SSUD - MArch 01 Portfolio by Ollie Meads

SALMON SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN Thesis Portfolio

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Contents.

0.0 Introduction Atelier Introduction Project Mindmap Project Agenda

Vertical Atelier Workshops Influence Key: Reimagined Futures City Habbits What Stories

1.0 Under Pressure Why Salmon Contaminants Wrong Turn Populations Pressure Industry & Salmon Salmon Farming Bioaccumulation

2.0 Life of Salmon Life Stages Life Cycle Egg-ceptional Alevin Life Life of Fry So Long and Thanks... Bioplastics

3.0 Show us Some Mersey Human & Salmon Deprevation Analysis Location Introduction Flood Risk Existing Conditions CSO Pollution Diffuse Pollution Existing Species SSUD Game

4.0 The Only Way is Up SSUD Masterplan Gravel Beds Light Touch Surface Runoff Bioswales Water Filtration Anti - Hardscape

5.0 Ripple & Reflect Effect Politics Vision Character Wier Mill References Bibliography

Atelier Intro. Some Kind of Nature takes a post-human position and Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of polyphony1 as a framework to question humanity’s dominant position on Earth, and more broadly, rejecting Western thought tradition privileging singular subjects over relationships. Following Donna Haraway, the atelier recognises the complex and ever-changing nature of the entangled world, making space for a post-human perspective full of complexity, interdependency, and cooperation. The atelier rejects simplistic binary distinctions to engage in inclusive, interdisciplinary discourse on the built environment. Some Kind of Nature stimulates critical engagement with contemporary discourses around climate crisis (rewilding, the Anthropocene, Capitalocene, degrowth, low-tech, lo-tek, and more).

Robinson, A. (2011) In Theory Bakhtin: Dialogism, Polyphony and Heteroglossia.

How can interventions along the River Mersey increase Salmo salar populations and simultaneously improve conditions for other species? Chouinard,Y. (2019) A Patagonia Film: Artifishal. Liars & Theives.

Mindmap. Mindmap

'The story of salmon confirms the vital truth of how human health and wellbeing are directly dependent on the health and wellbeing of natural systems, including keystone animals like these fish, that enable those systems to function. While in many western societies this basic fact of life is often invisible, it is still at the philosophical heart of cultures that seek a different and more harmonious approach. To this extent, the story of the Salmon is - at its most basic - one of competing with world views. One vie sees Nature as a resource to be exploited with technology, and another that regards human existence as but one element in the infinitely complex web of wild cycles that sustain the biosphere upon which all life depends. What is ever clearer...is that the near-term future of humans on Earth will be determined by the extent to which we can relearn the wisdom of a worldview that has all but disappeared from many spheres of our lives, including technology, policy and popular culture.' (Junipet, 2021)

"Our default is to command and control natural systems, to seize their productivity for commercial bottom lines"

Junipet, T. (2021) Wild Fish 2021 by Salmon & Trout Conservation

Project Agenda.

Circular Economies Overarching Principles & Strategy There are cascading uses across industries with waste products from one industry becoming a useful product for construction and waste from buildings replacing the use of virgin materials in another industry. Biological materials should be cascaded through uses before being returned safely to the biosphere. The materials should be kept pure and uncontaminated to allow them to be reused or recycled into products of equal or better value or to be composted at end-of-life. The ideas are founded on several different schools of thought such as ‘cradle to cradle’, ‘biomimicry’ and ‘industrial symbiosis’. It takes inspiration from biological cycles where nothing is wasted and waste is food.

Cheshire, D. (2016) Building revolutions : applying the circular economy to the built environment.

Why Salmon.

Healthy Ecological Balance

Healthy Salmon Population

Stable Levels of Small Fish

Stable Levels of Phytoplankton

Stable Levels of Algae

Trophic Cascade

Depleted Salmon Population

When a top predator is removed from an ecosystem, a series of knock-on effects are felt throughout all the levels in a food web, as each level is regulated by the one above it. This is known as a trophic cascade. For the past 200 years of Salmon absence in the Mersey, the food chain was substantially impacted, resulting in an absence of nearly all aquatic life. Earl Percy, president of the Atlantic Salmon Trust says “We are sleep walking into a global ecological tragedy. The Atlantic salmon is a keystone species, central to aquatic biodiversity, an indicator of pristine freshwater environment and a bell-weather for environmental change” (The Atlantic Salmon Trust, n.d.).

Low Salmon Populations

Over Abundance of Small Fish

Algae Bloom Depleted Levels of Phytoplankton The River Wye is serves as a warning. Levels of algae have reached disastrous levels in some parts, with mapping suggesting a loss of between 90% and 97% of life below the surface (Monibot, 2021) 'Suffocating' Levels of Algae The Atlantic Salmon Trust. (n.d.) The Atlantic Salmon Trust’s new President commits to saving a keystone species - The Atlantic Salmon Trust. Monbiot, G. (2021) Britain’s rivers are suffocating to death. [online] The Guardian.

Contaminats.

Dissease Evaporatio

Stress Increases

Immunity Decreasses

Contaminant Concentrations Increases

Pheromone Sensitivity Decreasses

Dissease Radiation

Contaminate

"With increasing temperature and reduced precipitation in certain river catchments as a result of the predicted future climate change, the toxicity and concentration of freshwater contaminants are likely to increase. Also, several fish diseases may become more virulent as salmonids are stressed by higher temperatures and their disease resistance is lowered" Salmo Salar are adapted to live in relatively cool water, prospering when temperatures are in the teens. When temperatures exceed 20°C, salmon begin to struggle. Anything above 23°C causes extreme stress and behavioural change. UK climate change projections provided by the Met Office predict that by 2050, half of all summers will see river temperatures breaching this dangerous level. (Marine Scotland, 2021)

"Fish diseases may become more virulent as salmonids are stressed by higher temperatures and their disease resistance is lowered" Marine Scotland. (2021) Resources to reduce river temperatures and protect Atlantic Salmon. Moore, A., Bendall, B., Barry, J., Waring, C., Crooks, N. and Crooks, L. (2012) River temperature and adult anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta. Fisheries Management and Ecology.

Wrong Turn.

Dissease Suitable

"Contaminants have been shown to reduce or inhibit the olfactory sensitivity of spawning salmon to reproductive pheromones and smolts to olfactory cues considered to play a role in imprinting to the home river." (Moore et al., 2012). This is particulary pertinent where there are river systems connecting to the same basin where one route leads to suitable propagational habbitats and the other certain death. For example the river Goyt and river Mersey.

Unsuitable

"Any contaminant that affects the sense of smell in salmon may compromise the migratory behaviour and/or reproductive processes and regulate populations" Marine Scotland. (2021) Resources to reduce river temperatures and protect Atlantic Salmon. Moore, A., Bendall, B., Barry, J., Waring, C., Crooks, N. and Crooks, L. (2012) River temperature and adult anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta. Fisheries Management and Ecology.

Populations.

Salmon spend on average 33% of their lives in fresh water rivers and 60% in the ocean.

Genetic Pressure - Genotype Distribution

Marine survival of salmon has dropped from 15-25% to 8-12% over the last 30 years.

The above graph compares two informative restriction enzymes to classify distinct variants of Salmo salar species genotypes. As a result of years of salmon farming restricting gene pools and a reduction in wild salmon populations, regional salmons genotypes begin to form clusters. Influx of farmed salmon living in controlled environments result in weaker salmon stock. Reduced genetic variation makes the salmon more succeptable to genetic diseases and less resilient to changes in their environment - particularly problematic in current climate change context. Whelan, K. (2021) Wild Fish 2021 by Salmon & Trout Conservation Stephens, J. (2021) Wild Fish 2021 by Salmon & Trout Conservation

The collapse of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks throughout North-Western Europe is generally ascribed to large-scale river regulation, water pollution and overfishing in the 19th and 20th century. These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe. The historical perspective presented here contributes to a better understanding of the primary factors that led to major declines in salmon populations. Such understanding provides an essential basis for the effective ecological rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.

"These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe" Lenders, H., Chamuleau, T., Hendriks, A. et al. (2016) Historical Rise of Waterpower Initiated the Collapse of Salmon Stocks. Sci Rep 6, 29269.

Pressure.

The Red List is not just a list of high priorities for conservation. Indeed, a species with a high risk of extinction may not necessarily be the highest priority, and a species that has a very low risk of extinction may deserve some conservation action. Extinction risk is an important factor to consider when determining where to invest conservation resources, but it is not the only one. Financial, cultural, logistical, biological, ethical, social and other issues all contribute to maximize effective conservation actions. Environment Agency. (2019) Salmonid and fisheries statistics for England and Wales 2019, UK Government Publication The International Union for Conservation of Nature, (2021) IUCN Species Strategic Plan 2021-2025, Species Survival Commission

The People

Industry

Government

Public Will

Corporate Will

Political Will

Public Reaction to Environmental Threat The Red List is a vital tool for determining the status of salmon and is a key input to conservation planning. A species’ Red List status serves to trigger environmental safeguards under national and internatianl legislation, and it alerts the private sector and major funders to the presence of a threatened species, or to the “critical natural habitat” (determined in part by the presence of threatened species) that triggers mitigation processes.

"More recently (2014) the Atlantic salmon was assessed in Europe, and was found to be threatened (Vulnerable, VU), meaning the best available data indicated the species was facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in Europe." Darwall, W. (2021) Wild Fish 2021 by Salmon & Trout Conservation

Industry & Salmon.

Diss Ro

Historical Industry Along the River

Dissease Stockport

sease ochdale

Dissease Manchester

Dissease Bolton

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th Century in North West England with the River Mersey at its heart, when new technologies shifted the agrarian and handicraft economy into one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This local economic transformation was only made possible by the global powers of capitalist corporations and imperialist countries invading, colonising and oppressing populations around the world and developing trade routes of exploited raw materials. The linear practices of industrially extracting from nature and dumping toxic waste directly into the environment was practiced abroad, but was also employed to maximise profits within Great Britain. Although the laws were occasionally written to ban drastically harmful practices (e.g. banning the dumping of hydrochloric acid directly into the river).

"Silk, hat and cotton trades were heavy polluters of Mersey water throughout the industrial revolution." Astle, W. (1971) History of Stockport. Wakefield: S.R. Publishers. Jones, P. (2000) The Mersey Estuary - Back from the dead? Solving a 150 -Year Old Problem. J CIWEM

Salmon Farming.

Medicated

Wild Fish: Spawned, born and specifically adapted to thrive in the wild environment through natural selection, which ensures only the most genetically fit individuals survive to reproduce. Wide range of genetic and life history diversity allows wild fish to better survive changing conditions and compromised habitat.

Disease Overcrowded

Farmed Fish: Domesticated and raised by humans to thrive in high-density aquatic feedlots, often in public marine waters, where they are raised to market size and harvested for consumption. Threaten wild fish with parasites, diseases (and the pesticides used to control them), and through competition and interbreeding duringfrequent escapes..

Diseased

"Scotland needs an ecosystem-based approach to industry growth...The Committee is not convinced the sector is being regulated sufficiently " Mountain, E. (2002) The Scottish Parliament, Environment, Climate Change and Land Reform Committee: report on the environmnetal impacts of salmon farming.

Bioaccumulation.

Macroplastic >5mm

Nanoplastics <0.1mm

Microplastic 0.1-5mm

Zooplankton

Degredation

Direct Ingestion Trophic Transfer

The UK’s River Mersey contains proportionally more plastic pollution than the infamous Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an area recognised by scientists as one of the most plastic-polluted expanses of water on earth. Microplastics can cause gut blockage, alter feeding behaviour, growth rates and reproduction. Previous research has shown that bacteria are able to latch onto pieces of plastic which can cause disease to spread and also that microplastics can both attract and leach out harmful chemicals.

Forage Fish & Crustaceans

Salmo Salar

“Scientific research has found that when eaten by wildlife, such as fish, microplastics can cause gut blockage, alter feeding behaviour, growth rates and reproduction.” Greenpeace.org.uk. (2019) UK river more polluted than Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

Life Stages.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are anadromous, being born in freshwater where they develop to adults before migrating to the ocean, where they remain in the saltwater for 1-4 years before returning to their spawning ground to propagate. Migration Process Anadromous nature of Salmo Salar in the River Mersey.

Liverpool 4

Manchester

Stockport

Life Cycle.

Adult Migrati

Smolt

Re 6 - 12 Months

There are a series conditions, both physical and chemical, for optimum salmon development and propagation along the river at various life cycles stages. These must be analysed in order to propose salmon sensitive urban design interventions.

Egg

Life Cycle Stages Overview of key stages for SSUD consideration.

Fry 1 - 3 Months

6 - 12 Weeks

ion

Death Re-enters Biosphere

1 - 4 Years

eturn & Mating

1 - 3 Months

Bioplastic Production Reusing biomatter in a circular economy

Bioplastic

Alevin 4 -6 Weeks

6 Months

A recent graduate from Sussex won the James Dyson Award for Innovation with her process of turning fish scales to bioplastic. MarinaTex plastic takes between four and six weeks to decompose in a home compostable environment and makes use of the waste biomass that is produced as a part of the natural life cycle of salmon. Using the MarinaTex process can boost economy in an environmentally conscious way whilst ensuring maintenance and monitoring of river's and salmon population. Additionally this would reduce the amount of single use plastic bags, and resultant volume microplastics in the river systems.

Egg-ceptional.

3 2 1

~0.5m 1 - Female rearranges gravel bed to form a redd. 2 - Female deposits eggs into redd for male to fertilize. 3 - Redd's create oxygenating flows of water for the eggs.

Optimum Egg Conditions River Mersey | Middle Course Section Each nest contains 500 to 1200 eggs. For every five eggs, only one actually lives on to the alevin stage. To ensure these twenty percent progress onto the next stage of the cycle, it is very important that the eggs are laid in a redd suitable for accommodating them through the initial weeks of development. Prior to laying their eggs, female salmon have had to scout out a suitable location to form the redd, one that offers adequate water temperature and flow-rate. “Extremely high flows can damage redds” (Parry, Gregory, Lauridsen and Griffiths, 2017). Too litte flow, however, and the eggs shall not absorb enough oxygen enabling them to develop. ~2.2m

~15m

Parry, E., Gregory, S., Lauridsen, R. and Griffiths, S. (2017) The effects of flow on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) redd distribution in a UK chalk stream between 1980 and 2015. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 27(1).

Alevin Life.

2 1

~0.5m 1 - Redd provides oxygenated flow of water to alevin. 2 - Newly hatched alevin remain in redd and absorb nutrients through a 'yolk sack'.

Optimum Alevin Conditions River Mersey | Middle Course Section Once they are 2-4cm in length, baby salmon will break free of the egg, retaining the yolk as a nutrient-rich sac that hangs below it's body, remaining hidden in their gravel nests until it is completely absorbed. The redd must maintain its structural integrity throughout this phase, both to hide the defenseless alevin from potential predators, and to retain the levels of oxygen-rich water circulating through the alcove. “Reduced oxygen levels lengthen the incubation period and result in smaller fry” (Barton and Pennell, 1996).

~2.2m

Barton, B. and Pennell, W. (1996) Principles of salmonid culture. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

~15m

Life of Fry.

~9m

1 - Many species of river plankton for nutrition. 2 - Plants offer shelter and host insects and their larvae. 3 - Larger rocks act as hiding places from predators. 4 - Undulations for pools of oxygen-rich water.

Optimum Fry Conditions River Mersey | Lower Course Section

~3.4m

~30m

Fry are small salmon that are just beginning to come out of their gravel nest. They push themselves vertically up to the surface of the water after nightfall, when they will be less visible to predators. Fry are not strong enough to swim upstream, so they drift downstream until they find calm pools where they can feed. They catch insects that fly close to the water, nymphs and larvae, as well as plankton. They grow to be between 4.5 and 5.5 cm. Fry need fresh, flowing, cold water, with plenty of oxygen and shade to keep the water from getting too warm. They also need places to hide, such as large boulders, overhanging bushes, tree stumps or fallen logs.

Marine Institute. (2020) Salmon Life Cycle.

So long and thanks...

3 2 1

1 - Salmon die after spawning post migration up-stream. 2 - Decomposing adults release nutrients. 3 - Soluble nutrients absorbed by incubating eggs. 4 - Process speeds decomposition and releases nutrients

Optimum Propagation Conditions River Mersey | Middle Course Section Once the salmon have laid or fertilised a hatch of eggs, they die, a natural part of the life cycle. The salmon who die within the Stockport basin shall be recovered and skinned, their scales and fins donated to the Weir Mill stock, topping up a national supply or organic aquatic waste. Here, all scale sand fins shall be converted through the ‘MarinaTex’ solution into biodegradable plastic material. This can go on to serve as an alternative to single-use plastic in a variety of applications. The remaining salmon carcasses are carefully returned to the redds to provide essential nutrients to the eggs and alovin.

MarinaTex. (2021) About. [online]

Bioplastics.

An Opportunity for a Circular Economy

De La Caba, K., Guerrero, P., Trung, T. S., Cruz, M., Kerry, J. P., Fluhr, J., Burt, S. (2018). From seafood waste to active seafood packaging: An emerging opportunity of the circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production)

Schema of Process of Bioplastic From Salmon.

Human & Salmon.

The collapse of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks throughout North-Western Europe is generally ascribed to large-scale river regulation, water pollution and overfishing in the 19th and 20th century. However, other causes have rarely been quantified, especially those acting before the 19th century. By analysing historical fishery, market and tax statistics, independently confirmed by archaeozoological records, we demonstrate that populations declined by up to 90% during the transitional period between the Early Middle Ages (c. 450–900 AD) and Early Modern Times (c. 1600 AD). These dramatic declines coincided with improvements in watermill technology and their geographical expansion across Europe. Our extrapolations suggest that historical Atlantic salmon runs must have once been very abundant indeed. The historical perspective presented here contributes to a better understanding of the primary factors that led to major declines in salmon populations. Such understanding provides an essential basis for the effective ecological rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.

"Historical rise of waterpower initiated the collapse of salmon stocks"

Jones, P. (2000) The Mersey Estuary - Back from the Dead? Solving a 150-Year Old Problem

Bolton

Stockport

Carrington

Huddersfield

Deprevation Analysis. The population of Stockport is growing and is expected to continue to do so. The population is likely to be needier: birth rates have grown most rapidly in deprived areas, where there are potentially more children at risk, there is an ageing population, with increasing and complex needs, and more people are living in one person or lone parent households. The access to blue and green infastructure in towns like Stockport is a significant contributing factor to poorer wellbeing and education due to a lack of communal and educational spaces.

Peak District

"Communities scoring higher on the deprivation index are more vulnerable to the effects of climate breakdown" Stockport Joint Strategic Needs Association. (2020) Demographics and Population December 2019

Railway Viaduct

M60

Wier Mill

River Mersey

Location Intro. Merseyway Shopping Centre

There is little to no culture surrounding Atlantic Salmon in modern Stockport. Most people’s experiences with salmon are buying fillets of farmed salmon from Scotland or Norway and eating it without considering its source or environmental impact. Renewing a culture around wild salmon as urban residents would not only benefit the salmon as their habitat would be more protected, but local pride and knowledge could grow community cohesion and improve economic prospects for local people.

“Renewing a culture around wild salmon would not only benefit the salmon, but local pride and knowledge could grow community cohesion and improve economic prospects for local people.” Myrvold, K. Mawle, G. Andersen, O. (2019) Aas, O. The social, economic and cultural values of wild Atlantic salmon. NINA Report 1668. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.

High Flood Risk

Moderate Flood Risk

Flood Risk. Over the past four or five decades there has generally been an increase in river flow across most of the UK. More importantly, in relation to floods, there have been increases in peak river flows (commonly, studies look at trends in the “annual maximum” – the highest peak river flow in each year) and floods have become more frequent.

“Recent flood events in the UK have highlighted further the fact that flood risk in England is expected to increase due to climate change and development in areas at risk.” Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. (2019) Local Flood Risk Management Strategy For Stockport.

Existing Conditions. 1 - River Mersey

5 - Educational Link

2 - Grassland

6 - Woodland

3 - Roads

7 - Hardcaping

CSO Pollution.

Business Wastewater Residential Wastewater

Treatment Facillity

Public Waterway

Combined Sewage Overflow

England has a combined sewage system made up of hundreds of thousands of kilometres of sewers, built by the Victorians, in many urban centres. This means that clean rainwater and waste water from toilets, bathrooms and kitchens are conveyed in the same pipe to a sewage treatment works. During heavy rainfall the capacity of these pipes can be exceeded, which means possible inundation of sewage works and the potential to back up and flood peoples’ homes.

“Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) were developed as overflow valves to reduce the risk of sewage backing up during heavy rainfall.”

Environmentagency.blog.gov.uk. (2020) Combined Sewer Overflows Explained - Creating a better place.

Diffuse Pollution.

Mercury

Bimethoate

Copper

Benzo(k)fluranthene Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Perfluoroctane sulphonate

Pendimethalin Diazinon

Benzo(b)fluranthene

Chlorothalonil

Cypermetherin

Researchers are increasingly concerned about substances that in the past were not thought to be a problem, such as medicines and personal care products. Bisphenol A, for example is one of a number of endocrine disruptors: chemicals which can cause the feminisation of male fish and are a particular problem in the River Mersey. In addition to direct contamination, there's significant diffuse gaseous pollution of rivers in urban areas from all fossil fuel based modes of transport. This can be absorbed directly by water or can leach into river systems through surface runoff.

“Bisphenol A is one of a number of chemicals which can cause the feminisation of male fish and are a particular problem in the River Mersey.” Colyer, E. (2004). THE HIDDEN POLLUTION

Existing Species.

Willow Salix spp.

Ash Fraxinus excelsior

Dandelion Taraxacum officinale

Willowherb Epilobium hirsutum

Japanese Knotweed Fallopia japonica

Common Maple Acer campestre

Annual Medow Grass Poa annua

Thallose Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

Buddleia Buddleja davidii

Common Lady-Fern Athyrium filix-femina

Anomalous Bristle-Moss Orthotrichum anomalum

Silky Wall Feather Moss Homalothecium seiceum

Common Green Lacewig Chrysoperla carnea

White - Tailed Bumblebee Bombus lucorum

Red Admiral Butterfly Vanessa atalanta

Ladybird Coccinellidae

Norwegian Brown Ray Rattus norvegicus

Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

Mute Swan Cygnus olor

Grey Heron Ardea cinerea

Common Coot Fulcia atra

This species catalogue from the river Mersey site is typical of organisms found in an urban riparian/river landscape. The River Mersey is a blue corridor winding between rural fringe green spaces and elements of the urban landscape, that sometimes cover the river entirely.

Aphid Aphoidoidea

SSUD Game.

Your siblings consume all the nutrients and leave you as a malnourished smolt.

-5

Years of low population levels effects your gene pool making you less resilient.

-10

Start / Finish

Downstream Zone

SSUD wetlands increase insect populations so more is food available.

+10

You eat litter by mistake and your stomach fills with indigestibles.

-5

You mix with escaped farm salmon and contract sealice and disease.

-10

SSUD bioplastic bag reduce single use plastics - reducing microplastics in river.

+10

You're injured by a predator, such as a seal, shark or whale.

-15

You contract disease from multinational companies dumping sewage into oceans.

-5

Ocean

n Zone

+10

SSUD bioswales reduce vehicle pollution runoff into the river.

PLAYER 1

PLAYER 2

PLAYER 3

PLAYER 4

Upstream Zone +5

-100

+20

SSUD cooling vegetation improves temperature of river to make it easier for you to swim upstream against current. Pollution acts as an endocrene (hormone) disruptor, turning males to females, reducing possible mates.

Salmon ladders are constructed over steep wiers and inclines making it easier to swim upstream.

SSUD political agenda reduces polution of large multinational companies and utilities providers.

Game Rules Make it Back to Your Hatching Ground AIM: The aim of the game is to put yourself into the scales of a salmon and navigate the various hazzards along it's lifecycle, to return to your hatching ground upstream and start the next generation. RULES: 1 - All players start at the redd (salmon propagation zone) and roll a dice to begin downstream. 2- Each space you move collect +1 energy. 3- If you land on a hazard, energy is deducted. 4 - If you land on a SSUD intervention, energy is added. 5- You must stay in the ocean until you roll a 6, you continue to collect energy as you recirculate. You can then advance upstream. 6- To win the game you must get to the back to where you were born with at least 25 energy remaining to be able to spawn the next generation.

SSUD Masterplan. 1 - River Mersey

5 - Educational Link

2 - Gravel Bed

6 - Woodland

3 - Bioswails

7 - Cooling Vegetation

4 - Channel Widening

8 - Grassland

Gravel Beds.

1 - Salmon die after spawning post migration up-stream. 2 - Decomposing adults release nutrients. 3 - Soluble nutrients absorbed by incubating eggs.

A straightened river lacks the variety that is needed to support wildlife. Salmon and trout like a mixture of deep pools, fast running shallows and clean gravels in which to lay their eggs. A bendy river develops deep pools on the outside of bends and deposits gravels on the inside. This means the river will naturally maintain itself in a varied and wildlife-friendly state, and will be able to cope better with extreme high and low flows in future.

“A river with meanders will naturally maintain itself in a varied and wildlife-friendly state, and will be able to cope better with extreme high and low flows.” Location: The Aire River - Geneva, Switzerland Designer: Atelier Descombes Rampini Group Superpositions

Colyer, E. (2004). THE HIDDEN POLLUTION

Light Touch.

The adjacent photo series depicts a physical model study on how 'losenger' shaper mounts interrupts different flows of water and, in turn, how said flow effects distribution of sediment - or in this case, gravy granuals.

Surface Runoff.

Permeable Surfaces

Surface Water Channelled

Water Circulated to Roots Excess Cleansed Water to Drains

Interception is the prevention of runoff from the site for the majority of small rainfall events. Rain falling on impermeable surfaces causes rapid runoff for almost all events – and this can lead to erosion and ecological deterioration of receiving waterbodies. In addition, runoff from developed surfaces tends to be contaminated with urban pollutants which are then discharged into the environment with every runoff event. By designing systems to prevent runoff from small rainfall events, receiving waterbodies are protected and pollutants are trapped in components potentially allowing time for them to degrade and/or storing them for future removal.

“By designing systems to prevent runoff, waterbodies are protected and pollutants are trapped, allowing time for them to degrade and/ or storing them for future removal.” GreenBlue Urban. (2021) Trees and Water Sensitive Urban Design: Volume 2

Bioswales.

Location: Kronsberg - Hannover, Germany Atelier Dreiseitl Designer: Atelier Dreiseitl

The dimensions of most bioswales are designed in such a way that water from heavy rainfalls infiltrates into the ground within 24 hours. In most cases, the bioswale will only serve as an above-ground drainage system once every 25 years. This means that bioswale systems must always be connected to surface water. The drainage system also serves to transport water from areas of ground with a low infiltration capacity to areas with a more favourable infiltration capacity.

“Bioswales are designed in such a way that water from heavy rainfalls infiltrates into the ground within 24 hours.”

Urbangreenbluegrids.com. 2021. Bioswales | Urban green-blue grids.

Water Filtration.

1 - Salmon die after spawning post migration up-stream. 2 - Decomposing adults release nutrients. 3 - Soluble nutrients absorbed by incubating eggs. Location: Liupanshui Wetland Park - Guizhou Province, China Designer: Turenscape

Open streams, especially small streams, are highly effective in removing pollution. They encourage the transformation of excessive nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which improves habitats for fish and other wildlife (which leads to more additional recreational opportunities). Humans also benefit directly from higher drinking water quality. Long-term costs are also less than those needed to repair and maintain culverts and other storm structures, resulting in fiscal benefits for local government.

“While open rivers and streams provide direct floodwater storage, they also contribute to more effective stormwater management by diverting stormwater from the sewage system.” Nrcsolutions.org. (n.d) Daylighting Rivers and Streams – Naturally Resilient Communities.

Cooling Vegetation.

Riparian Woodland Buffer

Marginal Vegetation

Understory Planting

Aquatic Zone River bank in stream

Riparian Zone Soil stabalising organic debris

Open Area

Generic Cooling Woodland St

Adjacent Land Agriculture or open woodland

Sun Path

Open Area

Riparian Woodland

Green infrastructure includes the network of urban trees and woodlands, private and public greenspaces (such as parks, gardens, playing fields, allotments and green corridors), as well as green roofs and walls and vegetated areas associated with water bodies (e.g. wetlands) and provides numerous benefits to urban society. One such benefit is the moderation of local air temperatures that occurs in several ways: through evapotranspiration, by reflecting more solar radiation, through having lower heat storage capacities and providing shade.

trategy

Shading Woodland Radiation

“Cities and towns are often affected by the urban heat island effect, whereby air temperatures are higher than those in surrounding rural environments. ”

River Orientation Shading Analysis Monteiro, M. Handley, P. Morison, J. Doic, K. (2019) The role of urban trees and greenspaces in reducing urban air temperatures.

Anti - Hardscape.

Trees

Shrubs

Grass

530C

450C

620C

190C

KEY:

Greatest Cooling Combination

Worst Cooling Combination

90C

Particular characteristics of greenspaces which influence their cooling effectiveness are their shape and density, the types of trees, shrubs and ground cover present in the greenspace, plant arrangement, the percentage of impervious area and topography.

240C

“Maximisation of cooling benefits is not seen as a priority in the design and management of green infrastructure. Local authorities more often mentioned benefits linked to water management, amenity value or air purification than heat reduction ” Vailshery, L. Jaganmohan, M. Nagendra, H. (2013) Effect of street trees on microclimate and air pollution in a tropical city, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, Volume 12, Issue 3, ISSN 1618-8667.

Politics.

The state of our river systems are the worst in Europe! I suggest a bill to force water companies to stop discharging raw sewage.

The Rt. Hon. Philip Dunne MP

ACTION: Amendment to the environment bill that would place a legal duty on water companies to not pump waste into rivers.

The Rt. Hon. G

Publ MPs Vote on Proposed Bill | 21st Oct 2021

I recomdend we reject this bill. The costs incurred by immediately banning sewage spills would be too great!

George Eustice MP

Until very recently, there was little public light shone on the British private sector’s involvement with the national river network. Regional water companies have, for decades, legally discharged sewage into the rivers at an alarming rate. “There were 403,171 spills of sewage into England’s rivers and seas in 2020, according to the Environment Agency, adding up to more than 3.1m hours of spillages” (Horton, 2021). In the run-up to COP26, the eyes of the world turned to the UK’s efforts to curtail its levels of pollution. Conservative MP Philip Dunne is the chair of the environmental audit committee and a major player in rallying the government’s environmental agenda. In July of 2020 he launched a private members bill to turn the tide on polluting private water firms..

Decision Overturned & Bill Passed | 26th Oct 2021

lic Backlash | 25th Oct 2021

Horton, H. (2021) UK government U-turns on sewage after Tory MPs threaten rebellion. [online] The Guardian.

Vision.

Strategy Going Forward e K y Design Drivers for Next Stages The investigation and content generated up until this point creates a strong foundation to the research question; one that is relevant to Weir Mill, Stockport and the River Mersey, as well as for topical commentary around events and discussions of the present day. Moving forward, the site shall be scrutinised and evaluated in a higher level of detail. Concepts have already been speculated, a common theme being to take a light touch approach along the entirety or the River Mersey encompassing the Wier Mill and greater Stockport site.

Character.

The existing character of Weir Mill is that of an urban ruin, overun by nature, straddle by history and intercepted by the blue infastructure that is the River Mersey. The former mill housed numerous idustrial activities amd ebodies the working heritage of Stockport.

Wier Mill.

1 - Weir Mill. 2 - Railway Viaduct. 3 - M60. 4 - River Mersey.

Locating Wier Mil Connections, d A jacencies & Context. The industrial site of the Weir Mill shall serve as the epicentre to the proposed design. Situated at the cross-roads between two important channels, one formed by the delicate complexities of nature, the other through a magnificent feat of human engineering and ingenuity. The Mersey and the viaduct marry together to compliment the 10,000 m2 site with a rich tapestry of context from which to develop.

References.

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SOME KIND OF NATURE Salmon Sensitive Urban Design Matthew Crosley Jessica Peach Oliver Meads

Thanks.