LOOK INSIDE: Lighthouses of the Great Lakes

Also

by this author:

Lighthouses of the World: An Architect’s Coloring Book

Barns of the St Croix Valley: An Architect’s Sketchbook

Barn Coloring Book

How I Met Your Grandmother

Capture the Moment: An Architect’s Guide to Travel Sketching

Author’s

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Author’s Note

Locations refer to current towns and cities which may not have existed in the early days .

Conditions are seldom static—names and situations may have changed since noted herein

The term lighthouse is used to describe a variety of aids to navigation whether they be lights with houses attached or nearby or simply steel frames with a light atop . Since the US Coast Guard adds or subtracts lights with some frequency, they may or may not be currently lit .

The color sketches are whimsical impressions of what is captured in the moment . They’re not detailed like a photo—they come from the heart .

Foreword

So many books about lighthouses have been published over the past few decades . Some present detailed history, some are full of gorgeous photographs, and others tell first-hand stories of lighthouse keeping . But I don’t recall anything like this book . It’s a thoroughly original and delightful combination of whimsical sketchbook, personal journal, and pertinent history highlights .

Jim Lammers is an accomplished architect, but the illustrations in this book are not precise architectural renderings Instead, they represent Jim’s emotional and artistic response to his lighthouse visits . The depictions are roughly accurate in their dimensions and details, but they also have a very personal, slightly whimsical quality . The sketches are Jim’s way of interpreting these scenes and communicating the experience to us .

This is the perfect coffee table book . It can be picked up and opened to any page at random, resulting in instant enchantment . A nd in addition to the sketches, there’s an incredible amount of historical information in these pages The facts are interspersed with Jim’s travel reflections, sometimes including fun details on things like food and lodging . (I’ll pass on the deep-fried cheesecake .)

I’m also pleased that the scope of the book spills out beyond the borders of the Great Lakes to encompass many beacons on all the coasts of our nation and even into Canada and other countries . Attention is also paid to the illustrious U S Life Saving Service, as well as present-day efforts to preserve lighthouses

Jim claims that he was inspired by my book The Lighthouse Handbook: West Coast . W hen I was growing up in the Boston area in the 1960s, I was inspired by the historian Edward Rowe Snow . Like Jim Lammers, Snow mixed his personal experiences with the history he wrote about, making it more accessible .

I always imagine that through his writing and lecturing, Edward Rowe Snow was tossing pebbles into a pond The ever-widening ripples from those pebbles eventually reached me . Decades later I threw some pebbles of my own, and I’m so happy that some of the ripples I initiated reached Jim and helped bring his book into the world .

What an honor and pleasure to be asked by Jim to write the preface for this book . I have no doubt that it will create far-reaching ripples to inspire future lighthouse preservationists, historians, and sketchers .

—Jeremy D’Entremont, Historian, United States Lighthouse Society

Preface

This charming book is a personal tribute to Great Lakes lighthouses . Author, architect, and artist, Jim Lammers gives us much more than the drawings he sketched while on his journey around the Great Lakes . He gives us a history lesson as well . He outlines the growth of commerce throughout the Great Lakes region, talks about famous shipwrecks, illustrates lighthouse design and construction, explains advances in light sources and lenses . Lammers also tells stories about the keepers and their families, notes the progression of governmental oversight, and explains procedures in place for lighthouse preservation .

Lighthouse history begins in 1789 when 12 privately held lighthouses were nationalized by the first congress and put under the direction of the Treasury Department headed by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton . Lammers details the lighthouse oversight progression from 1789 to today’s Coast Guard management

We’re fortunate that so many lighthouses were built with quality materials and were meticulously maintained by their keepers . We can step back in history and walk the same paths, climb the same towers, and witness the same views as the keepers . Our nostalgic feelings about lighthouses and their keepers are far different from their daily work . It was most often monotonous and solitary Besides tending the light, keepers constantly cleaned lantern room windows, polished lenses, painted the tower, responded to the occasional crisis of an overturned vessel nearby, or acted as tour guide for visitors .

Lammers, in his spotlight on Great Lakes lighthouses, is especially qualified in discussing lighthouse construction . A n architect and artist, he talks about and illustrates evolving foundation and tower designs, building materials, light sources, lens progression, and color choices

Next time you’re visiting a lighthouse, note its color Lammers points out that distinctive colors are daymarks that help identify lighthouses in daylight . Towers are often red or black to contrast with the sky, while the bottom is white—to stand out from the forest often surrounding it at the time . The red daymark boards on the Cheboygan Front Range lighthouse make it stand out from the city surrounding it . Many lighthouses on Lake Michigan are painted solid red . Candy cane stripes and distinctive horizontal black bands are also featured .

The Great Lakes boast more than 200 active lighthouses . Lammers, in his travels, notes which ones are accessible and open to visitors . He tells about those that include museums, gift shops, and a couple that are now bed and breakfasts where he spent the night . We learn about the ownership of lighthouses by nonprof-

its, cities, counties, national parks, historical societies, and private parties . There are several lighthouses now decommissioned, abandoned, and falling into disrepair . They could be saved . The nostalgia cost is high, however, with Lammers outlining the process . Lighthouses, of course, were built to enable the expansion of commerce and shipping . While commerce on the Great lakes began in the 1600s, Marblehead, built in 1821 in Ohio, was the first lighthouse built on the Great Lakes . It sits at the entrance to Sandusky Bay, the safest harbor between Cleveland and Toledo . Cargo shipped through the Great Lakes has changed through the years; it shifted from wheat to copper to lumber in the 1800s . Following that was coal and iron ore . We know that lighthouses were instrumental during World War II when shipping resources to build munitions .

Most authorities estimate at least 6,000 shipwrecks on the Great Lakes, with more than 30,000 lives lost We mourn them all . We cannot guess at the number of lives saved by the beacons . Lammers talks about a few shipwrecks, including the most notable Edmund Fitzgerald, which went down in 1975 . We all know the story of the sinking in Lake Superior thanks to the ballad by Gordon Lightfoot . W hile it’s tragic that all 29 drowned, it’s far from the worst of Great Lakes shipwrecks . The Eastland, a passenger ship, sank in Chicago, losing 835 lives in 1915 . In 1958, the Michigan town of Rogers City was devastated with the sinking of the Carl Bradley which lost 33 of the 35 lives on board 23 of those who died lived in Rogers City; 53 children were left fatherless after the sinking .

The author’s journey around the Great Lakes is a roadmap for lighthouse afficionados . See all the accessible lighthouse structures . In addition, Lammers notes helpful landmarks, dining spots, and locations for a good Martini Jim Lammers puts you in the car with him .

—Sherry Nelson, Board Member, Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association

Introduction

Lighthouses were born of shipping Trade with Europe and between ports on the Great Lakes . Lighthouses marked hazards, harbors, and coasts They kept ships afloat and saved cargo, crews, and passengers The nation prospered

Everyone loves lighthouses Even here in the Midwest where I live lighthouse restaurants, motels, shops, and monuments in front yards validate this, but real lighthouses are far away .

Like the old barns and silos near my home, lighthouses have mostly outlived their prime . They’ve served out their duty with honor, and they stand now as a testament to bygone times .

Ownership has transferred to nonprofits, cities, counties, national parks, historical societies, or to private parties . But unlike old barns and silos, lighthouses are often well cared for in their dotage—restored, refurbished, and maintained . Often they serve as navigation lights, which are maintained by the US Coast Guard, and sometimes as bed and breakfasts or with museums and giftshops attached . Frequently they’re haunted .

Haunted or not, lighthouses cast a spell on people . They rise above the landscape like flags of a conquering army . They say, “Here I am . Look at me . A ren’t I special?”

And a lighthouse is an amazing thing: a tour de force in structural engineering . Not only are they tall, but some are hundreds of years old . Built when engineering was in its infancy, they’ve stood fast against storms and crashing waves

Hundreds of books have been written about lighthouses and their entourage, not just guidebooks or technical books or history books, but novels and coloring books as well . Even poems

There are lighthouse organizations such as the Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association with 1,000 members and the National Maritime Historical Society . The American Lighthouse Foundation is dedicated to saving historic lighthouses and boasts 6,000 followers The US Lighthouse Society publishes its quarterly Keeper’s Log . The Society has 10,000 members and holds to its missions:

Atop Cardiff Hill in full-of-itself Hannibal, Missouri, sits the Mark Twain Memorial Lighthouse —a tribute to Samuel Clemens who made the town famous. But why a lighthouse and not just a monument? Maybe it’s just wanting to reach up to the heavens.

Boom Island was transformed into a Minneapolis Park celebrating the location of a historic logging boom across the Mississippi River to catch logs floating destined for saw mills downstream. Boom Island Lighthouse is a replica of a lighthouse that never was.

Located in Collingwood, Ontario, this delightful play structure presents itself as a lighthouse. It’s in Sunset Point Park not far from Lake Huron and comes complete with water slide. For lack of a better name, I call it Sunset Point Lighthouse

Assisting lighthouse organizations in their preservation efforts, and supporting lighthouse preservation projects with monetary and nonmonetary assistance .

Websites such as Lighthouse Friends provide history, photos and details for every lighthouse in the US, Puerto Rico, and much of Canada—extant or not . The Lighthouse Digest is a bimonthly magazine providing informative articles about lighthouse history and status

So, what’s the attraction? Why are so many people hooked on lighthouses? More than just a tall monument, the answer is each lighthouse is unique and comes with its own story . Lighthouses aren’t like houses, office buildings, or even barns . They’re different and worthy of exploration—and worthy of preservation for the history they manifest .

In his book Brilliant Beacons, Eric Jay Dolin describes the need for lighthouses:

The sea is a dangerous place, and the greatest dangers loom closest to shore . Although storms imperil mariners wherever they are, they can confidently maneuver their ships on the open ocean without the fear of encountering unseen hazards or running aground . But as ships graze the coast, the risks multiply . That is where jagged reefs, hidden sandbars, towering headlands, and rocky beaches threaten disaster .

Perhaps our greatest connection is the history of lighthouses saving foundering ships as well as their keepers rescuing thousands No doubt the seemingly romantic lives of these keepers themselves also fuel our interest .

Lighthouses ride on the crest of our fascination with the sea . Maybe it’s just in our DNA

They keep alive the magic of the golden age of lighthouses when keepers tended and mariners depended . Their architecture attests to the courage of their builders and to the many lives that have been saved .

The Great Lakes

The Great Lakes form the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world—21 percent of the earth’s potable water . They’ve been called the inland sea because of their rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons . The Great Lakes were carved out as the last glaciers retreated 10,000 years ago and filled with meltwater .

In his book The Living Great Lakes, Michigan native Jerry Dennis puts them in context:

Their ten thousand miles of shoreline border eight states and a Canadian province and are longer than the entire Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States . Their surface area of 95,000 square miles is greater than New York, New Jersey,

White River Lighthouse was first lit in 1876. The Norman Gothic style is similar to Eagle Bluff and Chambers Island plus McGulpin Point, Eagle Harbor, Sand Island, and Passage Island. The light was deactivated in 1960 and sold to Fruitland Township; the museum opened in 1970.

The 1991 Manning Lighthouse was never a lighthouse. Designed by a Traverse City architect, it was funded by the family and friends of Robert Manning, a prominent citizen of Empire, Michigan. Just another example of the immense interest in lighthouses.

The first lighthouse on South Manitou Island was built in 1839, but it fell into disrepair and was replaced in 1858 by a tower atop the new keeper’s quarters. The 1873 South Manitou Island Lighthouse replaced this lighthouse, and a covered walkway connected the tower to the keeper’s dwelling. Deactivated in 1958, the lighthouse was incorporated into the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in 1970.

Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island combined .

According to Wayne Sapulski, Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association’s Historian:

Of 366 lighthouses of historical interest on the Great Lakes and the St . Lawrence River as far east as Ogdensburg, New York, 196 are accessible by land Included in that number are the lighthouses on an island where the island is accessible either by a car ferry or a regularly scheduled passenger ferry just for foot traffic .

Some are on islands or rock outcrops and reachable only by boat, but most are active aids to navigation (ATONs) They’re part of an extensive network of buoys, day marks, pier lights, radio beacons, cans, nuns, range lights, and fog signals all supporting trade . Commercial vessels have sailed the lakes since the late 1600s when Le Griffon debarked from Lake Erie and sank in Lake Michigan . Ships carried beaver pelts, explorers, and missionaries . Large freighter birch bark canoes carried furs to trading forts in Montreal . Later on Chicago butchered meat, Wisconsin milk and cheese, Pennsylvania coal, and Minnesota iron ore moved through the lakes . In fact, for much of the 20th Century more goods were shipped into and out of ports on the Great Lakes than in all the West Coast and East Coast ports combined .

The Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War in 1763, ceded the Great Lakes to the British . W hen the American Revolution ended in 1783, the boundary with Canada was set along and through the Great Lakes . A fter the War of 1812, various treaties demilitarized the lakes and gave free access to American, British, and Canadian ships

The Great Lakes—Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior—provide sustenance, work, and recreation for tens of millions of Americans .

Types of Lighthouses

The taxonomy of lighthouses is sometimes helpful in viewing and identifying . Knowing the names may also give a sense of control . Truth is, lighthouses are all quite individual—with the exception of some twins—they each have their own character . There are many outliers which don’t fit into the arbitrary styles shown, but they all have the identifying lantern room up top .

Let’s do some lantern room nomenclature first:

Now that you have the lantern room well in hand, let’s look at the styles:

Cottage Style Lighthouse: small one-story keeper’s house with light on top (Port Washington Lighthouse, Lake Michigan).

Cylindrical or Drum Style Lighthouse: sides of light tower parallel to each other ( Waukegan Harbor Lighthouse, Lake Michigan).

Polygonal Style Lighthouse: Lighthouse towers are sometimes pentagonal, hexagonal or octagonal in plan view (Old Fort Niagara Lighthouse, Lake Ontario).

Poe Style Lighthouse: conical tower often used in lighthouses design by Colonel Orlando Metcalf Poe (Seul Choix Lighthouse, Lake Michigan).

Pyramidal Style Lighthouse: four sides sloping and tapered as a pyramid (Grassy Island Rear Range Lighthouse, Lake Michigan).

Church Style or Schoolhouse Style Lighthouse: light tower centered on gable end of lighthouse, (Sand Point Lighthouse, Lake Superior).

Spider Style Lighthouse: many legs, used often off shore and anchored with screwpiles in sand bottom (Alpena Lighthouse, Lake Huron)

Skeleton Frame Style Lighthouse: structural framework less prone to wind damage supporting the light (La Pointe Lighthouse, Lake Superior).

Sparkplug or Coffee Pot Style Lighthouse: cast iron structure caisson supported (Orient Point Lighthouse, North Atlantic Ocean).

Vase Style Lighthouse: a Poe Style Lighthouse with a slight artistic curve (Kenosha Lighthouse, Lake Michigan).

Split Rock

As lighthouses go, Split Rock, on the north shore of Lake Superior, was a short-timer, making its debut in 1910 and exodus in 1969—not quite 60 years Technically speaking it’s not a lighthouse but rather a tower with attached workroom—light station would be another term . Its steel framed tower is squat by most standards, only 57 feet Stannard Rock way out in Lake Superior is 98 feet . But Ralph Tinkham’s captivating design and its site atop a 130-foot cliff above Lake Superior’s north shore have made Split Rock a favorite A rguably it’s the most visited of all Great Lakes lighthouses and certainly the most photographed . Crowds were light the day I visited in June 2022— no waiting in line .

The gales of November were early in 1905—29 boats damaged or sank and a couple dozen seamen lost in the storm named Mataffa after SS Mataffa, one of the ships lost . Just off shore from Gold Island near Split Rock, the William Edenborn and the barge it was towing the Madeira went down The Madeira, now on the National Register of Historic Places, is in shallow water and cold water divers love exploring it .

Because of these disasters, the Lake Carriers Association pushed for a lighthouse between Two Harbors and Grand Marais, Minnesota . The coast is treacherous, and because of the huge deposits of iron ore, compass readings are not reliable . Three years later Split Rock was commissioned by the Lighthouse Service The North Shore had no highway in the early1900s—all materials arrived by water and were hoisted into place with a derrick and hoisting engine In addition to the tower, the light station included a fog signal house, oil storage building, three keepers’ houses, and a boathouse down at the lakeshore . A ll this was completed in less than a year, and a third order clam shell Fresnel lens was lit in 1910 .

Like most lighthouses on the northern lakes, Split Rock was a seasonal light— keepers were on site during the shipping season but often left during the off season when ice covered all or part of the lake .

Split Rock Lighthouse SECTION LOOKING SOUTH.

Split Rock Lighthouse chiseled into the bedrock.

Ileana Covell-Meyers, daughter of keeper Covell, recalls her childhood at the light station:

I know one thing that I disliked as a child and that was closing the light on December 15, and we had to pack and leave the place until April 15 . There was always the changing of school twice a year and returning to a cold house that took days to get the frost out of it . It was a joyous year [1935] when they finally consented to letting the keeps stay year-round . Those were the good old days . In the winter we had a pot-bellied stove in the front room…and dad would play his violin and sing for us .

By 1940 Split Rock had been electrified and automated—the oil vapor light replaced by a 1,000-watt light bulb . No more filling the pressure tank with kerosine and no more cranking up the 250 pound weight every two hours to make the clockwork mechanism turn the light . Staff was reduced from three to two keepers

In the late 1950s, Reserve Mining built a taconite plant just seven miles up the shore and installed a beacon, radio signal, and fog whistle . This was the death knell for Split Rock—it had become redundant But the Coast Guard, who’d been running the light station since 1939, kept it alive for another ten years because of its popularity In 1969 the lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places . The same year the Coast Guard District Headquarters in Cleveland ordered decommissioning . The keepers boarded up the windows and departed .

The story doesn’t end here, however . The State of Minnesota purchased the lighthouse and grounds and added it to the state park which had been established adjacent to the light station . In 1971 Split Rock opened for business again, this time under the auspices of Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Minnesota Historical Society Its popularity has experienced exponential growth—160,000 visitors annually with volunteers in the summertime and full time keeper/docent .

Split Rock Lighthouse from the beach.

Named after the mayor of Chicago, the 1935 William E. Dever Crib Lighthouse is more than just a lighthouse. It sits on top of the Dever Crib, left, and adjacent to the Harrison Crib, right. Both are part of Chicago’s water intake system. There are several other cribs.

In 1872 Orlando Metcalfe Poe designed Grosse Point Lighthouse with its 113-foot tower. The light was decommissioned in 1941 but reestablished in 1946 as an aid to private navigation. It’s owned by the City of Evanston, Illinois.

I raced on along Chicago’s Lakeshore Drive and found myself in Michigan City, Indiana, where I drew Michigan City East Pierhead Lighthouse . It was the first of a series of nine lighthouses out on breakwaters . There were other lights in Indiana but I couldn’t get close enough to sketch them .

All of a sudden I was in New Buffalo, Michigan, and it was an hour later because I was now in a new time zone . Perfect Martini and ravioli stuffed with ricotta and pecorino at the Terrace . I was waited on by an art student who found interest in my sketches . I gave her some words of encouragement .

A mixed race couple at the next table . He was no doubt a veteran, with prosthetic leg and missing hand I hope he’s honored on this Memorial Day weekend .

Rumor has it that Michigan let Indiana squeeze in and get some lakeshore in exchange for stealing Upper Michigan from Wisconsin. Politics—always the same. The first lighthouse was lit in 1838. The present lighthouse was built in 1904. Michigan City East Pierhead Lighthouse, now owned by Michigan City, has undergone extensive renovation.

Next day I set my sights on Ludington, Michigan, rather than Grand Haven— wanted to shorten my schedule by a day so I could get home for my art exhibit opening . First stop was St Joseph Lighthouse .

St Joseph Front and Rear Range Lighthouses are connected by a catwalk on the breakwater for access during rain, snow and storms.

Grosse Point Lighthouse SITE PLAN.

I was early into South Haven; the morning shadows were still long . Lots of fishing from the pier, fathers and children . Some just enjoying the view . I did the same as I sketched the South Haven Lighthouse. Then circled back and toured the excellent South Haven Maritime Museum complete with lifesaving boats and history of the Life Saving Service

The bar at the mouth of the Black River necessitated the South Haven Lighthouse. Ships need to access the river to haul out lumber from the sawmills and not run aground in the sand. The first lighthouse was erected in 1872. In 1902 the US Lighthouse Service tender Hyacinth arrived with steel plate to build a replacement. It was lighted in 1903 and originally painted white. Catwalk was added in 1925. It’s owned by the Historical Association of South Haven, Michigan.

Google Maps led me to the Holland Harbor Lighthouse, but it’s on private property and can’t be accessed from the south . A long slow drive around Lake Macatawa brought me to the Holland State Park and Ottawa Beach, filled with sunbathers and kite flyers I had an excellent view of the lighthouse from across the Holland Channel, but I had to buy a pass to get into the park .

A group of Dutch Calvinist separatists arrived at Lake Macatawa and made it their home in the mid 1800s. The next step was to cut a canal linking the little lake to the large lake thus creating a harbor. After that, breakwaters and the Holland Harbor Lighthouse were added. Today Holland is known for its annual tulip festival with six million tulips. The lighthouse is affectionately known as Big Red (not to be confused with the Nebraska Cornhuskers).

From Holland I scooted up US-31 to Grand Haven, and after successfully dodging volleyballs, I found a shady secluded stretch of beach and sketched the Grand Haven South Pierhead Outer and Inner Lighthouses .

The first Grand Haven Lighthouse was put up in 1839. It fell down in 1852 due to shore erosion and possibly poor construction. The lighthouses we see today date from the early 1900s and are owned by the City of Grand Haven.

The unique Calumet Harbor Lighthouse sits proudly out on the breakwater in Calumet, Wisconsin. The first lighthouse was built in 1851. The lighthouse is owned and operated by the US Coast Guard.

In 1874 the 123-foot USLHT Dahlia was the first to be specifically designed to serve the Great Lakes. Its reinforced wood hull resisted ice, and its thick decking supported materials and heavy equipment. Dahlia started the custom of botanical names for Great Lakes tenders. She also began the tradition of white superstructures and black hulls for Great Lakes tenders. They were known as the ‘Black Fleet.’ She served as an Inspection Tender out of Detroit and later out of Buffalo, New York.

Tenders:

The Lifeblood

Imagine this immense network—hundreds of lighthouses and their support buildings, hundreds of keepers and their families, nearly all in remote locations on or in the Great Lakes . Tenders were the ligature that bound them all together They were the heroes of the lighthouse story . In his piece, Tenders—The Unsung Heroes, Ralph Shanks says:

It is sad that lighthouse tenders have not received more recognition . They were the very lifeblood of the Lighthouse Service, a lifeline linking isolated stations to civilization .

Let’s take a look at tenders These small but essential vessels traveled under sail in the 1700s, transitioned to steam and sail in the 1800s, and by the end of that century they were steamships, sidewheelers and later propeller driven . The first Great Lakes tenders owned by the Lighthouse Service were the wood hulled sailing ships USLHT Lamplighter and USLHT Watchful

From 1857 to 1939, two dozen tenders were sailing the Great Lakes They were essential because of the vast distances—1,340 miles from Duluth to the mouth of the St Lawrence—rough terrain,

few roads in the 1700s and 1800s, and winter ice . They were often named after flowers .

Tenders were involved in search and rescue operations, a task which the Lighthouse Service took on in 1848—forerunner of the Life Saving Service . They towed lightships to their stations and replenished depots . Great Lakes lighthouses were seasonal because ice buildup curtailed winter shipping . So in the fall, tenders took keepers and their families to their winter homes and in the spring, brought them back to their lighthouses .

‘Engineering Tenders’ transported material and laborers to construct lighthouses, range lights, foghorn buildings, and keepers’ quarters They also set hundreds of buoys every spring and retrieved them before freeze up in the fall .

Arrival of a ‘Supply Tender’ was cause for celebration, and back when gold coin was used for the keepers’ pay, cause for added celebration . Perhaps more important, however, were deliveries of food, cooking oil, lamp oil, heating oil, medical supplies, clothing, furniture, a traveling library, and equipment or needed parts .

The 1910-1939 Lighthouse Service Districts on the Great Lakes. Source: Paul Mason and Douglas Peterson.

AActive Pass Lighthouse, 138, 140

Admiralty Head Lighthouse, 144

Agresto, Meghan, 156

Ahirkapa Lighthouse, 164

Algoma Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 52, 53

Alki Point Lighthouse, 144

Alpena Lighthouse, 7, 82

Amelia Island Lighthouse, 154

American Coast Pilot, 73

American Lighthouse Foundation, 1

American Lighthouses (Roberts and SheltonRoberts), 45

Amphitrite Lighthouse, 138, 139

Anatomy of a Murder (Traver), 26

Anderson, William, 33, 34, 138, 139, 142

Argand, Aimé, 71–72

Armistice Day Storm (1940), 39

Arthur Anderson, 38

Ashland Breakwater Light, 12

Ashland Breakwater Lighthouse, 22 Austin, Thelma, 89

B

Babcock, Fred, 28

Badger, 66

Bailey, Justice, 51

Baileys Harbor Front Range Light, 53

Baird, Nichol, 129 Baker, Alan, 96

Barcelona Lighthouse, 106, 116–117

Battle Island Lighthouse, 14

Bayfield, Wolsey, 94

Beavertail Lighthouse, 78

Index

Bete Grise Lighthouse, 24

Big Bay Point Lighthouse, 12, 24–25, 26, 28, 136

“Big Blow” (1913), 39

Big Red (Holland Harbor) Lighthouse, 42, 43, 65

Big Sable Point Lighthouse, 69

Big Sandy Life Saving Station, 114

Biloxi Lighthouse, 90, 150

Birely, Linda McLeod, 81

“Black Fleet,” 120

Blackbeard, 157

Bodie Lighthouse, 157

Bois Blanc Island Lighthouse, 102

Boom Island Lighthouse, 2

Borden, Lizzie, 136

Borden Flats Lighthouse, 136

Border, Peter Nelson, 68

Boston Harbor Fog Cannon, 78

Boston Harbor Lighthouse, 8–9, 78, 79

Boston Light, 90

Boston Lighthouse, 61, 90

Boyle, Patrick, 103

Boyle, William, 103

Boyle Marina Lighthouse, 76, 77, 93–94

Boyter, Robert, 94

Brilliant Beacons (Dolin), 2

Broadwater Beach Marina Lighthouse, 151

Brown, Albert, 33

Brown, Annie, 144

Brown, Oscar, 144

Browns Point Lighthouse, 144

Bruce, James, 100, 104

Burke, Mike, 138

Burlington Canal Main Lighthouse, 128

Byers, Jane, 17

CCalumet Harbor Lighthouse, 65

Cana Island Lighthouse, 42, 43, 50–51

Caney [Cana] Lt. House, 50

Cape Beal Lighthouse, 138, 139

Cape Blanco Lighthouse, 147

Cape Bonita Lighthouse, 78

Cape Crocker Lighthouse, 76, 77, 98

Cape Disappointment Lighthouse, 62, 145

Cape Flattery Lighthouse, 145

Cape Hatteras, 60

Cape Hatteras Light Station, 157

Cape Henry Lighthouse, 158

Cape Lookout Lighthouse, 156

Cape Mears Lighthouse, 146

Cape Mendocino Lighthouse, 33, 147

Cape Robert Lighthouse, 76, 77, 96

Cape San Blas Lighthouse, 60, 151

Cape St George Lighthouse, 152

Cape Vincent Breakwater Lighthouse, 123, 131

Caribou Island Lighthouse, 33

Carlson, Robert, 33

Carmanah Lighthouse, 138, 139

Carysfort Reef Lighthouse, 60, 61

Castillo de los Tres Reys del Morro, 150

Chambers Island Lighthouse, 48

Chantry Island Lighthouse, 100, 101

Charity Island Lighthouse, 86

Charleston Lighthouse, 156

Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, 22

Charlevoix South Pier Lighthouse, 42, 43, 69, 70

Charlotte Genesee Lighthouse, 123, 132–133

Chatham Lighthouse, 138, 141

Cheboygan Crib Lighthouse, 76, 77, 82

Cheboygan Front Range Lighthouse, 76, 77

Cheboygan Pier Light, 82

Cheboygan River Front Range Lighthouse, 80–81

Cheboygan River Rear Range Light, 76, 77

Chenoweth, Mike, 25–26

Chicago Harbor Lighthouse, 63

Church Style lighthouse, 6

Clarion, 107

Cleveland, Grover, 45

Cluskey, Charles B., 154

Coast Guard, 135

Cobourg East Pierhead Lighthouse, 123, 129

Columbia Redivina, 145

Congdon, Chester, 14

Conneaut West Breakwater Lighthouse, 118

Cooper, Bernie, 38

Copper Harbor Range, 27–28

Coquille River Lighthouse, 147

Corunna Rear Range Lighthouse, 76, 77, 102

Cottage Style lighthouses, 6, 59

Cove Island Lighthouse, 98

Covell-Meyers, Ileana, 21

Cox, George M., 38

Cream City: The Brick That Made Milwaukee Famous (Stern), 55

Crisp Point Lighthouse, 12, 33

Croft, Mary Ann, 140

Cronstedt, Carl, 163

Crooked River Lighthouse, 152, 153

CSS Virginia, 158

Currituck Lighthouse, 156

Cylindrical Style lighthouses, 6

DDaboll, Celadon, 78

Dalen, Nils, 74

Davis, Abraham, 98

Davis, Flora, 98

Davis, Henry, 98

Davis, Jefferson, 150, 158

Dennis, Jerry, 3–4, 39, 108

Devils Island Lighthouse, 12, 22

Discovery Island Lighthouse, 138, 140

Diskenson (keeper of Quatsino Lighthouse), 141

Dofflemeyer Point, 145

Dolin, Eric Jay, 2

Door County Historical Society, 50

Doughtery, Peter, 69

Douglas, Thomas, 132

Douglass, James, 8

Drum Style lighthouses, 6

Dueodde Lighthouse, 163

Duffy, John, 81

Duluth Harbor North Breakwater Lighthouse, 14

Duluth Harbor South Breakwater Outer Lighthouse, 14

Duluth North Pier Lighthouse, 12

Duluth South Breakwater Inner Lighthouse, 12

Duluth South Breakwater Outer Lighthouse, 12

Duluth South Harbor Breakwater Inner Lighthouse, 13

Duluth South Harbor Breakwater Outer Lighthouse, 13

Dunkirk Lighthouse, 106, 116

E

Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, 42, 43, 48, 50

Eagle Harbor Lighthouse, 12, 27

East Charity Shoal Lighthouse, 130

East Point Lighthouse, 138, 140 Eastland, 40

Eddystone Lighthouse, 8

Edmund Fitzgerald, 33, 37–38

Ellerbe Architects, 23

Ericsson, John, 78

Erie Land Lighthouse, 118

Estevan Lighthouse, 138, 142

FFairport Harbor Lighthouse, 106, 118, 119

False Ducks Lighthouse, 123, 129–130

Fårö Lighthouse, 161

Fitzgerald, Edmund, 38

Flowerpot Island Lighthouse, 97

Fort Gratiot Lighthouse, 76, 77, 85

Fort Niagara Lighthouse, 133–134

40 Mile Point Lighthouse, 76, 77, 82

Fourteen Foot Shoal Lighthouse, 82

Frabotta, Bill, 27

Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 89

Frankfort North Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 68

Franklin, Benjamin, 61

Fresnel, Augustin-Jean, 72

Fresnel, Leonar, 72

Frontenac, 19

Frying Pan Lighthouse, 92

GGalle Lighthouse, 161

Galloo Island Lighthouse, 108

Garraty, Anna, 82

Gary, Elbert, 66

Gary Harbor Breakwater Lighthouse, 66

Gibbs, Jim, 144

Goderich Lighthouse, 76, 77, 101

Graham, Jack, 156

Grand Haven Lighthouses, 42, 43

Grand Haven Pierhead Outer and Inner Lighthouses, 65

Grand Island East Channel Lighthouse, 31, 32, 136

Grand Island North Channel Lighthouse, 32

Grand Marais Breakwater Light, 12

Grand Marais keeper’s house, 32

Grand Marais Light, 12, 32

Grand Marais Lighthouse, 16

Grand Traverse Lighthouse, 42, 43, 68, 69

Grant, Ulysses, 89

Grassy Island Range Lighthouses, 42, 43, 49

Grassy Island Rear Range Lighthouse, 6

Gravelly Shoal Lighthouse, 85

Gray, Robert, 145

Grays Harbor Lighthouse, 144

Great Beds Lighthouse, 46

Great Duck Island Lighthouse, 103

Great Lakes, 3–4, 35

Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association, 1, 80, 137

Great Lakes Lighthouses (Oleszewski), 53

Green Bay Harbor Entrance Lighthouse, 49

Griffith Island Lighthouse, 100

Grosse Isle North Channel Front Range Light, 103

Grosse Isle North Channel Front Range Lighthouse, 76, 77

Grosse Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 63, 64

Guardian Angel of Newport Harbor, 89

Gull Rock Lighthouse, 25

Gunilda, 39

H

Hackett, 30

Hackett, Agnes, 102

Hackett, Andrew, 102

Hackett, Charles, 102

Hackett, James, 102

Hamilton, Alexander, 44

Hanover, Amelia, 154

Harbour Town Lighthouse, 155

Harkness, Bill, 39

Harper’s Weekly, 89

Haze, 122

Heather, 144

Heceta, Don Bruno, 146

Heceta Head Lighthouse, 146

Heceta Head Lighthouse Keepers’ House, 146

Hecla, 19

Hecos, Laura, 148

Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act (2010), 128

Hilton Head Rear Range Lighthouse, 155

The History of Fog Signals (Wheeler), 79

History of the Administration of the Lighthouses in America (Wheeler), 45, 46

History of the Great Lakes (Mansfield), 29

HMB Endeavour, 150

HMS Ontario, 133

Hoburg Lighthouse, 162

Holland Harbor (Big Red) Lighthouse, 42, 43, 65

Homans, James, 55

Hunting Island Lighthouse, 155

Hyacinth, 65

IIda Lewis Rock Lighthouse, 89

Île Parisienne Lighthouse, 34

Imitation Lighthouse, 76, 77

Inknown Light, 76, 77

Ironton, 19

Isle Royale Lighthouse, 17

J

James Barker, 30

Janet Head Lighthouse, 76, 77, 94

John Jacob Astor, 26

Johnson, Arnold, 44

Jones, Cadwalder, 159

Jones, David, 96

Jones Island Range Rear Lighthouse, 96

Jones Point Lighthouse, 159

KKahn, Louis, 156

Kalamazoo Lighthouse, 67

Kalkan Lighthouse, 165

Karlskrona lighthouses, 163

Kas Harbor Light, 165

Kastellorlzo Lighthouse, 165

Kenosha Breakwater Lighthouses, 42, 43

Kenosha Breakwater Lights, 56

Kenosha Lighthouse, 7, 42, 43, 56

Kerova Lighthouse, 165

Kevich Lighthouse, 54

Kewaunee Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 53

Kimball, Sumner, 114, 115

Kincardine Lighthouse, 76, 77, 99, 100

Kingsville Lighthouse, 106, 110

Korstad, Nick, 25, 28, 136

LLa Pointe Lighthouse, 7

la Salle, Robert Cavalier Sieur de, 38

Lake Carriers Association, 20

Lake Pontchartrain Light, 150

Lambeau , Curly, 49

Lambert, Duncan McGregor, 101

Lambert, William, 101

Lambton, 122

Långe Jan Lighthouse, 163

Lardinois, Anna, 38, 39

Lavoisier, Antoine, 72

Le Griffon, 4, 29, 30, 37, 38, 41

Leamington Lighthouse, 106, 110, 155

Leander’s Tower or Maiden’s Tower, 164

Lee, Robert E., 158

Leick, Carl, 144, 145

Lennard Island Lighthouse, 138, 139

Lewis, Hosea, 88

Lewis, Idawalley, 88–89

Lewis, Isaiah William Penn, 60

Lewis, Winslow, 45, 72, 85, 151

Life Saving Service, 33, 120

Light List, 78

Lightfoot, Gordon, 33, 37

Lighthouse Board, 45–46, 73, 88

Lighthouse Bureau, 46

Lighthouse Digest, 2, 135

The Lighthouse Keeper (Baker), 96

Lighthouse Preservation Manual, 135

Lighthouse Service, 45, 46, 115, 120–122

Lightship Portsmouth, 158

Lime Rock Lighthouse, 88–89

Lincoln, Abraham, 158

Lions Lighthouse for Sight, 149

Little Current Lighthouse, 76, 77, 93

The Living Great Lakes (Dennis), 3–4, 39, 108

Lonely Island Lighthouse, 104

Long Point Lighthouse, 111

Long Tail Point Lighthouse, 52

Louis W Hill, 92

Ludington, James, 67

Ludington North Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 66, 67

M

Malmö Inre Lighthouse, 163

Malmö Yttre Lighthouse, 164

Manistee North Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 67

Manistique East Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 48

Manitou Island Lighthouse, 87

Manitowang Lighthouse, 76, 77

Manitowoc Breakwater Lighthouses, 54

Manitowoc North Breakwater Lighthouses, 42, 43

Manning Lighthouse, 4

Mansfield, JB, 29

Marblehead Lighthouse, 8–9, 29, 106, 118–119

Mark Twain Memorial Lighthouse, 1

Marquette, Jacques, 67

Marquette Breakwater Light, 12, 24

Marquette Harbor Lighthouse, 12, 24

Marrowstone Point Lighthouse, 143

Mather, Cotton, 61

Mathews, Mary, 27

Maynard, Robert, 157

McGulpin, John, 70

McGulpin Point Lighthouse, 70

McKay Island Lighthouse, 104

McLean, Cecelia, 23

McNab Lighthouse, 76, 77, 99

McPherson, Mark, 52

McSorley, Ernest, 37–38

Meaford Breakwater Light, 76, 77, 97

Meares, John, 62, 145

Menagerie Island Lighthouse, 17

Menominee Lighthouse, 42, 43, 49

Mercier, Pascal, 86

Merry, John, 140

Merry Island Lighthouse, 138, 140

Mesiti-Miller, Mark, 148

Michael’s Point Lighthouse, 94

Michigan City East Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 64

Michigan Triangle, 41

Milne, Alexander, 150

Milwaukee Breakwater Lighthouse, 55

Milwaukee Clipper, 66

Milwaukee North Point Lighthouse, 42, 43

Minnesota Point Lighthouse, 23

Mission Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 69

Mississauga Lighthouse, 10

Mississauga Point Lighthouse, 134

Mohawk Island Lighthouse, 110

Morley, Paul, 16

Morse, Andrew, 78

Mukilteo Lighthouse, 144

Munising Front Range Lighthouse, 12, 31

Munising Rear Range Light, 12

Munising Rear Range Lighthouse, 31

Muskegon Life Saving Station, 113

Muskegon Lighthouses, 42, 43, 66

Muskegon North Channel Pier Lighthouse, 66

Muskegon South Breakwater Lighthouse, 66

Muskegon South Pierhead Lighthouse, 66

Mystic, 122

N

Nakkehoved Lighthouse, 150 Nancy, 97

Nancy Island Lighthouse, 76, 77, 96, 97

När Lighthouse, 161

National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act (NHLPA, 2000), 53, 135

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA, 1966), 135

National Maritime Historical Society, 1

National Park Service, 135

New Canal Lighthouse, 150

New Cape Henry Lighthouse, 158

New Dungeness Lighthouse, 145

New Orleans Daily Picayune, 90

New Pelee Point Lighthouse, 109

New Point Henry Lighthouse, 158

New Presque Isle Lighthouse, 76, 77, 82–83

New York Times, 89

New York Tribune, 89

Newark Light, 134

Nikolaus Island Lighthouse, 164

No Name Lighthouse, 155

Nootka Lighthouse, 138, 142

North Breakwater Lighthouse, v

North Cape Lighthouse, 161

North Head Lighthouse, 145, 146

North Pierhead Light, 51–52

North Pierhead Lighthouse, 67

North Point Lighthouse, 55

Northern Express (newspaper), 28

OOak Island Lighthouse, 156

Oakville Breakwater Lighthouse, 123, 128

Ocrachoke Lighthouse, 157

Odenwald, Laura, 14

Odenwald, Ode, 14

Ölands Södra Udde Lighthouse, 163

Old Baileys Harbor Lighthouse, 42, 43, 51, 136

Old Fort Niagara Lighthouse, 6, 123

Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse, 76, 77, 80

Old Point Comfort Lighthouse, 158

Old Point Loma Lighthouse, 149

Old Presque Isle Lighthouse, 83

Olcott Lighthouse, 134

Olcott Lighthouse Society, 134

Oleszewski, Wes, 53

Onoko, 29, 30

Ontonagon Lighthouse, 12, 27–28

Ora Endress, 33

Orient Point Lighthouse, 7, 62

Outer Island Lighthouse, 22

PPachena Point Lighthouse, 138, 139

Paul, James, 28

Pelee Island Lighthouse, 116

Pelee Passage Lighthouse, 103, 106, 109, 123

Pelz, Paul J., 154

Peninsula Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 48, 137

Pensacola Front Range Day Mark, 151

Pensacola Lighthouse, 151

Perry, Oliver, 112

Peshtigo Reef Lighthouse, 49

Peterson, Charlotte Ann, 25–26

Peterson, Coleman, 25–26

Petre Point Lighthouse, 131

Pharos Lighthouse, 8

Pleasonton, Stephen, 45, 88

Poe, Orlando Metcalfe, 64, 81, 83

Poe Reef Lighthouse, 158

Poe Style lighthouses, 6

Point Arena Lighthouse, 61

Point Betsie Lighthouse, 42, 43, 68

Point Cabrillo Lighthouse, 148

Point Clark Lighthouse, 76, 77, 100

Point Edward Front Range Lighthouse, 76, 77, 101

Point Fermin Lighthouse, 89, 90, 148

Point Henry Lighthouse, 158

Point Iroquois Lighthouse, 12, 34, 123

Point No Point Lighthouse, 143

Point Pelee Lighthouse, 109

Point Vicente Lighthouse, 148

Point Wilson Lighthouse, 143

Pointe Aux Barques Lighthouse, 76, 77, 84

Polanski, Wayne, 41, 105, 124

Polygonal Style lighthouses, 6

Porphyry Point Light, 12

Porphyry Point Lighthouse, 17

Port Burwell Lighthouse, 106, 111

Port Dover East Breakwater Light(s), 106

Port Dover Lighthouse, 106, 112

Port Henry Breakwater Lighthouse, 110

Port Henry Lighthouse, 110

Port Ontario Light, 132

Port Sanilac Lighthouse, 76, 77, 84–85

Port Stanley Breakwater Lighthouse, 106, 111

Port Stanley Lighthouse, 106, 111

Port Townsend Pseudo Lighthouse, 143

Port Washington Breakwater Lighthouses, 42, 43

Port Washington Breakwater Lights, 55

Port Washington Lighthouse, 6, 42, 43, 54–55

Portlock, Nathaniel, 140

Portlock Point Lighthouse, 138, 140

Pot Style lighthouses, 7

Pottawatomie Lighthouse, 50

Powel, John Wesley, 91

Presque Isle Front Range Light, 53

Presque Isle Front Range Lighthouse, 76, 77, 83

Presque Isle Lighthouse, 106, 117

Presque Isle North Pier Lighthouse, 106, 117, 118

Presqu’ile Point Lighthouse, 123, 129

Prince Edward Point Lighthouse, 123, 130

Prior, George, 28

Prior, William, 28

Pulteney Point Lighthouse, 138, 141

Putnam, George, 46

Pyramidal Style lighthouses, 6

QQuatsino Lighthouse, 138, 141

Queen’s Wharf Lighthouse, 129

RRace Rocks Lighthouse, 138, 139

Racine North Breakwater Lighthouse, 42, 43, 56

Ranger, 128

Raspberry Island Lighthouse, 12, 23

Rawley Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 53

Red Bluff Lighthouse, 144

Revenue Marine Service, 114

Richards, George, 140

Richards Landing Lighthouse, 76, 77, 93

RJ Hackett, 30

Roanoke River Lighthouse, 157

Roberts, Bruce, 45

Rock Harbor Lighthouse, 13

Rock of Ages Lighthouse, 16

Roosevelt, Franklin, 46

Roosevelt, Teddy, 158

Rosedale, 130

Ross, Don, 33

Ross, Nellie, 33

Round Island Lighthouse, 91–92, 151

Rouse Simmons, 38

Rudyard, John, 8

SSand Hills Lighthouse, 12, 27

Sand Island Lighthouse, 22

Sand Point Lighthouse, 6, 12, 26–27, 42, 43, 48–49

Sandy Hook Lighthouse, 8–9, 79

Santa Catalina Yacht Club Lighthouse, 149

Santa Cruz Breakwater Lighthouse, 148

Santa Cruz Lighthouse, 148

Sapulski, Wayne, 4, 11

Saugeen River Front Range Lighthouse, 99

Saugeen River Rear Range Lighthouse, 76, 77, 99

Scottish Bonnet Island Lighthouse, 132

Segerstad Lighthouse, 163

Selkirk Lighthouse, 123, 131, 132

Seraglio Point Lighthouse, 164

Seul Choix Lighthouse, 6

Seul Choix Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 47

Shanks, Ralph, 120

Sheboygan Breakwater Light, 54

Sheboygan Breakwater Lighthouse, 42, 43

Shelton-Roberts, Cheryl, 45

Sheringham Lighthouse, 138, 139

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 89

Sherwood Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 50

Shipwrecks of the Great Lakes (Lardinois), 38, 39

Shoal Island Lighthouse, 91

Shubrick, William, 45

Sinclair, Donald, 100

Skeleton Frame Style lighthouses, 7

Skene, Peter, 140

Skunk Bay Lighthouse, 144

Smeaton, John, 8

Smeaton’s Eddystone Lighthouse, 71

Smith, Ella, 90

Smith, John, 159

Smith, Mary, 90

Smith and Post, 107

Smith Island Lighthouse, 144

Smith-Stanley, Edward, 111

Sodus Point Lighthouse, 123, 132

Sostratus of Cnidus, 8

South Baymouth Inner Lighthouse, 76, 77

South Baymouth Outer Lighthouse, 76, 77

South Haven Lighthouses, 42, 43, 65

South Manitou Island Lighthouse, 4

Southeast Shoal Lighthouse, 106

Sparkplug Style lighthouses, 7

Spectacle Reef Lighthouse, 81

Spider Style lighthouses, 7

Split Rock Lighthouse, 12, 20–21

Spokane, 30

SS Mataffa, 20

St Augustine Lighthouse, 154

St Joseph Front Lighthouse, 42, 43, 64

St Joseph Rear Lighthouse, 42, 43, 64

St Marks Light Station, 153

St Simons Lighthouse, 154

Stannard, Charles, 26

Stannard Rock Lighthouse, 26, 61

Steamboats and Sailors of the Great Lakes (Thompson), 38

Steinbeck, John, 86

Stern, Andrew, 55

Stingray Lighthouse, 159

Stony Point Lighthouse, 33

Stratford Shoal Lighthouse, 136, 137

Strawberry Island Lighthouse, 94

Sturgeon Bay North Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 52

Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Light, 51, 52

Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal Lighthouse, 42, 43

Sullivan’s Island Lighthouse, 156

Sunset Point Lighthouse, 2

Sylvan Beach Association, 68

TTable Bluff Lighthouse, 147

Taft, Howard, 46

Tasman Island Lighthouse, 150

Tawas Point Lighthouse, 76, 77, 83, 84

Tenders—The Unsung Heroes (Shanks), 120

Terry, John, 49

Terry, Mary, 49

Thames River Range Rear Lighthouse, 102, 103

Thames River Rear Range Lighthouse, 76, 77

Thimble Shoal Lighthouse, 46

Thirty Mile Point Lighthouse, 123, 133

Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse, 45

Thompson, Mark, 38

Thordoc, 17

Thorn, William, 92

Thunder Bay Island Preservation Society, 84

Thunder Bay Lighthouse, 84

Thunder Bay Lighthouse Support Group, 16

Thunder Bay Main Light, 12

Thunder Bay Main Lighthouse, 18

Tibbetts Point Lighthouse, 123, 130–131

Tillamook Rock Lighthouse, 89

Tinkham, Ralph, 20

Tobermory Lighthouse, 76, 77, 98

Toronto Harbour Lighthouse, 133

Tower, Charlemagne, 19

Travels with Charley (Steinbeck), 86

Traver, Robert, 26

Traverse Magazine, 68

Trial Island Lighthouse, 138, 140

Trinity Head Lighthouse, 147

Turtle Island Lighthouse, 112

Two Harbors Breakwater Light, 12

Two Harbors Breakwater Lighthouse, 15

Two Harbors Lighthouse, 12, 15, 19, 136

Two Myrtles, 122

Two Rivers North Pierhead Lighthouse, 42, 43, 53–54

Tybee Island Lighthouse, 155

U

Umpqua River Lighthouse, 146

US Coast Guard, 46, 114, 122

US Lighthouse Society (USLHS), 1–2, 45, 135, 137

USCG Fir, 122

Üsküdar Breakwater Lighthouse, 164

USLHT Clover, 122

USLHT Dahlia, 120

USLHT Lamplighter, 120

USLHT Marigold, 81, 122

USLHT Watchful, 120

USS Monitor, 158

VValley Camp, 92

Vancouver, George, 145, 148

Vase Style lighthouses, 7

Vermilion Lighthouse, 119

Vernon, 54

Victoria Harbour Lighthouse, 76, 77

Victoria Harbour Rear Range Lighthouse, 96

Voelker, John, 26

WWarren (keeper of Quatsino Lighthouse), 141

Washington, George, 44

Waukegan Harbor Lighthouse, 6, 42, 43, 63

Wawatam Lighthouse, 76, 77, 92

WE Fitzgerald, 38

Welcome Island Lighthouse, 18

Welland Canal, 30, 107, 124

Welsh, Joseph, 26

West Point Lighthouse, 143

West Sister Lighthouse, 112

Whale Rock Lighthouse, 89

Wheeler, Wayne, 45, 46, 79

White River Lighthouse, 3, 67

Whitefish Point Lighthouse, 12, 33, 34, 38

William E. Dever Crib Lighthouse, 64

William Edenborn, 20

William Livingston Memorial Lighthouse, 103

William Roesch, 30

Wilson Channel Rear Range Lighthouse, 93

Wilton, Derek, 148

Wind Point Lighthouse, 42, 43, 55

Windmill Point Lighthouse, 76, 77, 104

Wisconsin Point Lighthouse, 12, 23

Y

Yaquina Bay Lighthouse, 146

Yaquina Head Lighthouse, 146

Young, Ammi, 145

Younghans, Maria, 90

Younghans, Perry, 90

About the Author

Jim Lammers, FAIA, was educated as an architect back when freehand sketching was an integral part of the curriculum . He holds degrees from Columbia University and Iowa State University . In addition to his private practice, Jim taught in the architecture program at the University of Minnesota for 18 years . He currently teaches travel sketching at Marine Mills Folk Art School in Marine on St Croix, Minnesota .

An inveterate world traveler, persistent writer and relentless sketcher, Jim has been published in a number of professional journals and on websites . His drawings have been exhibited at Landmark Center, Hallburg Center for the Arts, Phipps Art Center, and ArtReach His books, Capture the Moment: An A rchitect’s Guide to Travel Sketching, Barns of the St Croix Valley: An Architect’s Sketchbook, and Lighthouses of the Great Lakes: An Architect’s Sketchbook, have been published by ORO Editions .

Jim’s interest in sketching lighthouses began in 2021 when he launched a roadtrip down the Pacific Coast Highway as an escape from the Pandemic . He purchased Jeremy D’Entremont’s Lighthouse Handbook: West Coast . Chasing those lighthouses gave his trip purpose and resulted in this book .

When not absorbed in writing or sketching, Jim enjoys working as arborist on his 100-year-old farmstead .