure

Large industrial breweries & brewing infrastructure

Engineered Monocultural River Trent Planting trees approach to of grass verges one of most considered a flood defences pollution in UK solution Identified Issues of Burton: Opportunity for Change

Fig.36 46

Rewilding Manifesto

Studio L+U

Me

Networks of Ecology

Personal Interests

Networks of Remediation

The Third Landscape

Post-Industrial Landscapes

Emerging Themes

Testing hypothesis: sites visits & walk Observations: - Town connectivity - Dominance of Breweries - Greenspace quality

Questioning Future Identity

Sustainable Water Use

Landscape Remediation

Future of National Forest

Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames

Solution: Rewilding?

Precedent Analysis

Scenario: Burton without Breweries

Research: - Rural rewilding - Wilderness Aesthetics - Engagement

Landschaft Park, Germany

Rewilding Burton

Fig.37 Emerging Themes Diagram Defining the Brief

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‘Perception of even the most fundamental elements of natural appearance, vegetation and water, is highly contingent on cultural interpretation.

Not all vegetation is equally preferred.’

48 12 Nassauer, J.I. (1995) ‘Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames’, Landscape Journal, vol.14, p.161

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CHALLENGING AESTHETICS Cultural Perception & Ecological Quality

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Fig.38 Frameable Landscape Burton 50

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PERCEPTIONS OF NATURE The Picturesque

A key research concern which has developed from the thesis’ emerging themes and personal research interests is that of challenging landscape aesthetics.

Society’s preconceptions of nature have been informed by cultural interpretation rather than ecological concepts. A key driver in our perceptions of natural landscape in the UK today derives from the aesthetic ideal of the Picturesque.

Tate glossary definition; ‘an ideal type of landscape that has an artistic appeal, in that it is beautiful but also with some elements of wildness’13.

Blurring the boundaries between art and nature, the movement perpetuated attempts to frame, control and orchestrate natureFig.39-41.

Painting: A River Landscape with Jacob and Laban and his Daughters Claude Lorrain, 1654 Fig.39

Book: Observations on the River Wye; Picturesque Beauty A practical guide for English travellers to examine the ‘face of the country by the rules of the picturesque’ wiki Fig.40

Object: Claude Glass Small mirror, convex in shape with a tinted darker surface. Used by the viewer to frame the landscape.

Fig.41 13

Tate (unknown) Art Term: Picturesque [online] Available: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/p/picturesque [Accessed: 05.01.20]

Challenging Aesthetics

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THE PICTURESQUE Manifestations in UK Landscape Architecture

Fig.42

A Carefully Curated Illusion of Nature

‘Picturesque conventions seem so intrinsic to nature that they are mistaken for ecological quality.’ 52

Rewilding Manifesto

William Kent (1685-1748) Architect & Landscape Architect

Fig.43

The aesthetic ideals of the Picturesque came to prominence in the UK under the influence of architect and landscape architect William Kent (1685-1748).

Seeing ‘all nature as a garden’14, Kent designed gently curviving landscapes that included follies, ha-has wooded groves, glades and natural water features to give the impression that the designed landscape extended beyond its boundaries. Guided by Kent, Capability Brown (1715-1783) continued the trend of the Picturesque landscape garden. Brown was responsible for designing approximately 170 gardens that surrounded large country estates in Britain, including Chatsworth, Harewood Hall and Blenheim Palace15. A criticism of Brown’s approach by theorists however was that it was too formulaic, resulting in uniform transformations.

To visitors of these estates today, Brown’s landscapes appear to have occured naturally and this poses a danger to challenging these landscape aesthetics.

There are several key moves that can be observed in Picturesque landscapes, these are shown in the currated image oppositeFig.42.

Capability Brown (1715-1783) Landscape Architect

Fig.44

1 2

1 2

4

3

3 4 5 6

5 7

6

7 8

8

Woodland belt; planted to provide privacy Ha-ha; a sunken wall, invisible from the house to give the impression of nature and garden seamlessly joining Large earthworks to create rolling hills Clumps of trees; artificially planted Picturesque stone bridge Serpentine Lake; often with clump of trees or island in order to give the impression that the lake wen on forever Monument or follie; gothic or neo-classical, inspired by buildings visited by landowners in Europe. These were intentionally left crumbling Specimen Tree (Cedar of Lebanon) a popular imported tree in the 18th Century

14

Great British Gardens (unknown) William Kent [online] Available: https://www.greatbritishgardens.co.uk/garden-designers/34-william-kent-1685-1748.html [Accessed: 05.01.20] 15 Latham, A (2016) Capability Brown, the Master of the English Garden [online] Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/realestate/capability-brown-the-master-of-the-english-garden.html [Accessed: 05.01.20] Challenging Aesthetics

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FORMS OF URBAN NATURE Evaluation of Attractiveness & Naturalness

Informed by research conducted by Dieter Rink on ‘Surrogate Nature or Wilderness? Social Perceptions and Notions of Nature in an Urban Context’, the following diagram explores different forms of urban nature and their perceived level of naturalness and attractivenessFig.45. As noted, former industrial areas whilst perceived as natural are not deemed as attractive. This thesis project will explore rewilding within the urban context as a natural landscape and intends to reframe it to encourage perceptions of attractiveness.

ATTRACTIVE Lowland Forest, City Forest

Urban Park

Meadow Verges

Botanical Garden

THESIS

Rewilded National Forest

Green Courtyard Cemetery Roadside Trees District Park, Green Square Zoo

Green Fallow Land

Green Space

NATURAL

Cut Grass Roadside Verges

(wild, spontaneous)

ARTIFICIAL Golf Course

(structured, maintained)

Former Industrial Area Motorway Verges Plastic foliage / turf

NOT ATTRACTIVE Fig. 45 Forms of urban nature evaluated in terms of their attractiveness and naturalness.

16

Kowarik, I & Korner, S (2005) Wild Urban Woodlands. Springer, Germany, pp72

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Rewilding Manifesto

Weed or Wildflower?

Weed;

a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants Wildflower;

a flower or an uncultivated variety or a flower growing freely without human intervention

Fig.46 Buddleia sprouting on bridge over railway line adjacent to Molson Coors Brewery , Burton

Challenging Perceptions of ‘Weeds’ Berlin based florist Ruby Barber creates floral arrangements with weeds Challenging Aesthetics

Fig.47 55

EXISTING GREEN SPACE ANALYSIS Remediated Sites

The map highlights the existing greenspace present in Burton. A significant proportion of land is given over to agriculture surrounding the town. The Washlands transect the town and include a variety of uses including protected areas, leisure and also areas of poor quality grassland perpetuated by grazing farm animals.

The following images are several sites formerly used for industrial processes within the immediate vicinity of Burton which have now subsequently been remediated. Formerly used as gravel pits, these often lie in river valleys where the water table is high. Following decommission they may naturally fill with water over time.

Willington Gravel Pits Fig.48

Branston Water Park Fig.49

Drakelow Nature Reserve Fig.50

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10

19

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9 18

8

13

7

14

6

16

4

17

15

5

3

2

1. Drakelow Nature Reserve 2. Branston Water Park 3. Beans Covert 4. Washlands 5. Stapenhill Woodland Walk 6. The Abbey Trail 7. Sinai Park Woodlands 8. Oaks Wood 9. Lower Outwoods 10. Anslow Park Woodlands 11. Jinnie Nature Trail 12. Willington Gravel Pits Nature Reserve

Parks / Recreation Grounds

Nature Parks / Woodlands

1 13. Shobnall Field Recrational Ground 14. Park 15. Anglesey Park 16. Stapenhill Gardens 17. Stapenhill Cemetery 18. Catton Park 19. Carlton Road Park 20. Eton Road Community Park 21. Hillfield Playing Fields

Protected areas due to greenspace or heritage value Woodland Good Quality Grassland Adequate Quality Grassland Poor Quality Grassland Farmland

Fig.51 Existing Greenspace Map Challenging Aesthetics

57

BURTON: EXISTING GREEN SPACE A Sterile Town

Hanging baskets

Plastic protection to newly planted trees

Mown grass

Singular Specimen Tree

Hard surfaces

Clipped hedgerows Fig.52 Sanitised Burton 58

Rewilding Manifesto

Images below show areas of urban green space present in Burton; often cut grass and specimen trees. Whilst these may seem neat and orderly, they seldom enhance the ecological function of the landscape. Even Burton’s Washlands, whilst not as poor, possess a degree of impoverished diversity

1

2

3

Burton Residential Suburbs

Shobnall Leisure Complex

Trent & Mersey Canal

4 Burton High-street

5 Memorial Gardens

6 Washlands

7 Washlands

8 Washlands

1 23 4

6 5

7 8

Fig.53 Burton’s Sanitised Green Space Challenging Aesthetics

59

NATIONAL CRISIS: UK STATE OF NATURE A Limited Pallette The UK State of Nature Report is a review of the current state of British wildlife, data sourced from a group of 50 conservation organisations. In 2016 the UK was found to be amongst the ‘most nature depleted countries in the world’, 190/218 of those measured 17 .

Key findings from the report highlighted that since World War II the UK has lost 75,000 miles of hedgerows, 97% of its wildflower meadows, 90% of wetlands and 80% of lower heathland 17 .

The table below indicates both the positive and negative impacts various drivers of change have had on nature Fig.55 .

Fig.54 State of Nature Report 2016 Cover

8 Relative impact (percentage of absolute impact)

6 4 2 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

-2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 1

Intensive management of agricultural land

3

Low intensity management of agricultural land

5

Hydrology Impact

7

Habitat creation

9

Decreasing forest management

2

Climate Change

4

Increasing management of other habitats

6

Urbanisation

8

Increasing plantation forest area

10

Decreasing management of other habitats

Fig.55 Drivers of Change Table 17

Hayhow DB et al. (2016) ) (2016) State of Nature (2016). The State of Nature partnership. pp.6, 21 & 70

60

Rewilding Manifesto

< 50% < 60% < 70% < 80% < 90% < 95% > 95%

The National Forest

‘Map of modelled estimates of ‘biodiversity intactness’ across the UK. The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) estimates, as a percentage, the average abundance of originally-present species. Areas shown in red / pink have values below 90%, which indicates that biodiversity has fallen below a threshold beyond which ecosystems may no longer reliably meet society’s needs.’17 Fig.56 Map of Biodiversity Intactness

Challenging Aesthetics

61

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Wildness could be part of the new aesthetic concept because it represents a contemporary idea of spontaneous nature. Wildness as a symbol for autonomous nature could therefore produce aesthetic and symbolic contrasts to the functional urban elements in the landscape.

This aesthetic concept would transform peri-urban landscapes into contemporary hybrids of culture and new wilderness.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

62 18 Kowarik, I & Korner, S (2005) Wild Urban Woodlands. Springer, Germany pp. 255

Rewilding Manifesto

REWILDING NARRATIVE

63

THESIS QUESTION DEVELOPMENT

Fig.57 Reframing Rewilding

64

Rewilding Manifesto

What is meant by the term rewilding?

Re-framing traditional views and public opinion of what is nature and natural

- not to be confused with conservation - several different types and methods - opportunity to work with different landscape typologies

A new landscape typology?

Embracing and celebrating the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;messinessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Through challenging landscape aesthetics, how could rewilding benefit and enhance The National Forest to develop future resilience for Burton-upon-Trent?

Working at a range of scales; - regional - multi-site - site specific

Defined as; ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change Resilence against: - flooding - climate change - species depletion - intensive land use - contaminated land

Rewilding Narrative

Current criticism: closed canopy tree cover does not support rewilding, biodiversity and certain species of tree (exp. Oak) Utilising rewilding as an approach could be more; - economical - faster - incremental - species orientated - more applicable to a variety of sites and scales

65

SOLUTION: REWILDING? Definition & Application Definitions of rewilding vary, although it is most commonly defined as the large-scale restoration of ecosystems, which aims to restore natural processes and reintroduce keystone species where appropriate to subsequently influence the shape of the landscape and the habitats present within it. The concept encourages a balance between people and nature allowing each to thrive. 19 There are several organisations which promote rewilding, the most prominent are Rewilding Europe and Rewilding Britain. These groups focus on opportunities provided by semi-natural and agricultural land rather than urban areas, emphasising the need for rewilding to be explored across more urban landscapes.

Rewilding as an alternative approach has emerged in mainstream culture within recent years. The UN Environment Programme has declared a Decade of Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030 and rewilding has been promoted as a successful method to be explored.

REWILDING

Restoring and giving space to natural processes

Responding to and shaping perceptions of nature conservation amongst society

Reconnecting wild(er) nature with the modern economy

Land Typology

Urban Intensive Use Agricultural Semi-natural Wild Land

Continuum of Wilderness Human Modification Quality

Wilderness Increasing Modification Increasing Naturalness & Remoteness

Low

Medium

High

Thesis Positioning

Socio-cultural barriers to rewilding

Not Wild

REWILDING EUROPE

THESIS

Land returned to agricultural production

Land given over to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;secondary wildernessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - spontaneous vegetation allowed to develop unhindered

Fig.58 Wilderness Continuum Diagram 19

Rewilding Britain (unknown) Rewilding [online] Available: https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/ [Accessed: 12.12.19]

66

Rewilding Manifesto

0% 1-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-90% 91-95% 96-100% Artificial Surfaces

Fig.59 Wilderness Continuum Map Rewilding Narrative

67

68 Establishment of organisations that focus on conservation Potential tipping point moving away from conservation approach

The National Forest Initiated Establishment IBA Ruhr Valley Establishment of Wildlands Network, North America ‘Rewilding’ term coined by Dave Foreman David Brower - Global CPR (conservation, preservation, restoration) Reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park Restoration of River Isar Rewilding from a scientific standpoint: Michael Soule & Reed Noss Carnivores, Cores (wilderness spaces) & Corridors

1987 1989 1991 1992 1995 1995 1995 1998

1986

1985

1967

1967

Forestry Commission’s Plantations reach maturity and become unpopular with the public Book: The Theory of Island Biogeography - considering size and isolation of wildlife conservation areas Book: The Unofficial Countryside - introduces the idea that brownfields my be species rich Society for Conservation Biology - focusing on habitat loss and fragmentation Dutch Rewilding Experiment at Oostvaarderplassen

World Wildlife Fund Established

1961 1965

First UK National Parks Designated

1951

1949

Forestry Commission Established with aim to replant woodland following WWII depletion Initiation of SSSIs by National Parks and Countryside Act

Wildlife Trust Established

1912 1919

National Trust Established

1895

TIMELINE: REWILDING REVOLUTION

From Conservation to a Renewed Rewilding Perspective

The following timeline depicts the significant establishments of organisations, research, precedents and campaigns which have contributed to a rewilding revolution. It shows the general trend of movement away from conservation practices to more radical methods.

Emergence of term ‘Rewilding’ and development of approach

Rewilding Manifesto

Rewilding initiatives promoted within wider UK & European Context

Rewilding Narrative Emergence of rewilding in mainstream culture

Fig.60 Rewilding Revolution Timeline

69

Gilles Clement: Manifesto for The Third Landscape

2004

Plantlife: Push for Roadside Meadows Rewilding Britain Established Slow the Flow Scheme

2013 2014 2016

Report: Rewilding & Climate Breakdown: How Restoring Nature can help Decarbonise the UK Radio: The Archers: Rewilding Narrative (5 million listeners) Documentary: George Monbiot Cow Apocalypse Start of United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration

2019 2020 2021

Chelsea Flower Show: Welcome to Yorkshire Garden - Naturalistic

2019

2019

2018

2018

State of Nature Report: UK one of most nature depleted countries in the World Debate: The Battle for the Countryside: Britain should Rewild its Uplands Extinction Rebellion initiated to compel government action for climate change mitigation, biodiversity loss and ecological collapse

Rewilding Europe Established

2011

2016

DEFRA: Making Space for Nature

2010

2009

Pleistocene Rewilding: Advocation for reintroduction of species to areas they were previously extinct Yorkshire Peat Partnership: Restoring Peat Bogs

Renaturation of River Aire

2001

2004

Knepp Estate Rewilding Program

2001

REWILDING: A CONTENTIOUS TOPIC

ARGUMENTS FOR

Rewilding is a contentious topic.

Arguments for the concept include but are not limited to, increased biodiversity, return of natural processes, low cost method, flood resilience and opportunity to counteract climate change.

‘The beauty of rewilding is that it could also benefit biodiversity.

People have forgotten what native habitats [such as forests] really look like, and how abundant they once were.’

‘Rewilding and other natural climate solutions can draw millions of tonnes of CO2 out of the air through restoring and protecting our living systems. We call on the UK Government to make a bold financial and political commitment to nature’s recovery’.

Rebecca Wrigley, Rewilding Britain The Guardian 2019

Daniel Zeichner (Lab, Cambridge) 2019

‘Let’s face it, a diversity of species belongs here. Why should we have the right to wipe these animals out? We have a moral duty to halt their decline, which we have caused’.

Professor Alastair Driver The Independent 2020 Fig.61 Arguments For Matrix 70

Rewilding Manifesto

ARGUMENTS AGAINST

Arguments against rewilding predominantly focus around the removal of farmland and the perceived messiness and unattractiveness of the landscape it creates.

‘Rewilding?! It’s a romantic notion ......that imposes somebody’s idea of what the landscape should be on everybody else. It’s a notion of a wild landscape that hasn’t been around for 40,000 years! The obsession with trees is verging on a fetish.’

Public Comment - The Telegraph 2019 ‘It can look somewhat scruffy!

Allowing nature to take its course generally means an end to manicured lawns, pristine flowerbeds, and good weed control. And not everybody will share your joy for a less controlled environment.’

‘Rewilding has many benefits but it has one big consequence, by reducing the land available for agriculture, we produce less food and have to rely more on imports.

The UK already imports 60%, an intensive rewilding programme could push that to 80% or more.’

Public Comment - The Telegraph 2019

Public Comment - The Guardian 2017 Fig.62 Arguments Against Matrix

Rewilding Narrative

71

REWILDING: EFFECTS & BENEFITS

1. Increased Biodiversity In contrast to the monoculture of plantations, rewilding allows return of natural processes and incremental development of an ecosystem resulting in a greater diversity of species. The process offers the opportunity to create a dynamic mosaic of different habitats.

2. Soil Remediation Allowing natural processes to return can aid restoration of depleted soils. Phytoremediation uses plants to stabilise and / or remove contaminants in the soil and groundwater.

3. Carbon Sequestration Natural woodlands with a greater diversity of species absorb larger amounts of carbon dioxide than plantation woodlands.

4. Cleans Air & Water Similarly to soil remediation, through photosynthesis plants absorb carbon dioxide and other pollutants in the air and water, resulting in a cleaner environment.

5. Flood Mitigation Rainwater sinks into the ground at 67 times faster under tree canopies when compared to ground under grass. Allowing vegetation and trees to fall into rivers and streams can slow down the rate of flow, reducing chances of extreme flooding.

6. Social Well-being Exposure to natural environments can lead to enhanced mood and reductions in anxiety and depression. Community projects focussed around rewilding engender collective responsibility and shared ownership.

7. Commercial Opportunity Rewilding offers commercial potential that could help finance its implementation. An example of this is increased visitor numbers to rewilded, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;naturalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; areas.

8. Self Sustaining System - Protection Against Climate Change Rewilding creates self-sustaining systems, as a natural balance is allowed to develop, allowing all elements of the system to thrive and therefore requiring limited to no human intervention to support them. The system is also more likely to evolve to changes in climate.

9. More Cost Effective Rewilding is considered a simpler and cheaper method of generating ecosystems. For example, as a contrast, the National Forest relies on significant funding, man-hours and materials to implement.

72

Rewilding Manifesto

1.

Increased Biodiversity

2.

Soil Remediation

3.

Carbon Sequestration

4.

Cleans Air & Water

5.

Flood Protection

6.

Social Well-being

ÂŁ 7.

Commercial Opportunity

8.

Self Sustaining System

9.

More Cost Effective Fig.63 Rewilding Benefits Matrix

Rewilding Narrative

73

CASE STUDY: RURAL WILDERNESS Knepp Estate, West Sussex, UK Knepp Estate is located in rural West Sussex alongside the River Adur. Established in 2001, a former intensively farmed 3,500 acre estate utilised rewilding strategies to inform an approach that was lost-cost but highly effective as a method of ecological restoration, appropriate for failing or abandoned farmland. The approach involved the replacement of intensive arable production with semi natural grazing to restore fallow land.

Northern Block Middle Block Southern Block

South High Downs Weald

Area: 14km 2 Fig.64 Knepp Estate Location

Fig.65 Before Rewilding Approach

74

Fig.66 After Rewilding Approach

Rewilding Manifesto

Fig.67 Removal of hard grazing to Fig.68 allowing development of scrub

Hedges left uncut, celebrated

scrub Fig.69 Shallow scrapes made in floodplain to create a variety of habitats

Fig.70 Introduction of pigs to disturb Fig.71 Animals able to withstand living Fig.72 Restoration of River Adhur the ground outside year round course. Removal of 4 weirs and filling in of 1.5m drainage canal. Installation of woody features to filter silt and slow flow of river.

Rewilding Narrative

75

CASE STUDY: URBAN WILDERNESS Emscher Park, Ruhr Valley, Germany Located in the Ruhr Valley, Germany, the area was a former coal mining district. The industrial processes caused significant subsidence and pollution to the land and River Emscher. Following industrial decline the IBA Emscher Park initiative was established in 1989 to revive the area, implementing landscape and urban development projects for economic, ecological and cultural renewal. Covering an area of 309sq miles, 17 cities are located within the park.

Novel approaches to landscape included declaration of industrial wastelands as nature reserves and abandoned sites used as opportunities to create new landscapes; rehabilitating the land and reframing its industrial heritage. While some of the landscape initiatives were controversial to begin with, the approaches utilised set the standards for ecological and cultural transformations of a post-industrial landscape. Public access to previously inaccessible areas promoted positive attitudes towards previous areas of neglect.

Zollverein Park, Essen Ruhr Valley

Emscher Park, Ruhr Valley Area: 309 square miles

Landschaft Park, Duisburg Nord

Nordsternpark, Gelsenkirchen

City with over 500,000 inhabitants City with over 300,000 inhabitants City with over 50,000 inhabitants Fig.73 Emscher Park Location

Fig.74 Example: Landschaft Park Before Remediation

76

Fig.75 Example: Landschaft Par After Remediation

Rewilding Manifesto

Emscher Park Interventions

Fig.76 Retention of industrial structures Fig.77 Use of spaces for cultural and Fig.78 Integration of new, social events functions

Fig.79 Walkway structures to view Fig.80 Contrasting unmanaged spaces Fig.81 landscape at different levels. Natural with highly managed areas planting developed along railway track

Rewilding Narrative

Rewilding of Emscher corridor

playful

river

77

CASE STUDY: URBAN WILDERNESS Comparison & Critique of Site Treatment Landschaft Park, Duisburg Nord Landschaft Park by Peter Latz assumes a more naturalistic and rewilded approach. Rather than removing contaminated soils, these were remediated on site through the process of phytoremediation. Memory is a key driver for the design, representing a transient quality rather than used for preservation. The temporality and constant changing of the landscape is celebrated. Exploration of the existing site conditions considered what plants were already growing in the former railway tracks to define the edges to the different areas and pathways through the park were placed according to these former routes. Industrial structures are allowed to rust and decay and vegetation is encouraged to consume them.

Zollverein Park, Essen Designed by Planergruppe Oberhausen, Zollverein Park balances two different views; emphasis of the existing heritage and making new infrastructure for new activities.

Rather than allowing former industrial buildings to decay, these are actively maintained and given new uses. The landscape present in this park is more restrained although it could be argued that a degree of rewilding has been allowed to occur within the framework of the design. Former railway tracks are covered over to provide pedestrian and vehicular access and provide as guide for elements of spontaneous vegetation.

Nordsternpark, Gelsenkirchen Arguably the most restrained landscape, Nordstern Park utilises a highly managed approach and impoverished vegetation palette, including mown grass and clipped hedges. The landscape is more commercialised as the industrial buildings and new structures are used as offices, restaurants and housing. Traces of the past are not as evident as the previous two landscapes; as they are covered over and replaced with new installations and uses.

78

Rewilding Manifesto

Architecture

Framework

Vegetation

Fig.82 Landschaft Park Remediation

Fig.83 Zollverein Park Remediation

Fig.84 Nordsternpark Remediation

Rewilding Narrative

79

REWILDING PROGRAMME: BURTON & THE NATIONAL FOREST Integration of the landscape back into the town

Small interventions, large impact

80

Rewilding leads to growth in endangered species

Removal of engineered defences and rewilding of river corridor promotes slow the flow scheme Rewilding Manifesto

Retention of existing buildings to form new functions

Acceptance of rewilding as a new aesthetic, engagement with the wider public to facilitate this acceptance is necessary - participation & cues to care Rewilding Narrative

Light touch structures to allow access to landscape

Use of specific plants to remediate the soil

Use of animals to disturb the soil & offer a new form of production Fig.86 Rewilding Programme Collage 81

‘Only by having schemes in which people can experience wilderness directly will it be possible to increase people’s acceptance of wilderness areas and their understanding of natural processes. This, in turn, would positively influence the acceptance, in the long term, of “correct” or “real” wilderness.’20

82 20 Kowarik, I & Korner, S (2005) Wild Urban Woodlands. Springer, Germany pp. 64

Rewilding Manifesto

REWILDING THE NATIONAL FOREST

Burton-upon-Trent A Gateway to the National Forest

83

WORKING AT A RANGE OF SCALES The extent of the rewilding project proposal will consider rewilding at a range of scales. This will include the area encompassed by the National Forest to develop a regional strategy, a series of sites in Burton and proposed connections between them to develop a town masterplan and focusing in at a more site specific level to develop a detailed design approach.

TOWN (MU

NATIONAL FOREST (REGIONAL)

84

Rewilding Manifesto

ULTI SITE)

SINGULAR SITE / SPECIFIC SITE

Fig.87 Range of Scales Rewilding The National Forest

85

MANIFESTO FOR REWILDING THE NATIONAL FOREST Project Aims

86

1

Rewilding the National Forest will support the initiative’s aim to increase the amount of woodland cover, through utilising an alternative natural regenerative approach to woodland creation. Rewilding as a natural led approach will generate a more diverse environment and is a more cost effective solution.

2

Rewilding a range of landscape typologies will generate more dynamic, diverse and species habitats in comparison to monotonous tree planting, developing greater ecosystem resilience for the area.

3

Rewilding will aid methods of land remediation of former industrial and intensively used sites within the centre of Burton.

4

Rewilding Burton will provide the opportunity to address the issues of the fragmented townscape, employing strategies to reframe the town’s identity and create better and more enjoyable connections for pedestrians.

5

Rewilding of urban sites within Burton will bring ‘wilderness’ into the ecologically impoverished town centre a in more managed framework to allow local communities to connect better with nature and in turn to challenge landscape aesthetic perceptions and positively influence the acceptance of richer ecosystems and rewilding as a new urban aesthetic.

6

Rewilding of ‘corridors’ will forge connections between rewilded spaces, allowing and encouraging the movement of species and other elements such as water.

7

Rewilding of the River Trent will propose a natural approach to flood defences, removing costly engineered solutions to allow the Washlands to act as a natural floodplain and enable the river to return to its natural meandering course. Allowing vegetation to encroach into the river will slow down the flow to reduce the risk of catastrophic flooding downstream.

8

Rewilding of agricultural land will remove intensive grazing, block drainage ditches and remove fence boundaries. Animals that disturb the ground and can withstand year round grazing will be substituted, maintaining a source of income whilst restoring fallow land.

9

Rewilding processes will promote collective community endeavours creating opportunities for engagement and a stewardship of spaces to increase acceptance.

10

Rewilding will build on Burton’s character as a resilient town and generate future resilience against changes in climate.

Rewilding Manifesto

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The size of each of these pieces is of little consequence: the system of vegetation that develops on a small isolated area of abandoned ground is part of the world of the forest through the network that it forms with neighbouring plotsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;21 Fig.88 Network of Rewilded Landscapes 21

Clement, G (2015) The Planetary Garden and Other Writings. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia pp. 62

Rewilding The National Forest

87

REWILDING LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES Urban Centre

Cues to care: identification as a ‘park’ gives area a semi managed association, improving community perception

Breaking up of hard surfaces including concrete slabs to allow establishment of species

Allowing degradation, making time visible

Degree of unmanaged growth

Degree of productive growth

Degree of managed growth

Removal versus retention appraisal of site’s buildings

Community driven incentive

Use of remediating plants to improve soil quality

Fig.89 Urban Rewilding 88

Rewilding Manifesto

REWILDING LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES Railway/ Corridor

Rewilded â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;corridorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; allow greater connection between rewilded sites

Existing infrastructure retained to guide vegetation growth

Corridors to allow variety of species to move across sites

Variety of natural successions occurs due to different soil and environment conditions

Vehicular corridors, roadside meadow planting

Existing infrastructure retained to guide pedestrians

Fig.90 Corridor Rewilding Rewilding The National Forest

89

REWILDING LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES River

Removal of engineered drainage systems

Reed beds allow filtration of river

Removal of weirs

Restoration of rivers natural meanders

Removal of engineered flood defences

Trees allowed to fall into river path to slow the flow

Introduction of beavers

Fig.91 River Rewilding 90

Rewilding Manifesto

REWILDING LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES Rural

Celebration of scrub

Introduction of animals that disturb the soil to generate new growth

Encouragement of roaming species

Natural development of woodland

Introduction of animals that can withstand being outside all year round

Removal of intensive grazers

Blocking of drainage ditches to create habitat variety

Sapplings forced to grow unprotected by man. Natural protection by scrub instead Fig.92 Rural Rewilding

Rewilding The National Forest

91

92

Rewilding Manifesto

THESIS CONTEXT Burton without Brewing

93

RESILIENT BURTONIANS, RESILIENT LANDSCAPES Timeline of Historic Resilience

Majority of Burton destroyed by a fire

1255

1643

1792 1771

1514

Battle of Burton Bridge between Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and King Edward II leaves town in flames again

94

Catastrophic flooding

Catastrophic flooding

1321

Flood, hurricane and earthquake submerging entire town.

Battle of Burton Bridge, English Civil War. The bridge was hailed as the crossing to the North and was hotly contested, with Burton changing hands 8 times during the course of the war before finally coming under Parliamentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s control.

1795

Catastrophic flooding

Rewilding Manifesto

Town bombed by Zeppelins, not because Burton was a target but because the Germans got lost in fog en-route to bomb Liverpool.

Catastrophic flooding

1944

1875

1798

Catastrophic flooding

Catastrophic flooding

2000 1954

1916

1852

A Resilient Rewilded Burton

Catastrophic flooding

Underground munitions store caused largest non-nuclear explosion creating huge crater, bursting the banks of a reservoir and creating an avalanche of sludge

2050

Catastrophic flooding

Fig.93 Burton Resilience Timeline

Thesis Context

95

BURTON & BREWERIES: HISTORY OF GROWTH At the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial height, over 30 breweries produced beer for the global market. Subsequent rationalisation and amalgamation of the industry however has resulted in only 4 breweries remaining in the town today, 3 of which are expansive infrastructure owned by foreign companies.

Extent of built brewing structure

1880

96

1900

Rewilding Manifesto

1950

2019

Fig.93 Breweries Historic Growth

Thesis Context

97

BURTON & BREWERIES: REMAINING INFRASTRUCTURE

98

1.

Marstonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Brewery

6.

Crown Maltings

11.

Travelodge

2.

Coors Brewery

7.

Goat Maltings

12.

Offices

3.

Molson Coors Brewery

8.

Maltings Horninglow Street

13.

Marmite Factory

4.

National Brewery Centre

9.

Residential

14.

Distribution Centre

5.

Maltings, Bond Street

10.

Retail

15.

Molson Coors Distribution

Rewilding Manifesto

10 15

11

1

3

4

12

8

2 14

13

6

9 7

5

Brewery & Associated Industry Repurposed Industry Distribution Centre Vacant Building Thesis Context

Fig.94 Remaining Brewery Infrastructure 99

FORGING NEW IDENTITIES Developing a New Centre?

Post industrial towns are often constrained by their former production entities, resulting in a lack of willingness to evolve and forge new, alternative identities. Towns and cities are often swept up in the nostalgia and almost romanticism of the past.

Solutions to former industrial sites in the UK and examples found in Burton are often built solutions and involve eradication of layers of history. Fig. 96

Industrial Life in England & Wales Jigsaw Puzzle Different places had distinctive purposes Fig.95

Demolished

Vacant

Adapted

Repurposed

Fig.96 Approach to Burtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Former Breweries 100

Rewilding Manifesto

Traces of Past Industry Lost

1920 Historic maps show the extent of the breweries present in Burton and their associated industries including maltings and cooperages. The map identifies the area adjacent to the Washlands and Burton Bridge. To serve the numerous buildings, Burton also had its own internal railway system solely for the breweries.

The significance of this infrastructure meant that at the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial height, there were 32 railway crossings.

Water Tower

Fig.97 1920 Map of Burton

2020 Present day aerials of the same area highlight the extent to which the past industry has been lost and traces have been eradicated.

The former sites have been predominantly covered in car parks and large, warehouse style shopping outlets. The former railway routes have influenced the subsequent road structure but this is not apparent without prior historic knowledge.

Water Tower

Fig.98 2020 Aerial of Burton

Thesis Context

101

FORGING NEW IDENTITIES Developing a New Centre?

Historically Burton has always been a fragmented town, including the limited crossing points of the Washlands and numerous divisions caused by the historic internal railways Fig.99 . Reclaiming the urban brewing sites provides the opportunity to strategically develop a new town centre to facilitate greater connections between existing residential and civic areas.

STRETTON

STRETTON

HORNINGLOW

STRETTON

HORNINGLOW

BURTON UPON TRENT

HORNINGLOW

BURTON UPON TRENT

BURTON UPON TRENT

WINSHILL

WINSHILL

ABBEY

WINSHILL

ABBEY

STAPENHILL

ABBEY

STAPENHILL

BRANSTON

STAPENHILL

BRANSTON

1880

1900

HISTORY - 1900

HISTORY - 1880 Urban Fabric: Growth and Structure

BRANSTON

Urban Fabric: Growth and Structure

1950

2020 Fig.99 Urban Growth HISTORY - Current

HISTORY - 1950

Urban Fabric: Growth and Structure

Urban Fabric: Growth and Structure

An opportunity to define a new town centre

?

Fig.100 An Opportunity to Redefine Burtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre

102

Rewilding Manifesto

Brewery & Associated Business Industrial Commercial & Civic Buildings School Residential Washlands Railway Crossing Point Busy Road

DISSOCIATED CENTRE

HIGHSTREET

HISTORIC CENTRE

RESIDENTIAL

Fig.101

Thesis Context

103

THESIS CONTEXT: BURTON WITHOUT BREWERIES Setting the Scene

Increased water consumption by the breweries

Water shortages lead to droughts

Continued intensive agriculture leads to soil degradation and loss of vital top soil

Increase in extreme rainfall

Extreme flooding leads Biodiversity to higher and higher further depleted flood defence walls

A Doomed Future?

Fig.102 104

Rewilding Manifesto

A Chain of Events

NEWS

No.x

BURTONIS TODAY’S ED

ITION

BREW BUR TON BEER

NEWS

ATION!

£0.80

ANYWHER

E IN THE W ORLD!

£0.80

XIT E R B & R E BE ITION

TODAY’S ED

No.x

ER BREXIT BE

DECLINE IN DE BEER FROM MAND FOR BURTON Am, voluptae

TER TASTE

LEAVES BIT

RT & UND, IMPO NTY WEAK PO RTAI RIFF UNCE TA RT PO EX TY OF S STABILI THREATEN TURE EWING FU BR ’S IN vel il ipsa BRITA t dolupturia

pa dolut essi re sequos Am, voluptae Nequi alique miligenim ant facesti a. sit latem fug fuga. LiquasCus nusant em comnimolor

NEWS

STE! A W R E T WA

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Fig.103 Chain of Catastrophic Events Close Down Breweries Thesis Context

105

THESIS CONTEXT: TIMELINE

February

2021

Due to mounting uncertainty, global brewer Molson Coors ceases operations in Burton. Continuing production overseas

Uncertainty regarding trade tariffs leave breweries concerned

2020

December

1987

March

June

August

March

March

May

August

January

National Forest Established

UK State of Nature Report: UK one of the most nature depleted countries in the world

BREXIT UK votes to leave EU

National Forest reports slowing growth

EA Report: Water shortages to affect UK within next 20 years

UN ANNOUNCES PLANS FOR ECOSYSTEM R E S T O R AT I O N D E C A D E

EA Report: Annual spend of £1bln on hard flood defences required

Burton spends £30mln on engineered flood defences

BREXIT UK Leaves EU Transition Period Begins

REALITY

2019

2016

IMAGINED

The proposed timeline explores how Britain’s foreign owned breweries suffer trade uncertainty caused by BREXIT, resulting in concerns for their future viability. This subsequently results in their steady collapse and cease of production in Burton, leaving behind a series of vast areas of vacant industrial land to be reclaimed. Coinciding with the UN’s Decade of Ecosystem restoration, beginning in 2021, the National Forest capitalises on the release of these vacant urban sites, employing low cost but highly effective rewilding methods to remediate and allow nature to return within the urban context.

End of transition period UK does not complete trade deal negotiations

A Burton without Large Industrial Breweries

106

January UN DECADE ON ECOSYSTEM R E S T O R AT I O N BEGINS

Rewilding Manifesto

Thesis Context 2026

Over transition period of 10 years remaining breweries and distribution centres leave Burton. Low land value due to limited employment opportunites allows sites to be given over to the National Forest to support the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration

2050

2025

2030

2022 2028

REWILDING OF RECLAIMED URBAN SITES

December UN DECADE ON ECOSYSTEM R E S T O R AT I O N ENDS

Fig.104 Proposed Project Timeline

107

Established rewilded sites in Burton form a network of urban forests. Contributing towards the National Forests woodland cover aims whilst providing a low cost and highly ecologically effective, alternative method

Rewilding proven as an effective method of ecosystem restoration and therefore continues to be implemented at a variety of landscape typologies within the National Forest

Rewilding extends to agricultural land affected by BREXIT

Small scale interventions and corridor rewilding starts to connect the reclaimed industrial sites

Reclamation and rewilding of a variety of urban sites enables a patchwork of spaces to begin to develop across Burton

Experimental natural approaches to flood defences are tested as part of slow the flow scheme raising profile of natural flood defences as an alternative approach

Office for Abandoned Spaces moves to Molson Coors Washlands site to oversee the beginning of rewilding of the washlands and river Trent

Incremental development of nature allowed to occur.

Experimental approach monitored by Office for Abandoned Spaces

Cues for care and framework to incorparate messy ecosystems within orderly frames established to engender local community accessibility and acceptance of alternative rewilding methods

Revealing of old railway tracks to allow corridor succession

Molson Coors Brewery site: Disruption of concrete slab to allow plants to develop

Molson Coors Washlands Offices close

Following site appraisal, rewilding of first Molson Coors site set in motion through a series of rewilding methods overseen by the Office for Abandoned Spaces

Molson Coors Distribution Centre closes

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Rewilding Manifesto

REWILDING BURTON-UPON-TRENT Spatialising the Brief

109

EXAMPLE URBAN SITE: MOLSON COORS BREWERY

Molson Coorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; vast site today has developed from an amalgamation of several different breweries, maltings and warehouses. To serve these, the site had a significant number of internal railways. Former brewers present on the site included Ind Coope, Allsoppâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Maltings and Bass.

1880

1920

1950

1970 Fig.105 Historic Maps

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Rewilding Manifesto

Fig.106 1928 Aerial

Fig.107 Existing Aerial Former Allsopps Brewery

Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

Former Ind Coope Brewery

Former Bass Brewery

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EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS Molson Coors Brewery

5

Ra ilw ay

6

2 1

3

4

1.

View looking north towards site, past railway infrastructure to support breweries is visible

2.

View looking into site showing partial demolition of former brewery building

3.

Former Inde Coope Brewery building bought by Bass and now subsqeuently part of the Coors Molson site

4.

Site entrance, former Bass brewery.

Bass signage removal is visible.

5.

View looking south along railway tracks.

6.

Example of newer brewing infrastructure present towards north of site.

Fig.108 Existing Aerial & Site Photographs 112

Rewilding Manifesto

APPROACH TO EXISTING SITE Developing a Framework; Messy Ecosystems Orderly Frames

Working with the existing site conditions offers the opportunity to develop several different approaches to the existing built forms, in order to generate a framework within which rewilding can occur. These include, removal, retention and revealing of past traces.

APPROACH 1: REMOVAL The existing buildings and structures could be completely demolished to allow for a new framework undefined by the existing site to establish. This approach however is too destructive and previous precedent exploration has shown that the incorporation of industrial heritage results in more favourable public perception.

APPROACH 2: RETENTION The existing buildings play an important role in local memory and could subsequently be appraised on their publicly perceived architectural merit and opportunity to facilitate new uses to justify retention vs removal.

Brewing silos could be retained as they aid orientation, are a repetitive element of Burtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyline and could provide continuity between several rewilded sites.

APPROACH 3: REVEAL Revealing traces of previous site use through the palimpsest paradigm would create layers of site history, bringing greater depth and meaning to the buildings and place. The former covered railway tracks could be revealed to provide pathways through the site and aid edge transitions and former existing building footprints could zone different rewilded areas and functions.

Fig.109 Approach to existing site Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

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PROVIDING A FRAMEWORK: THE OFFICE FOR ABANDONED SPACES Architectural Inspiration

Drawing inspiration from Gilles Clement’s book, The Planetary Garden and Other Writings, he briefly discusses the idea of ‘An Office for Abandoned Spaces’, ‘whose mission it was to count and observe’ abandoned plots of land and ‘set up hypotheses concerning their growth, together with a management plan’ 21 .

The Office for Abandoned Spaces could be utilised in the context of this thesis proposal to consider a programme involving education, research and management for the rewilded urban spaces in Burton. The structure would assist in maintaining a sense of presence as part of a framework which would help to positively influence the wider community’s perception of the vacant plots. This echoes Nassauer’s (1995) discussion in Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames, where ‘cues to care’ can be utilised to indicate human intention in order to ‘frame more novel ecosystems in inhabited landscapes’ 22 .

Informed by initial precedent analysis, a couple of building typologies are considered. Using temporality as a design driver, the Office could be a demountable structure, moving as and when new sites become vacant. The Office could also incorporate itself within the site’s existing structures and over time allow the rewilded landscape to consume it.

21 22

Book: The Planetary Garden ‘An Office for Abandoned Spaces’

Clement, G (2015) The Planetary Garden and Other Writings. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia pp. 62 Nassauer, J (1995) Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape Journal, vol. 14 pp. 167

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Rewilding Manifesto

MFO Park, Zurich Tragata, Koriani Farm, Greece Dovecote Studio, UK Double walled steel frame structure Temporary timber frame structure, Prefabricated structure assembled and that encourages climbing plants to inspired by structures historically used craned into existing strcuture on site. overtake it. Walkways thread through by farmers to oversee their crops.

Structurally separate from the exitsing the structure and vegetation. envelope.

Marika Alderton House, Australia Theatre Pavilion, UK Pavilion of Reflections Designed to harmonize with movements Simple material palette of scaffolding Temporary floating timber structure, of the sun and wind, the buildings and blue netting to create a temporary utilises a simple material palette and philosophy is to touch the earth lightly. structure that can be easliy disassembled joint system to create a various lattice and transported to another site. elements.

Fig.110 Precedents Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

115

THE OFFICE FOR ABANDONED SPACES: BUILDING TYPOLOGY Utilising Existing Frames

The existing built infrastructure and steel framework of the large warehouses offer opportunities for inhabitation. Modular units providing functions for the Office could be inserted into the existing frames. Over time the rewilded landscape and vegetation would begin to inhabit the structure, allowing nature to consume the architecture.

Fig.111 Inspiration: MFO Park, Zurich Accessible walkways would facilitate public engagement. Management of vegetation could allow plants to climb up the framework at specified points

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Rewilding Manifesto

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Year 5

Year 20

Year 50 Fig.112 Working with existing frames

Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

117

THE OFFICE FOR ABANDONED SPACES: BUILDING TYPOLOGY Demountable Architecture

The Office as a demountable structure could initially consider design of a permanent base that makes limited connections with the ground, on which a temporary structure could sit for a number of years. Once the vegetation has suitably established, the structure could then be disassembled and transported to a new site, leaving behind the permanent base as an indication of human intention. This would then add a new layer as part of the landscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s framework.

Fig.113

Inspiration: Mirka Alderton House Elevated platform, touching ground at specific points

Fig.114 Inspiration: RAUM Pavilion Designed to be reused after 3 years. Structure can be easily disassembled and rebuilt in a new location or recycled at the end of its lifespan.

118

Rewilding Manifesto

Year 0

Year 1

Year 2

Year 5

Year 20

New Site Fig.115 Demountable Structure

Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

119

POTENTIAL SITE PHASING STRATEGY Urban Site: Molson Coors

1.

Appraisal of siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing conditions.

Development of argument for elements of retention vs elements for removal, defined by architectural merit, opportunity for reuse and ability to provide a framework for future rewilding.

2.

Office for Abandoned Spaces situates itself on site to highlight human intervention and demonstrate a cue to care.

3.

Breaking up of hard surfaces to reveal traces of the past, including former internal railways to guide framework for plant succession and provide walkable routes.

120

Rewilding Manifesto

4.

Opening up of a previously inaccessible site to promote wider public engagement.

Early involvement of local and wider community to instigate rewilding initiatives to help challenge aesthetic perceptions.

5.

10-20 years: Rewilding allows natural establishment of young woodland.

6.

50 years: Site develops into a rewilded urban woodland, connecting with a network of rewilded urban sites, corridors, and rural land to build future resilience for Burton and the wider area encompassed by the National Forest.

Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

121

NEXT STEPS

1 Continue with programmatic exploration of the Office for Abandoned Spaces to inform the required size of spaces and level of temporality 2 Investigate in greater depth how urban rewilding and subsequent management approaches could work together to create a varied urban landscape 3 Develop strategic masterplan for Burton-upon-Trent and its connection with the National Forest 4 Explore working with a range of methods to represent the narrative of rewilding at different scales

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Rewilded Burton-upon-Trent Messy Ecosytems, Orderly Frames

Fig.117 Rewilding Burton-upon-Trent

123

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Rewilding Manifesto

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BOOKS Braae, E (2015) Beauty Redeemed; Recycling Post Industrial Landscapes. Ikaros Press, Basel Clement, G (2015) The Planetary Garden and Other Writings. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia Clement, G (2016) Manifeste du Tiers Paysage Saint Germain sur Ille, France Corner, J (1999) Recovering Landscape.

Princeton Architectural Press, New York Czerniak, J & Hargreaves, G (2007) Large Parks. Princeton Architectural Press, New York Kowarik, I & Korner, S (2005) Wild Urban Woodlands. Springer, Germany Monbiot, G (2014) Feral. Penguin Group, London Nassauer, J (1997) Placing Nature; Culture and Landscape Ecology, Island Press, Washington DC, pp 67-83 Richter, w & Weiland U (2012) Applied Urban Ecology, A Global Framework. Blackwell Publishing Limited, West Sussex Tree, I (2018) Wilding. Picador, London

ARTICLES & JOURNALS Bottone, C (2016) Impacts of semi natural grazing on vegetation biodiversity: A study of Knepp Castle Estate’s rewilding project. MA Dissertation, University of Edinburgh

Hayhow DB, Burns F, Eaton MA, Al Fulaij N, August TA, Babey L, Bacon L, Bingham C, Boswell J, Boughey KL, Brereton T, Brookman E, Brooks DR, Bullock DJ, Burke O, Collis M, Corbet L, Cornish N, De Massimi S, Densham J, Dunn E, Elliott S, Gent T, Godber J, Hamilton S, Havery S, awkins S, Henney J, Holmes K, Hutchinson N, Isaac NJB, Johns D, Macadam CR, Mathews F, Nicolet P, Noble DG, Outhwaite CL, Powney GD, Richardson P, Roy DB, Sims D, Smart S, Stevenson K, Stroud RA, Walker KJ, Webb JR, Webb TJ, Wynde R and Gregory RD (2016) State of Nature (2016). The State of Nature partnership.

Munchen, C (1999) Internationale Bauausstellung Emscher Park: IBA – A Renewal Concept for a Region. Topos European Landscape Magazine, vol. unknown Nassauer, J (1995) Messy Ecosystems, Orderly Frames. Landscape Journal, vol. 14 pp 161-169 Paden, R (2015) Picturesque Landscape Painting and Environmental Aesthetics The Journal of Aesthetic Education , Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 39-61 Rewilding Britain (unknown) How Rewilding Reduces Flood Risk, Rewilding Britain, UK Rewilding Britain (unknown) Rewilding and Climate Breakdown: How Restoring Nature Can Help Decarbonise the UK, Rewilding Britain, UK Shaw, R (2002) The International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscher Park, Germany: A Model for Sustainable Restructuring?, European Planning Studies

Czerniak, J (1997) Challenging the Pictoral: Recent Landscape Practice. Assemblage, vol.

34, pp110-120 Gobster, P, Nassauer, J, Daniel, T & Fry, G (2007) The shared landscape: what does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landscape Ecology, vol. 22:959–972

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WEBSITES Carver, S (2015) Mapping Rewilding [online] Available: https://geographical.co.uk/places/ mapping/item/1404-mapping-rewilding [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Farmers Guardian, Midley, O (2016) Increasing Yields and Rewilding ‘spared’ land could slash GHG Emissions by 80 Percent [online] Available: https://www.fginsight.com/news/ news/increasing-yields-and-rewilding-sparedland-could-slash-ghg-emissions-by-80-percent-8913 [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Irwin, A (2016) Plan to Replant Millions of Trees in Central England Slows Down [online] Available: https://www.newscientist.com/ ar tic le/2100496-plan-to -replant-millions- oftrees-in-central-england-slows-down/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Regenerative (2014) 5 Reasons for Rewilding [online] Available: https://regenerative. com/five-reasons-rewilding/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Rewilding Britain (unknown) Rewilding [online] Available: https://www.rewildingbritain.org. uk/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Rewilding Europe (unknown) Wildlife Comeback [online] Available: https:// rewildingeurope.com/rewilding-in-action/ wildlife-comeback/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] The Guardian (2017) Beer Prices Rise Amid Sobering Threat of Brexit-related Inflation [online] Available: https://www.theguardian. com/business/2017/jan/24/beer-prices-riseb re x i t - i n f l a t i o n - h e i n e ke n - c a r l s b e r g - c a r l i n g budweiser [Last Accessed: 24.01.20]

United Nations (2019) The United Nations General Assembly Declare 2021-2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration [online] Available: https://www.unwater.org/theunited-nations-general-assembly-declare2021-2030-the-un-decade-on-ecosystemrestoration/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Water, University of Oxford (unknown) When is River Restoration Rewilding? [online] Available: https://www.water.ox.ac.uk/ when-is-river-restoration-rewilding/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20]

VIDEOS & AUDIO Intelligence Squared (2019) The Battle for the Countryside: Britain Should Rewild its Uplands [video] Available: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=BlVifCNDp4k [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Rewilding Earth, Foreman, D (unknown) Episode 1: Dave Foreman On the History and Definition of Rewilding [audio] Available: https://rewilding.org/episode-1-daveforeman-on-the-history-and-definition-ofrewilding/ [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Tree, I (2018) Wilding, Forests and Reforestation without Planting Tree – The Tree Conference [video] Available: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=6rGQyDbSZzU [Last Accessed: 24.01.20]

The National Forest (unknown) Our History [online] Available: https://www. nationalforest.org/about/our-history [Last Accessed: 24.01.20] Tree, I (2018) We Need to Bring Back the Wildwoods of Britain to Fight Climate Change [online] Available: https://www.theguardian. com/commentisfree/2018/nov/26/wildwoodsbritain-climate-change-northern-forest [Last Accessed: 24.01.20]

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LIST OF FIGURES All images within this document are authors own unless listed below; Fig.17 Burton Mail (2000) Flood Risk Management Scheme Information [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://consult.environmentagency.gov.uk/west-midlands/copy-of-burton-frms-information-page/

Fig.55 Hayhow DB et al. (2016) Drivers of Change Table [table] State of Nature (2016). pp 12-13 Accessed 24.01.20 Fig.56 Hayhow DB et al. (2016) Biodiversity Intactness Map [map] State of Nature (2016). pp 70 Accessed 24.01.20

Fig.21 Unknown (unknown) Burton Water Solution Ad [poster] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://zythophile.co.uk/2011/12/07/a-short-historyof-water/

Fig.58 Carver, S (2015) Mapping Rewilding [map] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://geographical.co.uk/places/mapping/item/1404mapping-rewilding

Fig.22 Gillespie, I (2019) A Gateway to the National Forest [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://twitter.com/IanRobGill/ status/1154633573292544002/photo/1

Fig.59 Carver, S (2015) Mapping Rewilding [Diagram] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://geographical.co.uk/places/mapping/item/1404mapping-rewilding

Fig.28 Sillitoe, D (2019) Young Trees in the National Forest [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2019/jul/09/planting-trees-planet-people-natureclimate-crisis-communities

Fig.65 Unknown (2003) Before [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/farmingagriculture-biodiversity-wildland/

Fig.33 Unknown (unknown) National Memorial Arboretum [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://www.thenma.org.uk/whats-here/ Fig.35Nature Picture Library (2010) New Planting of Young Sapling Trees in Protective Plastic Collars [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://dissolve.com/stock-photo/New-planting-young-sapling-treesprotective-plastic-collars-royalty-free-image/101-D1267-36-309 Fig.39 Lorrain, C (1654) A River Landscape with Jacob and Laban and his Daughters [painting] Petworth House and Park, West Sussex Fig.40 Gilpin, W (1789) Observations on the River Wye [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/artin-focus-wales/156/observations-on-the-river-wye-and-several-partsof-south-wales-c--relative-chiefly-to-picturesque-beauty-made-in-thesummer-of-the-year-1770 Fig.41 Unknown (2008) Claude Glass [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://gurneyjourney.blogspot.com/2008/01/lorrain-mirrors. html Fig.43 Bartholomew, D (1736) William Kent [painting] National Portrait Gallery, London Fig.44 Dance, N (1773) Capability Brown [painting] National Portrait Gallery, London Fig. 47 Castagnoli, G (2018) Undervalued flora [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/t-magazine/ weeds-flowers-food-trend.html Fig.48 Unknown (unknown) Willington Gravel Pits [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org. uk/nature-reserves/willington-gravel-pits#] Fig.49 Rickard, T (2009) Platform and Boat Launch at Branston Water Park [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platform_and_boat_launch_at_Branston_ Water_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1559181.jpg

Fig.66 Unknown (2016) After [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/farmingagriculture-biodiversity-wildland/ Fig.67 Unknown (unknown) Knepp Wilding [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://knepp.co.uk/ Fig.68 Burrell, C (unknown) Grazed Hawthorn Scrub [photograph] Creating a Mess â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Knepp Rewilding Project; inpractice, vol 100 Accessed 24.01.20 Fig.69 Unknown (unknown) Shallow Scrapes Restoration Process [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://knepp.co.uk/riverrestoration Fig.70 Unknown (unknown) Ecology of Rewilding [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.kneppsafaris.co.uk/safaris/ ecology-of-rewilding/ Fig.71 Unknown (unknown) Knepp Wildland Safaris, Horsham [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available; https://www. freedomcampingclub.org/campsite/West-Sussex/Horsham/KneppWildland-Safaris/3083 Fig.72 Unknown (unknown) Knepp Castle Channel Enhancements [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://oart.org.uk/ our-work/projects/restoration-projects/knepp-castle-channelenhancements/ Fig.74 Unknown (unknown) Landschaft Park Image Before [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.publicspace. org/works/-/project/a008-landschaftspark-duisburg-nord Fig.75 Unknown (unknown) Landschaft Park Image After [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://de.fiylo.com/location-duesseldorf/ kraftzentrale-im-landschaftspark-duisburg-nord-22128/ Fig.76 Panick, C (unknown) Landschaft Park [photograph] Accessed: 05.01.20 Available: http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/postindustrial-landscape-architecture/

Fig.50 Unknown (unknown) Willington Gravel Pits [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org. uk/nature-reserves/drakelow

Fig.77 Latz, M (unknown) Blast Furnace Park [photograph] Accessed: 05.01.20 Available: http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/postindustrial-landscape-architecture/

Fig.54 Hayhow DB et al. (2016) ) State of Nature (2016). [cover image] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/ styles/300_width/public/publications-individual/state-of-naturereport-2016-cover.jpg?itok=urqSBWp8

Fig.78 Tack, J (2015) Zollverein Coal Mine Complex, Essen [photograph] Accessed: 09.01.20 Available: https://www.internationalebauausstellungen.de/en/history/1989-1999-iba-emscher-park-a-futurefor-an-industrial-region/zollverein-coal-mine-complex-essen-fromcoal-and-steel-to-art-and-culture/

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Fig.79 Unknown (unknown) Zollverein [photograph] Accessed 05.01.20 Available: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/ pin/532550724679133241/?lp=true

Fig.108 Allen, C (2016) Coors Brewery, Burton-on-Trent [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.geograph.org.uk/ photo/4897134

Fig.80 Inhabitat (2017) Latz Partners Landscape Park [photograph] Accessed: 05.01.20 Available: https://inhabitat.com/10-landscapedesign-projects-that-turn-damaged-and-neglected-spaces-into-healthybeautiful-environments/landscape-park-duisburg-nord-in-duisburggermany/

Allen, C (2016) Former Ind Coope Brewery, Burton-on-Trent [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.geograph.org. uk/photo/4917015

Fig.81 Latz + Partner (unknown) Waterpark [photograph] Accessed: 05.01.20 Available: http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/postindustrial-landscape-architecture/ Fig. 82 Unknown (unknown) Landschaft Park [photograph] Accessed: 21.01.20 Available: https://wp.eghn.org/en/landschaftspark-duisburgnord-2/

Allen, C (2016) Coors Brewery, Burton-on-Trent [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4897119 Fig.110 Unknown (2015) MFO Park [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/revisiting-90s-mfopark-zurich# Xyntaraki, M (2017) Tragata [photograph] Accessed: 22.01.20 Available: https://www.archdaily.com/879588/tragata-hiboux-plus-studio-genua

Latz, M (unknown) Sinter Park[photograph] Accessed: 21.01.20 Available: http://landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industriallandscape-architecture/

Unknown (2010) Dovecote Studio [photograph] Accessed: 22.01.20 Available: https://www.dezeen.com/2010/02/14/the-dovecote-studioby-haworth-tompkins/

Fig.83 wwwuppertal (2011) Bauhaus Architecture, Zollverein [photograph] Accessed 21.01.20 Available: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/wwwuppertal/6391508581/

Unknown (1990) Marika Alderton House [photograph] Accessed: 22.01.20 Available: https://www.ozetecture.org/marika-alderton-house

Unknown (unknown) Zollverein Industrial Complex [photograph] Accessed 21.01.20 Available: http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/201402/ r1243314_16505307.JPG Fig.84 Peter, H (unknown) Nordsternpark [photograph] Accessed: 21.01.20 Available: https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/ nordsternpark-peter-h/41463950 Unknown (unknown) Nordsternpark Gelsenkirchen [photograph] Accessed 21.01.20 Available: https://wp.eghn.org/en/nordsternparkgelsenkirchen-2/ Fig. 95 Unknown (unknown) Jigsaw Puzzle Industrial Life in England and Wales [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www. amazon.co.uk/Victory-Industrial-Complete-Original-7482/dp/ B0761XFR79 Fig.96 Unknown (1987) Bass Burton Demolition [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://breweryhistory.com/wiki/index. php?title=File:Bass_Burton_demolition_1987_(3).jpg Fig.97 Digimap (1920) Burton-upon-Trent 1920 [Historic Map] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

Verrecht, J (2017) Assembleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Newcastle Theatre Pavilion [photograph] Accessed 22.01.20 Available: https://www.designboom.com/ architecture/assemble-horst-newcastle-theater-pavilion-10-06-2017/ Unknown (2016) Pavilion of Reflections [photograph] Accessed 22.01.20 Available: https://www.archdaily.com/790430/pavilion-ofreflections-studio-tom-emerson Fig.111 Unknown (unknown) MFO Park Zurich [photograph] Accessed 25.01.20 Available: https://www.burckhardtpartner.com/en/projects/ detail/projekte/show/Projekte/new-mfo-park-zurich/ Unknown (unknown) MFO Park [photograph] Accessed 25.01.20 Available: https://www.zuerich.com/en/visit/attractions/mfo-park Fig.113 Unknown (1994) Glenn Murcutt, Marika Alderton House [photograph] Accessed: 26.01.20 Available: https://finn-wilkie.tumblr. com/post/141924010309/glenn-murcutt-marika-alderton-housenorthern Crook, L (2019) Sustainable RAUN Pavilion [photograph] Accessed 25.01.20 Available: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/03/26/raumpavilion-overtreders-w-sustainable-temporary-architecture/

Fig.98 Google Earth (2020) Burton-upon-Trent [Aerial] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://earth.google.com/web/ Fig.99 Mike & Elin (2019) Burton-upon-Trent Historic Growth [diagram] Fig.105 Digimap (1920) Burton-upon-Trent 1920 [Historic Map] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ Fig.106 Unknown (1928) Middle New Breweries [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/category/ miscellany/1920s-from-above/general-town Fig.107 Unknown (unknown) Aerial Photo Burton on Trent Brewery [photograph] Accessed 24.01.20 Available: https://www.picfair.com/ pics/09271576-burton-on-trent-aerial-photo

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Rewilding Manifesto