Peanut Grower May 2021 by One Grower Publishing

The

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

MAY 2021

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Plan For Long-Term Fungicide Efficacy

Which Will It Be In Virginia Fields? Expect Leaf Spot And One Other Weather-Dependent Disease

Troubleshooting Soil Fertility

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The

MAY 2021

PEANUTGROWER ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC

MAY 2021

THE PEANUT PRODUCER'S MARKETING & PRODUCTION MAGAZINE www.peanutgrower.com

Plan For Long-Term Fungicide Efficacy

Volume 33 • Number 5

Which Will It Be In Virginia Fields? Expect Leaf Spot And One Other Weather-Dependent Disease

Troubleshooting Soil Fertility

Departments 4

Editor’s Note “Set of fortune you might.” Say what?

News Briefs Aflatoxin task force making progress

10 Market Watch Consumption still going strong 20 Peanut Pointers Reduce the risk of Valor injury

Stay Connected

12 Features

12 Which Will It Be?

Sclerotinia blight or Southern stem rot — depending on the weather, one of these is likely in Virginia fields.

14 Strengthen Your Disease Management Plan

Long-term fungicide efficacy should be the goal.

15 Planting Intentions

A look at the Prospective Plantings report from the National Agriculture Statistics Service.

16 Troubleshooting Soil Fertility Problems Know what to look for when problems arise.

18 A ‘Swiss Army Knife’ Approach Sign up for the monthly e-newsletter at peanutgrower.com to have exclusive industry news and content delivered directly to your inbox.

Follow The Peanut Grower on Twitter @PeanutGrower TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

Why not tackle many pest problems at once and from the get-go?

Cover photo by Amanda Huber MAY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

EDITORIAL/PRODUCTION Editor Amanda Huber ahuber@onegrower.com Copy Editor Vicky Boyd vlboyd@onegrower.com Art Director Ashley Kumpe

ADMINISTRATION Publisher/Vice President Lia Guthrie (901) 497-3689 lguthrie@onegrower.com Associate Publisher Carroll Smith (901) 326-4443 Sales Manager Scott Emerson (386) 462-1532 semerson@onegrower.com Audience Services Kate Thomas (847) 559-7514 Production Manager Kathy Killingsworth (901) 767-4020 kkillingsworth@onegrower.com For subscription changes or change of address, call (847) 559-7578 or email peanutgrower@omeda.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Scott Monfort Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Dell Cotton Peanut Growers Cooperative Marketing Assn., Franklin, VA Kris Balkcom Agri-Program Associate Auburn University Dan Anco Extension Peanut Specialist Clemson University

Emi Kimura Extension Agronomist Texas A&M University David Jordan Extension Agronomist North Carolina State University Glen Harris Extension Agronomist University of Georgia Jason Ferrell Extension Weed Specialist University of Florida

ONE GROWER PUBLISHING, LLC Mike Lamensdorf PRESIDENT/TREASURER Lia Guthrie PUBLISHER/VICE PRESIDENT The Peanut Grower (ISSN 1042-9379) is an agribusiness magazine for U.S. peanut producers. Published in eight monthly issues, January through July and November. Annual subscriptions are $40.00. Single Copy price is $5.00. Annual overseas subscriptions are $70.00, including Canada/Mexico. Periodicals postage paid at at Memphis, Tennessee, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2021 One Grower Publishing, LLC, all rights reserved except where otherwise noted. The Peanut Grower ® is a registered trademark, which reserves all rights granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in association with the registration. POSTMASTER: SEND ADDRESS CHANGES TO OMEDA COMMUNICATIONS, CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT, P.O. BOX 1388, NORTHBROOK, IL 60065-1388. All statements, including product claims, are those of the person or organization making the statement or claim. The publisher does not adopt any such statement or claim as its own, and any such statement or claim does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the publisher. Printed in the USA. One Grower Publishing, LLC, also publishes Cotton Farming, Rice Farming, Soybean South and Corn South.

Editor’sNote Editor’s Note ‘Set of fortune you might.’ Say What?

f there is anyone who doesn’t understand me these days, it is Siri. Most times, she doesn’t understand a word I say. Occasionally I can get her to perform a command to find a location or call my daughter, but more often than not, Siri is clueless as to what I am asking. Voice recognition devices, such as Apple’s Siri or Google’s Alexa, were not made for Southern accents, and they have yet to add an algorithm that will help us communicate. As I write this column, bear in mind that I am often completely misunderstood when it Amanda Huber comes to voice recognition. Editor, The Peanut Grower Where am I going? With the virtual meetings in the past year and having to listen to presentations for the information I need, I have found that turning on the Closed Caption feature, which types out the words as they are being said, helps with note taking. It has also provided a full-on belly laugh at the interpretation of some common words. Very little is said in these presentations that is terminology unfamiliar to me. The same cannot be said for the CC feature. For example, in a presentation by Bob Kemerait, University of Georgia Extension plant pathologist, the product combination Miravis/Elatus translated to “America is the greatest” and “Barbosa lattices.” Say what? Although wrong, something can be said for the CC feature’s creativity. In a presentation by Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research And Extension Center plant pathologist David Langston, Sclerotinia blight was mentioned often because it is a primary disease in the region. I understand the Virginia accent is very different from my own, but the CC feature never came close to getting it correct and never got it wrong the same way twice. Sclerotinia blight was interpreted as “the flirting you might,” “sclera Kenya blight,” “scorching and white,” “SLR tenure white,” “set of fortune you might,” “misfortune you bite,” and “square root tenure blight.” Kudos to the CC feature for creativity in being spectacularly wrong. For proof that I know perfectly well what Dr. Langston was saying about Sclerotinia blight management, see the article on page 12. If I have one more reason in wanting to return to in-person meetings, it is that I am now spending so much time laughing at the interpretation of our most common words that I have to restart presentations again and again to take the notes as I need.

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THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

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NewsBriefs News Briefs Additional CFAP Aid

The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently announced the release of billions of dollars in aid to both crop and livestock producers through the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program. It will also open an additional $6 billion in aid to an array of producers and industries, including renewable fuels. For crops like peanuts, USDA will issue $4.5 billion in payments to more than 560,000 crop farmers at a rate of $20 an acre. The release of CFAP aid comes after the Biden administration had put USDA programs on hold following a 60-day review. Enrollment for CFAP-2 reopened in April 5, and applications will be accepted for 60 days. USDA has set aside at least $2.5 million to connect with grassroots organizations and expand outreach to enroll more minority and women farmers into the coronavirus aid programs as well.

Court Rules On Water Wars

The U.S. Supreme Court recently ruled unanimously in Georgia’s favor in the ongoing water war with Florida. The Supreme Court held that Florida failed to carry its burden to prove that Georgia’s water consumption from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin caused the collapse of Florida’s oyster fisheries or caused harm to its river ecosystem. The data and modeling of Florida’s own experts showed that Georgia’s consumption had little to no impact on the Apalachicola Bay’s oyster population. The court also found a complete lack of evidence that any river species suffered serious injury from Georgia’s water consumption. “The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision is a resounding victory for Georgia and a vindication of years-long effort by multiple governors and attorneys general here in the Peach State to protect our citizens’ water rights,” says 6/

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

Georgia Gov. Brian Kemp. “Our state will continue to wisely manage water resources and prioritize conservation, while also protecting Georgia’s economy and access to water.”

USDA Issues Planting Estimate

Peanut growers intend to plant 1.63 million acres in 2021, down 2% from 2020 but 13% above 2019. The USDA’s National Agriculture Statistics Service’s Planting Intentions report in March is a key marketing factor for planting decisions. A survey of peanut specialists put the estimated acreage at 1.61 million, a 3% decrease in 2021. For more on planting intentions for peanuts and rotational crops, see the article on page 15.

ADM Pays $45 Million Settlement

Archer Daniels Midland Co. will pay $45 million to settle a lawsuit from peanut farmers claiming the firm colluded with other processors to depress prices paid to peanut growers. The company denied any wrongdoing on behalf of its Golden Peanut processing division. “ADM continues to deny any liability in the case brought against Golden Peanut, but we have agreed to settle the lawsuit rather than expend further time, money and resources on the case,” says ADM spokesperson Jackie Anderson. “ADM has been building strong relationships with farmers since the company’s inception in 1902, and we continue to make farmers the center of our business.” The lawsuit said Golden Peanut had coordinated with several other processors to report erroneous supply and pricing information and, thereby, suppress the fees paid to farmers for their peanut crops over the past six years. Business press sources report that Birdsong and another processor, Olam International, reached separate agreements with farmers in 2020 and together paid a combined $58 million

In Brief • Florida fails to prove Georgia’s water consumption ruining oyster industry. • Final sheller settles price-collusion case with producers. • Aflatoxin task force achieves new projects and funding, better coordination. • Southern Peanut Growers Conference plans in-person meeting; APRES meeting to be virtual in 2021. • Endowment to honor the work of Charles Simpson, protect wild peanut collection.

settlement. No company admitted any wrongdoing.

Georgia Farmers Increase Research Funding

The Georgia Peanut Commission board of directors has approved $886,235 in research project funding for 2021-22. Research funding for the past year was $739,693. Projects approved include 42 proposals submitted from the University of Georgia, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Fort Valley State University and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Georgia’s peanut growers invest $2 per ton annually toward GPC programs, including research, promotion and education. Research programs focus primarily on peanut breeding, conservation methods, irrigation and water management, and management of insect pests, weeds and diseases. The GPC manages funding for the Southeastern Peanut Research Initiative, which includes research funding of $1.8 million for projects in Alabama, Florida and Georgia. These projects are funded through the National Peanut Board checkoff. PEANUTGROWER.COM

NewsBriefs News Briefs “As a peanut grower, I’m proud to invest in the Georgia Peanut Commission and in the future of the peanut industry by supporting research that continues to demonstrate a return on our investment,” says Donald Chase, GPC Research Committee chairman. “We are proud of our partnership with research institutions and look forward to seeing the results, which will benefit farmers in the state and the entire peanut industry.”

Aflatoxin Task Force Tackles Problem

Karl Zimmer of Premium Peanuts LLC and chairman of the aflatoxin taskforce reports that progress has been made within the past year advancing new research to mitigate aflatoxin and ultimately eliminate it. New research, new funding and better coordination among researchers are significant accomplishments. “The peanut genome project has given us a whole new set of tools to use,” Zimmer says. “In a year where aflatoxin is prevalent, as it was in 2019, it costs over $100 million or more than

$30 per ton. In addition, the continued challenge of A. Flavus is impacting the ability of the U. S. peanut industry to successfully compete internationally, driving the three-year trend of lower prices received for every pound of peanuts exported. “As we progress throughout 2021, one of the goals of the aflatoxin taskforce will be to continue, and even accelerate, these efforts. We are also working with USDA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and stakeholders throughout the industry to break down many of the non-tariff trade barriers that exist internationally, particularly in Europe.”

APRES Meeting To Be Virtual Again

After much discussion with all parties involved, the American Peanut Research and Education Society board of directors decided the 53rd APRES Annual Meeting would be virtual. The program committee is finalizing an expanded virtual format schedule for the meeting. While the format is virtual, presentations will be live, including break-

out sessions, general sessions, technical symposium, and the newly approved PhD and Masters divisions of the Joe Sugg Oral Presentation Graduate Student Competition. Posters will be prerecorded, and International presentations may be recorded if a time zone conflict exists. Fo r m o re i n f o r m a t i o n , v i s i t APRESinc.com.

Georgia Growers Donate PB Georgia’s 4,500 peanut farmers have donated 10,080 jars of peanut butter to Second Harvest of South Georgia. The donation is made possible by the Georgia Peanut Commission through Peanut Proud, the peanut industry’s humanitarian relief organization. Georgia-based SouthernAG Carriers, donated truck carrier service to deliver the peanut butter to locations in Tifton and Thomasville. The peanut butter is manufactured with Georgia-grown peanuts by Tara Foods in Albany, Georgia. “As a farmer, we are proud to continue our partnership with Second Harvest of South Georgia by donating

Georgia Leadership Visit Peanut Country

Georgia’s new senator, Raphael Warnock, and longtime Congressman, Rep. Sanford Bishop, toured portions of the peanut industry recently to hear about the needs of farmers. Warnock says his No. 1 goal is to get Washington to remove unnecessary barriers for trade and for better working conditions. The need to increase broadband access in rural Georgia will continue to be a focus of infrastructure. “If people are disconnected through a global economy, it’s difficult for them to compete. So through our efforts to pivot now and focus on infrastructure, we have to push rural broadband.” Warnock says the new stimulus package will put checks in people’s pockets as they struggle through this pandemic. With expanded earned income tax credit and expanded child tax credit, he says child poverty should be cut in half. “We provided support to farmers in general and farm-

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ers of color in particular. There was a lot of good stuff in this bill and it’s because Georgia stood up.” Bishop said he learned a lot so far from the tour. “I think it is a learning tour for all of us, especially for our senator. I’m delighted he has taken the time to come and that he is committed to understanding the needs of American agriculture.”

MAY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

NewsBriefs News Briefs Endowment To Honor Charles Simpson

Join Texas A&M AgriLife in helping preserve the history of the Texas peanut industry and the legacy of Charles Simpson through the formation of the Dr. Charles Simpson Endowed Peanut Program. This endowment will ensure the peanut program is able to continue to impact the Texas and southwest peanut industry for years to come. The goal of the Dr. Charles Simpson Endowed Peanut Program is to grow the Charles endowment to successfully support the Simpson fellowships, teaching, research, industry service and professional development activities needed to sustain and improve the peanut program and consequently, the peanut industry in Texas. This endowment will honor the work done by Simpson, preserve the history and legacy of the wild peanut collection, and ensure the peanut program remains first in class. Texas A&M AgriLife houses one of the most complete wild peanut germplasm collections in the world with more than 1,500 accessions and 69 of the 81 described species. The program has a rich history, dating back more than 75 years. To date, the program has released more than 20 improved variety and germplasm lines specifically suited for growers in Texas and the southwest. These lines have positively impacted the peanut industry, strongly benefiting the producers and allied partners. Simpson’s work has dramatically influenced the peanut peanut butter that can make more than 141,000 sandwiches,” says Armond Morris, GPC chairman. “Peanut butter is one of the most requested items at food banks due to its shelf life. Peanuts are a nutritional superfood, contain more protein than any other nut and are a good source of vitamin E and folate.” The delivery was part of National Peanut Month and Georgia Ag Week.

Peanut Growers Conference Set

The 22nd Annual Southern Peanut Growers Conference will be held July 15-17 at the Edgewater Beach Resort, Panama City Beach, Florida. The threeday event provides farmers with information about peanut production, legislative issues, marketing and promotions. In addition to the conference ses8/

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

industry around the world. His discoveries have built a breeding program that develops cultivars with improved quality, drought tolerance and multiple disease resistances using genomic and phenomic tools. This has positively impacted the shelf-life of peanut products, the health benefits of consuming peanuts and the economic impact of growing peanuts for producers. Most notability for producers, Texas A&M AgriLife was the first breeding program in the world to identify, develop and release a variety with near immunity to the root-knot nematode. For more information, contact Jennifer Ann Scasta, Texas A&M Foundation director of development and corporate relations, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at 903-926-5514 or jscasta@txamfoundation.com.

sions, the event provides fun for the whole family with spouse and kid programs and a golf tournament. Additional information about the conference and sponsorship opportunities is available by contacting one of the coordinating partners. Registration opened in April through its website, www.southernpeanut farmers.org. The conference is organized by the GPC, the Alabama Peanut Producers Association, the Florida Peanut Producers Association and the Mississippi Peanut Growers Association, in cooperation with the University of Georgia, University of Florida, Auburn University and Mississippi State University.

Military Donation In The V-C

Peanut farmers in Virginia, North

Carolina and South Carolina are shipping 250 one-ounce packs of peanuts a month to 12 United Service Organization Inc. centers in the three states. The peanuts are distributed to military personnel who are traveling through the various airports. The USO has been the nation’s leading organization to serve the men and women in the U.S. military and their families throughout their time in uniform. From the moment they join, to their assignment, deployment, and transition back to their communities, the USO is always a resource. Marianne Catalano, Virginia Carolina Peanut Promotions executive director, says, “The military holds a large presence in our region and we’re glad we can donate such a powerful protein packed snack for everyone to enjoy.” PG PEANUTGROWER.COM

Southern Peanut Growers Conference

july 15-17, 2021 Edgewater beach & Golf resort • panama city beach, florida Room reservations at Edgewater Beach & Golf Resort can be made online at www.egdewaterbeachresort.com or by calling 1-800-874-8686 and providing the Booking Codes 1159ZV (Edgewater) or 11960R (Majestic). For detailed conference and registration information, visit www.southernpeanutfarmers.org.

Brought to you by the family farmers of the Southern Peanut Farmers Federation

www.southernpeanutfarmers.org

MarketWatch Market Watch Consumption Still Strong In All Categories

armers are ready to get back to work in the fields. Fortunately, the nature of farm work meant that it was able to continue through the pandemic mostly as normal. Both farmers and industry organizations are anxious to return to in-person meetings with fewer Zoom meetings. Markets have remained relatively quiet as shellers continue to move peanuts from warehouses to shelling plants around the clock. Quality is good to excellent, unlike the 2019 crop that had to be cleaned and even blanched to meet aflatoxin requirements. During the pandemic, demand for peanuts and peanut butter was significant and has remained strong as homebound families have rediscovered the taste and nutrition of peanut butter. Acreage Estimate The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agriculture Statistics Service released their 2021 Prospective Plantings report and projects that growers will plant 1.63 million acres of peanuts. This would represent a 2% decrease from 2020’s 1.66 million acres. Georgia is expected to plant 790,000 peanut acres, also a decrease of 2% from 2020. Using a five-year average yield of 3,934 pounds per acre and assuming normal conditions, this would result in a crop size of 3.08 million farmer-stock tons, close to last year’s production of 3.07 million tons. Seven states project an acreage increase: Arkansas 15%; Alabama 3%; Florida 3%; Mississippi 9%; New Mexico 5%; North Carolina 2 %; and Oklahoma 13%. Cotton, traditionally the biggest acreage competitor, is projected to be down less than 1%. Corn and soybeans are projected up 1% and 5%, respectively. 10 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

J. Tyron Spearman Contributing Editor, The Peanut Grower

Leading Marketing Indicators (April 7, 2021) 2021 Est. Acreage (- 2%) ...................................................1,625,500 acres 2021 Est. Production .......................................................... 3,066,950 tons 2016-20 Avg. Yield .................................................................. 3,934 lbs/A 2021 Est. Production ............................................................ 3,170,517 tons 2021 Market Loan ............................................................... 2,435,355 tons 2020 Remaining in Loan .................................................... 1,425,817 tons 2020-2021 Domestic Usage (7 Mo.) ....................................... Up + 3.4 % 2020-2021 Exports (6 Mo.) ....................................................... Up + 9.7 % NATIONAL POSTED PRICE (per ton) Runners - $424.55; Spanish - $415.57; Valencia and Virginias - $428.74

A Shortage Of Types Some people in the industry have predicted a 3% to 5% decrease in peanut acres given last month’s bullish run up of cotton prices. However, cotton has come down since then, and the peanut market has been relatively unchanged during that same time. All eyes will be on the weather this growing season, and the market will add and subtract from this planting report as we move forward. Peanut prices for both current and new crop are near 50 cents per pound, depending on shipment position and customer specifications. It is extremely difficult, to downright impossible, to get offers on current crop large-kernel Virginia peanuts or in-shell Virginias as well as Spanish and Valencia types. Farmer Contracts For 2021 In the Southeast, contracts are mostly at $475 per ton for runner-type peanuts. Each buying point has an allocation to be distributed to customers.

Premiums include an additional $25 per ton for seed production, $25 or $50 per ton for high oleic peanuts and $25 premium for the use of irrigation. Runner pools starting at $435 per ton with a July payment are expected. In the Virginia-Carolina region and the Southwest, contracts are $520 per ton on Virginia type with limits and $510 per ton on Virginia type otherwise. Some areas have a $25 per-ton premium for irrigated crop. Runners are $475 per ton plus $25 for high oleic varieties, if seed are available. Additional premiums are offered to seed producers and for the use of irrigation. The Coronavirus Food Assistance Program has announced a $20 per-acre payment for peanuts, and the Price Loss Coverage Program will net $80 to $85 per ton in October from last year’s low prices. In winter seed testing, germination is reported good to excellent with most testing more than 80%. That’s good news considering the problems a couple PEANUTGROWER.COM

MarketWatch Market Watch

‘‘

“Trends in the industry indicate that all segments are doing well. For the first time in years, growers had competition for the use of their land and that reflected in better contract offers.”

years ago. Prices are about the same as last year at 85 to 86 cents per pound with discounts for cash at delivery or financing until harvest. Growers are being warned to avoid in-furrow fertilizer as tests show it reduces germination. Domestic Use Peanut use for Februar y was up 3.44%, yet the big increase we had been showing for the year went from 5.5% at the end of January to only 3.25% at the end of February. The USDA NASS explained that a major candy manufacturer revised its numbers from 2020, which is why the year-to-date numbers showed such a change. Candy was showing a 25% increase for the year only one month ago, but because of the change, it is now showing an 8% increase. The good news is that we are still seeing strong growth from the major categories. Export Markets China continues to buy in-shell peanuts; however, a shortage has developed in world markets. In-shell peanut shipments totaled 22,207 metric tons in December increasing the six-month total to 117,488 metric tons. Total in-shells are up 84.9% for the six months. Rawshelled shipments are down 20% and peanut butter is down 8.5%. Overall, exports are up almost 10%. A 25% tariff in the European Union reduced shipments to the region. Then it was announced the tariff would be lifted for four months. This has yet to translate into any deals for runners with no firm transactions or bids reported. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

There are reports of European buyers looking to source U.S. Virginia in-shells, despite the high prices and good demand domestically. In Argentina, reports are that cooler temperatures are delaying growth of their peanut crops, and another 15 to 20 days are needed for optimum crop maturity. Adequate rains will likely mean good yields for that country. Bright Outlook Trends in the peanut industry indicate that all segments are doing well.

For the first time in years, growers had competition for the use of their land and that reflected in better contract offers. Peanut usage continues to increase as people continue snacking and looking for a nutritious option. Buying points are upgrading and expanding as are shelling capacity with an increase in cooperative ventures. Manufacturers are releasing new products and expanding and increasing their footprint on the peanut world. Welcome back. This is going to be a fun year. PG MAY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER /

DAMON SMITH, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, BUGWOOD.ORG

Sclerotinia blight is known by the tan lesions and the cottony white mycelium that puff out on the stems.

Which Will It Be? Sclerotinia blight or Southern stem rot — depending on the weather, one of these is likely in Virginia fields. By Amanda Huber

irginia producers find primarily three diseases in their peanut fields, says David Langston, plant pathologist at Virginia Tech’s Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center. “Most fungicide sprays are targeted to leaf spot, Sclerotinia blight or Southern stem rot.” However, based on weather conditions during the season, producers are likely to only encounter leaf spot and one of the other two. If weather is favorable for Sclerotinia blight, then it is not the hotter sometimes dryer weather preferred by Southern stem rot. Record Disease Levels Langston says, “Typically, severe outbreaks of stem rot and Sclerotinia blight don’t co-exist. “In 2020, we saw a good bit of late leaf spot and Sclerotinia blight in our plots. 12 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

In contrast to Sclerotinia blight, the white mycelium growth of Southern stem rot, or white mold, is closely pressed to the stem.

“Cooler-than-average temperatures beginning Labor Day created very favorable conditions for Sclerotinia blight. The Virginia Sclerotinia Blight Advisory indicated that the risk of disease development was high from Aug. 2 until Oct. 17. PEANUTGROWER.COM

A Look At Varietal Resistance The Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation is a multi-state testing program for varieties grown in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Maria Balota, Virginia Extension peanut specialist, serves as the leader of the PVQE program in addition to her research and Extension work with the Virginia Tech Tidewater AREC in Suffolk, Virginia. Among the entries in PVQE for 2020 were a couple of Virginia-type varieties with good resistance to Sclerotinia blight and other diseases. One of these is available for planting and the other, which is in seed increase, will not be available for a couple of years. Bailey II is a 2017 release by North Carolina State University and is the high-oleic version of Bailey. “Bailey II has good resistance to leaf spot, Sclerotinia blight and tomato spotted wilt virus, but it should be considered susceptible to Cylindrocladium black rot,” Balota says. This varieties matures at about 145 days and seed should be available for commercial production this year.

Looking Ahead

A 2020 released by NCSU is the variety NC 20, which was tested as N14023. This Virginia-type cultivar has high oleic oil chemistry and was selected from a program to develop varieties with multiple disease resistances. “This line exhibits a disease resistance package similar to Bailey

A lthough few growers reported severe epidemics of Sclerotinia blight last year, field trials at the Tidewater AREC exhibited levels of disease that had not been observed in 10 or more years.” Only one of these two diseases, Sclerotinia blight or Southern stem rot, is likely to be found based on weather conditions, each one produces a white mycelium growth on the stems but in different ways. “Sclerotinia blight is known by the tan lesions and the cottony white mycelium that puff out on the stems. With Southern stem rot, most of the coarse, white growth is closely pressed to the stems.” Start With Rotation, Variety Selection Langston says the first line of defense against disease is the most basic of cultural practices. “Crop rotation helps with all three diseases and is probably our biggest asset for management. “Variety selection also helps provide tolerance to leaf spot and Sclerotinia blight. Fungicides are always the last line of defense and depend on field disease history, length of rotation and weather. “Peanuts can be sprayed based on crop growth stage, days after planting, by advisories and through scouting. Early, preventative sprays work best.” Fungicide Research In 2020, fungicide trial plots were planted on May 15-16 to the cultivar Sullivan. “We saw severe defoliation with late leaf spot in untreated checks as well as Sclerotinia blight.” Langston’s field trial results demonstrated that a tankmix of Miravis at 3.4 fluid ounces per acre and Elatus at 9.5 ounces per acre, both in the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee Group 7, performed as well as programs receiving two appliTWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

Virginia-type varieties (from left) Bailey II, Walton and NC 20. II, including moderate-to-high levels of leaf spot, TSWV and Sclerotinia blight resistance. NC 20 is a higher-yielding line than others previously released from the NCSU peanut breeding program, and it maintains its yield under heavy leaf spot pressure,” she says. This variety will be in seed increase for a few years and should be available after the 2023 growing season. PG

cations of Omega 500 at 1.5 pints per acre for reducing Sclerotinia blight and improving yields. “This information is significant to growers because control of peanut leaf spot, Southern stem rot and Sclerotinia blight can be achieved using the Miravis/Elatus two-spray program without additional fungicide inputs. However, I recommend applications of effective leaf spot fungicides that contain DMI (demethylation inhibitors) fungicides in FRAC Group 3 as well as chlorothalonil, especially later in the season, to manage leaf spot pathogen resistance to Miravis. “In fields that have no history of losses to Sclerotinia blight or Southern stem rot, fungicide programs that include less expensive products of varying FRAC groups are sufficient for controlling leaf spot. Leaf spot is our most important disease that affects 100% of the peanut acreage while Sclerotinia blight and Southern stem rot cause problems on significantly less acreage.” For the latest information on management of diseases and other field issues, visit the Virginia Ag Pest and Crop Advisory at http://blogs.ext.vt.edu/ag-pest-advisory. PG Peanut/Cotton InfoNet The Peanut/Cotton InfoNet provides crop management information updated daily during the growing season based on location. Data and information available on the advisory includes: • Maximum, minimum, and average air temperatures • Average soil temperature at a 4-inch depth • Starting May 1: • Daily and accumulated peanut heat units • Daily and accumulated cotton degree-days • Daily and total seasonal rainfall • Last effective spray date for peanut leaf spot • Sclerotinia blight risk • Frost advisory from Sept. 25 to completion of harvest MAY 2021 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 13

Strengthen Your Disease Management Plan Long-term fungicide efficacy is the goal.

ost every farmer goes into the growing season with some type of disease management plan. As a BASF technical service representative, I encourage peanut growers to make sure they are using the right tools to mitigate disease, not only for this season but also for future growing seasons. What’s In Your Toolbox? Diseases like leaf spot, white mold and Rhizoctonia can be detrimental to a peanut crop. We can talk about the symptoms and environmental circumstances of each, but it’s like flipping a coin. It doesn’t matter if the coin lands on heads or tails, a grower is bound to see some type of fungal disease pressure. The key is how to manage this disease pressure. There are some common management techniques that help reduce fungal disease such as choosing extended crop rotation, using varieties with higher disease tolerances, and planting at the right time and in the right conditions. Additionally, fungicide applications offer great in-season disease protection when used according to the label. Before we get knee-deep into the growing season, I encourage farmers to look at their fungicide plan and make sure they’ve selected fungicides from different Fungicide Resistance Action Committee groups. The last thing we want to do is overuse any one fungicide and increase the potential for fungicide resistance. I recommend Priaxor fungicide, FRAC Group 7 and 11, followed by Provysol fungicide, FRAC Group 3 for peanut growers in Georgia, Alabama and Florida. 14 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

Know Your FRAC Groups An application of Priaxor should be made in the early season within 45 days of planting. It’s beneficial for control of leaf spot, white mold and Rhizoctonia. Additionally, Priaxor offers plant health benefits, allowing the crop to better withstand heat and drought stress. After that initial fungicide application, dig further into the toolbox. The FRAC Group 7 and 11 fungicides that many farmers rely on today work well for the most part, but they are facing increased pressure because of widespread use, which could result in resistance management challenges. I recommend growers explore Provysol fungicide. It’s the first and only isopropanol azole in peanuts. The unique isopropanol azole bridge allows the molecule to customize its shape, allowing for a tighter bind at the enzyme site of action for excellent efficacy on even the toughest diseases. It can be an essential piece of your farm’s resistance management strategy. At the end of the day, we want long-term fungicide efficacy. Explore your options, use fungicides in different FRAC groups and incorporate management practices that help reduce disease pressure. For more information, talk to your local agriculture chemical retail expert or contact your BASF representative. To learn more about FRAC, including effective resistance management strategies, visit FRAC.info. PG Article by Abraham Fulmer, BASF technical service representative for Florida, Georgia and Alabama. PEANUTGROWER.COM

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What are the factors affecting final sprays and digging decisions?

2 the pest. Adult beetles can beAlabama, readily increasing acreage include

to last year, Clemson University peanut specialist Dan

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Mexico and North Oklahoma www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/. on NL “Crops” limited. bandNL F/G F/G NL NL Granular NL chlorpyrifos NL NL Think NL NL NLClick NL Planting Dates NL Changing F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL crops. of buffalo herds on prairies, and • NL Starting programs 25fungicide 28 27NL 96% NL F/G F/G NL NLVirginia NL NL NL NL NLNL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL field NL NL foraging NL NL warning that a problem could develop. maintained the same acreage for 2019 toNL search the list, or search by publicaed over the row is the only treatment any later than 45 DAP; better Rains over several weeks in May caused some plans to you can see how natural systems evolved to have an integration Cover crops build soil carbon and soil organic matter. NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G NL NL NL NL NL1,432.7 NL NL NL identification NL 1625.5 NLVCE Publication E/G NL NLTotal NL NL tion forNL 98% NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G and 2020NL and is expecting an increase ofto proven NL NLU.S. early than late be effective against this pest of plants and grazing 1,664.2 animals. The NL manure from livestockE/G grazing change. Rain brought on late leaf spot volunteer peaCover crops use sunlight and carbon dioxide totomake carSCOUTING 444-351. It is also available for download Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist 2,000 acres molecules. in 2021. calls Edited Dr.Mark Mark Abney, University of of Georgia Georgia Extension Entomologist Extending spray intervals be- University be beneficial for building organic soil health. It is in peanut. According• can to research conbon-based Some the carbon through nuts. Early pressure forofearly action. is Asrecycled we entered Edited byby Dr. Abney, Extension Entomologist Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University matter of Georgiaand Extension Entomologist as a PDF. yonda15 days ed in Missouri. If realized, Upland cotCompared with last year, planted acreage also way to profit from cover crops. soil organisms, but some becomes humic substances that build ducted in Virginia and North Carolina, Finding rootworms in the soil is difJune, there was still time to get peanuts planted and The advisory is designed to help de• Repeated, of ton planted area in California, atfrequent 25,000periods is termine expected be up or unchanged 23 Rotation Crops soil organic matter, is improving nutrient and moisture availability. Threecornered Burrower Bug Three-Cornered preventative insecticide applications ficult, and injury often not detected Bug obtain a reasonable window of conditions for growth and into a few minutes whether in fields Three-Cornered Burrower Bug leaf wetness; excessive rains, Cover crops greatly reduce soil erosion Hopper and loss. The acres, will a record low.are established ofneed the 29 states estimated. Despite the initial the Alfalfa Hopper hardbe to infestations idenBurrower bugs can bebefore hard to idenmade until after peanuts are excitement dug when it is an insecticide treatment. PG harvesting. Alfalfa Hopper Burrower bugs can be hard to idenfrequentfuture irrigation of our foodAll supply on andis cover Cover crops contribute totify better management ofcontrol. soil Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers field and an Threecornered alfalfa Corn, another peanut rotation partner, wheatdepends planted areatopsoil, for 2021 estiinfor the and an infestation infestation increase in control cotton prices tofield, provide good There are no foli- after atapplitooMid-May late for measures. Scout is generally thebrought best to plant Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers tifytime in the field and an peanuts infestation • Rain immediately crops are exceptional helping stop erosion. No-till with cover nutrients. By building soil organic matter, cover crops may are light green and wedgeuntil harvest. hoppers are light green until is often not detected is insecticide estimated at 91.1 million acres for mated at 46.4 million acres, up 5% from the table, producers intend to plant are light green and wedgeis often not detected harvest. ar available, and SCR by pulling up although plants andpeanuts examinin South Carolina, can still beuntil made iftreatments cationreduces – wait 24erosion hours totoirrigate crops a fraction of whatshaped. it would be. Even with Theyshaped. stand about ¼ Burrower have aa black black-toand wedge They impact need2020. for fertilizer. Cover crops bugs scavenge for nutrients have or shaped. They stand about ¼ Burrower bugs have a black-to2021, upJune less thanbeetle from last year. 2020. Thisthe represents the fourth low1% lessthe than However, increastargeting the adult has not ing the roots and pods forOnce feeding injuplanted into early June. planting dates reach •1% Consecutive use ofwith fungicides with same mode of action (exlight tillage, abeen field cover crops is still inch better protected. PG high and are about ¼ inch brown body, small redinto eyes on a stand about ¼ inch high brown body and small, red eyes and hold nitrogen rather than letting it escape rivers or inch high and are about ¼ inch brown body, small red eyes on a Increases are expected produc- est all-wheat planted area since records es innitrogen most peanut-producceptfrom chlorothalonil) 10,are weexpected are looking at the approximate digging dates shown tonear reduce injury or improve ry and sifting through soil long. Both adults nymphs small-sized The upper wings and are about ¼and inch long. on a small-sized head. The upper groundwater. The is loose released toto the head. next year’s crop. long. Both adults and nymphs small-sized head. The upper wings ers inshiny several states,from including began in 1919. Research Winter wheat planted ing which good rotations. have mouthparts of burrower bugs are and the Southern Agriculture and Education Oct.states, 20 for a 132-day variety like Bailey or digging dates Both piercing adults and nymphs yields. find the larvae. It ismay be for necessary toburrower wings of bugs are shiny peanutArticle have piercing mouthparts of burrower bugs are shiny and and by penetrating the3% semi-hardened with the membrahavefeed piercing mouth program. information, visit and with the memSlowing AFor Growing Leaf Spot Epidemic: Mississippi, upthe 130,000 acres. Decreases area, atwww.sare.org/covercrops. 33.1 million acres, is upparts Farmers Alabama, Florida, Georgia, entering into November for moderate-maturity varieties Determine to treat on a wash off in wetcrops or clay soils to the clearly see Cover help keep soilsemi-hardened covered. Rain is likely to need and feed by penetrating the semi-hardened with the membraE E EE

North Carolina and Texas indicate an 5 increase cotton acreage. Rapidingrowth after rain can cause

and sucking juices. nous tip overlapping. Its legs are and feed by penetrating branous tip overlapping. Its legs Effective fungicide tostem prevent disease, not inoverheat acreage expected in more theprograms fromare thedesigned previous estimate andplant up 9% stem and sucking plant juices. nous overlapping. Its legs are like Georgia 06G. cause bare soil3:19 to erode, form a 1tip crust or inare direct field-by-field basis. Decisions canof be PM Page They tend and to feed in a circular spiny, andand needle-like, piercing, the stem sucking plant are spiny needle-like. Piercing, cure it after the fact. If something goes wrong and you find late leaf They tend to feed in a circular spiny, and needle-like, piercing, traditional Corn Belt states. from last year. This is the seventh lowest sun. Some bare soils can reach that 140 degrees, killing soil organOne of the concerns around time of year becomes based on both adult populations and fashion around a stem, making sucking mouth mouth parts visible with Four principles for improving and maintaining juices. They tend to feed sucking parts are are spot lesions in the bottom of the canopy, especially with less 30 fashion around a than stem, making sucking mouth parts are visible visible isms and stressing the crop. Cover crop residue protects the soil. acreage onswells record. planted slow drying conditions prior to awith combining that can lead Total cotton acreage isoccur estimated at punctures as they go. The damaged areafeeding typically and above ground root short splits or creases to in past history in is peanutfeeding fields. athe hand lens. Burrower bug in a circular fashion around a planted stem, making asArea they go. The hand lens. Burrower bug is closely soil health: days until harvest, treat immediately, retreating in 10and days, with one feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically punctures swells above ground root with a hand lens. Burrower bug is growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. closely related to stink bugs. to quality ifin they out in damp conditions too Soybeans And Wheat to spring wheat for 2021 is expected to 12 million acresthat 2021. area area typically swells, and above-ground root growth may occur. On Treatment late in the season followouter pod issues wall cansitbeUpland confused • Keep the soil covered as much as possible. damaged related to stink bugs. growth occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. closely related to stink bugs. of the may following: Cover crops the biodiversity in farm fields. intend peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles oracres, pegs. down 4% from long. Everydamage. year is aimprove little but overall the combigrowers to plant 87.6 total 11.7 million is expected to total 11.9different, million acres, • Disturb the soil as little as possible. ingSoybean significant rainfall may be too late with SCR • Topsin 4.5 FL 10 fl oz + 1.5 pt Bravo Generally, the more plant diversity in a field and the longer • 5% Keep plants growing throughout the year to feed the soil. nation of lower yield late leaf spot presmillion acres in 2021,•rootworm up last 2020. and American ispotential, expected to total This pest is Pima more likely to behigher found to effectively prevent injuProvostfrom Opti 10.7 oz + 1.5 ptDurum Bravo wheat is expected to total that living roots are growing, the more biodiversity there will • Diversify crop rotations as much as possible, including cover sure and generally unfavorable harvesting conditions are year. If realized, this •will bemay the third 1.54 million acres for 2021, down 9% 142,000 acres, downleading 30% from 2020. soil.ry. Late-season treatments in low and heavier-textured Priaxor 8 fl also oz be in soilspots organisms, to healthier Growing mixes of crops. more prevalent for peanuts planted after about June 10. highest planted acreage on PG record. from last year. PG The increase in acres isorexpectspider mite outbreaks. soils under moist conditions with encourage coverlargest crops improves diversity.

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Troubleshooting Soil Fertility Problems Follow the recommendations, keep soil pH in the proper range and know what to look for when problems arise. By Amanda Huber

oil is a living ecosystem and is a farmer’s most precious asset. A farmer’s productive capacity is directly related to the health of his or her soil — that’s a quote by Howard Warren Buffett, farmer and former special assistant in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, who is also the grandson of American investor and philanthropist Warren Edward Buffett. If something is alive, it has to be fed and taken care of, and that’s true of the soil. To get the best out of it and make a top-yielding peanut crop, the first place to start is with a soil test, says Glen Harris, University of Georgia soil scientist. Harris’ general peanut fertilization recommendations are as follows: soil test and follow those recommendations; add lime as needed to have a soil pH at 6.0 to 6.5; build soil phosphorus and potassium; inoculate if the field has been out of peanuts for more than four years; provide calcium to the pegging zone; and apply 0.5 pounds of boron per acre. “If you do these things, soil fertility should not be your limiting factor from making good yields.” However, there will be times when troubleshooting field issues will be necessary. Harris says when investigating problems in the field, the process of elimination always seems to be herbicide, disease, nematode, a seed issue, insects, and when those are ruled out, fertility is likely the answer. Catch Problems Early “Try to catch problems within 30

16 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

The No. 1 soil fertility problem in Georgia is low soil pH. This field shows a pH of 5.7 on the right and 4.9 on the left.

days after planting, especially things like nitrogen or inoculant failures. Look for overall patterns in the field. If it’s streaked or ‘to the row’ that would indicate problems with the planter or spreader truck. Is the problem on the field edge or in weak spots? “Look for symptoms on the plants. Is it on new leaves or old ones, top or bottom of the plant? Look at the roots to see if they have been inoculated and are nodulated by bacteria to fix nitrogen. “Make sure you are keeping a record of planting date, varieties, timing of symptoms and whether you had unusual weather patterns. All of this information can be helpful when trying to figure out a field problem.” Consider Grid Sampling, VR Lime Harris says the No. 1 soil fertility problem in Georgia is low soil pH.

“Dr. Eric Prostko would agree with this. He gets a lot of calls for what the farmer thinks is herbicide damage, and it turns out to be low soil pH. “In fact, there are not many problems in soil fertility that will flat out kill plants, but one that will is a soil pH below 5.5. Especially at a level below 5.0 to 4.5, peanut plants will certainly die,” he says. Harris says grid sampling and variable-rate lime applications are a good way to create a more uniform soil pH in the field, although it is not an official recommendation yet. “Grid sampling and variable-rate lime is a good way to fix a lot of problems we’ve been seeing. There tend to be spots in most fields that will be lower in pH, and if you keep putting out the same rate of lime every year, then the bad spots keep getting worse over the years. PEANUTGROWER.COM

No In-Furrow Fertilizers That’s the message this spring — no in-furrow fertilizers — from UGA’s Scott Monfort. Research shows in-furrow fertilizers affect germination, reducing emergence and stand uniformity. Monfort says because of the increased interest in using fertilizers in furrow but the lack of data on this practice, it was necessary to conduct research to see if this causes a problem. “In 2020, we had several fields that had problems with in-furrow fertilizer that we were able to document. Based on what the grower did and a problem with stopped-up tubes, it helped us figure out the cause. However, we also had a lot of germination issues last year. The question is, ‘How do you break those two issues apart?’” Fortunately, Monfort says, a greenhouse was available for use covering bare soil with types representative of peanut fields. “The objective was to evaluate in-furrow fertilizers on peanut. Companies are recommending products like Riser and other in-furrow fertilizers at a rate of 1 to 3 gallons per acre. “If you think about it, we are usually at a rate of 5 gallons per acre of carrier liquid for the products applied in furrow. Think about how much water is being replaced by fertilizer in the application. “In our test, the treatments were an untreated check and then Riser applied at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 gallons per acre with a total carrier volume of 7 gallons per acre.” The plots were planted at six seed per foot 2 inches deep with optimum temperature and soil moisture. “Emergence was checked every day from day six after planting to day 14. We wanted to know how quickly peanut seed would emerge, but also the total amount emerged at the 14-day mark. “At six days after planting, we had 18% emergence in the untreated plot, but the best we had for the Riser was 5% at the 1/2 gallon rate, followed by 1% to 2% for the other rates. At day seven, emer-

Fields tend to be more variable in pH than one might think. “When you grid sample and apply lime by variable rate, you might use the same amount of lime, but you’re concentrating it in those areas that really need it and not putting it in areas that don’t or where soil pH is holding.” Why pH Matters Peanuts are susceptible to both aluminum and zinc toxicity, both of which are more available at a lower pH. “In fact, aluminum is not available above soil pH of 5.5 at all, but below that it becomes available and kills most plants,” Harris says. Another reason to make sure soils are in the proper pH range is to create conditions where Rhizobia bacteria thrive to complete the nitrogen-fixation process to provide plants with the needed nitrogen. Fertilizer applications reduce soil pH. “Ammonium sulfate brings down soil pH,” Harris says. “It takes 4 pounds of lime for every pound of nitrogen. For example, for every 60 pounds of nitrogen applied, it takes 240 pounds of lime.” What about elemental sulfur as a funTWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

2021 Greenhouse Trial

% Emergence of Seed Planted 90

6 DAP

7 DAP

8 DAP

9 DAP

10 DAP

11 DAP

12 DAP

13 DAP

14 DAP

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Untreated

Riser 0.5 (gal/A)

Riser 1 (gal/A)

Riser 2 (gal/A)

Riser 3 (gal/A)

gence was up to 53% on untreated plots, 36% at the 1/2 gallon rate, 20% at 1 gallon, 7% at 2 gallons and 5% at 3 gallons.” Although the 1/2-gallon and 1-gallon rate start to catch up, Monfort says the 2- and 3-gallon rates stayed considerably behind on emergence. “You might say, ‘Well, I can still put out 1 or even 1/2 gallon and still do well.’ But what I want to point out is that any rate of Riser slowed that early emergence compared to the untreated plot. Slow and erratic emergence favors the expression of tomato spotted wilt virus.” Monfort also points out that in the greenhouse, they were able to have optimum temperature and moisture for germination, which is often not the case in the field. Additional stress on peanut seed will reduce germination further. “We have confirmed our UGA recommendation to not apply in-furrow fertilizers at planting because of the problems it can cause with slower emergence.” PG

gicide? Harris says the sulfur recommendation is 5 pounds per acre times three sprays which equals 15 pounds of sulfur per acre. “According to data from the ‘Soil Fertility Handbook,’ it would take 172 pounds of sulfur per acre to lower the pH from 5.5 to 5.0, and we’re only putting out about 15 pounds per acre.” Troubleshooting Calcium Problems Since calcium problems are usually not discovered until the peanuts are dug, troubleshooting calcium isn’t easy and is usually a matter of thinking about what might have gone wrong. “Did you apply gypsum too early and it leached out? Was it applied too late? Did you reduce the rate of gypsum? Did you apply lime at early bloom instead of planting? Was there not enough irrigation or rain to move gypsum into the soil? Finally, did you apply a foliar calcium, which doesn’t work?” By adhering to the peanut fertilization recommendations, keeping the optimum soil pH and knowing what to look for when troubleshooting, fertility will not be a limitation to great yields. PG

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A ‘Swiss Army Knife’ Approach Why not tackle as many problems as possible from the get-go?

mergence and seedling vigor are critical to a successful crop. Getting over the first hurdle of pest pressure is also crucial for achieving good yields. Those early season problems include both nematodes and thrips. Timing and waiting on the proper soil temperatures, plus special attention to what is added in the furrow at planting will help the crop get its best possible start. Uniformity and quick canpy coverage will shade the ground for developing pegs, but it all starts with planting and selecting in-furrow pest products. Too Early Can Lose The Advantage “You can stack it up any way you want, but the earlier you try to plant a peanut, the more problems you’re likely to encounter,” says Jack Royal, crop consultant in Leary, Georgia. “You want that plant to pop out of the ground as quickly as possible and roar off to a good start. You can’t do that when soil temperatures are too low — sometimes even if the temperatures are marginal. “If you get a cold snap immediately after planting, there’s a good chance you’ve lost any advantage you thought you had by itching to get that planter in the field.” Royal says he hopes no peanuts hit the furrow until soil temperatures are at least 70 degrees or higher. “Anything sooner than that, you might as well be playing blackjack,” he says. “You might get lucky, but they don’t build those casinos on a house of cards. They build them on statistics and years of research.” Manage Multiple Problems At Once While some growers balk at the price of AgLogic aldicarb, Royal says it’s worth the investment. “AgLogic aldicarb has made a significant difference in our ability to produce cotton and peanuts,” he says. “The seed treatments have lost effectiveness due to resistance. “Most of my cotton growers use standard seed from the manufacturer if they put aldicarb under their cotton. That saves them about $18 to $20 an acre, which goes toward AgLogic. We’re back to a better place for managing nematodes, thrips, spider mites and other early season pests. “Peanuts are similar. Most of the same problems found in cotton are also in peanuts.” Take The Worry Out Of Early Pest Pressure Blakely, Georgia, grower Sam Hattaway agrees. “Thrips and aphids are always an obvious concern,” he says. “Using AgLogic comes with the added advantage of nematode control. Other options to control nematodes are expensive.” AgLogic aldicarb applied in furrow on peanuts is registered 18 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

Dan Anco, Clemson University Extension peanut specialist, says early closing of rows to shade the ground for developing pegs is an important step to a successful peanut crop.

at 7 pounds per acre at planting and 10 pounds per acre post-emergence. All applications should be incorporated into the soil. “It’s been very good for us,” Hattaway says. “It takes a lot of worry out of the early season pest pressures, so we can deal with other problems that always seem to pop up.” Picking Up Where It Left Off It’s not particularly easy to reinstate a research initiative after a product like aldicarb has been off the market for five years. In addition to a new name, growers, consultants and researchers have questions about why they are even interested in a product that has been around for more than four decades. Turns out, the answer is similar to what it was in the ’70s. “Even before I arrived, aldicarb has been a consistent performer in our trials early in the season for years to control PEANUTGROWER.COM

thrips injury,” says Dan Anco, Extension peanut specialist with Clemson University’s Edisto Research and Education Center in Blackville, South Carolina. “Early closing of the rows and shading the ground for developing pegs are important steps to encouraging success of a peanut crop.” A Consistent Performer Across any peanut growing area, researchers and Extension personnel have consistently evaluated the value of in-furrow pesticide applications for decades. “AgLogic is extremely effective against thrips in peanut, and our research shows that early season thrips injury does reduce yield,” says Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension entomologist. The Benefits Of In-Furrow Pest Protection As planting ramps up, growers are still considering their options. “While aldicarb has long been considered the ‘swiss army knife’ of crop management, its value has not remained static,” says Lee Hall, AgLogic Chemical Co. vice president of business development in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. “The benefits of in-furrow pest protection are being rediscovered. What was once old is new again. Who really wants to bring that sprayer out of the shed and run it across the field if you can take care of it upfront in the furrow?” PG Article by Brenda Carol on behalf of AgLogic Chemical Co.

An in-furrow insecticide is critical since research shows early season thrips injury reduces yield.

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PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers Minimize The Risk Of Valor Injury Peanut planting in Georgia started in the southwest corner of the state the first week of April. But it slowed at midmonth with cooler weather. Based on conversations with consultants and county agents, most of the early planted peanuts look OK with only a few areas having issues with seedling disease. SCOTT MONFORT University of Georgia I mention this as a remindExtension Agronomist er to go back and visit all of the fields you plant within the first seven to 14 days to make sure you do not have any stand issues due to seed quality, seedling disease, moisture or unknown planter issues. Timing is extremely important in making effective replant decisions. The later you wait, the more yield potential you risk losing. Another question we get is related to Valor. “Will I need to replant if I have Valor injury?” The answer is, “Not likely.” Peanut plants are pretty tough and almost always recover from this. To minimize Valor injury:  Plant high-quality seed (germ and vigor). Quality is always important. Know the percent germination of purchased seed.  Plant into good moisture and at a temperature that allows the seed the best opportunity to germinate and emerge quickly.  Plant at a depth of at least 1.5 inches. Planting shallower can increase the risk of germination problems and Valor injury.  Apply Valor no later than two days after planting. The risk of injury increases significantly the closer it is applied to peanut emergence.  Irrigate as soon as possible behind the Valor application for activation and to reduce injury. Injury can still occur after a hard rain during cracking and emergence, even though the field was irrigated after application.  Do not irrigate at cracking and emergence unless fields are hot and dry and need irrigation to ensure a good stand. Typically, the lack of moisture can result in more stand loss than that from Valor injury. As an additional Valor-related item, unless absolutely necessary, do not put Gramoxone on peanuts that have significant Valor injury. If a peanut field was clean at planting 20 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

and Valor and other preemergence herbicides were activated at planting, an at-cracking application of Gramoxone may not needed.

Check Your Zinc Number Before Proceeding Starting clean is a must. This involves tillage or herbicides to make sure weeds do not compete with emerging peanuts. In our region, we have growers who have dogfennel, but we do not have an effective herbicide to control this weed once peanuts emerge. High rates of glyDAVID JORDAN phosate and a strong rate of North Carolina State paraquat are essential to conUniversity trol this weed prior to peanut Extension Agronomist emergence. Auxin herbicides applied at least a month before planting can help too, but making sure this weed is controlled when peanuts emerge is a must. With conventional tillage, sometimes large weeds sneak PEANUTGROWER.COM

PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers through, especially if there is good soil moisture. Palmer amaranth is one of these weeds. Applying a burndown herbicide, even when you plan to till before planting, can help prevent these weeds from escaping and creating an issue once peanuts emerge. Most Palmer amaranth are resistant to glyphosate, so use a burndown rate of paraquat prior to disking fields that have big pigweed. Do whatever it takes to have a clean field when peanuts emerge. Look at the germination percentage of your seed and adjust seeding rates accordingly. Five seed per foot of row is a good rate for Virginia-market types in North Carolina. Error on the side of planting deeper. Peanuts can emerge from 3 inches or more, and deeper planting protects the inoculant, needed for biological nitrogen fixation, from excessive heat. If planted shallow, even with good soil moisture, soils can heat up to a point where liquid inoculants can be compromised. Outside of an inoculant, an insecticide for thrips control and the rare occasion of a fungicide for control of seedling disease or Cylindrocladium black rot, there is minimal benefit, if any, to other products applied in the seed furrow. Velum and Velum Total have been shown to suppress

Use the Peanut Risk Management Tool to see how various production practices affect pest response.

nematodes in some states. In North Carolina, we have not clearly demonstrated a benefit from these products for nematodes but will do more research in 2021. It is critical to control thrips with systemic, in-furrow

Are you missing out? Keep up with the latest from Peanut Grower by signing up for the monthly E-News at www.peanutgrower.com. Look for the E-News sign-up box in the upper right corner of the home page. TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER

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PeanutPointers Peanut Pointers insecticides. While year-to-year variation is observed, imidacloprid products, Velum Total, Phorate and AgLogic adequately suppress thrips and protect yield. If tomato spotted wilt virus has been a major issue in your area, use caution with imidacloprid. Have a clean seed bed at planting. Establish at least four plants per foot of row across peanut fields for Virginiamarket types. Suppress thrips with an in-furrow insecticides. Include inoculant at planting for biological nitrogen fixation. Do all these things to optimize peanut yield. Putting a solid preplant incorporated, preemergence and postemergence herbicide program in place is also critical during the first month of the season. Timeliness is key on all these inputs. One more quick note of caution. In new ground, apply a peat-based inoculant product to seed in the hopper in addition to applying a liquid or granular inoculant in the seed furrow at planting. This is great insurance if something happens to delivery with the planter unit. Lastly, if you have zinc indices above 250 (N.C. soil testing) hit pause before you go any further. A higher soil pH can help overcome zinc, but it is not a miracle. There is no correction for zinc toxicity.

Treated Seed Still Needs An In-Furrow Fungicide Well, it seems that I missed the weather prediction for A pr i l . I t hou g ht pl a nting would start earlier since Easter was the first week of the month and cool snaps would be over soon after. The cooler temperatures lingered on, delaying an early start. Hopefully May will provide KRIS BALKCOM consistent warmer temperaAuburn University tures to not slow down the Extension Specialist crop. However, we make the best of the hand we are dealt. A plus for this planting season is seed quality. Every germination report I have seen has been in the low 90% germination with a few around 85%. This is a far better starting point for achieving the stand we want. With this quality seed, there shouldn’t be as much replanting or filling in gaps this year. Even though you may feel like you’re late or behind, remember you are probably ahead of last year because of quality and not having to replant. Apply an in-furrow fungicide at planting to help with seedling disease. Last year, we saw that treated seed still benefited from an additional in-furrow fungicide. Also 22 /

THE PEANUT GROWER • MAY 2021

be on top of weed control with preemergence herbicides. I have heard producers say preemergence herbicides hurt their stand, but this should not happen when planting high-quality seed. Just in case there is a seed issue, be sure to visit planted fields in a timely fashion and take stand counts to verify if re-seeding is needed.

Rate Efficacy After Herbicide Applications April in the Southwest was very dry with the drought monitor rating extreme to exceptional over the West Texas/ New Mexico, South Texas, and south of the panhandle regions. The lack of moisture will be a limiting factor during planting. Under such uncontrollable weather conditions, wellplanned planting preparation EMI KIMURA becomes important to improve Texas A&M AgriLife Extension stand establishment. Among State Extension Peanut those preparations, pay attenSpecialist tion to seed quality (germination and vigor), seed storage, planting depth, soil temperature, planter setting and speed, inoculant application and storage, and preemergence herbicide application. As we move into May, peanut acres are slowly being planted across the state. Remember that the best weed management strategy is to starts with clean fields. It is critical to use preplant burndown, Remember that preplant incorporated and preemergence herbicides to the best weed achieve this goal. Yields losses management are minimized when peanuts are free of weed competition strategy is to for the first four to six weeks starts with clean after planting. fields. When applying early postemergence and postemergence applications, make sure that weeds are actively growing to absorb and translocate the herbicide for maximum efficacy. Other factors to consider when applying early post and postemergence herbicides include adequate spray volume for a good coverage, appropriate herbicide rates and the use of adjuvants. After herbicide applications, it is always a good idea to revisit the treated fields to rate the efficacy of herbicides applied and look for any potential herbicide-resistant weed populations in your fields. PEANUTGROWER.COM

For the first time ever, early introduction of peanut foods is being promoted in the new

Through the National Peanut Board, America’s peanut farmers have allocated more than $35 million to food allergy research, outreach and education. Visit preventpeanutallergies.org and dietaryguidelines.gov for more details on early introduction.

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Peanut Grower May 2021

Articles inside

A ‘Swiss Army Knife’ Approach

Troubleshooting Soil Fertility Problems

Which Will It Be?

Planting Intentions

Strengthen Your Disease Management Plan